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<h4>Visiomode: An open-source platform for building rodent touchscreen-based behavioral assays</h4>
<h6>Constantinos Eleftheriou, Thomas Clarke, V Poon, Marie Zechner & Ian Duguid</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Journal of Neuroscience Methods (2023)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/eleftheriou2023.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;font-size: 20px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109779" style="font-size: 20px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-indigo);font-size: 20px;">
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</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;font-size: 20px;"></span><a href="https://www.visiomode.org" style="font-size: 20px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-link-color);font-size: 20px;">
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<p>This paper describes the open-source platform Visiomode designed to facilitate development of rodent visually-directed behavioral tasks. Visiomode can be used to build both simple stimulus-response and more complex reaching-based visual discrimination tasks.</p>
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<h4>A cranial implant for stabilizing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in behaving rodents</h4>
<h6>Joshua Dacre, Michelle Sanchez-Rivera, Julia Schiemann, Stephen Currie, Julian J. Ammer & Ian Duguid</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Preprint (2023) </span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/dacre2023.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://github.com/DuguidLab/Cranial_Insert"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-8 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-black);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"></path>
</svg></a></h6>
<p><em>In vivo </em>patch-clamp recording techniques provide access to the sub- and suprathreshold membrane potential dynamics of individual neurons during behavior. However, maintaining recording stability throughout behavior remains a significant challenge. Here we describe a low cost, easily implementable solution for increasing intracellular recording stability <em>in vivo</em>.</p>
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<div class="col"><img class="rounded img-fluid d-flex d-xxl-flex m-auto" style="height: auto;width: 45%;" src="assets/img/Graphical%20abstract%20-%20dacre%202023.png"></div>
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<h4>Movement-specific signaling is differentially distributed across motor cortex layer 5 projection neuron classes</h4>
<h6>Stephen P Currie, Julian J Ammer, Brian Premchand, Joshua Dacre, Yufei Wu, Constantinos Eleftheriou, Matt Colligan, Thomas Clarke, Leah Mitchell, A Aldo Faisal, Matthias H Hennig & Ian Duguid</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Cell Reports (2022)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/currie2022.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M320 464C328.8 464 336 456.8 336 448V416H384V448C384 483.3 355.3 512 320 512H64C28.65 512 0 483.3 0 448V416H48V448C48 456.8 55.16 464 64 464H320zM256 160C238.3 160 224 145.7 224 128V48H64C55.16 48 48 55.16 48 64V192H0V64C0 28.65 28.65 0 64 0H229.5C246.5 0 262.7 6.743 274.7 18.75L365.3 109.3C377.3 121.3 384 137.5 384 154.5V192H336V160H256zM88 224C118.9 224 144 249.1 144 280C144 310.9 118.9 336 88 336H80V368C80 376.8 72.84 384 64 384C55.16 384 48 376.8 48 368V240C48 231.2 55.16 224 64 224H88zM112 280C112 266.7 101.3 256 88 256H80V304H88C101.3 304 112 293.3 112 280zM160 240C160 231.2 167.2 224 176 224H200C226.5 224 248 245.5 248 272V336C248 362.5 226.5 384 200 384H176C167.2 384 160 376.8 160 368V240zM192 352H200C208.8 352 216 344.8 216 336V272C216 263.2 208.8 256 200 256H192V352zM336 224C344.8 224 352 231.2 352 240C352 248.8 344.8 256 336 256H304V288H336C344.8 288 352 295.2 352 304C352 312.8 344.8 320 336 320H304V368C304 376.8 296.8 384 288 384C279.2 384 272 376.8 272 368V240C272 231.2 279.2 224 288 224H336z"></path>
