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GENERAL UPGRADING ADVICE FOR ANY VERSION
========================================
Snapshotting is fast (especially if you have JNA installed) and takes
effectively zero disk space until you start compacting the live data
files again. Thus, best practice is to ALWAYS snapshot before any
upgrade, just in case you need to roll back to the previous version.
(Cassandra version X + 1 will always be able to read data files created
by version X, but the inverse is not necessarily the case.)
When upgrading major versions of Cassandra, you will be unable to
restore snapshots created with the previous major version using the
'sstableloader' tool. You can upgrade the file format of your snapshots
using the provided 'sstableupgrade' tool.
3.0
===
Upgrading
---------
- Pig's CassandraStorage has been removed. Use CqlNativeStorage instead.
- Hadoop BulkOutputFormat and BulkRecordWriter have been removed; use
CqlBulkOutputFormat and CqlBulkRecordWriter instead.
- Hadoop ColumnFamilyInputFormat and ColumnFamilyOutputFormat have been removed;
use CqlInputFormat and CqlOutputFormat instead.
- Hadoop ColumnFamilyRecordReader and ColumnFamilyRecordWriter have been removed;
use CqlRecordReader and CqlRecordWriter instead.
2.2
===
New features
------------
- Windows is now a supported platform. Powershell execution for startup scripts
is highly recommended and can be enabled via an administrator command-prompt
with: 'powershell set-executionpolicy unrestricted'
- It is now possible to do major compactions when using leveled compaction.
Doing that will take all sstables and compact them out in levels. The
levels will be non overlapping so doing this will still not be something
you want to do very often since it might cause more compactions for a while.
It is also possible to split output when doing a major compaction with
STCS - files will be split in sizes 50%, 25%, 12.5% etc of the total size.
This might be a bit better than old major compactions which created one big
file on disk.
- A new tool has been added bin/sstableverify that checks for errors/bitrot
in all sstables. Unlike scrub, this is a non-invasive tool.
- Authentication & Authorization APIs have been updated to introduce
roles. Roles and Permissions granted to them are inherited, supporting
role based access control. The role concept supercedes that of users
and CQL constructs such as CREATE USER are deprecated but retained for
compatibility. The requirement to explicitly create Roles in Cassandra
even when auth is handled by an external system has been removed, so
authentication & authorization can be delegated to such systems in their
entirety.
- In addition to the above, Roles are also first class resources and can be the
subject of permissions. Users (roles) can now be granted permissions on other
roles, including CREATE, ALTER, DROP & AUTHORIZE, which removesthe need for
superuser privileges in order to perform user/role management operations.
- Creators of database resources (Keyspaces, Tables, Roles) are now automatically
granted all permissions on them (if the IAuthorizer implementation supports
this).
- SSTable file name is changed. Now you don't have Keyspace/CF name
in file name. Also, secondary index has its own directory under parent's
directory.
- Support for user-defined functions and user-defined aggregates have
been added to CQL.
************************************************************************
IMPORTANT NOTE: user-defined functions can be used to execute
arbitrary and possibly evil code in Cassandra 2.2, and are
therefore disabled by default. To enable UDFs edit
cassandra.yaml and set enable_user_defined_functions to true.
CASSANDRA-9402 will add a security manager for UDFs in Cassandra
3.0. This will inherently be backwards-incompatible with any 2.2
UDF that perform insecure operations such as opening a socket or
writing to the filesystem.
************************************************************************
- Row-cache is now fully off-heap.
- jemalloc is now automatically preloaded and used on Linux and OS-X if
installed.
- Please ensure on Unix platforms that there is no libjnadispath.so
installed which is accessible by Cassandra. Old versions of
libjna packages (< 4.0.0) will cause problems - e.g. Debian Wheezy
contains libjna versin 3.2.x.
- The node now keeps up when streaming is failed during bootstrapping. You can
use new `nodetool bootstrap resume` command to continue streaming after resolving
an issue.
- Protocol version 4 specifies that bind variables do not require having a
value when executing a statement. Bind variables without a value are
called 'unset'. The 'unset' bind variable is serialized as the int
value '-2' without following bytes.
In an EXECUTE or BATCH request an unset bind value does not modify the value and
does not create a tombstone, an unset bind ttl is treated as 'unlimited',
an unset bind timestamp is treated as 'now', an unset bind counter operation
does not change the counter value.
