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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Pre-training, explained with pictures</title>
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<body>
<!-- 1 · HERO -->
<section class="panel hero">
<div class="wrap">
<p class="eyebrow">How an AI learns language</p>
<p class="cloze">The cat sat on the <span class="blank"><span class="guess" id="g"> </span></span></p>
<h1 class="head wide">One guessing game, played about a trillion times.</h1>
<p class="say">That is nearly the whole idea of pre-training. Everything below is just detail.</p>
<div class="scrollcue"><span></span>Scroll</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 2 · THE DATA -->
<section class="panel">
<div class="wrap">
<p class="eyebrow rv">Step one · the reading</p>
<h2 class="head rv" style="--d:.08s">First it reads almost everything.</h2>
<div class="fig rv" style="--d:.16s">
<svg viewBox="0 0 800 540" role="img" aria-label="A tiny stack of pages representing one human lifetime of reading, next to an enormous stack representing the training text.">
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class="ink-s" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round" fill="none"/>
<!-- small stack -->
<rect x="100" y="452" width="130" height="46" fill="url(#pg)"/>
<text x="100" y="527" class="lbl">You, a whole life</text>
<!-- big stack -->
<rect x="400" y="20" width="330" height="478" fill="url(#pg)"/>
<rect x="400" y="20" width="330" height="200" fill="url(#fade)"/>
<text x="400" y="527" class="lbl">The training text</text>
<line x1="0" y1="504" x2="800" y2="504" class="rule-s" stroke-width="2"/>
</svg>
</div>
<p class="bignum rv" style="--d:.24s">≈ <span class="mark">10,000 lifetimes</span></p>
<p class="say rv" style="--d:.3s">Web pages, books, code, transcripts — flattened into plain text. Roughly 100 million words for a lifelong human reader, versus trillions for the machine.</p>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 3 · THE GAME -->
<section class="panel">
<div class="wrap">
<p class="eyebrow rv">Step two · the game</p>
<h2 class="head rv" style="--d:.08s">Then it plays the same round, forever.</h2>
<div class="fig rv" style="--d:.16s">
<svg viewBox="0 0 800 600" role="img" aria-label="A four-step loop: hide a word, guess the word, check the answer, nudge the numbers, repeating.">
<defs>
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<path d="M557 341 A165 165 0 0 1 451 447"/>
<path d="M349 447 A165 165 0 0 1 243 341"/>
<path d="M243 239 A165 165 0 0 1 349 133"/>
</g>
<text x="400" y="288" class="ctr-a" text-anchor="middle">REPEAT</text>
<text x="400" y="336" class="ctr-b" text-anchor="middle">10¹²×</text>
<circle cx="400" cy="125" r="54" class="ink-f"/>
<text x="400" y="137" class="node-n" text-anchor="middle">01</text>
<text x="400" y="34" class="node-t" text-anchor="middle">Hide a</text>
<text x="400" y="60" class="node-t" text-anchor="middle">word</text>
<circle cx="565" cy="290" r="54" class="ink-f"/>
<text x="565" y="302" class="node-n" text-anchor="middle">02</text>
<text x="640" y="284" class="node-t">Guess</text>
<text x="640" y="312" class="node-t">it</text>
<circle cx="400" cy="455" r="54" class="ink-f"/>
<text x="400" y="467" class="node-n" text-anchor="middle">03</text>
<text x="400" y="547" class="node-t" text-anchor="middle">Peek at the</text>
<text x="400" y="573" class="node-t" text-anchor="middle">real word</text>
<circle cx="235" cy="290" r="54" class="ink-f"/>
<text x="235" y="302" class="node-n" text-anchor="middle">04</text>
<text x="160" y="284" class="node-t" text-anchor="end">Nudge the</text>
<text x="160" y="312" class="node-t" text-anchor="end">numbers</text>
</svg>
</div>
<p class="say rv" style="--d:.24s">Nobody writes the answer key. The word that actually came next in the text <em>is</em> the answer key. That's why this can run on raw text, unsupervised, at enormous scale.</p>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 4 · THE LEARNING -->
<section class="panel">
<div class="wrap">
<p class="eyebrow rv">Step three · the learning</p>
<h2 class="head rv" style="--d:.08s">“Learning” just means turning dials.</h2>
<div class="fig rv" style="--d:.16s">
<svg viewBox="0 0 800 460" role="img" aria-label="A grid of twenty-eight dials at different angles, three of them highlighted.">
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<g id="knobY">
<circle r="32" class="ink-s yel-f" stroke-width="3"/>
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<use href="#knob" transform="translate(70,70) rotate(34)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(182,70) rotate(-58)"/>
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<use href="#knob" transform="translate(406,70) rotate(12)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(518,70) rotate(-120)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(630,70) rotate(78)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(742,70) rotate(-20)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(70,180) rotate(-95)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(182,180) rotate(160)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(294,180) rotate(-42)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(406,180) rotate(105)"/>
