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<main>
<section class="header_of_main">
<h1>Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun</h1>
<figure>
<img
src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/03/18/science/space/18cosmos/18cosmos-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale"
alt="Perview" />
<figcaption>
Alan Guth was one of the first physicists to hypothesize the
existence of inflation, which explains how the universe expanded so
uniformly and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8
billion years ago.Credit...Rick Friedman for The New York Times
</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>
<aside>
<h4>Editors’ Picks</h4>
<hr />
<div class="aside_content">
<img
src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/02/28/reader-center/28marathon-poster/28marathon-poster-square640.jpg"
alt="Server Fail!" />
<p>
Why Are American Women Running Faster Than Ever? We Asked Them —
Hundreds of Them
</p>
</div>
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<img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/02/27/fashion/27royalmystery-1/27royalmystery-1-square640.jpg"
alt="Server Fail!" />
<p>A Royal Instagram Mystery</p>
</div>
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<img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/03/01/arts/01azaria-combo/01azaria-combo-square640.jpg"
alt="Server Fail!" />
<p>Why Hank Azaria Won’t Play Apu on ‘The Simpsons’ Anymore</p>
</div>
</aside>
<article>
<h5>By Dennis Overbye</h5>
<div>
<div>March 17, 2014</div>
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<p>
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — One night late in 1979, an itinerant young
physicist named Alan Guth, with a new son and a year’s appointment at
Stanford, stayed up late with his notebook and equations, venturing
far beyond the world of known physics.
</p>
<p>
He was trying to understand why there was no trace of some exotic
particles that should have been created in the Big Bang. Instead he
discovered what might have made the universe bang to begin with. A
potential hitch in the presumed course of cosmic evolution could have
infused space itself with a special energy that exerted a repulsive
force, causing the universe to swell faster than the speed of light
for a prodigiously violent instant.
</p>
<p>
If true, the rapid engorgement would solve paradoxes like why the
heavens look uniform from pole to pole and not like a jagged, warped
mess. The enormous ballooning would iron out all the wrinkles and
irregularities. Those particles were not missing, but would be diluted
beyond detection, like spit in the ocean.
</p>
<p>
“SPECTACULAR REALIZATION,” Dr. Guth wrote across the top of the page
and drew a double box around it.
</p>
<p>
On Monday, Dr. Guth’s starship came in. Radio astronomers reported
that they had seen the beginning of the Big Bang, and that his
hypothesis, known undramatically as inflation, looked right.
</p>
<p>
Reaching back across 13.8 billion years to the first sliver of cosmic
time with telescopes at the South Pole, a team of astronomers led by
John M. Kovac of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
detected ripples in the fabric of space-time — so-called gravitational
waves — the signature of a universe being wrenched violently apart
when it was roughly a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a
second old. They are the long-sought smoking-gun evidence of
inflation, proof, Dr. Kovac and his colleagues say, that Dr. Guth was
correct.
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<p>
Inflation has been the workhorse of cosmology for 35 years, though
many, including Dr. Guth, wondered whether it could ever be proved.
</p>
<p>
If corroborated, Dr. Kovac’s work will stand as a landmark in science
comparable to the recent discovery of dark energy pushing the universe
apart, or of the Big Bang itself. It would open vast realms of time
and space and energy to science and speculation.
</p>
<p>
Confirming inflation would mean that the universe we see, extending 14
billion light-years in space with its hundreds of billions of
galaxies, is only an infinitesimal patch in a larger cosmos whose
extent, architecture and fate are unknowable. Moreover, beyond our own
universe there might be an endless number of other universes bubbling
into frothy eternity, like a pot of pasta water boiling over.
</p>
<section class="theory-of-inflation">
<h3>The Theory of Inflation</h3>
<p>
Astronomers have found evidence to support the theory of inflation,
which explains how the universe expanded so uniformly and so quickly
in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.
</p>
<div class="all-theories">
<div class="theory">
<b>THE UNIVERSE </b> is just under 14 billion years old. From our
position in the Milky Way galaxy, we can observe a sphere that is
now about 92 billion light-years across. But there's a mystery.
Wherever we look, the universe has an even temperature.
</div>
<div class="theory">
<b>NOT ENOUGH TIME</b> The universe is not old enough for light to
have traveled the vast distance from one side of the universe to the
other, and there has not been enough time for scattered patches of
hot and cold to mix into an even temperature.
</div>
<div class="theory">
<b>DISTANT COFFEE</b> At a smaller scale, imagine using a telescope
to look a mile in one direction. You see a coffee cup, and from the
amount of steam, you can estimate its temperature and how much it
has cooled.
</div>
<div class="theory">
<b>COFFEE EVERYWHERE</b> Now turn around and look a mile in the
other direction. You see a similar coffee cup, at exactly the same
temperature. Coincidence? Maybe. But if you see a similar cup in
every direction, you might want to look for another explanation
</div>
<div class="theory">
<b>STILL NOT ENOUGH TIME</b> There has not been enough time to carry
coffee cups from place to place before they get cold. But if all the
coffee cups were somehow filled from a single coffee pot, all at the
same time, that might explain their even temperature.
</div>
<div class="theory">
<b>INFLATION</b> solves this problem. The theory proposes that, less
than a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe
expanded faster than the speed of light. Tiny ripples in the
violently expanding energy field eventually grew into the
large-scale structures of the universe.
