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          我们主要从这五方面入手，了解 linux 内核是如何运行的：    进程管理   内存管理   文件系统   设备驱动程序   网络   第 2 章 从内核出发 ​ 可以从内核网站中下载 Linux 的内核源码。可以使用uname -r查看内核 release 版本号。 123git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torva
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          ​ 如果逻辑控制流在时间上重叠，那么它们就是并发的(concurent)这种常见的现象称为并发(concurrency)，出现在订算机系统的许多不同层面上。硬件异常处理程序、进程和 Unix 信号处理程序都是大家很熟悉的例子。 ​ 到目前为止，我们主要将并发看做是一种操作系统内核用来运行多个应用程序的机制。但是，并发不仅仅局限于内核。它也可以在应用程序中扮演重要角色。例如，我们已经看到 Unix
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          ​ ​ 所有的网络应用程序都基于相同的基本编程模型，具有相似的整体逻辑结构，并且依赖于相同的编程接口. ​ 网络应用依赖于很多在系统研究中已经学习过的概念，例如，进程、信号、字节顺序、存储器映射以及动态存储分配，都扮演着重要的角色。还有一些新概念要掌握。我们需要理解基本的客户端-服务器编程模型，以及如何编写使用因特网提供的服务的客户端-服务器程序。最后，我们将把所有这些概念结合起来，开发一个小的但
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          CSAPP_阅读笔记_10_系统级I/O
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          在 Unix 系统中，是通过使用由内核提供的系统级 Unix I/O 函数来实现这些较高级别的 I/0 函数的。大多数时候，高级别 IO 函数工作良好，没有必要直接使用 Unix I/O。那么为什么还要麻烦地学习 Unix I/O 呢?  了解 UnixIO 将帮助你理解其他的系统概念。I/O 是系统操作不可或缺的一部分，因此我们经常遇到 IO 和其他系统概念之间的循环依赖。例如，I/O 在进程的
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          CSAPP_阅读笔记_9_虚拟内存
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          ​ 为了更加有效地管理内存并减少错误的发生，现代系统提供了一种对主存储器的抽象，即虚拟内存（Virtual Memory，VM）。虚拟内存是硬件异常、硬件地址转换、主存储器、磁盘文件和内核软件之间的优雅交互，它为每个进程提供了一个大的、统一的和私有的地址空间。 虚拟内存有以下三个重要功能：  将主存储器作为磁盘的缓存，只保留主存中的活跃区域并根据需要不断地在两者之间传输数据； 为每个进程提供统一的
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          ​ 在计算机的运行过程中，程序计数器依次指向一系列的值：a0,a1,…,an。其中，ak 是其对应指令 Ik 的地址。从ak 到 ak+1 的转换被称为控制转移（Control Transfer），一系列的控制转移则被称为处理器的控制流（Control Flow）。 ​ 最简单的控制流便是程序中的指令按顺序执行，即 Ik 与 Ik+1 在内存中相邻。不过，这种“平滑”的控制流通常因指令的跳转、调用
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          CSAPP_阅读笔记_7_链接
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          ​ 链接(linking) 是将各种代码和数据部分收集起来并组合成为一个单一文件的过程，这个文件可被加载到存储器并执行。链接可以执行于 编译时(compile time) ，也就是在源代码被翻译成机器代码时;也可以执行于 加载时(loadtime) ，也就是在程序被 加载器(loader) 加载到存储器并执行时;甚至执行于 运行时(run time) ，由应用程序来执行。在早期的计算机系统中，链接
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          ​ 存储器系统(memory system) 是一个具有不同容量、成本和访问时间的存储设备的层次结构。CPU 寄存器保存着最常用的数据。靠近 CPU 的小的、快速的 高速缓存存储器(cache memory) 作为一部分存储在相对慢速的 主存储器(main memory，简称主存) 中的数据和指令的缓冲区域。主存暂时存放存储在容量较大的、慢速磁盘上的数据，而这些磁盘常常又作为存储在通过网络连接的其
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          Don’t design bridges in ignorance of materials, and don’t design low-level software in ignorance of the underlying hardware.            ​ 写程序最主要的目标就是使它在所有可能的情况下都正确工作.一个运行得很快但是给出错误结果的程序没有任
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