Unset tuple field, UDT field and map key are not allowed.
In a QUERY request an unset limit is treated as 'unlimited'.
Unset WHERE clauses with unset partition column, clustering column
or index column are not allowed.
- New `ByteType` (cql tinyint). 1-byte signed integer
- New `ShortType` (cql smallint). 2-byte signed integer
- New `SimpleDateType` (cql date). 4-byte unsigned integer
- New `TimeType` (cql time). 8-byte long
- The toDate(timeuuid), toTimestamp(timeuuid) and toUnixTimestamp(timeuuid) functions have been added to allow
to convert from timeuuid into date type, timestamp type and bigint raw value.
The functions unixTimestampOf(timeuuid) and dateOf(timeuuid) have been deprecated.
- The toDate(timestamp) and toUnixTimestamp(timestamp) functions have been added to allow
to convert from timestamp into date type and bigint raw value.
- The toTimestamp(date) and toUnixTimestamp(date) functions have been added to allow
to convert from date into timestamp type and bigint raw value.
Upgrading
---------
- Thrift rpc is no longer being started by default.
Set `start_rpc` parameter to `true` to enable it.
- Pig's CqlStorage has been removed, use CqlNativeStorage instead
- Pig's CassandraStorage has been deprecated. CassandraStorage
should only be used against tables created via thrift.
Use CqlNativeStorage for all other tables.
- IAuthenticator been updated to remove responsibility for user/role
maintenance and is now solely responsible for validating credentials,
This is primarily done via SASL, though an optional method exists for
systems which need support for the Thrift login() method.
- IRoleManager interface has been added which takes over the maintenance
functions from IAuthenticator. IAuthorizer is mainly unchanged. Auth data
in systems using the stock internal implementations PasswordAuthenticator
& CassandraAuthorizer will be automatically converted during upgrade,
with minimal operator intervention required. Custom implementations will
require modification, though these can be used in conjunction with the
stock CassandraRoleManager so providing an IRoleManager implementation
should not usually be necessary.
- Fat client support has been removed since we have push notifications to clients
- cassandra-cli has been removed. Please use cqlsh instead.
- YamlFileNetworkTopologySnitch has been removed; switch to
GossipingPropertyFileSnitch instead.
- CQL2 has been removed entirely in this release (previously deprecated
in 2.0.0). Please switch to CQL3 if you haven't already done so.
- Very large batches will now be rejected (defaults to 50kb). This
can be customized by modifying batch_size_fail_threshold_in_kb.
- The results of CQL3 queries containing an IN restriction will be ordered
in the normal order and not anymore in the order in which the column values were
specified in the IN restriction.
- Some secondary index queries with restrictions on non-indexed clustering
columns were not requiring ALLOW FILTERING as they should. This has been
fixed, and those queries now require ALLOW FILTERING (see CASSANDRA-8418
for details).
- The SSTableSimpleWriter and SSTableSimpleUnsortedWriter classes have been
deprecated and will be removed in the next major Cassandra release. You
should use the CQLSSTableWriter class instead.
- The sstable2json and json2sstable tools have been deprecated and will be
removed in the next major Cassandra release. See CASSANDRA-9618
(https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-9618) for details.
2.1.6
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.1.5
=====
Upgrading
---------
- The option to omit cold sstables with size tiered compaction has been
removed - it is almost always better to use date tiered compaction for
workloads that have cold data.
2.1.4
=====
Upgrading
---------
The default JMX config now listens to localhost only. You must enable
the other JMX flags in cassandra-env.sh manually.
2.1.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Prepending a list to a list collection was erroneously resulting in
the prepended list being reversed upon insertion. If you were depending
on this buggy behavior, note that it has been corrected.
- Incremental replacement of compacted SSTables has been disabled for this
release.
2.1.2
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.1.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
New features
------------
- Netty support for epoll on linux is now enabled. If for some
reason you want to disable it pass, the following system property
-Dcassandra.native.epoll.enabled=false
2.1
===
New features
------------
- Default data and log locations have changed. If not set in
cassandra.yaml, the data file directory, commitlog directory,
and saved caches directory will default to $CASSANDRA_HOME/data/data,
$CASSANDRA_HOME/data/commitlog, and $CASSANDRA_HOME/data/saved_caches,
respectively. The log directory now defaults to $CASSANDRA_HOME/logs.