</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110801"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-indigo);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M144.3 32.04C106.9 31.29 63.7 41.44 18.6 61.29c-11.42 5.026-18.6 16.67-18.6 29.15l0 357.6c0 11.55 11.99 19.55 22.45 14.65c126.3-59.14 219.8 11 223.8 14.01C249.1 478.9 252.5 480 256 480c12.4 0 16-11.38 16-15.98V80.04c0-5.203-2.531-10.08-6.781-13.08C263.3 65.58 216.7 33.35 144.3 32.04zM557.4 61.29c-45.11-19.79-88.48-29.61-125.7-29.26c-72.44 1.312-118.1 33.55-120.9 34.92C306.5 69.96 304 74.83 304 80.04v383.1C304 468.4 307.5 480 320 480c3.484 0 6.938-1.125 9.781-3.328c3.925-3.018 97.44-73.16 223.8-14c10.46 4.896 22.45-3.105 22.45-14.65l.0001-357.6C575.1 77.97 568.8 66.31 557.4 61.29z"></path>
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<p>This study shows that motor cortex output largely reflects movement-invariant signaling, with movement-type information routed through small subpopulations of projection neurons. Action-type information is first decoded in intratelencephalic-type neurons during movement preparation then in pyramidal tract-type neurons during execution.</p>
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<div class="col"><img class="rounded img-fluid d-flex d-xxl-flex m-auto" src="assets/img/Graphical%20abstract%20-%20currie%202022.png" style="height: auto;width: 45%;"></div>
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<h4>A cerebellar-thalamocortical pathway drives behavioral context-dependent movement initiation</h4>
<h6>Joshua Dacre, Matt Colligan, Thomas Clarke, Julian J Ammer, Julia Schiemann, Victor Chamosa-Pino, Federico Claudi, J Alex Harston, Constantinos Eleftheriou, Janelle MP Pakan, Cheng-Chiu Huang, Adam W Hantman, Nathalie L Rochefort, Ian Duguid</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Neuron (2021)</span> <span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/dacre2021.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M320 464C328.8 464 336 456.8 336 448V416H384V448C384 483.3 355.3 512 320 512H64C28.65 512 0 483.3 0 448V416H48V448C48 456.8 55.16 464 64 464H320zM256 160C238.3 160 224 145.7 224 128V48H64C55.16 48 48 55.16 48 64V192H0V64C0 28.65 28.65 0 64 0H229.5C246.5 0 262.7 6.743 274.7 18.75L365.3 109.3C377.3 121.3 384 137.5 384 154.5V192H336V160H256zM88 224C118.9 224 144 249.1 144 280C144 310.9 118.9 336 88 336H80V368C80 376.8 72.84 384 64 384C55.16 384 48 376.8 48 368V240C48 231.2 55.16 224 64 224H88zM112 280C112 266.7 101.3 256 88 256H80V304H88C101.3 304 112 293.3 112 280zM160 240C160 231.2 167.2 224 176 224H200C226.5 224 248 245.5 248 272V336C248 362.5 226.5 384 200 384H176C167.2 384 160 376.8 160 368V240zM192 352H200C208.8 352 216 344.8 216 336V272C216 263.2 208.8 256 200 256H192V352zM336 224C344.8 224 352 231.2 352 240C352 248.8 344.8 256 336 256H304V288H336C344.8 288 352 295.2 352 304C352 312.8 344.8 320 336 320H304V368C304 376.8 296.8 384 288 384C279.2 384 272 376.8 272 368V240C272 231.2 279.2 224 288 224H336z"></path>
</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.016"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-indigo);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M144.3 32.04C106.9 31.29 63.7 41.44 18.6 61.29c-11.42 5.026-18.6 16.67-18.6 29.15l0 357.6c0 11.55 11.99 19.55 22.45 14.65c126.3-59.14 219.8 11 223.8 14.01C249.1 478.9 252.5 480 256 480c12.4 0 16-11.38 16-15.98V80.04c0-5.203-2.531-10.08-6.781-13.08C263.3 65.58 216.7 33.35 144.3 32.04zM557.4 61.29c-45.11-19.79-88.48-29.61-125.7-29.26c-72.44 1.312-118.1 33.55-120.9 34.92C306.5 69.96 304 74.83 304 80.04v383.1C304 468.4 307.5 480 320 480c3.484 0 6.938-1.125 9.781-3.328c3.925-3.018 97.44-73.16 223.8-14c10.46 4.896 22.45-3.105 22.45-14.65l.0001-357.6C575.1 77.97 568.8 66.31 557.4 61.29z"></path>
</svg></a></h6>
<p>Several theories suggest that the cerebellum is involved in movement initiation. In this study we provide evidence to suggest that activity along the dentate/interpositus cerebellar thalamocortical pathway triggers voluntary forelimb movement in a behavioral context-dependent manner. </p>
