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<!doctype html>
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<head>
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<title>CLMBR: the Computation, Language, and Meaning Band of Researchers, @ University of Washington</title>
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<h1 class="display-4 font-cabin text-center font-weight-bold">Computation, Language, and
Meaning<br />Band of Researchers</h1>
<p class="lead pt-4">What do all of the languages of the world have in common? Why and how did these
linguistic universals arise? What do they tell us about human cognition and how can we harness
them to build better language technologies?</p>
<p>At CLMBR, we address these and related questions from a computational and experimental
perspective. We are a lab hosted at the <a
href="https://linguistics.washington.edu/">Linguistics Department</a> of the University of
Washington, as part of the larger <a href="https://depts.washington.edu/uwcl/">Treehouse</a>
computational linguistics lab.</p>
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<h1 class="mx-auto font-weight-bold font-cabin section-border">News</h1>
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<p><span class="text-danger">On sabbatical</span> in Fall 2025 and Spring 2026. Taking on fewer students, review requests, and the like this year.</p>
<p>Updated papers from 2025 and January 2026. The rest of the website (e.g. recent alumni / theses) will follow before too long :). [January 2026]</p>
<p>
Upcoming invited talks:
</p>
<img src="images/downey_graduation.jpeg" width="40%" class="float-right pl-3" />
<ul>
<li>Northeastern University Philosophy and Technology Colloquium (September 2025)</li>
<li>Georgetown University Linguistics Colloquium (October 2025)</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15750">Filtered Corpus Training</a> paper accepted at TACL; congratulations to Abhinav and the whole team! Some other new papers also updated below. [September 2024]</p>
<p>Congratulations to <strong>Dr.</strong> <a href="https://cmdowney88.github.io/">C.M. Downey</a>, who will be starting as an Assistant Professor of Linguistics and Data Science at the University of Rochester this Fall! [February / June 2024]</p>
<p>
Upcoming invited talks:
</p>
<ul>
<li>9th CSLI Workshop on Logic, Rationality and Intelligent Interaction (June 2024)</li>
<li>North East Linguistics Society (NELS55; October 2024)</li>
<li>Workshop on AI and cognitive science (Götegorb; November 2024)</li>
<li>Workshop on self-assembling games (Irvine; January 2025)</li>
</ul>
<p>Tenured! 🤗 Very grateful for all the wonderful mentors and students who have helped along the way. [April 2024]</p>
<img src="images/naomi_defense.jpeg" width="50%" class="float-right pl-3" />
<p>Congratulations to the brilliant <strong>Dr.</strong> <a href="http://tsnaomi.net/">Naomi Tachikawa Shapiro</a> for successfully defending her dissertation (the first in the group)! Naomi is now off to a postdoc in computational psycholinguistics at Nijmegen! [Dec 2023]</p>
<p>Five papers accepted at various EMNLP Workshops; congratulations to everyone involved! [Oct 2023]</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.00857">Evaluating Transformer's Ability to Learn Mildly Context-Sensitive Languages</a> at BlackboxNLP
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.04679">Embedding structure matters: Comparing methods to adapt multilingual vocabularies to new languages</a> at Multilingual Representation Learning (MRL): this also won the <strong>best paper award</strong>!