</div>
<div class="theory">
<b>FLUCTUATION</b> Astronomers have now detected evidence of these
ancient fluctuations in swirls of polarized light in the cosmic
background radiation, which is energy left over from the early
universe. These are gravitational waves predicted by Einstein.
</div>
<div class="theory">
<b>EXPANSION</b> Returning to our coffee, imagine a single, central
pot expanding faster than light and cooling to an even temperature
as it expands. That is something like inflation. And the structure
of the universe mirrors the froth and foam of the original pot.
</div>
</div>
<p class="by-larry">By LARRY BUCHANAN and JONATHAN CORUM</p>
</section>
<p>
Dr. Kovac said the chance that the results were a fluke was only one
in 10 million. Dr. Guth, now 67, pronounced himself “bowled over,”
saying he had not expected such a definite confirmation in his
lifetime.
</p>
<p>
Andrei Linde of Stanford, a prolific theorist who first described the
most popular variant of inflation, known as chaotic inflation, in
1983, was about to go on vacation in the Caribbean last week when
Chao-Lin Kuo, a Stanford colleague and a member of Dr. Kovac’s team,
<a href="#"> knocked on his door with a bottle of Champagne</a> to
tell him the news.
</p>
<figure>
<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZlfIVEy_YOA"></iframe>
<figcaption>Stanford Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthroughCredit...CreditVideo by
StanfordUniversity</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Confused, Dr. Linde called out to his wife, asking if she had ordered anything.</p>
<p>“And then I told him that in the beginning we thought that this was a delivery but we did not think that we
ordered anything, but I simply forgot that actually I did order it, 30 years ago,” Dr. Linde wrote in an email.
</p>
<p>Calling from Bonaire, the Dutch Caribbean island, Dr. Linde said he was still hyperventilating. “Having news
like this is the best way of spoiling a vacation,” he said.</p>
<p>By last weekend, as social media was buzzing with rumors that inflation had been seen and news spread,
astrophysicists responded with a mixture of jubilation and caution.</p>
<p>Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at M.I.T., wrote in an email, “I think that if this stays true, it will go down as
one of the greatest discoveries in the history of science.”</p>
<p>John E. Carlstrom of the University of Chicago, Dr. Kovac’s mentor and head of a competing project called the
South Pole Telescope, pronounced himself deeply impressed. “I think the results are beautiful and very
convincing,” he said.</p>
<p>Paul J. Steinhardt of Princeton, author of a competitor to inflation that posits the clash of a pair of
universes as the cause of genesis, said that if true, the Bicep result would eliminate his model, but he
expressed reservations about inflation.</p>
<p>Lawrence M. Krauss of Arizona State and others also emphasized the need for confirmation, noting that the new
results exceeded earlier estimates based on temperature maps of the cosmic background by the European Space
Agency’s Planck satellite and other assumptions about the universe.</p>
<p>Corroboration might not be long in coming. The Planck spacecraft will report its own findings this year. At
least a dozen other teams are trying similar measurements from balloons, mountaintops and space.</p>
<b>Spirals in the Sky</b>
<p>
Gravity waves are the latest and deepest secret yet pried out of the
cosmic microwaves, which were discovered accidentally by Arno Penzias
and Robert Wilson at Bell Labs 50 years ago. They won the Nobel Prize.
</p>
<p>
Dr. Kovac has spent his career trying to read the secrets of these
waves. He is one of four leaders of Bicep, which has operated a series
of increasingly sensitive radio telescopes at the South Pole, where
the thin, dry air creates ideal observing conditions. The others are
Clement Pryke of the University of Minnesota, Jamie Bock of the
California Institute of Technology and Dr. Kuo of Stanford.
</p>
<figure class="second-img">
<img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/03/18/science/space/18cosmos-2/18cosmos-2-articleLarge.jpg"
alt="Server Faild!" />
<figcaption>
The Bicep2 telescope, in the foreground, was used to detect the
faint spiraling gravity patterns — the signature of a universe being
wrenched violently apart at its birth.Credit...Steffen
Richter/Associated Press
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
In 2002, he was part of a team that discovered that the microwave
radiation was polarized, meaning the light waves had a slight
preference to vibrate in one direction rather than another.
</p>
<p>
This was a step toward the ultimate goal of detecting the
gravitational waves from inflation. Such waves, squeezing space in one
direction and stretching it in another as they go by, would twist the
direction of polarization of the microwaves, theorists said. As a
result, maps of the polarization in the sky should have little arrows
going in spirals.
</p>
<b>A Special Time</b>
<p>
The data traced the onset of inflation to a time that physicists like
Dr. Guth, staying up late in his Palo Alto house 35 years ago,
suspected was a special break point in the evolution of the universe.
</p>
<p>
We might never know what happened before inflation, at the very
beginning, because inflation erases everything that came before it.
All the chaos and randomness of the primordial moment are swept away,
forever out of our view.
</p>
<p>
“If you trace your cosmic roots,” said Abraham Loeb, a
Harvard-Smithsonian astronomer who was not part of the team, “you wind
up at inflation.”
</p>
<small>A version of this article appears in print on March 18, 2014, Section
A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Space Ripples
Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun. <a href="#">Order Reprints</a> |
<a href="#">Today's Paper</a> | <a href="#">Subscribe</a></small>
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