<use href="#knobY" transform="translate(518,180) rotate(-15)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(630,180) rotate(50)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(742,180) rotate(-150)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(70,290) rotate(120)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(182,290) rotate(-70)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(294,290) rotate(20)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(406,290) rotate(-135)"/>
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<use href="#knob" transform="translate(182,400) rotate(88)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(294,400) rotate(-105)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(406,400) rotate(30)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(518,400) rotate(-165)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(630,400) rotate(58)"/>
<use href="#knob" transform="translate(742,400) rotate(-8)"/>
</svg>
</div>
<p class="say rv" style="--d:.24s">Inside the model are billions of plain numbers. A wrong guess turns some of them a hair in the direction that would have been less wrong. Nobody picks which ones.</p>
<p class="tiny rv" style="--d:.3s">Billions of dials · thousands of chips · weeks to months of nonstop compute</p>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 5 · THE RESULT -->
<section class="panel">
<div class="wrap">
<p class="eyebrow rv">What you end up with</p>
<h2 class="head rv" style="--d:.08s">Not a box of facts. A box of odds.</h2>
<div class="board rv" style="--d:.16s">
<p class="board-q">“<span id="q">The capital of France is</span> <span class="blank">?</span>”</p>
<div id="rows"></div>
<button class="swap" id="swap">Try another sentence</button>
<p class="tiny">Illustrative numbers</p>
</div>
<p class="say rv" style="--d:.24s">It never stored “Paris is the capital of France” as a fact. It learned that those words keep showing up together. Every answer it ever gives is this same next-word bet, made one word at a time.</p>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 6 · NOT DONE -->
<section class="panel">
<div class="wrap">
<p class="eyebrow rv">One catch</p>
<h2 class="head wide rv" style="--d:.08s">Straight out of pre-training, it's useless to talk to.</h2>
<div class="cols">
<div class="col rv" style="--d:.16s">
<p class="col-h">Pre-trained only</p>
<div class="bub you">How do I boil an egg?</div>
<div class="bub it dud">How do I poach an egg? How do I fry an egg? How do I…</div>
</div>
<div class="col rv" style="--d:.24s">
<p class="col-h">After the finishing step</p>
<div class="bub you">How do I boil an egg?</div>
<div class="bub it">Lower the egg into boiling water and set a timer for 7 minutes…</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="say rv" style="--d:.3s">It continues text; it doesn't answer you. Teaching it to be a helpful assistant is a separate, far smaller stage called post-training — a polish on top of all that reading.</p>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 7 · RECAP -->
<section class="panel">
<div class="wrap">
<p class="eyebrow rv">In one breath</p>
<p class="recap rv" style="--d:.08s">
<em>Read everything.</em>
<em>Guess the next word.</em>
<em>Be wrong.</em>
<em>Turn the dials.</em>
<em class="mark" style="display:inline-block">Repeat.</em>
</p>
<p class="foot rv" style="--d:.16s">That's pre-training</p>
</div>
</section>
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}
/* reveals */
var io = new IntersectionObserver(function(es){
es.forEach(function(e){ if(e.isIntersecting){ e.target.classList.add('in'); io.unobserve(e.target); } });
}, {threshold:.18});
document.querySelectorAll('.rv').forEach(function(el){ io.observe(el); });
/* odds board */
var sets = [
{q:'The capital of France is', w:[['Paris',71],['a',6],['home',4],['one',3],['now',2]]},
{q:'I poured milk into my', w:[['coffee',34],['cup',19],['cereal',12],['tea',9],['hand',4]]},
{q:'Once upon a', w:[['time',92],['midnight',2],['hill',1],['star',1],['dream',1]]}
];
var n = 0, rows = document.getElementById('rows'), q = document.getElementById('q');
function draw(){
var s = sets[n];
q.textContent = s.q;
rows.innerHTML = s.w.map(function(x){
return '<div class="row"><div class="row-w">'+x[0]+'</div>'+
'<div class="row-t"><div class="row-b" data-p="'+x[1]+'"></div></div>'+
'<div class="row-p">'+x[1]+'%</div></div>';
}).join('');
requestAnimationFrame(function(){
rows.querySelectorAll('.row-b').forEach(function(b){ b.style.width = b.dataset.p + '%'; });
});
}
draw();
document.getElementById('swap').addEventListener('click', function(){
n = (n + 1) % sets.length; draw();
});
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>