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mrmign

  1. Web2->Web3新人，之前学习过Sui和Move，但是理解不够深。想要深入理解区块链生态还是要从以太坊开始。
  2. 你认为你会完成本次残酷学习吗？ Yes, Just do It!

Notes

2025.02.06

Learning general concepts:

Learn Inevitable Ethereum - World Computer

  • Btc came up the promise: fair payments, for anyone, at any time, forever
  • The World Computer is made of up 3 parts:
    • Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
      • a Turing-complete distributed state machine
    • Ethereum Blockchain
      • A block is made up of 3 key components:
        • A record of the transactions executed at the time the block was created
        • A signature, unique to each specific block
        • A reference to the previous block's signature
    • Ethereum Network
      • is made up of a group of people and institutions who decide to run an Ethereum node
      • A single node runs two pieces of software:
        • a consensus client
        • an execution client (responsible for operating the EVM)
      • PoS(2022) <- PoW(2015)
        • Stake 32ETH to become a validator

2025.02.07

  • Ethereum Accounts
    • the information("state") that the blockchain keeps track of is make up of accounts.
    • Two types of accounts:
      • Externally owned account(EOA), represents the user
      • Contract, a computer program that lives on-chain
  • Gas
    • Gas is the "unit" of resource consumption within Ethereum
  • Ethereum fundamental principles:
    • Simplicity
    • Universality
    • Modularity
    • Non-discrimination
    • Agility
  • The vision for the Ethereum roadmap
    • The Merge: upgrades relating to the switch from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake
    • The Surge: upgrades related to scalability by rollups and data sharding
    • The Scourge: upgrades related to censorship resistance, decentralization and protocol risks from MEV
    • The Verge: upgrades related to verifying blocks more easily
    • The Purge: upgrades related to reducing the computational costs of running nodes and simplifying the protocol
    • The Splurge: other upgrades that don't fit well into the previous categories.

2025.02.08

  • Week2 Pre-reading

  • Nodes and clients

    • Node Types
      • Full node
        • Full nodes do a block-by-block validation of the blockchain, including downloading and verifying the block body and state data for each block
      • Archive node
        • Archive nodes are full nodes that verify every block from genesis and never delete any of the downloaded data.
      • Light node
        • Light nodes only download block headers. Any other information the light node requires gets requested from a full node.
    • Synchronization modes
      • Execution layer sync modes
        • Full sync
        • Fast sync
        • Snap sync
        • Light sync
      • Consensus layer sync modes
        • Optimistic sync, a post-merge synchronization strategy designed to be opt-in and backwards compatible, allowing execution nodes to sync via established methods
        • Checkpoint sync(weak subjectivity sync), It's based on assumptions of weak subjectivity which enables syncing the Beacon Chain from a recent weak subjectivity checkpoint instead of genesis

2025.02.09

Execution Layer(Eth1)

  • 核心功能：
    • 交易处理：
      • 执行层负责验证和执行用户发起的交易（例如转账 ETH、调用智能合约）。
      • 每笔交易需要支付 Gas 费用（以 ETH 计价），用于补偿网络的计算资源消耗。
    • 智能合约执行：
      • 智能合约的代码在 以太坊虚拟机（EVM） 中运行，执行层通过 EVM 确保合约按预定逻辑执行。
      • EVM 是以太坊的“全球计算机”，所有节点运行相同的代码以保证一致性。
    • 状态管理：
      • 执行层维护以太坊的全局状态（State），包括：
        • 账户余额（ETH）。
        • 智能合约的存储数据。
        • 账户的 nonce（防止重放攻击）。
    • Gas 机制：
      • 每笔交易需要指定 Gas Limit 和 Gas Price，Gas 用于限制计算资源的使用。
      • 如果 Gas 不足，交易会失败并回滚，但已消耗的 Gas 不会退回。
  • 核心组件：
    • 以太坊虚拟机（EVM）：
      • EVM 是执行智能合约的沙盒环境，完全隔离且确定性（相同输入必得相同输出）。
      • 支持 EVM 兼容的智能合约编程语言（如 Solidity、Vyper）。
    • 账户系统：
      • 外部账户（EOA）：由私钥控制的用户账户，可发起交易。
      • 合约账户（CA）：由代码控制的账户，存储智能合约的代码和状态。
    • 交易结构：
      • 每笔交易包含以下关键字段：
        • from：发送者地址。
        • to：接收者地址（如果是合约创建，则为空）。
        • value：转账的 ETH 数量。
        • data：调用合约时的输入数据。
        • gasLimit：交易允许消耗的最大 Gas。
        • gasPrice：用户愿意支付的 Gas 单价。
    • 状态树（Merkle Patricia Trie）：
      • 以太坊使用状态树存储所有账户和合约的状态，通过哈希保证数据的不可篡改性。
    • 执行客户端：
      • 执行层的软件实现（如 Geth、Nethermind、Besu），负责处理交易、运行 EVM、维护状态等。