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.07025">Learning to translate by learning to communicate</a> at Multilingual Representation Learning (MRL)
</li>
<li>Two papers (to appear soon) contributing to the Collaborative Benchmarking Task at the GenBench workshop on generalisation in NLP</li>
</ul>
<p>Upcoming invited talks:</p>
<ul>
<li>Workshop on internal and external pressures shaping language @ ESSLLI 2023</li>
<li>Ohio State Linguistics Colloquium (Sept 2023)</li>
<li>Workshop on computational approaches to language typology and evolution (Oct 2023)</li>
<li>UMass Amherst Linguistics Colloquium (Dec 2023)</li>
<li>University of Edinburgh Center for Langauge Evolution (Winter 2024)</li>
</ul>
<p>Congratulations to everyone who graduated in Spring 2023! CLMSer Yifan Jiang is off to a PhD in CS at Waterloo! Our first batch of undergrads has also graduated: Minghe Zhang is off to an MS in Stats at STanford and we are lucky to have Leroy Wang and Gladys Wang staying on board for the CLMS program. Congratulations everyone!</p>
<p>Several new papers and preprints posted [February 2023]</p>
<p>Upcoming invited talks:</p>
<ul>
<li>McDonnell Foundation workshop on monotonicity @ Brown (Dec 2022)</li>
<li>UC Irvine Language Science Colloquium (Feb 2023)</li>
<li>MIT Breakstone Speaker Series on Language, Mind and Computation (March 2023)</li>
<li>UC Davis Linguistics Colloquium (May 2023)</li>
</ul>
<p>Two papers accepted at BlackboxNLP! [October 2022]</p>
<p><a href="https://openreview.net/forum?id=SUqrM7WR7W5">Emergent Communication Fine-tuning
(EC-FT) for Pretrained Language Models</a> gets runner-up best paper at the Emergent
Communication Workshop @ ICLR! [April 2022]</p>
<p>Invited talks at Ettinger lab @ U Chicago and CLASP @ Gothenburg [March 2022]</p>
<p>Two ACL papers and a SALT paper accepted! [February 2022]</p>
<p>Added several publications and preprints from the second half of 2021. [January 2022]</p>
<p>Two new papers! [May 2021]</p>
<ul>
<li>"<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.13818">Language models use monotonicity to
assess NPI licensing</a>" at <em>Findings of ACL</em>, with Jaap Jumelet,
Milica Denic, Jakub Szymanik, Dieuwke Hupkes</li>
<li>"<a href="https://psyarxiv.com/xuhyr">Quantifiers satisfying semantic universals
are simpler</a>" at <em>CogSci 2021</em>, with Iris van de Pol, Paul Lodder,
Leendert van Maanen, Jakub Szymanik</li>
</ul>
<p>Three new preprints posted! See the Publications section below for more info and links.
(April 2021)</p>
<p>"Referential and General Calls in Primate Semantics" published in <em>Linguistics
and Philosophy</em></p>
<p>Invited talks at <a href="http://tedlab.mit.edu/">TedLab@MIT</a> (May 2021) and Montana State
Computer Science Colloquium (Feb 2021)</p>
<p>Two papers and an extended abstract accepted at <a
href="https://blackboxnlp.github.io/">BlackboxNLP</a>! (September 2020)</p>
<ul>
<li>"<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.06666">Probing for Multilingual Numerical
Understanding in Transformer-Based Language Models</a>" by Devin Johnson,
Denise Mak, Drew Barker, and Lexi Loessberg-Zahl</li>
<li>"<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.08580">Linguistically-Informed Transformations
(LIT): A Method for Automatically Generating Contrast Sets</a>" by Chuanrong
Li, Lin Shengshuo, Zeyu Liu, Xinyi Wu, Xuhui Zhou, and Shane Steinert-Threlkeld</li>
<li>"Mighty Morpho-Probing Models" (extended abstract) by Naomi Tachikawa Shapiro,
Amandalynne Paullada, and Shane Steinert-Threlkeld</li>
</ul>
<p>Invited talks at <a href="http://hill.psych.uw.edu.pl/">Human Interactivity and Language
Lab</a> (June 2020) and the <a href="http://colala.berkeley.edu/">Computation and
Language Lab</a> (October 2020)</p>
<p>Shane is co-organizing a workshop on <a
href="https://www.jakubszymanik.com/CoSaQ/events/explanations-semantics/">Computational
and Experimental Explanations in Semantics and Pragmatics</a>, co-located with <a
href="https://www.esslli.eu/">ESSLLI</a> (August <s>2020</s> 2021)</p>
<p>Daniel is co-organizing a <a
href="https://github.com/microsoft/TREC-2020-Deep-Learning">track on deep learning in
search</a> at <a href="https://trec.nist.gov/">NIST's TREC 2020</a> (Nov 2020)</p>
<p>"<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00110">On the Spontaneous Emergence of Discrete and
Compositional Singals</a>" (with Nur Lan and Emmanuel Chemla) accepted at ACL;
preprint available soon (April 2020)</p>
<p>"Complexity/informativeness trade-off in the domain of indefinite pronouns"
presented at Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT 30) (<s>April</s> August 2020)</p>
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-020-09295-7">Semantic Expressivism for Epistemic
Modals</a> appears online at <em>Linguistics and Philosophy</em> (March 2020)</p>
<p>Invited talk at <a href="https://languagechangeconfjlm.wordpress.com/"