If not set, $CASSANDRA_HOME, defaults to the top-level directory of
the installation.
Note that this should only affect source checkouts and tarballs.
Deb and RPM packages will continue to use /var/lib/cassandra and
/var/log/cassandra in cassandra.yaml.
- SSTable data directory name is slightly changed. Each directory will
have hex string appended after CF name, e.g.
ks/cf-5be396077b811e3a3ab9dc4b9ac088d/
This hex string part represents unique ColumnFamily ID.
Note that existing directories are used as is, so only newly created
directories after upgrade have new directory name format.
- Saved key cache files also have ColumnFamily ID in their file name.
- It is now possible to do incremental repairs, sstables that have been
repaired are marked with a timestamp and not included in the next
repair session. Use nodetool repair -par -inc to use this feature.
A tool to manually mark/unmark sstables as repaired is available in
tools/bin/sstablerepairedset. This is particularly important when
using LCS, or any data not repaired in your first incremental repair
will be put back in L0.
- Bootstrapping now ensures that range movements are consistent,
meaning the data for the new node is taken from the node that is no
longer a responsible for that range of keys.
If you want the old behavior (due to a lost node perhaps)
you can set the following property (-Dcassandra.consistent.rangemovement=false)
- It is now possible to use quoted identifiers in triggers' names.
WARNING: if you previously used triggers with capital letters in their
names, then you must quote them from now on.
- Improved stress tool (http://goo.gl/OTNqiQ)
- New incremental repair option (http://goo.gl/MjohJp, http://goo.gl/f8jSme)
- Incremental replacement of compacted SSTables (http://goo.gl/JfDBGW)
- The row cache can now cache only the head of partitions (http://goo.gl/6TJPH6)
- Off-heap memtables (http://goo.gl/YT7znJ)
- CQL improvements and additions: User-defined types, tuple types, 2ndary
indexing of collections, ... (http://goo.gl/kQl7GW)
Upgrading
---------
- commitlog_sync_batch_window_in_ms behavior has changed from the
maximum time to wait between fsync to the minimum time. We are
working on making this more user-friendly (see CASSANDRA-9533) but in the
meantime, this means 2.1 needs a much smaller batch window to keep
writer threads from starving. The suggested default is now 2ms.
- Rolling upgrades from anything pre-2.0.7 is not supported. Furthermore
pre-2.0 sstables are not supported. This means that before upgrading
a node on 2.1, this node must be started on 2.0 and
'nodetool upgdradesstables' must be run (and this even in the case
of not-rolling upgrades).
- For size-tiered compaction users, Cassandra now defaults to ignoring
the coldest 5% of sstables. This can be customized with the
cold_reads_to_omit compaction option; 0.0 omits nothing (the old
behavior) and 1.0 omits everything.
- Multithreaded compaction has been removed.
- Counters implementation has been changed, replaced by a safer one with
less caveats, but different performance characteristics. You might have
to change your data model to accomodate the new implementation.
(See https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-6504 and the
blog post at http://goo.gl/qj8iQl for details).
- (per-table) index_interval parameter has been replaced with
min_index_interval and max_index_interval paratemeters. index_interval
has been deprecated.
- support for supercolumns has been removed from json2sstable
2.0.11
======
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but refer to previous entries if you
are upgrading from a previous version.
New features
------------
- DateTieredCompactionStrategy added, optimized for time series data and groups
data that is written closely in time (CASSANDRA-6602 for details). Consider
this experimental for now.
2.0.10
======
New features
------------
- CqlPaginRecordReader and CqlPagingInputFormat have both been removed.
Use CqlInputFormat instead.
- If you are using Leveled Compaction, you can now disable doing size-tiered
compaction in L0 by starting Cassandra with -Dcassandra.disable_stcs_in_l0
(see CASSANDRA-6621 for details).
- Shuffle and taketoken have been removed. For clusters that choose to
upgrade to vnodes, creating a new datacenter with vnodes and migrating is
recommended. See http://goo.gl/Sna2S1 for further information.
2.0.9
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Default values for read_repair_chance and local_read_repair_chance have been
swapped. Namely, default read_repair_chance is now set to 0.0, and default
local_read_repair_chance to 0.1.
