Skip to content

FFI.md

Latest commit

 

History

History
198 lines (148 loc) · 5.87 KB

FFI.md

File metadata and controls

198 lines (148 loc) · 5.87 KB
Raw

Spinel FFI

Call C functions from Spinel Ruby programs. No extension compiler, no require "ffi": declarations go straight into the source and the AOT compiler generates direct C call sites with the right externs and linker flags.

Example

module LibC
  ffi_func :strlen, [:str], :size_t
  ffi_func :getpid, [],     :int
end

puts LibC.strlen("hello, world")   # 12
puts LibC.getpid

Compile and run:

./spinel prog.rb && ./prog

libc and libm are always linked; anything else needs ffi_lib.

DSL reference

All FFI declarations go inside a module body. The module name becomes the namespace for the functions (RAY.InitWindow, LibC.strlen, …).

ffi_lib "name"

Declares that this module needs -lname on the link command line. May appear multiple times per module.

module SQL
  ffi_lib "sqlite3"
end

ffi_cflags "..."

Declares cflags (include dirs, defines, link-search paths) needed for this module's externs. Rarely needed — externs use standard C types only, so headers don't have to be included in the generated code — but useful when a library is installed somewhere non-standard.

ffi_cflags "-I/usr/local/include"
ffi_cflags "-Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/lib"

ffi_func :name, [arg_types], ret_type

Declares a C function callable as Module.name(...).

ffi_func :sqlite3_open,        [:str, :ptr],                   :int
ffi_func :sqlite3_close,       [:ptr],                         :int
ffi_func :sqlite3_exec,        [:ptr, :str, :ptr, :ptr, :ptr], :int
ffi_func :sqlite3_errmsg,      [:ptr],                         :str

Recognized type specs:

spec C type Spinel type
:int int int
:uint32 uint32_t int
:int32 int32_t int
:uint16 uint16_t int
:int16 int16_t int
:uint8 uint8_t int
:int8 int8_t int
:size_t size_t int
:long long int
:float float float
:double double float
:bool int bool
:str const char * string
:ptr void * ptr
:void void void (return only)

All integer types collapse to mrb_int (int64) inside Spinel and are cast to the declared C type at the call boundary. Floats collapse to double the same way.

ffi_const :NAME, <int>

Declares an integer constant accessible as Module::NAME. Pure convenience — the value is inlined at use sites like any other Ruby integer constant.

ffi_const :SQLITE_OK,   0
ffi_const :SQLITE_ROW,  100
ffi_const :SQLITE_DONE, 101

ffi_buffer :name, <size>

Declares a static size-byte buffer, accessible as Module.name returning a :ptr. Useful as scratch space or as an out-parameter for functions like sqlite3's sqlite3_open, which writes the database handle into a caller-supplied sqlite3 **.

ffi_buffer :db_out, 8
SQL.sqlite3_open(":memory:", SQL.db_out)
db = SQL.read_ptr(SQL.db_out)  # the actual sqlite3 *

Lifetime: static. The buffer lives for the whole program.

ffi_read_u32 :name, <offset> / ffi_read_i32 / ffi_read_ptr

Declares a field reader: Module.name(buf) returns the value at offset bytes into buf. Handy for poking into C structs when you only need a few fields, or for reading back what a C function wrote into a buffer you handed it.

# sqlite3_open(path, ppDb) writes the new db handle into *ppDb.
# Pull the pointer out of our scratch buffer at offset 0.
ffi_read_ptr :read_ptr, 0

db = SQL.read_ptr(SQL.db_out)

No ffi_write_* in the MVP — the assumption is that a C function is the one writing into the buffer; Ruby just reads back.

Pointer semantics

:ptr maps to C void *. Values of this type are not GC-tracked: the Spinel garbage collector never follows them and never frees them. Foreign memory is the user's responsibility.

Two consequences worth knowing:

  1. Call destroy functions explicitly. Nothing calls sqlite3_close, sqlite3_finalize, or free() for you.
  2. Strings passed into C are only valid for the duration of the call. Spinel strings are GC-managed; if a C function stashes the pointer somewhere and the string becomes unreachable afterward, a later GC cycle will free it out from under the C code. If you need a string to outlive the call, copy it into an ffi_buffer first.

ptr values compare equal to nil when the pointer is NULL:

db = SQL.read_ptr(SQL.db_out)
if db == nil
  puts "could not open database"
end

Link-flag plumbing

The codegen emits marker comments into the generated C:

/* SPINEL_LINK: -lsqlite3 */
/* SPINEL_CFLAGS: -I/usr/local/include */

The spinel wrapper script scrapes these with sed and appends them to the cc invocation. If you want to override (e.g. static linking or a custom lib path), use -c to stop at C and drive the linker yourself.

Limitations

The MVP covers scalars, strings, opaque pointers, integer constants, raw byte buffers, and simple struct-field reads. Not supported yet:

  • No struct declarations. Use ffi_buffer + ffi_read_* for the handful of fields you need.
  • No callbacks / Ruby-to-C function pointers.
  • No variadic C functions (printf(...)). Use Spinel's built-in printf if you want formatted output.
  • No ffi_write_* — can't write struct fields from Ruby. Pass a buffer to a C function that writes it for you.
  • Pointers can't enter polymorphic values. Don't put a :ptr into a poly_array or a generic Hash; keep them as plain locals or wrap them in a class with a ptr-typed ivar.

Examples

Runnable examples live under examples/ffi/:

  • examples/ffi/libm/ — libc / libm smoke (cos, sqrt, pow, strlen, getpid)
  • examples/ffi/sqlite/ — blog system (posts, tags, comments) on sqlite3

Each subdirectory has a README.md with build instructions and the required system packages.