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<div class="col"><img class="rounded img-fluid d-flex d-xxl-flex m-auto" src="assets/img/Graphical%20abstract%20-%20dacre%202021.png" style="height: auto;width: 45%;"></div>
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<h4>Extraction of Synaptic Input Properties in Vivo</h4>
<h6>Paolo Puggioni, Marta Jelitai, Ian Duguid & Mark C.W. van Rossum</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Neural Computation (2017)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/puggioni2017.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M320 464C328.8 464 336 456.8 336 448V416H384V448C384 483.3 355.3 512 320 512H64C28.65 512 0 483.3 0 448V416H48V448C48 456.8 55.16 464 64 464H320zM256 160C238.3 160 224 145.7 224 128V48H64C55.16 48 48 55.16 48 64V192H0V64C0 28.65 28.65 0 64 0H229.5C246.5 0 262.7 6.743 274.7 18.75L365.3 109.3C377.3 121.3 384 137.5 384 154.5V192H336V160H256zM88 224C118.9 224 144 249.1 144 280C144 310.9 118.9 336 88 336H80V368C80 376.8 72.84 384 64 384C55.16 384 48 376.8 48 368V240C48 231.2 55.16 224 64 224H88zM112 280C112 266.7 101.3 256 88 256H80V304H88C101.3 304 112 293.3 112 280zM160 240C160 231.2 167.2 224 176 224H200C226.5 224 248 245.5 248 272V336C248 362.5 226.5 384 200 384H176C167.2 384 160 376.8 160 368V240zM192 352H200C208.8 352 216 344.8 216 336V272C216 263.2 208.8 256 200 256H192V352zM336 224C344.8 224 352 231.2 352 240C352 248.8 344.8 256 336 256H304V288H336C344.8 288 352 295.2 352 304C352 312.8 344.8 320 336 320H304V368C304 376.8 296.8 384 288 384C279.2 384 272 376.8 272 368V240C272 231.2 279.2 224 288 224H336z"></path>
</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00975"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="font-size: 20px;color: var(--bs-indigo);">
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<path d="M144.3 32.04C106.9 31.29 63.7 41.44 18.6 61.29c-11.42 5.026-18.6 16.67-18.6 29.15l0 357.6c0 11.55 11.99 19.55 22.45 14.65c126.3-59.14 219.8 11 223.8 14.01C249.1 478.9 252.5 480 256 480c12.4 0 16-11.38 16-15.98V80.04c0-5.203-2.531-10.08-6.781-13.08C263.3 65.58 216.7 33.35 144.3 32.04zM557.4 61.29c-45.11-19.79-88.48-29.61-125.7-29.26c-72.44 1.312-118.1 33.55-120.9 34.92C306.5 69.96 304 74.83 304 80.04v383.1C304 468.4 307.5 480 320 480c3.484 0 6.938-1.125 9.781-3.328c3.925-3.018 97.44-73.16 223.8-14c10.46 4.896 22.45-3.105 22.45-14.65l.0001-357.6C575.1 77.97 568.8 66.31 557.4 61.29z"></path>
</svg></a></h6>
<p>Knowledge of synaptic input is crucial for understanding synaptic integration and neural function. In vivo, synaptic input rates are extremely high, so that it is typically impossible to detect single events. In this study we describe a method to infer synaptic input properties from high-resolution voltage-clamp recordings in vivo. </p>
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<div class="col"><img class="rounded img-fluid d-flex d-xxl-flex m-auto" style="height: auto;width: 45%;" src="assets/img/Graphical%20abstract%20-%20puggioni%202015.png"></div>
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<h4>Dendritic excitation–inhibition balance shapes cerebellar output during motor behaviour</h4>
<h6>Marta Jelitai, Paolo Puggioni, Taro Ishikawa, Arianna Rinaldi, & Ian Duguid</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Nature Communications (2015)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/jelitai2015.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M320 464C328.8 464 336 456.8 336 448V416H384V448C384 483.3 355.3 512 320 512H64C28.65 512 0 483.3 0 448V416H48V448C48 456.8 55.16 464 64 464H320zM256 160C238.3 160 224 145.7 224 128V48H64C55.16 48 48 55.16 48 64V192H0V64C0 28.65 28.65 0 64 0H229.5C246.5 0 262.7 6.743 274.7 18.75L365.3 109.3C377.3 121.3 384 137.5 384 154.5V192H336V160H256zM88 224C118.9 224 144 249.1 144 280C144 310.9 118.9 336 88 336H80V368C80 376.8 72.84 384 64 384C55.16 384 48 376.8 48 368V240C48 231.2 55.16 224 64 224H88zM112 280C112 266.7 101.3 256 88 256H80V304H88C101.3 304 112 293.3 112 280zM160 240C160 231.2 167.2 224 176 224H200C226.5 224 248 245.5 248 272V336C248 362.5 226.5 384 200 384H176C167.2 384 160 376.8 160 368V240zM192 352H200C208.8 352 216 344.8 216 336V272C216 263.2 208.8 256 200 256H192V352zM336 224C344.8 224 352 231.2 352 240C352 248.8 344.8 256 336 256H304V288H336C344.8 288 352 295.2 352 304C352 312.8 344.8 320 336 320H304V368C304 376.8 296.8 384 288 384C279.2 384 272 376.8 272 368V240C272 231.2 279.2 224 288 224H336z"></path>