- Queries selecting only CQL static columns were (mistakenly) not returning one
result per row in the partition. This has been fixed and a SELECT DISTINCT
can be used when only the static column of a partition needs to be fetch
without fetching the whole partition. But if you use static columns, please
make sure this won't affect you (see CASSANDRA-7305 for details).
2.0.8
=====
New features
------------
- New snitches have been used for users of Google Compute Engine and of
Cloudstack.
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.0.7 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.0.7
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.0.6 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.0.6
=====
New features
------------
- CQL now support static columns, allows to batch multiple conditional updates
and has a new syntax for slicing over multiple clustering columns
(http://goo.gl/B6qz4j).
- Repair can be restricted to a set of nodes using the -hosts option in nodetool.
- A new 'nodetool taketoken' command relocate tokens with vnodes.
- Hinted handoff can be enabled only for some data-centers (see
hinted_handoff_enabled in cassandra.yaml)
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.0.5 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.0.5
=====
New features
------------
- Batchlog replay can be, and is throttled by default now.
See batchlog_replay_throttle_in_kb setting in cassandra.yaml.
- Scrub can now optionally skip corrupt counter partitions. Please note
that this will lead to the loss of all the counter updates in the skipped
partition. See the --skip-corrupted option.
Upgrading
---------
- If your cluster began on a version before 1.2, check that your secondary
index SSTables are on version 'ic' before upgrading. If not, run
'nodetool upgradesstables' if on 1.2.14 or later, or run 'nodetool
upgradesstables ks cf' with the keyspace and secondary index named
explicitly otherwise. If you don't do this and upgrade to 2.0.x and it
refuses to start because of 'hf' version files in the secondary index,
you will need to delete/move them out of the way and recreate the index
when 2.0.x starts.
2.0.3
=====
New features
------------
- It's now possible to configure the maximum allowed size of the native
protocol frames (native_transport_max_frame_size_in_mb in the yaml file).
Upgrading
---------
- NaN and Infinity are new valid floating point constants in CQL3 and are now reserved
keywords. In the unlikely case you were using one of them as an identifier (for a
column, a keyspace or a table), you will now have to double-quote them (see
http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html#identifiers for "quoted identifiers").
- The IEndpointStateChangeSubscriber has a new method, beforeChange, that
any custom implemenations using the class will need to implement.
2.0.2
=====
New features
------------
- Speculative retry defaults to 99th percentile
(See blog post at http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/rapid-read-protection-in-cassandra-2-0-2)
- Configurable metrics reporting
(see conf/metrics-reporter-config-sample.yaml)
- Compaction history and stats are now saved to system keyspace
(system.compaction_history table). You can access historiy via
new 'nodetool compactionhistory' command or CQL.
Upgrading
---------
- Nodetool defaults to Sequential mode for repair operations
2.0.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- The default memtable allocation has changed from 1/3 of heap to 1/4
of heap. Also, default (single-partition) read and write timeouts
have been reduced from 10s to 5s and 2s, respectively.
2.0.0
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Java 7 is now *required*!
- Upgrading is ONLY supported from Cassandra 1.2.9 or later. This
goes for sstable compatibility as well as network. When
upgrading from an earlier release, upgrade to 1.2.9 first and
run upgradesstables before proceeding to 2.0.
- CAS and new features in CQL such as DROP COLUMN assume that cell
timestamps are microseconds-since-epoch. Do not use these
features if you are using client-specified timestamps with some
other source.
- Replication and strategy options do not accept unknown options anymore.
This was already the case for CQL3 in 1.2 but this is now the case for
thrift too.
- auto_bootstrap of a single-token node with no initial_token will
now pick a random token instead of bisecting an existing token
range. We recommend upgrading to vnodes; failing that, we
recommend specifying initial_token.
- reduce_cache_sizes_at, reduce_cache_capacity_to, and
flush_largest_memtables_at options have been removed from cassandra.yaml.
- CacheServiceMBean.reduceCacheSizes() has been removed.
Use CacheServiceMBean.set{Key,Row}CacheCapacityInMB() instead.
- authority option in cassandra.yaml has been deprecated since 1.2.0,
but it has been completely removed in 2.0. Please use 'authorizer' option.
- ASSUME command has been removed from cqlsh. Use CQL3 blobAsType() and
typeAsBlob() conversion functions instead.
See https://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html#blobFun for details.
