btree.h

// Copyright 2013 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// A btree implementation of the STL set and map interfaces. A btree is both
// smaller and faster than STL set/map. The red-black tree implementation of
// STL set/map has an overhead of 3 pointers (left, right and parent) plus the
// node color information for each stored value. So a set<int32> consumes 20
// bytes for each value stored. This btree implementation stores multiple
// values on fixed size nodes (usually 256 bytes) and doesn't store child
// pointers for leaf nodes. The result is that a btree_set<int32> may use much
// less memory per stored value. For the random insertion benchmark in
// btree_test.cc, a btree_set<int32> with node-size of 256 uses 4.9 bytes per
// stored value.
//
// The packing of multiple values on to each node of a btree has another effect
// besides better space utilization: better cache locality due to fewer cache
// lines being accessed. Better cache locality translates into faster
// operations.
//
// CAVEATS
//
// Insertions and deletions on a btree can cause splitting, merging or
// rebalancing of btree nodes. And even without these operations, insertions
// and deletions on a btree will move values around within a node. In both
// cases, the result is that insertions and deletions can invalidate iterators
// pointing to values other than the one being inserted/deleted. This is
// notably different from STL set/map which takes care to not invalidate
// iterators on insert/erase except, of course, for iterators pointing to the
// value being erased.  A partial workaround when erasing is available:
// erase() returns an iterator pointing to the item just after the one that was
// erased (or end() if none exists).  See also safe_btree.

// PERFORMANCE
//
//   btree_bench --benchmarks=. 2>&1 | ./benchmarks.awk
//
// Run on pmattis-warp.nyc (4 X 2200 MHz CPUs); 2010/03/04-15:23:06
// Benchmark                 STL(ns) B-Tree(ns) @    <size>
// --------------------------------------------------------
// BM_set_int32_insert        1516      608  +59.89%  <256>    [40.0,  5.2]
// BM_set_int32_lookup        1160      414  +64.31%  <256>    [40.0,  5.2]
// BM_set_int32_fulllookup     960      410  +57.29%  <256>    [40.0,  4.4]
// BM_set_int32_delete        1741      528  +69.67%  <256>    [40.0,  5.2]
// BM_set_int32_queueaddrem   3078     1046  +66.02%  <256>    [40.0,  5.5]
// BM_set_int32_mixedaddrem   3600     1384  +61.56%  <256>    [40.0,  5.3]
// BM_set_int32_fifo           227      113  +50.22%  <256>    [40.0,  4.4]
// BM_set_int32_fwditer        158       26  +83.54%  <256>    [40.0,  5.2]
// BM_map_int32_insert        1551      636  +58.99%  <256>    [48.0, 10.5]
// BM_map_int32_lookup        1200      508  +57.67%  <256>    [48.0, 10.5]
// BM_map_int32_fulllookup     989      487  +50.76%  <256>    [48.0,  8.8]
// BM_map_int32_delete        1794      628  +64.99%  <256>    [48.0, 10.5]
// BM_map_int32_queueaddrem   3189     1266  +60.30%  <256>    [48.0, 11.6]
// BM_map_int32_mixedaddrem   3822     1623  +57.54%  <256>    [48.0, 10.9]
// BM_map_int32_fifo           151      134  +11.26%  <256>    [48.0,  8.8]
// BM_map_int32_fwditer        161       32  +80.12%  <256>    [48.0, 10.5]
// BM_set_int64_insert        1546      636  +58.86%  <256>    [40.0, 10.5]
// BM_set_int64_lookup        1200      512  +57.33%  <256>    [40.0, 10.5]
// BM_set_int64_fulllookup     971      487  +49.85%  <256>    [40.0,  8.8]
// BM_set_int64_delete        1745      616  +64.70%  <256>    [40.0, 10.5]
// BM_set_int64_queueaddrem   3163     1195  +62.22%  <256>    [40.0, 11.6]
// BM_set_int64_mixedaddrem   3760     1564  +58.40%  <256>    [40.0, 10.9]
// BM_set_int64_fifo           146      103  +29.45%  <256>    [40.0,  8.8]
// BM_set_int64_fwditer        162       31  +80.86%  <256>    [40.0, 10.5]
// BM_map_int64_insert        1551      720  +53.58%  <256>    [48.0, 20.7]
// BM_map_int64_lookup        1214      612  +49.59%  <256>    [48.0, 20.7]
// BM_map_int64_fulllookup     994      592  +40.44%  <256>    [48.0, 17.2]
// BM_map_int64_delete        1778      764  +57.03%  <256>    [48.0, 20.7]
// BM_map_int64_queueaddrem   3189     1547  +51.49%  <256>    [48.0, 20.9]
// BM_map_int64_mixedaddrem   3779     1887  +50.07%  <256>    [48.0, 21.6]
// BM_map_int64_fifo           147      145   +1.36%  <256>    [48.0, 17.2]
// BM_map_int64_fwditer        162       41  +74.69%  <256>    [48.0, 20.7]
// BM_set_string_insert       1989     1966   +1.16%  <256>    [64.0, 44.5]
// BM_set_string_lookup       1709     1600   +6.38%  <256>    [64.0, 44.5]
// BM_set_string_fulllookup   1573     1529   +2.80%  <256>    [64.0, 35.4]
// BM_set_string_delete       2520     1920  +23.81%  <256>    [64.0, 44.5]
// BM_set_string_queueaddrem  4706     4309   +8.44%  <256>    [64.0, 48.3]
// BM_set_string_mixedaddrem  5080     4654   +8.39%  <256>    [64.0, 46.7]
// BM_set_string_fifo          318      512  -61.01%  <256>    [64.0, 35.4]
// BM_set_string_fwditer       182       93  +48.90%  <256>    [64.0, 44.5]
// BM_map_string_insert       2600     2227  +14.35%  <256>    [72.0, 55.8]
// BM_map_string_lookup       2068     1730  +16.34%  <256>    [72.0, 55.8]
// BM_map_string_fulllookup   1859     1618  +12.96%  <256>    [72.0, 44.0]
// BM_map_string_delete       3168     2080  +34.34%  <256>    [72.0, 55.8]
// BM_map_string_queueaddrem  5840     4701  +19.50%  <256>    [72.0, 59.4]
// BM_map_string_mixedaddrem  6400     5200  +18.75%  <256>    [72.0, 57.8]
// BM_map_string_fifo          398      596  -49.75%  <256>    [72.0, 44.0]
// BM_map_string_fwditer       243      113  +53.50%  <256>    [72.0, 55.8]

#ifndef UTIL_BTREE_BTREE_H__
#define UTIL_BTREE_BTREE_H__

#include <assert.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <type_traits>
#include <new>
#include <string>
#include <utility>

#ifndef BTREE_NO_IOSTREAM
#include <iostream>
#include <ostream>
#endif

namespace btree {

// Inside a btree method, if we just call swap(), it will choose the
// btree::swap method, which we don't want. And we can't say ::swap
// because then MSVC won't pickup any std::swap() implementations. We
// can't just use std::swap() directly because then we don't get the
// specialization for types outside the std namespace. So the solution
// is to have a special swap helper function whose name doesn't
// collide with other swap functions defined by the btree classes.
template <typename T>
inline void btree_swap_helper(T &a, T &b) {
  using std::swap;
  swap(a, b);
}

// A template helper used to select A or B based on a condition.
template<bool cond, typename A, typename B>
struct if_{
  typedef A type;
};

template<typename A, typename B>
struct if_<false, A, B> {
  typedef B type;
};

// Types small_ and big_ are promise that sizeof(small_) < sizeof(big_)
typedef char small_;

struct big_ {
  char dummy[2];
};

// A helper type used to indicate that a key-compare-to functor has been
// provided. A user can specify a key-compare-to functor by doing:
//
//  struct MyStringComparer
//      : public util::btree::btree_key_compare_to_tag {
//    int operator()(const string &a, const string &b) const {
//      return a.compare(b);
//    }
//  };
//
// Note that the return type is an int and not a bool. There is a
// static_assert which enforces this return type.
struct btree_key_compare_to_tag {
};

// A helper class that indicates if the Compare parameter is derived from
// btree_key_compare_to_tag.
template <typename Compare>
struct btree_is_key_compare_to
    : public std::is_convertible<Compare, btree_key_compare_to_tag> {
};

// A helper class to convert a boolean comparison into a three-way
// "compare-to" comparison that returns a negative value to indicate
// less-than, zero to indicate equality and a positive value to
// indicate greater-than. This helper class is specialized for
// less<string> and greater<string>. The btree_key_compare_to_adapter
// class is provided so that btree users automatically get the more
// efficient compare-to code when using common google string types
// with common comparison functors.
template <typename Compare>
struct btree_key_compare_to_adapter : Compare {
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter() { }
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter(const Compare &c) : Compare(c) { }
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter(const btree_key_compare_to_adapter<Compare> &c)
      : Compare(c) {
  }
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter &operator=(const btree_key_compare_to_adapter &) = default;
};

template <>
struct btree_key_compare_to_adapter<std::less<std::string> >
    : public btree_key_compare_to_tag {
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter() {}
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter(const std::less<std::string>&) {}
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter(
      const btree_key_compare_to_adapter<std::less<std::string> >&) {}
  int operator()(const std::string &a, const std::string &b) const {
    return a.compare(b);
  }
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter &operator=(const btree_key_compare_to_adapter &) = default;
};

template <>
struct btree_key_compare_to_adapter<std::greater<std::string> >
    : public btree_key_compare_to_tag {
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter() {}
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter(const std::greater<std::string>&) {}
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter(
      const btree_key_compare_to_adapter<std::greater<std::string> >&) {}
  int operator()(const std::string &a, const std::string &b) const {
    return b.compare(a);
  }
  btree_key_compare_to_adapter &operator=(const btree_key_compare_to_adapter &) = default;
};

// A helper class that allows a compare-to functor to behave like a plain
// compare functor. This specialization is used when we do not have a
// compare-to functor.
template <typename Key, typename Compare, bool HaveCompareTo>
struct btree_key_comparer {
  btree_key_comparer() {}
  btree_key_comparer(Compare c) : comp(c) {}
  static bool bool_compare(const Compare &comp, const Key &x, const Key &y) {
    return comp(x, y);
  }
  bool operator()(const Key &x, const Key &y) const {
    return bool_compare(comp, x, y);
  }
  Compare comp;
};