</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13722"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-indigo);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M144.3 32.04C106.9 31.29 63.7 41.44 18.6 61.29c-11.42 5.026-18.6 16.67-18.6 29.15l0 357.6c0 11.55 11.99 19.55 22.45 14.65c126.3-59.14 219.8 11 223.8 14.01C249.1 478.9 252.5 480 256 480c12.4 0 16-11.38 16-15.98V80.04c0-5.203-2.531-10.08-6.781-13.08C263.3 65.58 216.7 33.35 144.3 32.04zM557.4 61.29c-45.11-19.79-88.48-29.61-125.7-29.26c-72.44 1.312-118.1 33.55-120.9 34.92C306.5 69.96 304 74.83 304 80.04v383.1C304 468.4 307.5 480 320 480c3.484 0 6.938-1.125 9.781-3.328c3.925-3.018 97.44-73.16 223.8-14c10.46 4.896 22.45-3.105 22.45-14.65l.0001-357.6C575.1 77.97 568.8 66.31 557.4 61.29z"></path>
</svg></a></h6>
<p>Feedforward excitatory and inhibitory circuits regulate cerebellar output. By combining dendritic/somatic patch-clamp recordings & optogenetics we show that finely balanced Purkinje cell dendritic excitation/inhibition shapes cerebellar output during self-paced locomotion.</p>
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<div class="col"><img class="rounded img-fluid d-flex d-xxl-flex m-auto" style="height: auto;width: 45%;" src="assets/img/Graphical%20abstract%20-%20matti.png"></div>
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<h4>Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Behavioral State-Dependent Bidirectional Modulation of Motor Cortex Output</h4>
<h6>Julia Schiemann, Paolo Puggioni, Joshua Dacre, Miha Pelko, Aleksander Domanski, Mark C.W. van Rossum & Ian Duguid</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Cell Reports</span> <span style="font-style: normal !important;">(2015)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/schiemann2015.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M320 464C328.8 464 336 456.8 336 448V416H384V448C384 483.3 355.3 512 320 512H64C28.65 512 0 483.3 0 448V416H48V448C48 456.8 55.16 464 64 464H320zM256 160C238.3 160 224 145.7 224 128V48H64C55.16 48 48 55.16 48 64V192H0V64C0 28.65 28.65 0 64 0H229.5C246.5 0 262.7 6.743 274.7 18.75L365.3 109.3C377.3 121.3 384 137.5 384 154.5V192H336V160H256zM88 224C118.9 224 144 249.1 144 280C144 310.9 118.9 336 88 336H80V368C80 376.8 72.84 384 64 384C55.16 384 48 376.8 48 368V240C48 231.2 55.16 224 64 224H88zM112 280C112 266.7 101.3 256 88 256H80V304H88C101.3 304 112 293.3 112 280zM160 240C160 231.2 167.2 224 176 224H200C226.5 224 248 245.5 248 272V336C248 362.5 226.5 384 200 384H176C167.2 384 160 376.8 160 368V240zM192 352H200C208.8 352 216 344.8 216 336V272C216 263.2 208.8 256 200 256H192V352zM336 224C344.8 224 352 231.2 352 240C352 248.8 344.8 256 336 256H304V288H336C344.8 288 352 295.2 352 304C352 312.8 344.8 320 336 320H304V368C304 376.8 296.8 384 288 384C279.2 384 272 376.8 272 368V240C272 231.2 279.2 224 288 224H336z"></path>
</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2015.04.042"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-indigo);font-size: 20px;">
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<p>Neuronal activity in motor cortex (M1) correlates with behavioral state, but the cellular mechanisms underpinning behavioral state-dependent modulation of M1 output remains unknown. In this study we describe a mechanism for how noradrenergic neuromodulation and network-driven input changes bidirectionally modulate motor cortex output during self-paced, voluntary movement. </p>
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<h4>Multiscale model of primary motor cortex circuits predicts in vivo cell type-specific, behavioral state-dependent dynamics</h4>
<h6>Salvador Dura-Bernal, Samuel A Neymotin, Benjamin A Suter, Joshua Dacre, Julia Schiemann, Ian Duguid, Gordon MG Shepherd & William W Lytton</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Preprint (2022)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/dura-bernal2022.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Inferior Olive HCN1 Channels Coordinate Synaptic Integration and Complex Spike Timing</h4>