- Inputting blobs as string constants is now fully deprecated in
favor of blob constants. Make sure to update your applications to use
the new syntax while you are still on 1.2 (which supports both string
and blob constants for blob input) before upgrading to 2.0.
- index_interval is now moved to ColumnFamily property. You can change value
with ALTER TABLE ... WITH statement and SSTables written after that will
have new value. When upgrading, Cassandra will pick up the value defined in
cassanda.yaml as the default for existing ColumnFamilies, until you explicitly
set the value for those.
- The deprecated native_transport_min_threads option has been removed in
Cassandra.yaml.
Operations
----------
- VNodes are enabled by default in cassandra.yaml. initial_token
for non-vnode deployments has been removed from the example
yaml, but is still respected if specified.
- Major compactions, cleanup, scrub, and upgradesstables will interrupt
any in-progress compactions (but not repair validations) when invoked.
- Disabling autocompactions by setting min/max compaction threshold to 0
has been deprecated, instead, use the nodetool commands 'disableautocompaction'
and 'enableautocompaction' or set the compaction strategy option enabled = false
- ALTER TABLE DROP has been reenabled for CQL3 tables and has new semantics now.
See https://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html#alterTableStmt and
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3919 for details.
- CAS uses gc_grace_seconds to determine how long to keep unused paxos
state around for, or a minimum of three hours.
- A new hints created metric is tracked per target, replacing countPendingHints
- After performance testing for CASSANDRA-5727, the default LCS filesize
has been changed from 5MB to 160MB.
- cqlsh DESCRIBE SCHEMA no longer outputs the schema of system_* keyspaces;
use DESCRIBE FULL SCHEMA if you need the schema of system_* keyspaces.
- CQL2 has been deprecated, and will be removed entirely in 2.2. See
CASSANDRA-5918 for details.
- Commit log archiver now assumes the client time stamp to be in microsecond
precision, during restore. Please refer to commitlog_archiving.properties.
Features
--------
- Lightweight transactions
(http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/lightweight-transactions-in-cassandra-2-0)
- Alias support has been added to CQL3 SELECT statement. Refer to
CQL3 documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html) for details.
- JEMalloc support (see memory_allocator in cassandra.yaml)
- Experimental triggers support. See examples/ for how to use. "Experimental"
means "tied closely to internal data structures; we plan to decouple this in
the future, which will probably break triggers written against this initial
API."
- Numerous improvements to CQL3 and a new version of the native protocol. See
http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/cql-in-cassandra-2-0 for details.
1.2.11
======
Features
--------
- Added a new consistency level, LOCAL_ONE, that forces all CL.ONE operations to
execute only in the local datacenter.
- New replace_address to supplant the (now removed) replace_token and
replace_node workflows to replace a dead node in place. Works like the
old options, but takes the IP address of the node to be replaced.
1.2.9
=====
Features
--------
- A history of executed nodetool commands is now captured.
It can be found in ~/.cassandra/nodetool.history. Other tools output files
(cli and cqlsh history, .cqlshrc) are now centralized in ~/.cassandra, as well.
- A new sstablesplit utility allows to split large sstables offline.
1.2.8
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 1.2.7 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
1.2.7
=====
Upgrading
---------
- If you have decommissioned a node in the past 72 hours, it is imperative
that you not upgrade until such time has passed, or do a full cluster
restart (not rolling) before beginning the upgrade. This only applies to
decommission, not removetoken.
1.2.6
=====
Upgrading
---------
- hinted_handoff_throttle_in_kb is now reduced by a factor
proportional to the number of nodes in the cluster (see
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-5272).
- CQL3 syntax for CREATE CUSTOM INDEX has been updated. See CQL3
documentation for details.
1.2.5
=====
Features
--------
- Custom secondary index support has been added to CQL3. Refer to
CQL3 documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html)
for details and examples.
Upgrading
---------
- The native CQL transport is enabled by default on part 9042.
1.2.4
=====
Upgrading
---------
- 'nodetool upgradesstables' now only upgrades/rewrites sstables that are
not on the current version (which is usually what you want). Use the new
-a flag to recover the old behavior of rewriting all sstables.
Features
--------
- superuser setup delay (10 seconds) can now be overridden using
'cassandra.superuser_setup_delay_ms' property.
