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qisa-formal-spec-v0.1.md

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Q-ISA v0.1 Formal Specification

Execution Model

1.1 Transactional Execution

A Q-ISA program is a Quantum Transaction

Properties:

  • Atomic (cannot be preempted mid-execution)
  • Linear (no branching in v0.1)
  • Deterministic instruction order
  • Probabilistic measurement outcome
  • Ends permanently on full measurement

1.2 Lifecycle

  1. Program loaded
  2. Header validated
  3. Logical qubits allocated
  4. Instruction stream executed sequentially
  5. Measurement results returned
  6. All qubits deallocated
  7. Program state destroyed

Binary File Layout

Header (64 Bytes)
Constant Pool
Instruction Stream
Footer (Checksum)

(All integers are little-endian)

Header Layout (64 Bytes)

Offset Size Field Description
0x00 4 Magic Bytes 0x4155544D (“AUTM”)
0x04 2 Version 0x0001 (v0.1)
0x06 2 Flags 0 for v0.1
0x08 4 Logical Qubit Count u32
0x0C 4 Classical Register Count u32
0x10 8 Instruction Count u64
0x18 8 Constant Pool Offset u64
0x20 8 Instruction Stream Offset u64
0x28 8 Constant Pool Size u64
0x30 8 Instruction Stream Size u64
0x38 8 Header Checksum u64

Validation requires:

  • Logical qubits > 0
  • Instruction count > 0
  • Stream offset valid
  • Program must end with QEND

Logical Qubit Model

  • Logical qubits indexed 0 … (N-1)
  • Must not exceed declared count
  • No dynamic creation beyond declared count
  • Reuse allowed only if explicitly freed

Qubit IDs are u32.

Classical Register Model

  • Classical registers indexed 0 … (M-1)
  • Only writable via QMEASURE
  • No classical arithmetic allowed in v0.1
  • Read-only after write

Constant Pool

  • Used for parameterized gates.
  • Constant pool index is u64.
  • Only f64 supported in v0.1.

Instruction Encoding

All instructions begin with:
[u8 opcode]
[operands...]

Opcode Table (v0.1)

Allocation

Opcode Mnemonic
0x01 QINIT

Single-Qubit Gates (No Parameter)

Opcode Mnemonic
0x10 QH
0x11 QX
0x12 QY
0x13 QZ

Format:
[u8 opcode]
[u32 qubit_id]

Single-Qubit Parameterized

Opcode Mnemonic
0x14 QRX
0x15 QRY
0x16 QRZ

Format:
[u8 opcode]
[u32 qubit_id]
[u64 const_index]

Two-Qubit Gates

Opcode Mnemonic
0x20 QCNOT
0x21 QSWAP

Format: [u8 opcode] [u32 q1] [u32 q2]

Two-Qubit Parameterized

Opcode Mnemonic
0x22 QCPHASE

Format: [u8 opcode] [u32 q1] [u32 q2] [u64 const_index]

Synchronization

Opcode Mnemonic
0x30 QBARRIER
0x31 QWAIT

Format:
[u8 opcode]
[u64 nanoseconds](* For QWAIT only)

Measurement

Opcode Mnemonic
0x40 QMEASURE
0x41 QMEASURE_ALL

Format:
[u8 opcode]
[u32 qubit_id] (* For QMEASURE only)
[u32 classical_reg] (* For QMEASURE only)

Termination

Opcode Mnemonic
0xF0 QEND

Format:
[u8 opcode]

* Must be the final instruction.

Validation Rules

AutmOS will reject program if:

  1. Missing QEND
  2. Instruction count mismatch
  3. Qubit index ≥ declared count
  4. Classical index ≥ declared count
  5. Invalid opcode
  6. Constant index out of bounds
  7. Instructions appear after QMEASURE_ALL
  8. Header version mismatch