target="_blank">Language Change: Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives</a> at the
Hebrew Univeristy of Jerusalem (<s>March 2020</s> January 2021)</p>
<p><a href="https://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/GQ1OWE2Y/Ramotowska_most_morethannhalf.pdf"><em>Most</em>,
but not <em>more than half</em> is proportion-dependent and sensitive to individual
differences</a> appears in the proceedings of <em>Sinn und Bedeutung</em> (SuB 24)
(February 2020)</p>
<p>Daniel is teaching Deep Learning in Search at <a href="http://sigir.org/afirm2020/">ACM
SIGIR/SIGKDD Africa Summer School on Machine Learning for Data Mining and Search</a>
(January 2020)</p>
<p>"<a
href="http://events.illc.uva.nl/AC/AC2019/uploaded_files/inlineitem/Steinert-Threlkeld_Quantifiers_in_natural_language_.pdf">Quantifiers
in natural language optimize the simplicity/informativeness trade-off</a>"
presented at the 22nd Amsterdam Colloquium (December 2019)</p>
<p>"<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffz019">An Explanation of the Veridical Uniformity
Universal</a>" appears online at <em>Journal of Semantics</em> (open access)
(December 2019)</p>
<p>"<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104076">Ease of Learning Explains
Semantic Universals</a>" appears online at <em>Cognition</em> (November 2019)</p>
<p>"<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.12.4">Learnability and Semantic
Universals</a>" appears online at <em>Semantics & Pragmatics</em> (November
2019)</p>
<p>"<a href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/16750/">Towards the Emergence of Non-trivial
Compositionality</a>" accepted at <em>Philosophy of Science</em> (September 2019)
</p>
<p>Shane presents two papers—"<a href="https://psyarxiv.com/8swtd">The evolution of
monotone quantifiers via iterated learning</a>" and <a
href="https://psyarxiv.com/f8dbp/">Complexity and learnability in the explanation of
semantic universals</a>"—at CogSci (July 2019)</p>
<p>Lewis presents <a href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2916/">Neural Models of the
Psychosemantics of "most"</a> at <em>Cognitive Modeling and Computational
Linguistics (CMCL)</em> (June 2019)</p>
</div>
</div>
</div> <!-- /container -->
</section>
<section id="research">
<div class="container">
<div class="row my-5">
<h1 class="mx-auto font-weight-bold font-cabin section-border">Research</h1>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 ml-auto">
<img src="images/sim_inf.png" width="100%" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 mr-auto">
<h3>Semantic Universals</h3>
<p>A major line of recent work has involved explaining <em>semantic universals</em>: shared
properties of meaning across all natural languages. We have been using machine learning to
argue that the languages of the world express meanings that are <em>easier to learn</em>.
Ongoing work extends this approach to more linguistic domains, compares it to other
candidate explanations, and integrates learnability with models of language
change/evolution.</p>
<p>Representative papers:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104076">Ease of Learning Explains
Semantic Universals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/e23101335">Quantifiers in Natural Language: Efficient
Communication and Degrees of Semantic Universals</a></li>
<li><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.12.4">Learnability and Semantic Universals</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row mt-5">
<div class="col-md-3 ml-auto">
<img src="images/emecom.png" width="100%" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 mr-auto">
<h3>Emergent Communication</h3>
<p>By placing artificial agents in simulated environments, we can use reinforcement learning to
study the emergence of fundamental features of human language. A particular focus has been
on <em>non-trivial compositionality</em>: rudimentary forms of hierarchical structure that
exhibit one linguistic item modifying another, as in non-intersective adjectives. This
research line has both theoretical and practical interest, since autonomous agents such as
vehicles may benefit from learning their own communication system.</p>
<p>Representative papers:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://openreview.net/forum?id=SUqrM7WR7W5">Emergent Communication Fine-tuning
(EC-FT) for Pretrained Language Models</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.433/">On the Spontaneous
Emergence of Discrete and Compositional Singals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/710628">Towards the Emergence of Non-trivial
Compositionality</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row mt-5">
<div class="col-md-3 ml-auto">
<img src="images/RAM.jpeg" width="100%" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 mr-auto">
<h3>Cognitive Science and NLP</h3>
<p>We also conduct studies investigating the cognitive underpinnings of language understanding.