1.2.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- CQL3 used to be case-insensitive for property map key in ALTER and CREATE
statements. In other words:
CREATE KEYSPACE test WITH replication = { 'CLASS' : 'SimpleStrategy',
'REPLICATION_FACTOR' : '1' }
was allowed. However, this was not consistent with the fact that string
literal are case sensitive in every other places and more importantly this
break NetworkTopologyStrategy for which DC names are case sensitive. Those
property map key are now case sensitive. So the statement above should be
changed to:
CREATE KEYSPACE test WITH replication = { 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy',
'replication_factor' : '1' }
1.2.2
=====
Upgrading
---------
- CQL3 type validation for constants has been fixed, which may require
fixing queries that were relying on the previous loose validation. Please
refer to the CQL3 documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html)
and in particular the changelog section for more details. Please note in
particular that inputing blobs as strings constants is now deprecated (in
favor of blob constants) and its support will be removed in a future
version.
Features
--------
- Built-in CQL3-based implementations of IAuthenticator (PasswordAuthenticator)
and IAuthorizer (CassandraAuthorizer) have been added. PasswordAuthenticator
stores usernames and hashed passwords in system_auth.credentials table;
CassandraAuthorizer stores permissions in system_auth.permissions table.
- system_auth keyspace is now alterable via ALTER KEYSPACE queries.
The default is SimpleStrategy with replication_factor of 1, but it's
advised to raise RF to at least 3 or 5, since CL.QUORUM is used for all
auth-related queries. It's also possible to change the strategy to NTS.
- Permissions caching with time-based expiration policy has been added to reduce
performance impact of authorization. Permission validity can be configured
using 'permissions_validity_in_ms' setting in cassandra.yaml. The default
is 2000 (2 seconds).
- SimpleAuthenticator and SimpleAuthorizer examples have been removed. Please
look at CassandraAuthorizer/PasswordAuthenticator instead.
1.2.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- In CQL3, date string are no longer accepted as timeuuid value since a
date string is not a correct representation of a timeuuid. Instead, new
methods (minTimeuuid, maxTimeuuid, now, dateOf, unixTimestampOf) have been
introduced to make working on timeuuid from date string easy. cqlsh also
does not display timeuuid as date string (since this is a lossy
representation), but the new dateOf method can be used instead. Please
refer to the reference documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html)
for more detail.
- For client implementors: CQL3 client using the thrift interface should
use the new execute_cql3_query, prepare_cql3_query and execute_prepared_cql3_query
since 1.2.0. However, Cassandra 1.2.0 was not complaining if CQL3 was set
through set_cql_version but the now CQL2 only methods were used. This is
now the case.
- Queries that uses unrecognized or bad compaction or replication strategy
options are now refused (instead of simply logging a warning).
1.2
===
Upgrading
---------
- IAuthenticator interface has been updated to support dynamic
user creation, modification and removal. Users, even when stored
externally, now have to be explicitly created using
CREATE USER query first. AllowAllAuthenticator and SimpleAuthenticator
have been updated for the new interface, but you'll have to update
your old IAuthenticator implementations for 1.2. To ease this process,
a new abstract LegacyAuthenticator class has been added - subclass it
in your old IAuthenticator implementaion and everything should just work
(this only affects users who implemented custom authenticators).
- IAuthority interface has been deprecated in favor of IAuthorizer.
AllowAllAuthority and SimpleAuthority have been renamed to
AllowAllAuthorizer and SimpleAuthorizer, respectively. In order to
simplify the upgrade to the new interface, a new abstract
LegacyAuthorizer has been added - you should subclass it in your
old IAuthority implementation and everything should just work
(this only affects users who implemented custom authorities).
'authority' setting in cassandra.yaml has been renamed to 'authorizer',
'authority' is no longer recognized. This affects all upgrading users.
- 1.2 is NOT network-compatible with versions older than 1.0. That
means if you want to do a rolling, zero-downtime upgrade, you'll need
to upgrade first to 1.0.x or 1.1.x, and then to 1.2. 1.2 retains
the ability to read data files from Cassandra versions at least
back to 0.6, so a non-rolling upgrade remains possible with just
one step.
- The default partitioner for new clusters is Murmur3Partitioner,
which is about 10% faster for index-intensive workloads. Partitioners
cannot be changed once data is in the cluster, however, so if you are
switching to the 1.2 cassandra.yaml, you should change this to
RandomPartitioner or whatever your old partitioner was.