// A specialization of btree_key_comparer when a compare-to functor is
// present. We need a plain (boolean) comparison in some parts of the btree
// code, such as insert-with-hint.
template <typename Key, typename Compare>
struct btree_key_comparer<Key, Compare, true> {
  btree_key_comparer() {}
  btree_key_comparer(Compare c) : comp(c) {}
  static bool bool_compare(const Compare &comp, const Key &x, const Key &y) {
    return comp(x, y) < 0;
  }
  bool operator()(const Key &x, const Key &y) const {
    return bool_compare(comp, x, y);
  }
  Compare comp;
};

// A helper function to compare to keys using the specified compare
// functor. This dispatches to the appropriate btree_key_comparer comparison,
// depending on whether we have a compare-to functor or not (which depends on
// whether Compare is derived from btree_key_compare_to_tag).
template <typename Key, typename Compare>
static bool btree_compare_keys(
    const Compare &comp, const Key &x, const Key &y) {
  typedef btree_key_comparer<Key, Compare,
      btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare>::value> key_comparer;
  return key_comparer::bool_compare(comp, x, y);
}

template <typename Key, typename Compare,
          typename Alloc, int TargetNodeSize, int ValueSize>
struct btree_common_params {
  // If Compare is derived from btree_key_compare_to_tag then use it as the
  // key_compare type. Otherwise, use btree_key_compare_to_adapter<> which will
  // fall-back to Compare if we don't have an appropriate specialization.
  typedef typename if_<
    btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare>::value,
    Compare, btree_key_compare_to_adapter<Compare> >::type key_compare;
  // A type which indicates if we have a key-compare-to functor or a plain old
  // key-compare functor.
  typedef btree_is_key_compare_to<key_compare> is_key_compare_to;

  typedef Alloc allocator_type;
  typedef Key key_type;
  typedef size_t size_type;
  typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;

  enum {
    kTargetNodeSize = TargetNodeSize,

    // Available space for values.  This is largest for leaf nodes,
    // which has overhead no fewer than two pointers.
    kNodeValueSpace = TargetNodeSize - 2 * sizeof(void*),
  };

  // This is an integral type large enough to hold as many
  // ValueSize-values as will fit a node of TargetNodeSize bytes.
  typedef typename if_<
    (kNodeValueSpace / ValueSize) >= 256,
    uint16_t,
    uint8_t>::type node_count_type;
};

// A parameters structure for holding the type parameters for a btree_map.
template <typename Key, typename Data, typename Compare,
          typename Alloc, int TargetNodeSize>
struct btree_map_params
    : public btree_common_params<Key, Compare, Alloc, TargetNodeSize,
                                 sizeof(Key) + sizeof(Data)> {
  typedef Data data_type;
  typedef Data mapped_type;
  typedef std::pair<const Key, data_type> value_type;
  typedef value_type* pointer;
  typedef const value_type* const_pointer;
  typedef value_type& reference;
  typedef const value_type& const_reference;

  enum {
    kValueSize = sizeof(value_type),
  };

  struct mutable_value_ref_wrapper {
    value_type &target;

    mutable_value_ref_wrapper(value_type &target) : target(target) {}

    Key &key() { return const_cast<Key &>(target.first); }
    data_type &value() { return target.second; }
  };

  static const Key& key(const value_type &x) { return x.first; }
  static const Key& key(mutable_value_ref_wrapper x) { return x.key(); }
  static void swap(mutable_value_ref_wrapper a, mutable_value_ref_wrapper b) {
    btree_swap_helper(a.key(), b.key());
    btree_swap_helper(a.value(), b.value());
  }
  static void move_assign(mutable_value_ref_wrapper to, mutable_value_ref_wrapper from) {
   to.key() = std::move(from.key());
   to.value() = std::move(from.value());
  }
  static void move_construct_at(mutable_value_ref_wrapper at, mutable_value_ref_wrapper from) {
    new (&at.target) value_type(std::move(from.key()), std::move(from.value()));
  }
};

// A parameters structure for holding the type parameters for a btree_set.
template <typename Key, typename Compare, typename Alloc, int TargetNodeSize>
struct btree_set_params
    : public btree_common_params<Key, Compare, Alloc, TargetNodeSize,
                                 sizeof(Key)> {
  typedef std::false_type data_type;
  typedef std::false_type mapped_type;
  typedef Key value_type;
  typedef value_type* pointer;
  typedef const value_type* const_pointer;
  typedef value_type& reference;
  typedef const value_type& const_reference;

  enum {
    kValueSize = sizeof(Key),
  };

  struct mutable_value_ref_wrapper {
    value_type &target;

    mutable_value_ref_wrapper(value_type &target) : target(target) {}
  };

  static const Key& key(const value_type &x) { return x; }
  static void swap(mutable_value_ref_wrapper a, mutable_value_ref_wrapper b) {
    btree_swap_helper<value_type>(a.target, b.target);
  }
  static void move_assign(mutable_value_ref_wrapper to, mutable_value_ref_wrapper from) {
   to.target = std::move(from.target);
  }
  static void move_construct_at(mutable_value_ref_wrapper at, mutable_value_ref_wrapper from) {
    new (&at.target) value_type(std::move(from.target));
  }
};

// An adapter class that converts a lower-bound compare into an upper-bound
// compare.
template <typename Key, typename Compare>
struct btree_upper_bound_adapter : public Compare {
  btree_upper_bound_adapter(Compare c) : Compare(c) {}
  bool operator()(const Key &a, const Key &b) const {
    return !static_cast<const Compare&>(*this)(b, a);
  }
};

template <typename Key, typename CompareTo>
struct btree_upper_bound_compare_to_adapter : public CompareTo {
  btree_upper_bound_compare_to_adapter(CompareTo c) : CompareTo(c) {}
  int operator()(const Key &a, const Key &b) const {
    return static_cast<const CompareTo&>(*this)(b, a);
  }
};

// Dispatch helper class for using linear search with plain compare.
template <typename K, typename N, typename Compare>
struct btree_linear_search_plain_compare {
  static int lower_bound(const K &k, const N &n, Compare comp)  {
    return n.linear_search_plain_compare(k, 0, n.count(), comp);
  }
  static int upper_bound(const K &k, const N &n, Compare comp)  {
    typedef btree_upper_bound_adapter<K, Compare> upper_compare;
    return n.linear_search_plain_compare(k, 0, n.count(), upper_compare(comp));
  }
};

// Dispatch helper class for using linear search with compare-to
template <typename K, typename N, typename CompareTo>
struct btree_linear_search_compare_to {
  static int lower_bound(const K &k, const N &n, CompareTo comp)  {
    return n.linear_search_compare_to(k, 0, n.count(), comp);
  }
  static int upper_bound(const K &k, const N &n, CompareTo comp)  {
    typedef btree_upper_bound_adapter<K,
        btree_key_comparer<K, CompareTo, true> > upper_compare;
    return n.linear_search_plain_compare(k, 0, n.count(), upper_compare(comp));
  }
};

// Dispatch helper class for using binary search with plain compare.
template <typename K, typename N, typename Compare>
struct btree_binary_search_plain_compare {
  static int lower_bound(const K &k, const N &n, Compare comp)  {
    return n.binary_search_plain_compare(k, 0, n.count(), comp);
  }
  static int upper_bound(const K &k, const N &n, Compare comp)  {
    typedef btree_upper_bound_adapter<K, Compare> upper_compare;
    return n.binary_search_plain_compare(k, 0, n.count(), upper_compare(comp));
  }
};

// Dispatch helper class for using binary search with compare-to.
template <typename K, typename N, typename CompareTo>
struct btree_binary_search_compare_to {
  static int lower_bound(const K &k, const N &n, CompareTo comp)  {
    return n.binary_search_compare_to(k, 0, n.count(), CompareTo());
  }
  static int upper_bound(const K &k, const N &n, CompareTo comp)  {
    typedef btree_upper_bound_adapter<K,
        btree_key_comparer<K, CompareTo, true> > upper_compare;
    return n.linear_search_plain_compare(k, 0, n.count(), upper_compare(comp));
  }
};

// A node in the btree holding. The same node type is used for both internal
// and leaf nodes in the btree, though the nodes are allocated in such a way
// that the children array is only valid in internal nodes.
template <typename Params>
class btree_node {
 public:
  typedef Params params_type;
  typedef btree_node<Params> self_type;
  typedef typename Params::key_type key_type;
  typedef typename Params::data_type data_type;
  typedef typename Params::value_type value_type;
  typedef typename Params::mutable_value_ref_wrapper mutable_value_ref_wrapper;
  typedef typename Params::pointer pointer;
  typedef typename Params::const_pointer const_pointer;
  typedef typename Params::reference reference;
  typedef typename Params::const_reference const_reference;
  typedef typename Params::key_compare key_compare;
  typedef typename Params::size_type size_type;
  typedef typename Params::difference_type difference_type;
  // Typedefs for the various types of node searches.
  typedef btree_linear_search_plain_compare<
    key_type, self_type, key_compare> linear_search_plain_compare_type;
  typedef btree_linear_search_compare_to<
    key_type, self_type, key_compare> linear_search_compare_to_type;
  typedef btree_binary_search_plain_compare<
    key_type, self_type, key_compare> binary_search_plain_compare_type;
  typedef btree_binary_search_compare_to<
    key_type, self_type, key_compare> binary_search_compare_to_type;
  // If we have a valid key-compare-to type, use linear_search_compare_to,
  // otherwise use linear_search_plain_compare.
  typedef typename if_<
    Params::is_key_compare_to::value,
    linear_search_compare_to_type,
    linear_search_plain_compare_type>::type linear_search_type;
  // If we have a valid key-compare-to type, use binary_search_compare_to,
  // otherwise use binary_search_plain_compare.
  typedef typename if_<
    Params::is_key_compare_to::value,
    binary_search_compare_to_type,
    binary_search_plain_compare_type>::type binary_search_type;
  // If the key is an integral or floating point type, use linear search which
  // is faster than binary search for such types. Might be wise to also
  // configure linear search based on node-size.
  typedef typename if_<
    std::is_integral<key_type>::value ||
    std::is_floating_point<key_type>::value,
    linear_search_type, binary_search_type>::type search_type;

  struct base_fields {
    typedef typename Params::node_count_type field_type;