2025.02.10

  • wiki的知识点感觉有点零散，读《Absolute Essentials of Ethereum》梳理下整体脉络。
  • Ch2. Execution Layer
    • Ethereum address are 42-character hexadecimal identifiers derived from the last 20 bytes of the public key with 0x prefix.
      • more intuitive and user-friendly account experience called Account Abstraction
    • EOA
      • address + associated account state
      • contains two fields:
        • Nonce, is an increasing number showing how many transactions an account has made and how many contracts it has created. It is used to determine the order of transactions in the same slot.
        • Balance, how much ETH is holding.
    • Contract Accounts
      • are smart contracts that have been deployed on Ethereum and are controlled by their own internal code.
      • Ethereum address + associated account state
      • contain a state of four fields:
        • Nounce, incremeting number showing how many contracts the contract account has created ??
        • Balance, how much ETH the contract account is holding
        • Code, is the smart contract code contained in the account
        • Storage, maps the contents of the contract account. When a transaction involving a contract account is processed, the changes are recorded permanantly in the contract's Storage.
    • Transactions (two types)
      • Message Call
        • Value, ETH
        • Input Data
          • EOA-EOA, arbitrary Data, perhaps to send a message or tag a transaction. Usually is left empty
          • EOA-contract, contract-contract, includes the contract's Code to be invoked and any proposed changes to Storage.
      • Contract Creation
        • request a new contract account to be added to the Ethereum world state.
        • sent to an empty address since there's no recipient
        • once initialised, are a combination of the sender's address and the last Nonce from the sender's account

2025.02.11

  • 《Absolute Essentials of Ethereum》Ch2 Execution Layer
    • Ether & Transaction Fees
      • Gwei is used to denominate transaction fees.
      • gas cost and gas fees. In Ethereum, computational cycles are calculated in a unit call gas. A gas unit is not a currency unit. Gas cost relates only to how many computational cycles are needed.
      • Every computational instruction(an Opcode) in a transaction has an associated gas cost.
      • The Gas Limit included in a transaction is the maximum amount of gas that a user is willing to pay for.
      • Gas fees have two forms.
        • base fee, refers to the algorithmically dynamic cost of gwei in the Ethereum network
        • priority fee, get transaction accepted faster
      • Transaction fees = gas cost * (base fee + priority fee)
      • The above is pre-2021 situtaion(London Upgrade/EIP-1559)
      • The base fee is burnt and removed from circulation.
      • The priority fee is paied to the users called validators.
    • Transaction Structure
      Field comment
      From sending address
      To receiving address
      Digital Signature a signature produced using the private key of the sender
      Nonce show how many transactions an account has made
      Value the ETH to be transfered
      Input Data Input data(message call) ; Initialise(contract creation)
      Gas Limit limit on gas
      Max Priority Fee maximum priority fee you will pay
      Max Fee maximum overall fee you will pay
    • Ethereum Virtual Machine(EVM)
      • the most important field is the Input Data, because it contains the function we want to call and the arguments we want to pass.
      • it follows Application Binary Interface(ABI) format.
      • functions are identified in the ABI specification by the reference MethodID.
      • transfer(address to, uint256 value)
        • MethodID: 0xa9059cbb
        • ByteCode: 0xa9059cbb00000000000000000000009f11260cb6427c20a019780d99d3a2d7ffe9a25300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002c8650c0
      • The EVM interprets and executes the Input Data field using the following:
        • Virtual Read-Only Memory(ROM): Reads the code of an involved contract account
        • a temporary state for processing the transactions:
          • Program Counter: The program counter tracks what instructions from the contract code need to be processed next
          • The Stack: The EVM uses a stack-based model for executing code
          • EVM Memory: Temporary memory used within the machine state to track changes
          • Gas counter: Tracks the gas used. Reverts if no more gas is available and undoes the proposed state changes.
        • Storage: changes are recorded permanently to reflect the new world state that emerges from the temporary machine state.
    • ERC-20
      • The ERC-20 token standard creates fungible tokens.
    • ERC-721
      • ERC-721 is designed to create Non-Fungible Tokens(NFT). ERC-721 tokens are unique.
      • usually an NFT smart contract builds a collection of items that are a similar type, but with unique differences.
    • Decentralised Application(dApps)
      • In an Ethereum context, a dApp refers to the smart contract plus the non-blockchain technologies it combines with to aid the user experience.