<h6>Derek L.F. Garden, Marlies Oostland, Marta Jelitai, Arianna Rinaldi, Ian Duguid & Matthew F. Nolan</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Cell Reports (2018)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/garden2018.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Distinct Developmental Origins Manifest in the Specialized Encoding of Movement by Adult Neurons of the External Globus Pallidus</h4>
<h6>Paul D. Dodson, Joseph T. Larvin, James M. Duffell, Farid N. Garas, Natalie M. Doig, Nicoletta Kessaris, Ian C. Duguid, Rafal Bogacz, Simon J.B. Butt & Peter J. Magill</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Neuron (2015)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/dodson2015.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Imaging learned fear circuitry in awake mice using fMRI</h4>
<h6>Anjanette P. Harris, Ross J. Lennen, Ian Marshall, Maurits A. Jansen, Cyril R. Pernet, Nichola M. Brydges, Ian C. Duguid & Megan C. Holmes</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">European Journal of Neuroscience (2015)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/harris2015.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Channelling actions in motor cortex: how <em>I</em><sub><em>h</em></sub> gates cortical control of movement</h4>
<h6>Julian J. Ammer & Ian Duguid</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">The</span> <span style="font-style: normal !important;">Journal of Physiology (2017)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/ammer2017.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Ion Channels: History, Diversity, and Impact</h4>
<h6>Stephan Brenowitz, Ian Duguid & Paul J. Kammermeier</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Cold Spring Harbor Protocols (2017)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/brenowitz2017.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Interneuron- and GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor-specific inhibitory synaptic plasticity in cerebellar Purkinje cells</h4>
<h6>Qionger He, Ian Duguid, Beverley Clark, Patrizia Panzanelli, Bijal Patel, Philip Thomas, Jean-Marc Fritschy & Trevor G. Smart</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Nature Communications (2015)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/he2015.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Control of cerebellar granule cell output by sensory-evoked Golgi cell inhibition</h4>
<h6>Ian Duguid, Tiago Branco, Paul Chadderton, Charlotte Arlt, Kate Powell & Michael Häusser</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">PNAS (2015)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/duguid2015.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Synaptic representation of locomotion in single cerebellar granule cells</h4>
<h6>Kate Powell, Alexandre Mathy, Ian Duguid & Michael Häusser</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">eLife (2015)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/powell2015.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Presynaptic NMDA receptors: Are they dendritic receptors in disguise?</h4>
<h6>Ian C. Duguid</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Brain Research Bulletin (2013)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/duguid2013.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Tonic Inhibition Enhances Fidelity of Sensory Information Transmission in the Cerebellar Cortex</h4>
<h6>Ian Duguid, Tiago Branco, Michael London, Paul Chadderton & Michael Häusser</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Journal of Neuroscience (2012)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/duguid2012.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0460-12.2012"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="font-size: 20px;color: var(--bs-indigo);">
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<h4>Encoding of Oscillations by Axonal Bursts in Inferior Olive Neurons</h4>