How do speakers represent meanings internally and how do these representations interface
with other cognitive modules?</p>
<p>Moreover, as natural language processing tools become increasingly more powerful, we believe
that two-way interaction between cognitive science and NLP will be increasingly important.
On the one hand: insights from human language understanding can help us analyze, understand,
and build better machines. On the other hand: increasing sophistication in modeling from NLP
can provide inspiration and insights in modeling human behavior. Our lab has ongoing
projects in both directions.</p>
<p>Representative papers:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.439">Language Models Use
Monotonicity to Assess NPI Licensing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://aclanthology.org/2020.blackboxnlp-1.12/">Linguistically-Informed
Transformations (LIT): A Method for Automatically Generating Contrast Sets</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2916/">Neural Models of the
Psychosemantics of "Most"</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="people">
<div class="container">
<div class="row my-5">
<h1 class="mx-auto font-weight-bold font-cabin section-border">People</h1>
</div>
<div class="row">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">Principal Investigator</h3>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 p-4 ml-auto">
<img src="images/shane_polder_crop.jpg" class="person" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 p-4 mr-auto">
<h4>Shane Steinert-Threlkeld</h4>
<p>Assistant Professor, Linguistics
<br />
<a href="https://www.shane.st">Personal Website</a>
<br />
shanest AT uw DOT edu
</p>
<p>Shane is an Associate Professor in Linguistics, where he directs the CLMBR group and teaches
in the <a href="https://www.compling.uw.edu/">CLMS</a> program. When not researching or
teaching, he spends as much time as possible <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcJ11wHUV0IB1dT_0urpnIw">climbing</a> <a
href="https://www.mountainproject.com/user/200544788/shane-steinertthrelkeld">rocks</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row mt-4">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">Graduate Students</h3>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 p-4 ml-auto">
<img src="images/danielle.jpeg" class="person" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 p-4 mr-auto">
<h4>Danielle Celone</h4>
<p>Master's Student in Computational Linguistics
<br />
dcelon AT uw DOT edu
</p>
<p>Danielle’s research applies techniques from computational linguistics to non-human
animal communication systems. She's interested in formal language theory, bioacoustics,
syntax, and semantics. She likes movies, birdwatching, science fiction, and road trips.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 p-4 ml-auto">
<img src="images/iskar.jpeg" class="person" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 p-4 mr-auto">
<h4>Iskar Deng</h4>
<p>Master's Student in Computational Linguistics
<br />
hd49 AT uw DOT edu
</p>
<p>Iskar is interested in cognitive differences between humans and language models,
especially in typological patterns.
In his free time, he enjoys playing baseball and following the Seattle Mariners.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 p-4 ml-auto">
<img src="images/chris_icon.jpg" class="person" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 p-4 mr-auto">
<h4>Chris Haberland</h4>
<p>PhD Student in Computational Linguistics
<br />
<a href="http://www.chaber.land/">Personal Website</a>
<br />
haberc_ATT uw_DOTT [educ. abbrev.]