    // A boolean indicating whether the node is a leaf or not.
    bool leaf;
    // The position of the node in the node's parent.
    field_type position;
    // The maximum number of values the node can hold.
    field_type max_count;
    // The count of the number of values in the node.
    field_type count;
    // A pointer to the node's parent.
    btree_node *parent;
  };

  constexpr static size_t align_size(size_t size, size_t alignment) {
    return (size + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1);
  }

  enum {
    kValueSize = params_type::kValueSize,
    kValueOffset = align_size(sizeof(base_fields), alignof(value_type)),
    kTargetNodeSize = params_type::kTargetNodeSize,

    // Compute how many values we can fit onto a leaf node.
    kNodeTargetValues = (kTargetNodeSize - kValueOffset) / kValueSize,
    // We need a minimum of 3 values per internal node in order to perform
    // splitting (1 value for the two nodes involved in the split and 1 value
    // propagated to the parent as the delimiter for the split).
    kNodeValues = kNodeTargetValues >= 3 ? kNodeTargetValues : 3,

    kExactMatch = 1 << 30,
    kMatchMask = kExactMatch - 1,
  };

  struct root_fields {
    btree_node *rightmost;
    size_type size;
  };

  /*
   * A btree node is variable size depending on which fields are required for a specific node type.
   * struct btree_node only includes base_fields, as these are always required, and to avoid UB when the allocation would be smaller than the struct.
   * Further fields are laid out sequentially in memory as required.
   *
   *                                                    + + +
   * base_fields                                        | | |
   *                                                    | | | <--- leaf node
   * value_type values[kNodeValues]                     | | |
   *                                                    | | +
   * btree_node *children[kNodeValues + 1]              | | <--- internal node
   *                                                    | +
   * root_fields                                        | <--- root node
   *                                                    +
   *
   * values may have fewer than kNodeValues entries for nodes created using new_leaf_root_node().
   * the number of allocated entries for values is stored in base_fields::max_count.
   */

  enum {
    kFullLeafNodeSize = kValueOffset + (sizeof(value_type) * kNodeValues),
    kChildrenOffset = align_size(kFullLeafNodeSize, alignof(btree_node *)),
    kChildrenValues = kNodeValues + 1,
    kInternalNodeSize = kChildrenOffset + (sizeof(btree_node *) * kChildrenValues),
    kRootFieldsOffset = align_size(kInternalNodeSize, alignof(root_fields)),
    kRootNodeSize = kRootFieldsOffset + sizeof(root_fields),
  };

 public:
  ~btree_node() = delete;

  btree_node **get_children_ptr() {
    return reinterpret_cast<btree_node **>(reinterpret_cast<char *>(this) + kChildrenOffset);
  }
  btree_node * const *get_children_ptr() const {
    return reinterpret_cast<btree_node * const *>(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(this) + kChildrenOffset);
  }

  value_type *get_values_ptr() {
      return reinterpret_cast<value_type *>(reinterpret_cast<char *>(this) + kValueOffset);
  }
  const value_type *get_values_ptr() const {
      return reinterpret_cast<const value_type *>(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(this) + kValueOffset);
  }

  root_fields &get_root_fields() {
    return *reinterpret_cast<root_fields *>(reinterpret_cast<char *>(this) + kRootFieldsOffset);
  }
  const root_fields &get_root_fields() const {
    return *reinterpret_cast<const root_fields *>(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(this) + kRootFieldsOffset);
  }

  // Getter/setter for whether this is a leaf node or not. This value doesn't
  // change after the node is created.
  bool leaf() const { return fields_.leaf; }

  // Getter for the position of this node in its parent.
  int position() const { return fields_.position; }
  void set_position(int v) { fields_.position = static_cast<typename Params::node_count_type>(v); }

  // Getter/setter for the number of values stored in this node.
  int count() const { return fields_.count; }
  void set_count(int v) { fields_.count = static_cast<typename Params::node_count_type>(v); }
  int max_count() const { return fields_.max_count; }

  // Getter for the parent of this node.
  btree_node* parent() const { return fields_.parent; }
  // Getter for whether the node is the root of the tree. The parent of the
  // root of the tree is the leftmost node in the tree which is guaranteed to
  // be a leaf.
  bool is_root() const { return parent()->leaf(); }
  void make_root() {
    assert(parent()->is_root());
    fields_.parent = fields_.parent->parent();
  }

  // Getter for the rightmost root node field. Only valid on the root node.
  btree_node* rightmost() const { return get_root_fields().rightmost; }
  btree_node** mutable_rightmost() { return &get_root_fields().rightmost; }

  // Getter for the size root node field. Only valid on the root node.
  size_type size() const { return get_root_fields().size; }
  size_type* mutable_size() { return &get_root_fields().size; }

  // Getters for the key/value at position i in the node.
  const key_type& key(int i) const {
    return params_type::key(get_values_ptr()[i]);
  }
  reference value(int i) {
    return get_values_ptr()[i];
  }
  const_reference value(int i) const {
    return get_values_ptr()[i];
  }
  mutable_value_ref_wrapper mutable_value(int i) {
    return mutable_value_ref_wrapper(value(i));
  }

  // Swap value i in this node with value j in node x.
  void value_swap(int i, btree_node *x, int j) {
    params_type::swap(mutable_value(i), x->mutable_value(j));
  }

  // Move assign value i in this node from value j in node x.
  void value_move(int i, btree_node *x, int j) {
    params_type::move_assign(mutable_value(i), x->mutable_value(j));
  }

  // Move construct value i in this node from value j in node x.
  void value_move_construct(int i, btree_node *x, int j) {
    params_type::move_construct_at(mutable_value(i), x->mutable_value(j));
  }

  // Getters/setter for the child at position i in the node.
  btree_node* child(int i) const { return get_children_ptr()[i]; }
  btree_node** mutable_child(int i) { return get_children_ptr() + i; }
  void set_child(int i, btree_node *c) {
    *mutable_child(i) = c;
    c->fields_.parent = this;
    c->fields_.position = static_cast<typename Params::node_count_type>(i);
  }

  // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k.
  template <typename Compare>
  int lower_bound(const key_type &k, const Compare &comp) const {
    return search_type::lower_bound(k, *this, comp);
  }
  // Returns the position of the first value whose key is greater than k.
  template <typename Compare>
  int upper_bound(const key_type &k, const Compare &comp) const {
    return search_type::upper_bound(k, *this, comp);
  }

  // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k using
  // linear search performed using plain compare.
  template <typename Compare>
  int linear_search_plain_compare(
      const key_type &k, int s, int e, const Compare &comp) const {
    while (s < e) {
      if (!btree_compare_keys(comp, key(s), k)) {
        break;
      }
      ++s;
    }
    return s;
  }

  // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k using
  // linear search performed using compare-to.
  template <typename Compare>
  int linear_search_compare_to(
      const key_type &k, int s, int e, const Compare &comp) const {
    while (s < e) {
      int c = comp(key(s), k);
      if (c == 0) {
        return s | kExactMatch;
      } else if (c > 0) {
        break;
      }
      ++s;
    }
    return s;
  }

  // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k using
  // binary search performed using plain compare.
  template <typename Compare>
  int binary_search_plain_compare(
      const key_type &k, int s, int e, const Compare &comp) const {
    while (s != e) {
      int mid = (s + e) / 2;
      if (btree_compare_keys(comp, key(mid), k)) {
        s = mid + 1;
      } else {
        e = mid;
      }
    }
    return s;
  }

  // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k using
  // binary search performed using compare-to.
  template <typename CompareTo>
  int binary_search_compare_to(
      const key_type &k, int s, int e, const CompareTo &comp) const {
    while (s != e) {
      int mid = (s + e) / 2;
      int c = comp(key(mid), k);
      if (c < 0) {
        s = mid + 1;
      } else if (c > 0) {
        e = mid;
      } else {
        // Need to return the first value whose key is not less than k, which
        // requires continuing the binary search. Note that we are guaranteed
        // that the result is an exact match because if "key(mid-1) < k" the
        // call to binary_search_compare_to() will return "mid".
        s = binary_search_compare_to(k, s, mid, comp);
        return s | kExactMatch;
      }
    }
    return s;
  }

private:
  void insert_value_common(int i);

public:
  // Inserts the value x at position i, shifting all existing values and
  // children at positions >= i to the right by 1.
  template <typename... Args>
  void insert_value(int i, Args&&... args);

  // Removes the value at position i, shifting all existing values and children
  // at positions > i to the left by 1.
  void remove_value(int i);

  // Rebalances a node with its right sibling.
  void rebalance_right_to_left(btree_node *sibling, int to_move);
  void rebalance_left_to_right(btree_node *sibling, int to_move);

  // Splits a node, moving a portion of the node's values to its right sibling.
  void split(btree_node *sibling, int insert_position);

  // Merges a node with its right sibling, moving all of the values and the
  // delimiting key in the parent node onto itself.
  void merge(btree_node *sibling);

  // Swap the contents of "this" and "src".
  void swap(btree_node *src);

  // Node allocation/deletion routines.
  static void init_leaf(
      btree_node *f, btree_node *parent, int max_count) {
    f->fields_.leaf = 1;
    f->fields_.position = 0;
    f->fields_.max_count = static_cast<typename base_fields::field_type>(max_count);
    f->fields_.count = 0;
    f->fields_.parent = parent;
#ifdef BTREE_DEBUG
      memset(f->get_values_ptr(), 0, max_count * sizeof(value_type));
#endif
  }
  static void init_internal(btree_node *f, btree_node *parent) {
    init_leaf(f, parent, kNodeValues);
    f->fields_.leaf = 0;
#ifdef BTREE_DEBUG
      memset(f->get_children_ptr(), 0, sizeof(btree_node *) * kChildrenValues);
#endif
  }
  static void init_root(btree_node *f, btree_node *parent) {
    init_internal(f, parent);
    root_fields &root = f->get_root_fields();
    root.rightmost = parent;
    root.size = parent->count();
  }
  void destroy() {
    for (int i = 0; i < count(); ++i) {
      value_destroy(i);
    }
  }

 private:
  template <typename... Args>
  void value_init_args(int i, Args&&... args) {
    new (get_values_ptr() + i) value_type(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
  }
  void value_destroy(int i) {
    get_values_ptr()[i].~value_type();
  }

 private:
  base_fields fields_;

 private:
  btree_node(const btree_node&);
  void operator=(const btree_node&);
};

template <typename Node, typename Reference, typename Pointer>
struct btree_iterator {
  typedef typename Node::key_type key_type;
  typedef typename Node::size_type size_type;
  typedef typename Node::difference_type difference_type;
  typedef typename Node::params_type params_type;

  typedef Node node_type;
  typedef typename std::remove_const<Node>::type normal_node;
  typedef const Node const_node;
  typedef typename params_type::value_type value_type;
  typedef typename params_type::pointer normal_pointer;
  typedef typename params_type::reference normal_reference;
  typedef typename params_type::const_pointer const_pointer;
  typedef typename params_type::const_reference const_reference;

  typedef Pointer pointer;
  typedef Reference reference;
  typedef std::bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;

  typedef btree_iterator<
    normal_node, normal_reference, normal_pointer> iterator;
  typedef btree_iterator<
    const_node, const_reference, const_pointer> const_iterator;
  typedef btree_iterator<Node, Reference, Pointer> self_type;

  btree_iterator()
      : node(NULL),
        position(-1) {
  }
  btree_iterator(Node *n, int p)
      : node(n),
        position(p) {
  }
  btree_iterator(const iterator &x)
      : node(x.node),
        position(x.position) {
  }

  btree_iterator &operator=(const btree_iterator &) = default;