2025.02.12

  • The Concensus Layer(CL) -1
    • Proof of Staking(PoS) or Staking
      • 2015~2022 PoW
      • The Merge: transitioned to staking from mining in September 2022
    • Validators
      • superphiz.eth is a well-known staker
      • 32ETH deposited to the deposit contract( a list of participating validators)
      • The first task , the head of the blockchain, is decided using a Latest Message Driven Greedy Heaviest-Observe Sub-Tree(LMD GHOST) vote.
      • The second task, to finalise blocks, is decided using a Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget(Casper-FFG) vote.
        • justification
        • finalisation
      • Validators work within a timeframe split up into slots and epochs.
        • LMD GHOST vote happens in a slot
        • Gasper-FFG vote happens across epochs
      • A slot = 12 seconds
      • An epoch = 32 slots ≈ 6.4 minutes
      • Slots and LMD GHOST
        • In every slot , a block proposer is randomly selected as the leader. Only one validator is assigned as the block proposer for a slot.
        • Block proposers are chosen in advance using a pseudo-random algorithm called RANDAO.
        • The block proposer's job:
          • look back at the last slot and find the previous block with the most attestations, the "heaviest" block logseq.order-list-type:: number
          • construct a new Beacon block with contextual information, such as entering and exiting validators, penalties for misbehaving validators, that transitions Ethereum to a new Beacon state. logseq.order-list-type:: number
          • in their execution layer, transition the world state by gathering transactions from the mempool, execution them in the EVM, and producing the execution payload, in the form of an execution block logseq.order-list-type:: number
          • sign the block and then present it to the validators to attest to. Don't present it to the entire validator set. logseq.order-list-type:: number
          • The other validators are involved in attestation.

2025.02.13

  • The Concencus Layer(CL) -2
    • Epochs and Casper-FFG
      • two Checkpoints
        • the first is the target, refers to the checkpoint at the start of the current epoch
        • the second is the source, refers to the checkpoint in the epoch prior.
        • 2/3 supermajority votes
    • Aggregation
      • To improve the efficiency of attestations, validators use the Boneh-Lynn-Shacham (BLS) digital signature scheme. it is similar to ECDSA.
    • Rewards and Penalties
      • Rewards:
        • Block proposal: priority fees and MEV
        • Attestations: Attesting to the block, to the checkpoints
        • Sync committee: participation in a sync committee
        • Slashing reward: Reporting malicious behaviour
      • Penalties:
        • Missed Proposal: No penalty
        • Missed Attestations: Failure to attest
        • Missed Committee: Failure to participate in sync committee
    • Beacon Block
      • Merkle Patricia Tree
    • Staking Pools
      • combine smaller amounts of ETH to create shared validators.
      • Centralised staking pool, (Binance)
      • Decentralised pool, smart contract protocols (Lido, Rocket Pool)
        • deposit ETH and receive Liquid Staking Derivative(LSD) in return
    • Maximum Extractable Value(MEV)
      • refers to the extracting of value by manipulating how transactions are ordered within a block.
      • a complex ecosystem of MEV specialists:
        • Searchers, are users who watch the mempool for transactions
        • block builders, use the mempool to build an execution payload, but they also include the oportimised MEV transactions form searchers.
        • relayers, passes the block builder blocks to proposers, who select the most profitable one of them.
      • Proposer-Builder-Separation(PBS) will be enshrined into the protocol, but for now it is a semi-formal distinction.
    • Blockchain Forks
      • Temporary chain split
      • Soft fork
      • Hard fork
      • Contentious Hard Fork
      • Malicious hard fork

2025.02.14

  • Accounts over UTXOs
    • UTXO: an unspent transaction output is a distinctive element in a subset of digital currency models. A UTXO represents a certain amount of cryptocurrency that has been authorized by a sender and is available to be spent by a recipient.
    • Benefits of Accounts
      • Space Saving.
      • Great fungibility
      • Simplicity
    • Weakness
      • in order to prevent replay attacks, every transaction must have a nonce.
      • account keeps track of the nonces used and only accept a transaction if its nonce is 1 after the last nonce used.
  • Merkle Patricia Trie(MPT)
    • A Merkle-Patricia trie is deterministic and cryptographically verifiable

2025.02.15

2025.02.16