</p>
<p>
Chris studies multimodal language models and natural languages through controlled computational experiments. He is interested in advancing reinforcement learning techniques to emulate language evolution, acquisition, and processing. Chris is also working to build NLP resources for Italic and Mexican languages.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 p-4 ml-auto">
<img src="images/jiamu.jpeg" class="person" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 p-4 mr-auto">
<h4>Jiamu Luo</h4>
<p>Master's Student in Computational Linguistics
<br />
jiamuluo AT uw DOT edu
</p>
<p>Jiamu's overarching research question is how language models correspond to human language systems. He is also interested in developing more human-comparable models for that purpose. In his free time, he can be found brewing coffee, playing badminton, or watching musicals.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 p-4 ml-auto">
<img src="images/cmaz_image.jpg" class="person" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 p-4 mr-auto">
<h4>Cassie Maz</h4>
<p>PhD Student in Computational Linguistics
<br />
<a href="https://cassandra-maz.github.io/">Personal Website</a>
<br />
cassam5 AT uw DOT edu
</p>
<p>Cassie's main research interest is the demand for and development of sign langauge
translation tools. Outside of research, she enjoys watching TV and the Sisyphean task of
finishing books on her evergrowing reading list.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 p-4 ml-auto">
<img src="images/amanda.jpg" class="person" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 p-4 mr-auto">
<h4>Amanda Popadich</h4>
<p>PhD Student in Computational Linguistics
<br />
popadich AT uw DOT edu
</p>
<p>Amanda's work explores how humans and language models process ambiguous language and make inferences.
She uses methods from experimental pragmatics and machine learning.
Outside of research, she can usually be found skiing or hiking. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 p-4 ml-auto">
<img src="images/jingnong.jpg" class="person" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 p-4 mr-auto">
<h4>Jingnong Qu</h4>
<p>PhD Student in Computational Linguistics
<br />
<a href="https://jingnongqu.github.io/">Personal Website</a>
<br />
jingnong AT uw DOT edu
</p>
<p>Jingnong is interested in applying computational methods to studying natural language semantics.
He enjoys visual arts, music, driving, and comedy outside of his research. His image is his
first attempt at a self-portrait.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row mt-4">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">Undergraduate Students</h3>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 p-4 ml-auto">
<img src="images/ashvin.jpg" class="person" />
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 p-4 mr-auto">
<h4>Ashvin Ranjan</h4>
<p>Undergraduate Student in Computer Science, Minor in Linguistics & Japanese
<br />
ar31 AT uw DOT edu
</p>
<p>Ashvin's work focuses a variety of topics in computational linguistics, from Information theory
to machine learning architecture and large-scale text processing.
Aside from research, he enjoys photography, listening to music, and video games.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row mt-4">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">Alumni</h3>
</div>
<div class="row mt-4">
<h4 class="mx-auto subsection-header">PhD</h4>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-9 mx-auto">
<ul>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="http://tsnaomi.net/">Naomi Tachikawa Shapiro</a> (first job: Postdoc in Computational Psycholinguistics @ Nijmegen)
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://cmdowney88.github.io/">C.M. Downey</a> (first job: Assistant Professor of Linguistics and Data Science @ University of Rochester)
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row mt-4">
<h4 class="mx-auto subsection-header">M.S. Thesis Students</h4>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-9 mx-auto">
<ul>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="https://spacemanidol.github.io/">Daniel Campos</a> (PhD student in CS @ UIUC)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/46825">Explorations In Curriculum
Learning Methods For Training Language Models</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="http://paigefinkelstein.com/">Paige Finkelstein</a> (Software Engineer @
turn.io)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/46824">Human-assisted Neural Machine
Translation: Harnessing Human Feedback for Machine Translation</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
Benny Longwill (Research Engineer @ ETS)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/46830">The Suitability of Generative
Adversarial Training for BERT Natural Language Generation</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
Chih-chan Tien (PhD student in CS @ U Chicago)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/46826">Bilingual alignment transfers to
multilingual alignment for unsupervised parallel text mining</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="https://dj1121.github.io/">Devin Johnson</a> (PhD student in Linguistics @
Northwestern)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/47615">Semantic Universals in Bayesian
Learning of Quantifiers</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/warose91/">Wes Rose</a> (Language Engineer @
Amazon)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/47614">Toward the Emergence of
Quantifiers</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/wangshunjie/">Shunjie Wang</a> (Data Scientist,
AI/NLP @ Happify Health)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/48053">Evaluating Transformer's Ability
to Learn Mildly Context-Sensitive Languages</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jessica-sweeney-b66a53209/">Jessica Sweeney</a>