  // Increment/decrement the iterator.
  void increment() {
    if (node->leaf() && ++position < node->count()) {
      return;
    }
    increment_slow();
  }
  void increment_by(int count);
  void increment_slow();

  void decrement() {
    if (node->leaf() && --position >= 0) {
      return;
    }
    decrement_slow();
  }
  void decrement_slow();

#if defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 202002L
  friend bool operator==(const btree_iterator &a, const btree_iterator &b) noexcept {
    return a.node == b.node && a.position == b.position;
  }
#else
  bool operator==(const const_iterator &x) const {
    return node == x.node && position == x.position;
  }
  bool operator!=(const const_iterator &x) const {
    return node != x.node || position != x.position;
  }
#endif

  // Accessors for the key/value the iterator is pointing at.
  const key_type& key() const {
    return node->key(position);
  }
  reference operator*() const {
    return node->value(position);
  }
  pointer operator->() const {
    return &node->value(position);
  }

  self_type& operator++() {
    increment();
    return *this;
  }
  self_type& operator--() {
    decrement();
    return *this;
  }
  self_type operator++(int) {
    self_type tmp = *this;
    ++*this;
    return tmp;
  }
  self_type operator--(int) {
    self_type tmp = *this;
    --*this;
    return tmp;
  }

  // The node in the tree the iterator is pointing at.
  Node *node;
  // The position within the node of the tree the iterator is pointing at.
  int position;
};

// Dispatch helper class for using btree::internal_locate with plain compare.
struct btree_internal_locate_plain_compare {
  template <typename K, typename T, typename Iter>
  static std::pair<Iter, int> dispatch(const K &k, const T &t, Iter iter) {
    return t.internal_locate_plain_compare(k, iter);
  }
};

// Dispatch helper class for using btree::internal_locate with compare-to.
struct btree_internal_locate_compare_to {
  template <typename K, typename T, typename Iter>
  static std::pair<Iter, int> dispatch(const K &k, const T &t, Iter iter) {
    return t.internal_locate_compare_to(k, iter);
  }
};

template <typename Params>
class btree : public Params::key_compare {
  typedef btree<Params> self_type;
  typedef btree_node<Params> node_type;
  typedef typename node_type::base_fields base_fields;
  typedef typename Params::is_key_compare_to is_key_compare_to;

  friend struct btree_internal_locate_plain_compare;
  friend struct btree_internal_locate_compare_to;
  typedef typename if_<
    is_key_compare_to::value,
    btree_internal_locate_compare_to,
    btree_internal_locate_plain_compare>::type internal_locate_type;

  enum {
    kNodeValues = node_type::kNodeValues,
    kMinNodeValues = kNodeValues / 2,
    kValueSize = node_type::kValueSize,
    kExactMatch = node_type::kExactMatch,
    kMatchMask = node_type::kMatchMask,

    kValueOffset = node_type::kValueOffset,
    kFullLeafNodeSize = node_type::kFullLeafNodeSize,
    kInternalNodeSize = node_type::kInternalNodeSize,
    kRootNodeSize = node_type::kRootNodeSize,
  };

  // A helper class to get the empty base class optimization for 0-size
  // allocators. Base is internal_allocator_type.
  // (e.g. empty_base_handle<internal_allocator_type, node_type*>). If Base is
  // 0-size, the compiler doesn't have to reserve any space for it and
  // sizeof(empty_base_handle) will simply be sizeof(Data). Google [empty base
  // class optimization] for more details.
  template <typename Base, typename Data>
  struct empty_base_handle : public Base {
    empty_base_handle(const Base &b, const Data &d)
        : Base(b),
          data(d) {
    }
    Data data;
  };

  struct node_stats {
    node_stats(size_t l, size_t i)
        : leaf_nodes(l),
          internal_nodes(i) {
    }

    node_stats& operator+=(const node_stats &x) {
      leaf_nodes += x.leaf_nodes;
      internal_nodes += x.internal_nodes;
      return *this;
    }

    size_t leaf_nodes;
    size_t internal_nodes;
  };

 public:
  typedef Params params_type;
  typedef typename Params::key_type key_type;
  typedef typename Params::data_type data_type;
  typedef typename Params::mapped_type mapped_type;
  typedef typename Params::value_type value_type;
  typedef typename Params::key_compare key_compare;
  typedef typename Params::pointer pointer;
  typedef typename Params::const_pointer const_pointer;
  typedef typename Params::reference reference;
  typedef typename Params::const_reference const_reference;
  typedef typename Params::size_type size_type;
  typedef typename Params::difference_type difference_type;
  typedef btree_iterator<node_type, reference, pointer> iterator;
  typedef typename iterator::const_iterator const_iterator;
  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;

  typedef typename Params::allocator_type allocator_type;
  using internal_allocator_type = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template rebind_alloc<char>;

 public:
  // Default constructor.
  btree(const key_compare &comp, const allocator_type &alloc);

  // Copy constructor.
  btree(const self_type &x);

  // Destructor.
  ~btree() {
    clear();
  }

  // Iterator routines.
  iterator begin() {
    return iterator(leftmost(), 0);
  }
  const_iterator begin() const {
    return const_iterator(leftmost(), 0);
  }
  iterator end() {
    node_type* const right = rightmost();
    return iterator(right, right ? right->count() : 0);
  }
  const_iterator end() const {
    const node_type* const right = rightmost();
    return const_iterator(right, right ? right->count() : 0);
  }
  reverse_iterator rbegin() {
    return reverse_iterator(end());
  }
  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const {
    return const_reverse_iterator(end());
  }
  reverse_iterator rend() {
    return reverse_iterator(begin());
  }
  const_reverse_iterator rend() const {
    return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
  }

  // Finds the first element whose key is not less than key.
  iterator lower_bound(const key_type &key) {
    return internal_end(
        internal_lower_bound(key, iterator(root(), 0)));
  }
  const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type &key) const {
    return internal_end(
        internal_lower_bound(key, const_iterator(root(), 0)));
  }

  // Finds the first element whose key is greater than key.
  iterator upper_bound(const key_type &key) {
    return internal_end(
        internal_upper_bound(key, iterator(root(), 0)));
  }
  const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type &key) const {
    return internal_end(
        internal_upper_bound(key, const_iterator(root(), 0)));
  }

  // Finds the range of values which compare equal to key. The first member of
  // the returned pair is equal to lower_bound(key). The second member pair of
  // the pair is equal to upper_bound(key).
  std::pair<iterator,iterator> equal_range(const key_type &key) {
    return std::make_pair(lower_bound(key), upper_bound(key));
  }
  std::pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type &key) const {
    return std::make_pair(lower_bound(key), upper_bound(key));
  }

  // Inserts a value into the btree only if it does not already exist. The
  // boolean return value indicates whether insertion succeeded or failed. The
  // Args&&... type is used to avoid instatiating the value unless the key
  // is being inserted. See btree_map::operator[].
  template <typename... Args>
  std::pair<iterator,bool> insert_unique_args(const key_type &key, Args&&... args);

  // Inserts a value into the btree only if it does not already exist. The
  // boolean return value indicates whether insertion succeeded or failed.
  std::pair<iterator,bool> insert_unique(const value_type &v) {
    return insert_unique_args(params_type::key(v), v);
  }
  std::pair<iterator,bool> insert_unique(value_type &&v) {
    return insert_unique_args(params_type::key(v), std::move(v));
  }

  template <typename... Args>
  iterator insert_unique_hint_args(iterator position, const key_type &key, Args&&... args);

  // Insert with hint. Check to see if the value should be placed immediately
  // before position in the tree. If it does, then the insertion will take
  // amortized constant time. If not, the insertion will take amortized
  // logarithmic time as if a call to insert_unique(v) were made.
  iterator insert_unique(iterator position, const value_type &v) {
    return insert_unique_hint_args(position, params_type::key(v), v);
  }
  iterator insert_unique(iterator position, value_type &&v) {
    return insert_unique_hint_args(position, params_type::key(v), std::move(v));
  }

  // Insert a range of values into the btree.
  template <typename InputIterator>
  void insert_unique(InputIterator b, InputIterator e);

  // Inserts a value into the btree. The Args&&... type is used to avoid
  // instatiating the value unless the key is being inserted. See
  // btree_map::operator[].
  template <typename... Args>
  iterator insert_multi_args(const key_type &key, Args&&... args);

  // Inserts a value into the btree.
  iterator insert_multi(const value_type &v) {
    return insert_multi_args(params_type::key(v), v);
  }
  iterator insert_multi(value_type &&v) {
    return insert_multi_args(params_type::key(v), std::move(v));
  }

  template <typename... Args>
  iterator insert_multi_hint_args(iterator position, const key_type &key, Args&&... args);

  // Insert with hint. Check to see if the value should be placed immediately
  // before position in the tree. If it does, then the insertion will take
  // amortized constant time. If not, the insertion will take amortized
  // logarithmic time as if a call to insert_multi(v) were made.
  iterator insert_multi(iterator position, const value_type &v) {
    return insert_multi_hint_args(position, params_type::key(v), v);
  }
  iterator insert_multi(iterator position, value_type &&v) {
    return insert_multi_hint_args(position, params_type::key(v), std::move(v));
  }

  // Insert a range of values into the btree.
  template <typename InputIterator>
  void insert_multi(InputIterator b, InputIterator e);

  void assign(const self_type &x);