- If you using counters and upgrading from a version prior to
1.1.6, you should drain existing Cassandra nodes prior to the
upgrade to prevent overcount during commitlog replay (see
CASSANDRA-4782). For non-counter uses, drain is not required
but is a good practice to minimize restart time.
- Tables using LeveledCompactionStrategy will default to not
creating a row-level bloom filter. The default in older versions
of Cassandra differs; you should manually set the false positive
rate to 1.0 (to disable) or 0.01 (to enable, if you make many
requests for rows that do not exist).
- The hints schema was changed from 1.1 to 1.2. Cassandra automatically
snapshots and then truncates the hints column family as part of
starting up 1.2 for the first time. Additionally, upgraded nodes
will not store new hints destined for older (pre-1.2) nodes. It is
therefore recommended that you perform a cluster upgrade when all
nodes are up. Because hints will be lost, a cluster-wide repair (with
-pr) is recommended after upgrade of all nodes.
- The `nodetool removetoken` command (and corresponding JMX operation)
have been renamed to `nodetool removenode`. This function is
incompatible with the earlier `nodetool removetoken`, and attempts to
remove nodes in this way with a mixed 1.1 (or lower) / 1.2 cluster,
is not supported.
- The somewhat ill-conceived CollatingOrderPreservingPartitioner
has been removed. Use Murmur3Partitioner (recommended) or
ByteOrderedPartitioner instead.
- Global option hinted_handoff_throttle_delay_in_ms has been removed.
hinted_handoff_throttle_in_kb has been added instead.
- The default bloom filter fp chance has been increased to 1%.
This will save about 30% of the memory used by the old default.
Existing columnfamilies will retain their old setting.
- The default partitioner (for new clusters; the partitioner cannot be
changed in existing clusters) was changed from RandomPartitioner to
Murmur3Partitioner which provides faster hashing as well as improved
performance with secondary indexes.
- The default version of CQL (and cqlsh) is now CQL3. CQL2 is still
available but you will have to use the thrift set_cql_version method
(that is already supported in 1.1) to use CQL2. For cqlsh, you will need
to use 'cqlsh -2'.
- CQL3 is now considered final in this release. Compared to the beta
version that is part of 1.1, this final version has a few additions
(collections), but also some (incompatible) changes in the syntax for the
options of the create/alter keyspace/table statements. Typically, the
syntax to create a keyspace is now:
CREATE KEYSPACE ks WITH replication = { 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy',
'replication_factor' : 2 };
Also, the consistency level cannot be set in the language anymore, but is
at the protocol level.
Please refer to the CQL3 documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html)
for details.
- In CQL3, the DROP behavior from ALTER TABLE has currently been removed
(because it was not correctly implemented). We hope to add it back soon
(Cassandra 1.2.1 or 1.2.2)
Features
--------
- Cassandra can now handle concurrent CREATE TABLE schema changes
as well as other updates
- rpc_timeout has been split up to allow finer-grained control
on timeouts for different operation types
- num_tokens can now be specified in cassandra.yaml. This defines the
number of tokens assigned to the host on the ring (default: 1).
Also specifying initial_token will override any num_tokens setting.
- disk_failure_policy allows blacklisting failed disks in JBOD
configuration instead of erroring out indefinitely
- event tracing can be configured per-connection ("trace_next_query")
or globally/probabilistically ("nodetool settraceprobability")
- Atomic batches are now supported server side, where Cassandra will
guarantee that (at the price of pre-writing the batch to another node
first), all mutations in the batch will be applied, even if the
coordinator fails mid-batch.
- new IAuthorizer interface has replaced the old IAuthority. IAuthorizer
allows dynamic permission management via new CQL3 statements:
GRANT, REVOKE, LIST PERMISSIONS. A native implementation storing
the permissions in Cassandra is being worked on and we expect to
include it in 1.2.1 or 1.2.2.
- IAuthenticator interface has been updated to support dynamic user
creation, modification and removal via new CQL3 statements:
CREATE USER, ALTER USER, DROP USER, LIST USERS. A native implementation
that stores users in Cassandra itself is being worked on and is expected to
become part of 1.2.1 or 1.2.2.
1.1.5
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 1.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
1.1.4
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 1.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
1.1.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Running "nodetool upgradesstables" after upgrading is recommended
if you use Counter columnfamilies.