<h6>Alexandre Mathy, Sara S.N. Ho, Jenny T. Davie, Ian C. Duguid, Beverley A. Clark & Michael Häusser</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Neuron (2009)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/mathy2009.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.023"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="font-size: 20px;color: var(--bs-indigo);">
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<h4>High-fidelity transmission of sensory information by single cerebellar mossy fibre boutons</h4>
<h6>Ede A. Rancz, Taro Ishikawa, Ian Duguid, Paul Chadderton, Severine Mahon & Michael Häusser</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Nature (2007)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/rancz2007.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M320 464C328.8 464 336 456.8 336 448V416H384V448C384 483.3 355.3 512 320 512H64C28.65 512 0 483.3 0 448V416H48V448C48 456.8 55.16 464 64 464H320zM256 160C238.3 160 224 145.7 224 128V48H64C55.16 48 48 55.16 48 64V192H0V64C0 28.65 28.65 0 64 0H229.5C246.5 0 262.7 6.743 274.7 18.75L365.3 109.3C377.3 121.3 384 137.5 384 154.5V192H336V160H256zM88 224C118.9 224 144 249.1 144 280C144 310.9 118.9 336 88 336H80V368C80 376.8 72.84 384 64 384C55.16 384 48 376.8 48 368V240C48 231.2 55.16 224 64 224H88zM112 280C112 266.7 101.3 256 88 256H80V304H88C101.3 304 112 293.3 112 280zM160 240C160 231.2 167.2 224 176 224H200C226.5 224 248 245.5 248 272V336C248 362.5 226.5 384 200 384H176C167.2 384 160 376.8 160 368V240zM192 352H200C208.8 352 216 344.8 216 336V272C216 263.2 208.8 256 200 256H192V352zM336 224C344.8 224 352 231.2 352 240C352 248.8 344.8 256 336 256H304V288H336C344.8 288 352 295.2 352 304C352 312.8 344.8 320 336 320H304V368C304 376.8 296.8 384 288 384C279.2 384 272 376.8 272 368V240C272 231.2 279.2 224 288 224H336z"></path>
</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05995"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="font-size: 20px;color: var(--bs-indigo);">
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<h4>Somatodendritic Release of Glutamate Regulates Synaptic Inhibition in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells via Autocrine mGluR1 Activation</h4>
<h6>Ian C. Duguid, Yuriy Pankratov, Guy W. J. Moss, and Trevor G. Smart</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Journal of Neuroscience (2007)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/duguid2007.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M320 464C328.8 464 336 456.8 336 448V416H384V448C384 483.3 355.3 512 320 512H64C28.65 512 0 483.3 0 448V416H48V448C48 456.8 55.16 464 64 464H320zM256 160C238.3 160 224 145.7 224 128V48H64C55.16 48 48 55.16 48 64V192H0V64C0 28.65 28.65 0 64 0H229.5C246.5 0 262.7 6.743 274.7 18.75L365.3 109.3C377.3 121.3 384 137.5 384 154.5V192H336V160H256zM88 224C118.9 224 144 249.1 144 280C144 310.9 118.9 336 88 336H80V368C80 376.8 72.84 384 64 384C55.16 384 48 376.8 48 368V240C48 231.2 55.16 224 64 224H88zM112 280C112 266.7 101.3 256 88 256H80V304H88C101.3 304 112 293.3 112 280zM160 240C160 231.2 167.2 224 176 224H200C226.5 224 248 245.5 248 272V336C248 362.5 226.5 384 200 384H176C167.2 384 160 376.8 160 368V240zM192 352H200C208.8 352 216 344.8 216 336V272C216 263.2 208.8 256 200 256H192V352zM336 224C344.8 224 352 231.2 352 240C352 248.8 344.8 256 336 256H304V288H336C344.8 288 352 295.2 352 304C352 312.8 344.8 320 336 320H304V368C304 376.8 296.8 384 288 384C279.2 384 272 376.8 272 368V240C272 231.2 279.2 224 288 224H336z"></path>
</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0178-07.2007"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="font-size: 20px;color: var(--bs-indigo);">
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<h4>Evidence that GABA <em>ρ</em> subunits contribute to functional ionotropic GABA receptors in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells</h4>
<h6>Victoria L. Harvey, Ian C. Duguid, Cornelius Krasel & Gary J. Stephens</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Journal of Physiology (2006)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/harvey2006.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Mutations in the gene encoding GlyT2 (SLC6A5) define a presynaptic component of human startle disease</h4>