  // Erase the specified iterator from the btree. The iterator must be valid
  // (i.e. not equal to end()).  Return an iterator pointing to the node after
  // the one that was erased (or end() if none exists).
  iterator erase(iterator iter);

  // Erases range. Returns the number of keys erased.
  int erase(iterator begin, iterator end);

  // Erases the specified key from the btree. Returns 1 if an element was
  // erased and 0 otherwise.
  int erase_unique(const key_type &key);

  // Erases all of the entries matching the specified key from the
  // btree. Returns the number of elements erased.
  int erase_multi(const key_type &key);

  // Finds the iterator corresponding to a key or returns end() if the key is
  // not present.
  iterator find_unique(const key_type &key) {
    return internal_end(
        internal_find_unique(key, iterator(root(), 0)));
  }
  const_iterator find_unique(const key_type &key) const {
    return internal_end(
        internal_find_unique(key, const_iterator(root(), 0)));
  }
  iterator find_multi(const key_type &key) {
    return internal_end(
        internal_find_multi(key, iterator(root(), 0)));
  }
  const_iterator find_multi(const key_type &key) const {
    return internal_end(
        internal_find_multi(key, const_iterator(root(), 0)));
  }

  // Returns a count of the number of times the key appears in the btree.
  size_type count_unique(const key_type &key) const {
    const_iterator begin = internal_find_unique(
        key, const_iterator(root(), 0));
    if (!begin.node) {
      // The key doesn't exist in the tree.
      return 0;
    }
    return 1;
  }
  // Returns a count of the number of times the key appears in the btree.
  size_type count_multi(const key_type &key) const {
    return distance(lower_bound(key), upper_bound(key));
  }

  // Clear the btree, deleting all of the values it contains.
  void clear();

  // Swap the contents of *this and x.
  void swap(self_type &x);

  // Assign the contents of x to *this.
  self_type& operator=(const self_type &x) {
    if (&x == this) {
      // Don't copy onto ourselves.
      return *this;
    }
    assign(x);
    return *this;
  }

  key_compare* mutable_key_comp() {
    return this;
  }
  const key_compare& key_comp() const {
    return *this;
  }
  bool compare_keys(const key_type &x, const key_type &y) const {
    return btree_compare_keys(key_comp(), x, y);
  }

#ifndef BTREE_NO_IOSTREAM
  // Dump the btree to the specified ostream. Requires that operator<< is
  // defined for Key and Value.
  void dump(std::ostream &os) const {
    if (root() != NULL) {
      internal_dump(os, root(), 0);
    }
  }
#endif

  // Verifies the structure of the btree.
  void verify() const;

  // Size routines. Note that empty() is slightly faster than doing size()==0.
  size_type size() const {
    if (empty()) return 0;
    if (root()->leaf()) return root()->count();
    return root()->size();
  }
  size_type max_size() const { return std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max(); }
  bool empty() const { return root() == NULL; }

  // The height of the btree. An empty tree will have height 0.
  size_type height() const {
    size_type h = 0;
    if (root()) {
      // Count the length of the chain from the leftmost node up to the
      // root. We actually count from the root back around to the level below
      // the root, but the calculation is the same because of the circularity
      // of that traversal.
      const node_type *n = root();
      do {
        ++h;
        n = n->parent();
      } while (n != root());
    }
    return h;
  }

  // The number of internal, leaf and total nodes used by the btree.
  size_type leaf_nodes() const {
    return internal_stats(root()).leaf_nodes;
  }
  size_type internal_nodes() const {
    return internal_stats(root()).internal_nodes;
  }
  size_type nodes() const {
    node_stats stats = internal_stats(root());
    return stats.leaf_nodes + stats.internal_nodes;
  }

  // The total number of bytes used by the btree.
  size_type bytes_used() const {
    node_stats stats = internal_stats(root());
    if (stats.leaf_nodes == 1 && stats.internal_nodes == 0) {
      return sizeof(*this) +
          kValueOffset + root()->max_count() * sizeof(value_type);
    } else {
      return sizeof(*this) +
          kRootNodeSize - kInternalNodeSize +
          stats.leaf_nodes * kFullLeafNodeSize +
          stats.internal_nodes * kInternalNodeSize;
    }
  }

  // The average number of bytes used per value stored in the btree.
  static double average_bytes_per_value() {
    // Returns the number of bytes per value on a leaf node that is 75%
    // full. Experimentally, this matches up nicely with the computed number of
    // bytes per value in trees that had their values inserted in random order.
    return kFullLeafNodeSize / (kNodeValues * 0.75);
  }

  // The fullness of the btree. Computed as the number of elements in the btree
  // divided by the maximum number of elements a tree with the current number
  // of nodes could hold. A value of 1 indicates perfect space
  // utilization. Smaller values indicate space wastage.
  double fullness() const {
    return double(size()) / (nodes() * kNodeValues);
  }
  // The overhead of the btree structure in bytes per node. Computed as the
  // total number of bytes used by the btree minus the number of bytes used for
  // storing elements divided by the number of elements.
  double overhead() const {
    if (empty()) {
      return 0.0;
    }
    return (bytes_used() - size() * kValueSize) / double(size());
  }

 private:
  // Internal accessor routines.
  node_type* root() { return root_.data; }
  const node_type* root() const { return root_.data; }
  node_type** mutable_root() { return &root_.data; }

  // The rightmost node is stored in the root node.
  node_type* rightmost() {
    return (!root() || root()->leaf()) ? root() : root()->rightmost();
  }
  const node_type* rightmost() const {
    return (!root() || root()->leaf()) ? root() : root()->rightmost();
  }
  node_type** mutable_rightmost() { return root()->mutable_rightmost(); }

  // The leftmost node is stored as the parent of the root node.
  node_type* leftmost() { return root() ? root()->parent() : NULL; }
  const node_type* leftmost() const { return root() ? root()->parent() : NULL; }

  // The size of the tree is stored in the root node.
  size_type* mutable_size() { return root()->mutable_size(); }

  // Allocator routines.
  internal_allocator_type* mutable_internal_allocator() {
    return static_cast<internal_allocator_type*>(&root_);
  }
  const internal_allocator_type& internal_allocator() const {
    return *static_cast<const internal_allocator_type*>(&root_);
  }

  // Node creation/deletion routines.
  node_type* new_internal_node(node_type *parent) {
    node_type *p = reinterpret_cast<node_type*>(
        mutable_internal_allocator()->allocate(kInternalNodeSize));
    node_type::init_internal(p, parent);
    return p;
  }
  node_type* new_internal_root_node() {
    node_type *p = reinterpret_cast<node_type*>(
        mutable_internal_allocator()->allocate(kRootNodeSize));
    node_type::init_root(p, root()->parent());
    return p;
  }
  node_type* new_leaf_node(node_type *parent) {
    node_type *p = reinterpret_cast<node_type*>(
        mutable_internal_allocator()->allocate(
            kValueOffset + kNodeValues * sizeof(value_type)));
    node_type::init_leaf(p, parent, kNodeValues);
    return p;
  }
  node_type* new_leaf_root_node(int max_count) {
    node_type *p = reinterpret_cast<node_type*>(
        mutable_internal_allocator()->allocate(
            kValueOffset + max_count * sizeof(value_type)));
    node_type::init_leaf(p, p, max_count);
    return p;
  }
  void delete_internal_node(node_type *node) {
    node->destroy();
    assert(node != root());
    mutable_internal_allocator()->deallocate(
        reinterpret_cast<char*>(node), kInternalNodeSize);
  }
  void delete_internal_root_node() {
    root()->destroy();
    mutable_internal_allocator()->deallocate(
        reinterpret_cast<char*>(root()), kRootNodeSize);
  }
  void delete_leaf_node(node_type *node) {
    node->destroy();
    mutable_internal_allocator()->deallocate(
        reinterpret_cast<char*>(node),
        kValueOffset + node->max_count() * sizeof(value_type));
  }

  // Rebalances or splits the node iter points to.
  void rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter);

  // Merges the values of left, right and the delimiting key on their parent
  // onto left, removing the delimiting key and deleting right.
  void merge_nodes(node_type *left, node_type *right);

  // Tries to merge node with its left or right sibling, and failing that,
  // rebalance with its left or right sibling. Returns true if a merge
  // occurred, at which point it is no longer valid to access node. Returns
  // false if no merging took place.
  bool try_merge_or_rebalance(iterator *iter);

  // Tries to shrink the height of the tree by 1.
  void try_shrink();

  iterator internal_end(iterator iter) {
    return iter.node ? iter : end();
  }
  const_iterator internal_end(const_iterator iter) const {
    return iter.node ? iter : end();
  }

  iterator internal_insert_common(iterator iter);

  // Inserts a value into the btree immediately before iter. Requires that
  // key(v) <= iter.key() and (--iter).key() <= key(v).
  template <typename... Args>
  iterator internal_insert(iterator iter, Args&&... args);

  // Returns an iterator pointing to the first value >= the value "iter" is
  // pointing at. Note that "iter" might be pointing to an invalid location as
  // iter.position == iter.node->count(). This routine simply moves iter up in
  // the tree to a valid location.
  template <typename IterType>
  static IterType internal_last(IterType iter);

  // Returns an iterator pointing to the leaf position at which key would
  // reside in the tree. We provide 2 versions of internal_locate. The first
  // version (internal_locate_plain_compare) always returns 0 for the second
  // field of the pair. The second version (internal_locate_compare_to) is for
  // the key-compare-to specialization and returns either kExactMatch (if the
  // key was found in the tree) or -kExactMatch (if it wasn't) in the second
  // field of the pair. The compare_to specialization allows the caller to
  // avoid a subsequent comparison to determine if an exact match was made,
  // speeding up string keys.
  template <typename IterType>
  std::pair<IterType, int> internal_locate(
      const key_type &key, IterType iter) const;
  template <typename IterType>
  std::pair<IterType, int> internal_locate_plain_compare(
      const key_type &key, IterType iter) const;
  template <typename IterType>
  std::pair<IterType, int> internal_locate_compare_to(
      const key_type &key, IterType iter) const;

  // Internal routine which implements lower_bound().
  template <typename IterType>
  IterType internal_lower_bound(
      const key_type &key, IterType iter) const;

  // Internal routine which implements upper_bound().
  template <typename IterType>
  IterType internal_upper_bound(
      const key_type &key, IterType iter) const;