(Data Scientist @ Coastal Community Bank)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/48284">Comparing Methods for Automatic
Identification of Mislabeled Data</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="http://meganbarnes.online/">Megan Barnes</a> (Software Engineer @ Google)
<br />
MS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/48282">Latent Compositional
Representations for English Function Word Comprehension</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
Katya Simpson (Senior Data Scientist @ Twitter)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/48525">"Obama never said that":
Evaluating fact-checks for topical consistency and quality</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="https://nathimel.github.io/">Nathaniel Imel</a> (PhD student, Logic and
Philosophy of Science @ UC Irvine)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/handle/1773/49054"> Modals in Natural
Language Optimize the Simplicity/Informativeness Trade-Off</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mehereshyeditha/">Meheresh Yeditha</a> (Software Engineer @ Rippling)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/49699">An Investigation Into Supervision for Seq2Seq Techniques for Natural Language to Code Translation</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/yifan-jiang-b89b5b17a/">Yifan Jiang</a> (PhD student, Computer Science @ Waterloo)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/50475">The Weighted Mobius Score: A Unified Framework for Feature Attribution</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
Abhinav Patil (PhD student, Cognitive Science @ The Johns Hopkins University)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1773/52074">Language Models can Generalize from Indirect Evidence: Evidence from Filtered Corpus Training (FICT)</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
Lindsay Paige Skinner
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1773/53008">Convexity is a Fundamental Feature of Efficient Semantic Compression in Probability Spaces</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
Amélie Thu Tâm Reymond
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1773/53674">mSCAN - a Multilingual Dataset for Compositional Generalization Evaluation</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
Leroy Wang
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1773/53676">Complexity of In-Context Concept Learning in Language Models</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
Yao-Fei Cheng (AI Resident @ Apple)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1773/53677">Beyond Memorization: Evaluating Length-Generalization in Transformer-based Language Models</a>
</li>
<li class="my-2">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/dwija-parikh/">Dwija Parikh</a> (Linguistic Engineer @ Meta)
<br />
CLMS Thesis: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1773/53683">Bridging the Gap: Adaptation Approaches for Under-Resourced Language Families</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="publications">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-9 mx-auto">
<div class="container">
<div class="row my-5">
<h1 class="mx-auto font-weight-bold font-cabin section-border">Publications</h1>
</div>
<div class="row">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">Preprints</h3>
</div>
<p>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.17653">Differences in Typological Alignment in Language Models' Treatment of Differential Argument Marking</a>
<br />
Iskar Deng, Nathalia Xu, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.17653" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02821">When Efficient Communication Explains Convexity</a>
<br />
Ashvin Ranjan, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02821" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://psyarxiv.com/h63y9/">Deontic priority in the lexicalization of
impossibility modals</a>
<br />
Wataru Uegaki, Anne Mucha, Nathaniel Imel, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<a href="https://psyarxiv.com/h63y9/" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<div class="row">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">2026</h3>
</div>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/OPMI.a.313">An Efficient Communication Analysis of Modal Typology</a>
<br />
Nathaniel Imel, Qingxia Guo, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Open Mind</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/OPMI.a.313" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://lingbuzz.net/lingbuzz/007392" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12529">Anti-Babel: Three Degrees of Interspecies Comprehension</a>
<br />
Philippe Schlenker, Camille Coye, Ambre Salis, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Lucie Ravaux, Emmanuel Chemla
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Mind & Language</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12529" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/007168" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<div class="row">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">2025</h3>
</div>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-025-09438-8">Ancestral Meanings: A Prelude to Evolutionary Animal Linguistics</a>
<br />
Philippe Schlenker, Christina Pawlowitsch, Luc H. Arnal, Keny Chatain, Lucie Ravaux, Robin Ryder, Ambre Salis, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Léo Wang, Emmanuel Chemla
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Linguistics and Philosophy</em>, 48(5): 823–878
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-025-09438-8" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/008203" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.8">Second-Order Zipf's Law for Word Co-Occurrences</a>
