Adopt modern C++ and get rid of C style coding

[pjmlp]

In the ongoing discussion of safety in C++ code bases, it is a bit strange that at the light of Microsoft initiatives like Secure Future Initiative and Azure's security initiatives, as mentioned on Microsoft Azure security evolution: Embrace secure multitenancy, Confidential Compute, and Rust, that Azure C++ SDK still exposes several C like code patterns like C style strings and arrays, instead of safer C++ standard types.