  // Internal routine which implements find_unique().
  template <typename IterType>
  IterType internal_find_unique(
      const key_type &key, IterType iter) const;

  // Internal routine which implements find_multi().
  template <typename IterType>
  IterType internal_find_multi(
      const key_type &key, IterType iter) const;

  // Deletes a node and all of its children.
  void internal_clear(node_type *node);

#ifndef BTREE_NO_IOSTREAM
  // Dumps a node and all of its children to the specified ostream.
  void internal_dump(std::ostream &os, const node_type *node, int level) const;
#endif

  // Verifies the tree structure of node.
  int internal_verify(const node_type *node,
                      const key_type *lo, const key_type *hi) const;

  node_stats internal_stats(const node_type *node) const {
    if (!node) {
      return node_stats(0, 0);
    }
    if (node->leaf()) {
      return node_stats(1, 0);
    }
    node_stats res(0, 1);
    for (int i = 0; i <= node->count(); ++i) {
      res += internal_stats(node->child(i));
    }
    return res;
  }

 private:
  empty_base_handle<internal_allocator_type, node_type*> root_;

 private:
  // A never instantiated helper function that returns big_ if we have a
  // key-compare-to functor or if R is bool and small_ otherwise.
  template <typename R>
  static typename if_<
   if_<is_key_compare_to::value,
             std::is_same<R, int>,
             std::is_same<R, bool> >::type::value,
   big_, small_>::type key_compare_checker(R);

  // A never instantiated helper function that returns the key comparison
  // functor.
  static key_compare key_compare_helper();
  // A never instantiated helper function that returns a const key_type &.
  static const key_type &key_type_helper();

  // Verify that key_compare returns a bool. This is similar to the way
  // is_convertible in base/type_traits.h works. Note that key_compare_checker
  // is never actually invoked. The compiler will select which
  // key_compare_checker() to instantiate and then figure out the size of the
  // return type of key_compare_checker() at compile time which we then check
  // against the sizeof of big_.
  static_assert(
      sizeof(key_compare_checker(key_compare_helper()(key_type_helper(), key_type_helper()))) ==
      sizeof(big_),
      "key_comparison_function_must_return_bool");

  // Note: We insist on kTargetValues, which is computed from
  // Params::kTargetNodeSize, must fit the base_fields::field_type.
  static_assert(kNodeValues <
                 (1 << (8 * sizeof(typename base_fields::field_type))),
                 "target_node_size_too_large");

  // Test the assumption made in setting kNodeValueSpace.
  static_assert(sizeof(base_fields) >= 2 * sizeof(void*),
                 "node_space_assumption_incorrect");
};

////
// btree_node methods
template <typename P> template <typename... Args>
inline void btree_node<P>::insert_value(int i, Args&&... args) {
  assert(i <= count());
  insert_value_common(i);
  value_init_args(i, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
}

template <typename P>
inline void btree_node<P>::insert_value_common(int i) {
  if (i < count()) {
    // invariant: count() > 0 because i >= 0
    value_move_construct(count(), this, count() - 1);
    for (int j = count() - 1; j > i; --j) {
      value_move(j, this, j - 1);
    }
    value_destroy(i);
  }
  set_count(count() + 1);

  if (!leaf()) {
    ++i;
    for (int j = count(); j > i; --j) {
      *mutable_child(j) = child(j - 1);
      child(j)->set_position(j);
    }
    *mutable_child(i) = NULL;
  }
}

template <typename P>
inline void btree_node<P>::remove_value(int i) {
  if (!leaf()) {
    assert(child(i + 1)->count() == 0);
    for (int j = i + 1; j < count(); ++j) {
      *mutable_child(j) = child(j + 1);
      child(j)->set_position(j);
    }
    *mutable_child(count()) = NULL;
  }

  set_count(count() - 1);
  for (; i < count(); ++i) {
    value_move(i, this, i + 1);
  }
  value_destroy(i);
}

template <typename P>
void btree_node<P>::rebalance_right_to_left(btree_node *src, int to_move) {
  assert(parent() == src->parent());
  assert(position() + 1 == src->position());
  assert(src->count() >= count());
  assert(to_move >= 1);
  assert(to_move <= src->count());

  // Move the delimiting value to the left node and the new delimiting value
  // from the right node.
  value_move_construct(count(), parent(), position());
  parent()->value_move(position(), src, to_move - 1);

  // Move the values from the right to the left node.
  for (int i = 1; i < to_move; ++i) {
    value_move_construct(count() + i, src, i - 1);
  }
  // Shift the values in the right node to their correct position.
  for (int i = to_move; i < src->count(); ++i) {
    src->value_move(i - to_move, src, i);
  }
  for (int i = 1; i <= to_move; ++i) {
    src->value_destroy(src->count() - i);
  }

  if (!leaf()) {
    // Move the child pointers from the right to the left node.
    for (int i = 0; i < to_move; ++i) {
      set_child(1 + count() + i, src->child(i));
    }
    for (int i = 0; i <= src->count() - to_move; ++i) {
      assert(i + to_move <= src->max_count());
      src->set_child(i, src->child(i + to_move));
      *src->mutable_child(i + to_move) = NULL;
    }
  }

  // Fixup the counts on the src and dest nodes.
  set_count(count() + to_move);
  src->set_count(src->count() - to_move);
}

template <typename P>
void btree_node<P>::rebalance_left_to_right(btree_node *dest, int to_move) {
  assert(parent() == dest->parent());
  assert(position() + 1 == dest->position());
  assert(count() >= dest->count());
  assert(to_move >= 1);
  assert(to_move <= count());

  // Make room in the right node for the new values.
  for (int i = dest->count() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
    dest->value_move_construct(i + to_move, dest, i);
    dest->value_destroy(i);
  }

  // Move the delimiting value to the right node and the new delimiting value
  // from the left node.
  dest->value_move_construct(to_move - 1, parent(), position());
  parent()->value_move(position(), this, count() - to_move);
  value_destroy(count() - to_move);

  // Move the values from the left to the right node.
  for (int i = 1; i < to_move; ++i) {
    dest->value_move_construct(i - 1, this, count() - to_move + i);
    value_destroy(count() - to_move + i);
  }

  if (!leaf()) {
    // Move the child pointers from the left to the right node.
    for (int i = dest->count(); i >= 0; --i) {
      dest->set_child(i + to_move, dest->child(i));
      *dest->mutable_child(i) = NULL;
    }
    for (int i = 1; i <= to_move; ++i) {
      dest->set_child(i - 1, child(count() - to_move + i));
      *mutable_child(count() - to_move + i) = NULL;
    }
  }

  // Fixup the counts on the src and dest nodes.
  set_count(count() - to_move);
  dest->set_count(dest->count() + to_move);
}

template <typename P>
void btree_node<P>::split(btree_node *dest, int insert_position) {
  assert(dest->count() == 0);

  // We bias the split based on the position being inserted. If we're
  // inserting at the beginning of the left node then bias the split to put
  // more values on the right node. If we're inserting at the end of the
  // right node then bias the split to put more values on the left node.
  if (insert_position == 0) {
    dest->set_count(count() - 1);
  } else if (insert_position == max_count()) {
    dest->set_count(0);
  } else {
    dest->set_count(count() / 2);
  }
  set_count(count() - dest->count());
  assert(count() >= 1);

  // Move values from the left sibling to the right sibling.
  for (int i = 0; i < dest->count(); ++i) {
    dest->value_move_construct(i, this, count() + i);
    value_destroy(count() + i);
  }

  // The split key is the largest value in the left sibling.
  set_count(count() - 1);

  parent()->insert_value_common(position());
  parent()->value_move_construct(position(), this, count());
  value_destroy(count());

  parent()->set_child(position() + 1, dest);

  if (!leaf()) {
    for (int i = 0; i <= dest->count(); ++i) {
      assert(child(count() + i + 1) != NULL);
      dest->set_child(i, child(count() + i + 1));
      *mutable_child(count() + i + 1) = NULL;
    }
  }
}

template <typename P>
void btree_node<P>::merge(btree_node *src) {
  assert(parent() == src->parent());
  assert(position() + 1 == src->position());

  // Move the delimiting value to the left node.
  value_move_construct(count(), parent(), position());

  // Move the values from the right to the left node.
  for (int i = 0; i < src->count(); ++i) {
    value_move_construct(1 + count() + i, src, i);
    src->value_destroy(i);
  }

  if (!leaf()) {
    // Move the child pointers from the right to the left node.
    for (int i = 0; i <= src->count(); ++i) {
      set_child(1 + count() + i, src->child(i));
      *src->mutable_child(i) = NULL;
    }
  }

  // Fixup the counts on the src and dest nodes.
  set_count(1 + count() + src->count());
  src->set_count(0);

  // Remove the value on the parent node.
  parent()->remove_value(position());
}

template <typename P>
void btree_node<P>::swap(btree_node *x) {
  assert(leaf() == x->leaf());

  btree_node *y = this;
  if (x->count() > y->count()) btree_swap_helper(x, y);

  // invariant: x->count() <= y->count()

  // Swap the values.
  for (int i = 0; i < x->count(); ++i) {
    x->value_swap(i, y, i);
  }
  for (int i = x->count(); i < y->count(); ++i) {
    x->value_move_construct(i, y, i);
    y->value_destroy(i);
  }

  if (!x->leaf()) {
    // Swap the child pointers.
    int n = std::max(x->count(), y->count());
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) {
      btree_swap_helper(*x->mutable_child(i), *y->mutable_child(i));
    }
    for (int i = 0; i <= y->count(); ++i) {
      x->child(i)->fields_.parent = x;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i <= x->count(); ++i) {
      y->child(i)->fields_.parent = y;
    }
  }