<br />
Nicolas Guerin, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Robin J. Ryder, Emmanuel Chemla
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Open Mind</em>, 9: 1138–1157
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.8" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.7275/scil.3144">The Unnatural Language ToolKit (ULTK)</a>
<br />
Nathaniel Imel, Christopher Haberland, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Society for Computation in Linguistics (SCiL)</em>, vol. 8, no. 1
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.7275/scil.3144" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://openreview.net/forum?id=srJFgAQ8fC">Minimization of Boolean Complexity in In-Context Concept Learning</a>
<br />
Leroy Z. Wang, R. Thomas McCoy, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">CogInterp: Interpreting Cognition in Deep Learning Models</em>
<br />
<a href="https://openreview.net/forum?id=srJFgAQ8fC" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
</p>
<p>
Quantifiers That Are More Monotone Are Easier to Learn
<br />
Christopher Haberland, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT 35)</em>
</p>
<div class="row">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">2024</h3>
</div>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00720">Filtered Corpus Training (FiCT) Shows that Language Models can Generalize from Indirect Evidence</a>
<br />
Abhinav Patil, Jaap Jumelet, Yu Ying Chiu, Andy Lapastora, Peter Shen, Lexie Wang, Clevis Willrich, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00720" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15750" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.918">Targeted Multilingual Adaptation for Low-resource Language Families</a>
<br />
C.M. Downey, Terra Blevins, Dhwani Serai, Dwija Parikh, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Findings of EMNLP</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.918" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.12413" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://openreview.net/forum?id=6DflIABPQP">The Impact of Syntactic and Semantic Proximity on Machine Translation with Back-Translation</a>
<br />
Nicolas Guerin, Emmanuel Chemla, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR)</em>
<br />
<a href="https://openreview.net/forum?id=6DflIABPQP" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.18031" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9ds5n1qs">Iconic Artificial Language Learning in the Field: An Experiment with San Martín Peras Mixtec Speakers</a>
<br />
Naomi Tachikawa Shapiro, Andrew Hedding, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">CogSci</em>
<br />
<a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9ds5n1qs" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/brv.13068">Minimal Compositionality versus Bird Implicatures: Two Theories of ABC-D Sequences in Japanese Tits</a>
<br />
Philippe Schlenker, Ambre Salis, Maël Leroux, Camille Coye, Luigi Rizzi, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Emmanuel Chemla
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Biological Reviews</em>
<br />
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/brv.13068" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/007422" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.17.1">Limitations of a modal analysis of <em>before</em> and <em>after</em></a>
<br />
Toshiyuki Ogihara, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Semantics & Pragmatics</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.17.1" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
</p>
<div class="row">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">2023</h3>
</div>
<p>
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.mrl-1.17/">Learning to translate by learning to communicate</a>
<br />
C.M. Downey, Leo Z. Liu, Xuhui Zhou, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Multilingual Representation Learning (MRL 2023)</em>
<br />
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.mrl-1.17/" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.07025" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
<a href="https://github.com/CLMBRs/communication-translation" class="badge badge-secondary">code</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.mrl-1.20/">Embedding structure matters: Comparing methods to adapt multilingual vocabularies to new languages</a>
<br />
C.M. Downey, Terra Blevins, Nora Goldfine, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Multilingual Representation Learning (MRL 2023)</em>, <strong>best paper award</strong>
<br />
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.mrl-1.20/" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.04679" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.blackboxnlp-1.21">Evaluating Transformer's Ability to Learn Mildly Context-Sensitive Languages</a>
<br />
Shunjie Wang, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">BlackboxNLP</em>
<br />
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.blackboxnlp-1.21" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.00857" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.genbench-1.11">mSCAN: A Dataset for Multilingual Compositional Generalisation Evaluation</a>
<br />
Amelie Raymond, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">GenBench Workshop</em>
<br />
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.genbench-1.11" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.genbench-1.15">GQG: Generalized Quantifier Generalization - A Dataset for Evaluating Quantifier Semantics Understanding in Language Models</a>
<br />
Leroy Zhifei Wang, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">GenBench Workshop</em>
<br />