<h6>Mark I Rees, Kirsten Harvey, Brian R Pearce, Seo-Kyung Chung, Ian C Duguid, Philip Thomas, Sarah Beatty, Gail E Graham, Linlea Armstrong, Rita Shiang, Kim J Abbott, Sameer M Zuberi, John B P Stephenson, Michael J Owen, Marina A J Tijssen, Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg, Trevor G Smart, Stephane Supplisson & Robert J Harvey</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Nature Genetics (2006)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/rees2006.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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</svg></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1814"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -32 576 576" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="font-size: 20px;color: var(--bs-indigo);">
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<h4>Novel presynaptic mechanisms for coincidence detection in synaptic plasticity</h4>
<h6>Ian Duguid & Per Jesper Sjöström</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2006)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/duguid2006.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<path d="M320 464C328.8 464 336 456.8 336 448V416H384V448C384 483.3 355.3 512 320 512H64C28.65 512 0 483.3 0 448V416H48V448C48 456.8 55.16 464 64 464H320zM256 160C238.3 160 224 145.7 224 128V48H64C55.16 48 48 55.16 48 64V192H0V64C0 28.65 28.65 0 64 0H229.5C246.5 0 262.7 6.743 274.7 18.75L365.3 109.3C377.3 121.3 384 137.5 384 154.5V192H336V160H256zM88 224C118.9 224 144 249.1 144 280C144 310.9 118.9 336 88 336H80V368C80 376.8 72.84 384 64 384C55.16 384 48 376.8 48 368V240C48 231.2 55.16 224 64 224H88zM112 280C112 266.7 101.3 256 88 256H80V304H88C101.3 304 112 293.3 112 280zM160 240C160 231.2 167.2 224 176 224H200C226.5 224 248 245.5 248 272V336C248 362.5 226.5 384 200 384H176C167.2 384 160 376.8 160 368V240zM192 352H200C208.8 352 216 344.8 216 336V272C216 263.2 208.8 256 200 256H192V352zM336 224C344.8 224 352 231.2 352 240C352 248.8 344.8 256 336 256H304V288H336C344.8 288 352 295.2 352 304C352 312.8 344.8 320 336 320H304V368C304 376.8 296.8 384 288 384C279.2 384 272 376.8 272 368V240C272 231.2 279.2 224 288 224H336z"></path>
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<h4>Retrograde activation of presynaptic NMDA receptors enhances GABA release at cerebellar interneuron–Purkinje cell synapses</h4>
<h6>Ian C Duguid & Trevor G Smart</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">Nature Neuroscience (2004)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/duguid2004.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>Isoform Heterogeneity of the Human Gephyrin Gene (GPHN), Binding Domains to the Glycine Receptor, and Mutation Analysis in Hyperekplexia</h4>
<h6>Mark I. Rees, Kirsten Harvey, Hamish Ward, Julia H. White, Luc Evans, Ian C. Duguid, Cynthia C.-H. Hsu, Sharon L. Coleman, Jan Miller, Kristin Baer, Henry J. Waldvogel, Francis Gibbon, Trevor G. Smart, Michael J. Owen, Robert J. Harvey & Russell G. Snell</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">The Journal of Biological Chemistry (2003)</span><span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/rees2003.pdf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;">
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<h4>An N-terminal histidine regulates Zn<sup>2+</sup> inhibition on the murine GABAA receptor beta-3 subunit</h4>
<h6>Emma L. Dunne, Alastair M. Hosie, Julian R.A. Wooltorton, Ian C. Duguid, Kirsten Harvey, Stephen J. Moss, Robert J. Harvey & Trevor G. Smart</h6>
<h6><span style="font-style: normal !important;">British Journal of Pharmacology (2002)</span> <span style="margin-left: 10px;"></span><a href="pubs/dunne2002.pdf" style="color: var(--bs-red);font-size: 20px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-64 0 512 512" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor">
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