  // Swap the counts.
  btree_swap_helper(y->fields_.count, x->fields_.count);
}

////
// btree_iterator methods
template <typename N, typename R, typename P>
void btree_iterator<N, R, P>::increment_slow() {
  if (node->leaf()) {
    assert(position >= node->count());
    self_type save(*this);
    while (position == node->count() && !node->is_root()) {
      assert(node->parent()->child(node->position()) == node);
      position = node->position();
      node = node->parent();
    }
    if (position == node->count()) {
      *this = save;
    }
  } else {
    assert(position < node->count());
    node = node->child(position + 1);
    while (!node->leaf()) {
      node = node->child(0);
    }
    position = 0;
  }
}

template <typename N, typename R, typename P>
void btree_iterator<N, R, P>::increment_by(int count) {
  while (count > 0) {
    if (node->leaf()) {
      int rest = node->count() - position;
      position += std::min(rest, count);
      count = count - rest;
      if (position < node->count()) {
        return;
      }
    } else {
      --count;
    }
    increment_slow();
  }
}

template <typename N, typename R, typename P>
void btree_iterator<N, R, P>::decrement_slow() {
  if (node->leaf()) {
    assert(position <= -1);
    self_type save(*this);
    while (position < 0 && !node->is_root()) {
      assert(node->parent()->child(node->position()) == node);
      position = node->position() - 1;
      node = node->parent();
    }
    if (position < 0) {
      *this = save;
    }
  } else {
    assert(position >= 0);
    node = node->child(position);
    while (!node->leaf()) {
      node = node->child(node->count());
    }
    position = node->count() - 1;
  }
}

////
// btree methods
template <typename P>
btree<P>::btree(const key_compare &comp, const allocator_type &alloc)
    : key_compare(comp),
      root_(alloc, NULL) {
}

template <typename P>
btree<P>::btree(const self_type &x)
    : key_compare(x.key_comp()),
      root_(x.internal_allocator(), NULL) {
  assign(x);
}

template <typename P> template <typename... Args>
std::pair<typename btree<P>::iterator, bool>
btree<P>::insert_unique_args(const key_type &key, Args&&... args) {
  if (empty()) {
    *mutable_root() = new_leaf_root_node(1);
  }

  std::pair<iterator, int> res = internal_locate(key, iterator(root(), 0));
  iterator &iter = res.first;
  if (res.second == kExactMatch) {
    // The key already exists in the tree, do nothing.
    return std::make_pair(internal_last(iter), false);
  } else if (!res.second) {
    iterator last = internal_last(iter);
    if (last.node && !compare_keys(key, last.key())) {
      // The key already exists in the tree, do nothing.
      return std::make_pair(last, false);
    }
  }

  return std::make_pair(internal_insert(iter, std::forward<Args>(args)...), true);
}

template <typename P> template <typename... Args>
inline typename btree<P>::iterator
btree<P>::insert_unique_hint_args(iterator position, const key_type &key, Args&&... args) {
  if (!empty()) {
    const iterator end = this->end();
    if (position == end || compare_keys(key, position.key())) {
      iterator prev = position;
      if (position == begin() || compare_keys((--prev).key(), key)) {
        // prev.key() < key < position.key()
        return internal_insert(position, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
      }
    } else if (compare_keys(position.key(), key)) {
      iterator next = position;
      ++next;
      if (next == end || compare_keys(key, next.key())) {
        // position.key() < key < next.key()
        return internal_insert(next, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
      }
    } else {
      // position.key() == key
      return position;
    }
  }
  return insert_unique_args(key, std::forward<Args>(args)...).first;
}

template <typename P> template <typename InputIterator>
void btree<P>::insert_unique(InputIterator b, InputIterator e) {
  for (; b != e; ++b) {
    insert_unique(end(), *b);
  }
}

template <typename P> template <typename... Args>
typename btree<P>::iterator
btree<P>::insert_multi_args(const key_type &key, Args&&... args) {
  if (empty()) {
    *mutable_root() = new_leaf_root_node(1);
  }

  iterator iter = internal_upper_bound(key, iterator(root(), 0));
  if (!iter.node) {
    iter = end();
  }
  return internal_insert(iter, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
}


template <typename P> template <typename... Args>
typename btree<P>::iterator
btree<P>::insert_multi_hint_args(iterator position, const key_type &key, Args&&... args) {
  if (!empty()) {
    const iterator end = this->end();
    if (position == end || !compare_keys(position.key(), key)) {
      iterator prev = position;
      if (position == begin() || !compare_keys(key, (--prev).key())) {
        // prev.key() <= key <= position.key()
        return internal_insert(position, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
      }
    } else {
      iterator next = position;
      ++next;
      if (next == end || !compare_keys(next.key(), key)) {
        // position.key() < key <= next.key()
        return internal_insert(next, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
      }
    }
  }
  return insert_multi_args(key, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
}

template <typename P> template <typename InputIterator>
void btree<P>::insert_multi(InputIterator b, InputIterator e) {
  for (; b != e; ++b) {
    insert_multi(end(), *b);
  }
}

template <typename P>
void btree<P>::assign(const self_type &x) {
  clear();

  *mutable_key_comp() = x.key_comp();
  *mutable_internal_allocator() = x.internal_allocator();

  // Assignment can avoid key comparisons because we know the order of the
  // values is the same order we'll store them in.
  for (const_iterator iter = x.begin(), xend = x.end(); iter != xend; ++iter) {
    if (empty()) {
      insert_multi(*iter);
    } else {
      // If the btree is not empty, we can just insert the new value at the end
      // of the tree!
      internal_insert(end(), *iter);
    }
  }
}

template <typename P>
typename btree<P>::iterator btree<P>::erase(iterator iter) {
  bool internal_delete = false;
  if (!iter.node->leaf()) {
    // Deletion of a value on an internal node. Swap the key with the largest
    // value of our left child. This is easy, we just decrement iter.
    iterator tmp_iter(iter--);
    assert(iter.node->leaf());
    assert(!compare_keys(tmp_iter.key(), iter.key()));
    tmp_iter.node->value_move(tmp_iter.position, iter.node, iter.position);
    internal_delete = true;
    --*mutable_size();
  } else if (!root()->leaf()) {
    --*mutable_size();
  }

  // Delete the key from the leaf.
  iter.node->remove_value(iter.position);

  // We want to return the next value after the one we just erased. If we
  // erased from an internal node (internal_delete == true), then the next
  // value is ++(++iter). If we erased from a leaf node (internal_delete ==
  // false) then the next value is ++iter. Note that ++iter may point to an
  // internal node and the value in the internal node may move to a leaf node
  // (iter.node) when rebalancing is performed at the leaf level.

  // Merge/rebalance as we walk back up the tree.
  iterator res(iter);
  for (;;) {
    if (iter.node == root()) {
      try_shrink();
      if (empty()) {
        return end();
      }
      break;
    }
    if (iter.node->count() >= kMinNodeValues) {
      break;
    }
    bool merged = try_merge_or_rebalance(&iter);
    if (iter.node->leaf()) {
      res = iter;
    }
    if (!merged) {
      break;
    }
    iter.node = iter.node->parent();
  }

  // Adjust our return value. If we're pointing at the end of a node, advance
  // the iterator.
  if (res.position == res.node->count()) {
    res.position = res.node->count() - 1;
    ++res;
  }
  // If we erased from an internal node, advance the iterator.
  if (internal_delete) {
    ++res;
  }
  return res;
}

template <typename P>
int btree<P>::erase(iterator begin, iterator end) {
  int count = distance(begin, end);
  for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    begin = erase(begin);
  }
  return count;
}

template <typename P>
int btree<P>::erase_unique(const key_type &key) {
  iterator iter = internal_find_unique(key, iterator(root(), 0));
  if (!iter.node) {
    // The key doesn't exist in the tree, return nothing done.
    return 0;
  }
  erase(iter);
  return 1;
}

template <typename P>
int btree<P>::erase_multi(const key_type &key) {
  iterator begin = internal_lower_bound(key, iterator(root(), 0));
  if (!begin.node) {
    // The key doesn't exist in the tree, return nothing done.
    return 0;
  }
  // Delete all of the keys between begin and upper_bound(key).
  iterator end = internal_end(
      internal_upper_bound(key, iterator(root(), 0)));
  return erase(begin, end);
}

template <typename P>
void btree<P>::clear() {
  if (root() != NULL) {
    internal_clear(root());
  }
  *mutable_root() = NULL;
}

template <typename P>
void btree<P>::swap(self_type &x) {
  std::swap(static_cast<key_compare&>(*this), static_cast<key_compare&>(x));
  std::swap(root_, x.root_);
}

template <typename P>
void btree<P>::verify() const {
  if (root() != NULL) {
    assert(size() == internal_verify(root(), NULL, NULL));
    assert(leftmost() == (++const_iterator(root(), -1)).node);
    assert(rightmost() == (--const_iterator(root(), root()->count())).node);
    assert(leftmost()->leaf());
    assert(rightmost()->leaf());
  } else {
    assert(size() == 0);
    assert(leftmost() == NULL);
    assert(rightmost() == NULL);
  }
}

template <typename P>
void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
  node_type *&node = iter->node;
  int &insert_position = iter->position;
  assert(node->count() == node->max_count());

  // First try to make room on the node by rebalancing.
  node_type *parent = node->parent();
  if (node != root()) {
    if (node->position() > 0) {
      // Try rebalancing with our left sibling.
      node_type *left = parent->child(node->position() - 1);
      if (left->count() < left->max_count()) {
        // We bias rebalancing based on the position being inserted. If we're
        // inserting at the end of the right node then we bias rebalancing to
        // fill up the left node.
        int to_move = (left->max_count() - left->count()) /
            (1 + (insert_position < left->max_count()));
        to_move = std::max(1, to_move);

        if (((insert_position - to_move) >= 0) ||
            ((left->count() + to_move) < left->max_count())) {
          left->rebalance_right_to_left(node, to_move);

          assert(node->max_count() - node->count() == to_move);
          insert_position = insert_position - to_move;
          if (insert_position < 0) {
            insert_position = insert_position + left->count() + 1;
            node = left;
          }

          assert(node->count() < node->max_count());
          return;
        }
      }
    }

    if (node->position() < parent->count()) {
      // Try rebalancing with our right sibling.
      node_type *right = parent->child(node->position() + 1);
      if (right->count() < right->max_count()) {
        // We bias rebalancing based on the position being inserted. If we're
        // inserting at the beginning of the left node then we bias rebalancing
        // to fill up the right node.
        int to_move = (right->max_count() - right->count()) /
            (1 + (insert_position > 0));
        to_move = std::max(1, to_move);

        if ((insert_position <= (node->count() - to_move)) ||
            ((right->count() + to_move) < right->max_count())) {
          node->rebalance_left_to_right(right, to_move);

          if (insert_position > node->count()) {
            insert_position = insert_position - node->count() - 1;
            node = right;
          }

          assert(node->count() < node->max_count());
          return;
        }
      }
    }