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2023.genbench-1.15" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://psyarxiv.com/e2wn3">Iconic Artificial Language Learning: A Conceptual Replication with English Speakers</a>
<br />
Naomi Tachikawa Shapiro, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">CogSci</em>
<br />
<a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7b66s7c6" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://psyarxiv.com/e2wn3" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.16.1">A Semantic Universal for Modality</a>
<br />
Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Nathaniel Imel, Qingxia Guo
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Semantics & Pragmatics</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.16.1" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://lingbuzz.net/lingbuzz/006399" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105150">Quantifiers Satisfying
Semantic Universals Have Shorter Minimal Description Length</a>
<br />
Iris van de Pol, Paul Lodder, Leendert van Maanen, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Jakub
Szymanik
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Cognition</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105150"
class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://github.com/ivdpol/quantifier-LZ-complexity" class="badge badge-secondary">code</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13234">Uncovering the structure of semantic
representations using a computational model of decision-making</a>
<br />
Sonia Ramotowska, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Leendert Van Maanen, Jakub Szymanik
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Cognitive Science</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13234" class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://osf.io/d5xm8/" class="badge badge-secondary">code + data</a>
</p>
<div class="row">
<h3 class="mx-auto subsection-header">2022</h3>
</div>
<p>
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.blackboxnlp-1.12/">Probing for Understanding of
English Verb Classes and Alternations in Large Pre-trained Language Models</a>
<br />
David K. Yi, James V. Bruno, Jiayu Han, Peter Zukerman, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">BlackboxNLP</em>
<br />
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.blackboxnlp-1.12/"
class="badge badge-primary">official</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04811"
class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
<a href="https://github.com/kvah/analyzing_verb_alternations_plms" class="badge badge-secondary">code</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.blackboxnlp-1.26">Testing Pre-trained Language
Models' Understanding of Distributivity via Causal Mediation Analysis</a>
<br />
Pangbo Ban, Yifan Jiang, Tianran Liu, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">BlackboxNLP</em>
<br />
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.blackboxnlp-1.26"
class="badge badge-primary">official</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04761"
class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
<a href="https://github.com/1fanj/CMA-distributivity" class="badge badge-secondary">code</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13220">Beyond Anthropocentrism in Comparative
Cognition: Recentering Animal Linguistics</a>
<br />
Philippe Schlenker, Camille Coye, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Nathan Klinedinst, Emmanuel
Chemla
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Cognitive Science</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13220" class="badge badge-primary">official</a> <a
href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/006851/current.pdf"
class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3765/salt.v1i0.5346">Modals semantic universals optimize the
simplicity/informativeness trade-off</a>
<br />
Nathaniel Imel, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">SALT</em>
<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3765/salt.v1i0.5346"
class="badge badge-primary">official</a>
<a href="https://lingbuzz.net/lingbuzz/006740/current.pdf"
class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
<a href="https://github.com/nathimel/modals-effcomm/releases/tag/salt"
class="badge badge-secondary">code</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.sigtyp-1.6/">A Database for Modal Semantic
Typology</a>
<br />
Qingxia Guo, Nathaniel Imel, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">SIGTYP</em>
<br />
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.sigtyp-1.6/"
class="badge badge-primary">official</a> <a
href="https://clmbr.shane.st/modal-typology/"
class="badge badge-secondary">website</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.sigmorphon-1.5/">A Masked Segmental Language
Model for Unsupervised Natural Language Segmentation</a>
<br />
C.M. Downey, Fei Xia, Gina-Anne Levow, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">SIGMORPHON</em>
<br />
<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.sigmorphon-1.5/"
class="badge badge-primary">official</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.07829"
class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>
<a href="https://github.com/cmdowney88/SegmentalLMs" class="badge badge-secondary">code</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://lingbuzz.net/lingbuzz/006192">Indefinite pronouns optimize the
simplicity/informativeness trade-off</a>
<br />
Milica Denić, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Jakub Szymanik
<br />
<em class="journaltitle">Cognitive Science</em>
<br />
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13142" class="badge badge-primary">official</a> <a
href="https://lingbuzz.net/lingbuzz/006192" class="badge badge-info">preprint</a>