    // Rebalancing failed, make sure there is room on the parent node for a new
    // value.
    if (parent->count() == parent->max_count()) {
      iterator parent_iter(node->parent(), node->position());
      rebalance_or_split(&parent_iter);
    }
  } else {
    // Rebalancing not possible because this is the root node.
    if (root()->leaf()) {
      // The root node is currently a leaf node: create a new root node and set
      // the current root node as the child of the new root.
      parent = new_internal_root_node();
      parent->set_child(0, root());
      *mutable_root() = parent;
      assert(*mutable_rightmost() == parent->child(0));
    } else {
      // The root node is an internal node. We do not want to create a new root
      // node because the root node is special and holds the size of the tree
      // and a pointer to the rightmost node. So we create a new internal node
      // and move all of the items on the current root into the new node.
      parent = new_internal_node(parent);
      parent->set_child(0, parent);
      parent->swap(root());
      node = parent;
    }
  }

  // Split the node.
  node_type *split_node;
  if (node->leaf()) {
    split_node = new_leaf_node(parent);
    node->split(split_node, insert_position);
    if (rightmost() == node) {
      *mutable_rightmost() = split_node;
    }
  } else {
    split_node = new_internal_node(parent);
    node->split(split_node, insert_position);
  }

  if (insert_position > node->count()) {
    insert_position = insert_position - node->count() - 1;
    node = split_node;
  }
}

template <typename P>
void btree<P>::merge_nodes(node_type *left, node_type *right) {
  left->merge(right);
  if (right->leaf()) {
    if (rightmost() == right) {
      *mutable_rightmost() = left;
    }
    delete_leaf_node(right);
  } else {
    delete_internal_node(right);
  }
}

template <typename P>
bool btree<P>::try_merge_or_rebalance(iterator *iter) {
  node_type *parent = iter->node->parent();
  if (iter->node->position() > 0) {
    // Try merging with our left sibling.
    node_type *left = parent->child(iter->node->position() - 1);
    if ((1 + left->count() + iter->node->count()) <= left->max_count()) {
      iter->position += 1 + left->count();
      merge_nodes(left, iter->node);
      iter->node = left;
      return true;
    }
  }
  if (iter->node->position() < parent->count()) {
    // Try merging with our right sibling.
    node_type *right = parent->child(iter->node->position() + 1);
    if ((1 + iter->node->count() + right->count()) <= right->max_count()) {
      merge_nodes(iter->node, right);
      return true;
    }
    // Try rebalancing with our right sibling. We don't perform rebalancing if
    // we deleted the first element from iter->node and the node is not
    // empty. This is a small optimization for the common pattern of deleting
    // from the front of the tree.
    if ((right->count() > kMinNodeValues) &&
        ((iter->node->count() == 0) ||
         (iter->position > 0))) {
      int to_move = (right->count() - iter->node->count()) / 2;
      to_move = std::min(to_move, right->count() - 1);
      iter->node->rebalance_right_to_left(right, to_move);
      return false;
    }
  }
  if (iter->node->position() > 0) {
    // Try rebalancing with our left sibling. We don't perform rebalancing if
    // we deleted the last element from iter->node and the node is not
    // empty. This is a small optimization for the common pattern of deleting
    // from the back of the tree.
    node_type *left = parent->child(iter->node->position() - 1);
    if ((left->count() > kMinNodeValues) &&
        ((iter->node->count() == 0) ||
         (iter->position < iter->node->count()))) {
      int to_move = (left->count() - iter->node->count()) / 2;
      to_move = std::min(to_move, left->count() - 1);
      left->rebalance_left_to_right(iter->node, to_move);
      iter->position += to_move;
      return false;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

template <typename P>
void btree<P>::try_shrink() {
  if (root()->count() > 0) {
    return;
  }
  // Deleted the last item on the root node, shrink the height of the tree.
  if (root()->leaf()) {
    assert(size() == 0);
    delete_leaf_node(root());
    *mutable_root() = NULL;
  } else {
    node_type *child = root()->child(0);
    if (child->leaf()) {
      // The child is a leaf node so simply make it the root node in the tree.
      child->make_root();
      delete_internal_root_node();
      *mutable_root() = child;
    } else {
      // The child is an internal node. We want to keep the existing root node
      // so we move all of the values from the child node into the existing
      // (empty) root node.
      child->swap(root());
      delete_internal_node(child);
    }
  }
}

template <typename P> template <typename IterType>
inline IterType btree<P>::internal_last(IterType iter) {
  while (iter.node && iter.position == iter.node->count()) {
    iter.position = iter.node->position();
    iter.node = iter.node->parent();
    if (iter.node->leaf()) {
      iter.node = NULL;
    }
  }
  return iter;
}

template <typename P>
inline typename btree<P>::iterator
btree<P>::internal_insert_common(iterator iter) {
  if (!iter.node->leaf()) {
    // We can't insert on an internal node. Instead, we'll insert after the
    // previous value which is guaranteed to be on a leaf node.
    --iter;
    ++iter.position;
  }
  if (iter.node->count() == iter.node->max_count()) {
    // Make room in the leaf for the new item.
    if (iter.node->max_count() < kNodeValues) {
      // Insertion into the root where the root is smaller that the full node
      // size. Simply grow the size of the root node.
      assert(iter.node == root());
      iter.node = new_leaf_root_node(
          std::min<int>(kNodeValues, 2 * iter.node->max_count()));
      iter.node->swap(root());
      delete_leaf_node(root());
      *mutable_root() = iter.node;
    } else {
      rebalance_or_split(&iter);
      ++*mutable_size();
    }
  } else if (!root()->leaf()) {
    ++*mutable_size();
  }
  return iter;
}

template <typename P> template <typename... Args>
inline typename btree<P>::iterator
btree<P>::internal_insert(iterator iter, Args&&... args) {
  iter = internal_insert_common(iter);
  iter.node->insert_value(iter.position, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
  return iter;
}

template <typename P> template <typename IterType>
inline std::pair<IterType, int> btree<P>::internal_locate(
    const key_type &key, IterType iter) const {
  return internal_locate_type::dispatch(key, *this, iter);
}

template <typename P> template <typename IterType>
inline std::pair<IterType, int> btree<P>::internal_locate_plain_compare(
    const key_type &key, IterType iter) const {
  for (;;) {
    iter.position = iter.node->lower_bound(key, key_comp());
    if (iter.node->leaf()) {
      break;
    }
    iter.node = iter.node->child(iter.position);
  }
  return std::make_pair(iter, 0);
}

template <typename P> template <typename IterType>
inline std::pair<IterType, int> btree<P>::internal_locate_compare_to(
    const key_type &key, IterType iter) const {
  for (;;) {
    int res = iter.node->lower_bound(key, key_comp());
    iter.position = res & kMatchMask;
    if (res & kExactMatch) {
      return std::make_pair(iter, static_cast<int>(kExactMatch));
    }
    if (iter.node->leaf()) {
      break;
    }
    iter.node = iter.node->child(iter.position);
  }
  return std::make_pair(iter, -kExactMatch);
}

template <typename P> template <typename IterType>
IterType btree<P>::internal_lower_bound(
    const key_type &key, IterType iter) const {
  if (iter.node) {
    for (;;) {
      iter.position =
          iter.node->lower_bound(key, key_comp()) & kMatchMask;
      if (iter.node->leaf()) {
        break;
      }
      iter.node = iter.node->child(iter.position);
    }
    iter = internal_last(iter);
  }
  return iter;
}

template <typename P> template <typename IterType>
IterType btree<P>::internal_upper_bound(
    const key_type &key, IterType iter) const {
  if (iter.node) {
    for (;;) {
      iter.position = iter.node->upper_bound(key, key_comp());
      if (iter.node->leaf()) {
        break;
      }
      iter.node = iter.node->child(iter.position);
    }
    iter = internal_last(iter);
  }
  return iter;
}

template <typename P> template <typename IterType>
IterType btree<P>::internal_find_unique(
    const key_type &key, IterType iter) const {
  if (iter.node) {
    std::pair<IterType, int> res = internal_locate(key, iter);
    if (res.second == kExactMatch) {
      return res.first;
    }
    if (!res.second) {
      iter = internal_last(res.first);
      if (iter.node && !compare_keys(key, iter.key())) {
        return iter;
      }
    }
  }
  return IterType(NULL, 0);
}

template <typename P> template <typename IterType>
IterType btree<P>::internal_find_multi(
    const key_type &key, IterType iter) const {
  if (iter.node) {
    iter = internal_lower_bound(key, iter);
    if (iter.node) {
      iter = internal_last(iter);
      if (iter.node && !compare_keys(key, iter.key())) {
        return iter;
      }
    }
  }
  return IterType(NULL, 0);
}

template <typename P>
void btree<P>::internal_clear(node_type *node) {
  if (!node->leaf()) {
    for (int i = 0; i <= node->count(); ++i) {
      internal_clear(node->child(i));
    }
    if (node == root()) {
      delete_internal_root_node();
    } else {
      delete_internal_node(node);
    }
  } else {
    delete_leaf_node(node);
  }
}

#ifndef BTREE_NO_IOSTREAM
template <typename P>
void btree<P>::internal_dump(
    std::ostream &os, const node_type *node, int level) const {
  for (int i = 0; i < node->count(); ++i) {
    if (!node->leaf()) {
      internal_dump(os, node->child(i), level + 1);
    }
    for (int j = 0; j < level; ++j) {
      os << "  ";
    }
    os << node->key(i) << " [" << level << "]\n";
  }
  if (!node->leaf()) {
    internal_dump(os, node->child(node->count()), level + 1);
  }
}
#endif

template <typename P>
int btree<P>::internal_verify(
    const node_type *node, const key_type *lo, const key_type *hi) const {
  assert(node->count() > 0);
  assert(node->count() <= node->max_count());
  if (lo) {
    assert(!compare_keys(node->key(0), *lo));
  }
  if (hi) {
    assert(!compare_keys(*hi, node->key(node->count() - 1)));
  }
  for (int i = 1; i < node->count(); ++i) {
    assert(!compare_keys(node->key(i), node->key(i - 1)));
  }
  int count = node->count();
  if (!node->leaf()) {
    for (int i = 0; i <= node->count(); ++i) {
      assert(node->child(i) != NULL);
      assert(node->child(i)->parent() == node);
      assert(node->child(i)->position() == i);
      count += internal_verify(
          node->child(i),
          (i == 0) ? lo : &node->key(i - 1),
          (i == node->count()) ? hi : &node->key(i));
    }
  }
  return count;
}

} // namespace btree

#endif  // UTIL_BTREE_BTREE_H__