Features
--------
- the cqlsh COPY command can now export to CSV flat files
- added a new tools/bin/token-generator to facilitate generating evenly distributed tokens
1.1.2
=====
Upgrading
---------
- If you have column families using the LeveledCompactionStrategy, you should run scrub on those column families.
Features
--------
- cqlsh has a new COPY command to load data from CSV flat files
1.1.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 1.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
Features
--------
- Continuous commitlog archiving and point-in-time recovery.
See conf/commitlog_archiving.properties
- Incremental repair by token range, exposed over JMX
1.1
===
Upgrading
---------
- Compression is enabled by default on newly created ColumnFamilies
(and unchanged for ColumnFamilies created prior to upgrading).
- If you are running a multi datacenter setup, you should upgrade to
the latest 1.0.x (or 0.8.x) release before upgrading. Versions
0.8.8 and 1.0.3-1.0.5 generate cross-dc forwarding that is incompatible
with 1.1.
- EACH_QUORUM ConsistencyLevel is only supported for writes and will now
throw an InvalidRequestException when used for reads. (Previous
versions would silently perform a LOCAL_QUORUM read instead.)
- ANY ConsistencyLevel is only supported for writes and will now
throw an InvalidRequestException when used for reads. (Previous
versions would silently perform a ONE read for range queries;
single-row and multiget reads already rejected ANY.)
- The largest mutation batch accepted by the commitlog is now 128MB.
(In practice, batches larger than ~10MB always caused poor
performance due to load volatility and GC promotion failures.)
Larger batches will continue to be accepted but will not be
durable. Consider setting durable_writes=false if you really
want to use such large batches.
- Make sure that global settings: key_cache_{size_in_mb, save_period}
and row_cache_{size_in_mb, save_period} in conf/cassandra.yaml are
used instead of per-ColumnFamily options.
- JMX methods no longer return custom Cassandra objects. Any such methods
will now return standard Maps, Lists, etc.
- Hadoop input and output details are now separated. If you were
previously using methods such as getRpcPort you now need to use
getInputRpcPort or getOutputRpcPort depending on the circumstance.
- CQL changes:
+ Prior to 1.1, you could use KEY as the primary key name in some
select statements, even if the PK was actually given a different
name. In 1.1+ you must use the defined PK name.
- The sliced_buffer_size_in_kb option has been removed from the
cassandra.yaml config file (this option was a no-op since 1.0).
Features
--------
- Concurrent schema updates are now supported, with any conflicts
automatically resolved. Please note that simultaneously running
‘CREATE COLUMN FAMILY’ operation on the different nodes wouldn’t
be safe until version 1.2 due to the nature of ColumnFamily
identifier generation, for more details see CASSANDRA-3794.
- The CQL language has undergone a major revision, CQL3, the
highlights of which are covered at [1]. CQL3 is not
backwards-compatibile with CQL2, so we've introduced a
set_cql_version Thrift method to specify which version you want.
(The default remains CQL2 at least until Cassandra 1.2.) cqlsh
adds a --cql3 flag to enable this.
[1] http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/schema-in-cassandra-1-1
- Row-level isolation: multi-column updates to a single row have
always been *atomic* (either all will be applied, or none)
thanks to the CommitLog, but until 1.1 they were not *isolated*
-- a reader may see mixed old and new values while the update
happens.
- Finer-grained control over data directories, allowing a ColumnFamily to
be pinned to specfic volume, e.g. one backed by SSD.
- The bulk loader is not longer a fat client; it can be run from an
existing machine in a cluster.
- A new write survey mode has been added, similar to bootstrap (enabled via
-Dcassandra.write_survey=true), but the node will not automatically join
the cluster. This is useful for cases such as testing different
compaction strategies with live traffic without affecting the cluster.
- Key and row caches are now global, similar to the global memtable
threshold. Manual tuning of cache sizes per-columnfamily is no longer
required.
- Off-heap caches no longer require JNA, and will work out of the box
on Windows as well as Unix platforms.
- Streaming is now multithreaded.
- Compactions may now be aborted via JMX or nodetool.
- The stress tool is not new in 1.1, but it is newly included in
binary builds as well as the source tree
- Hadoop: a new BulkOutputFormat is included which will directly write
SSTables locally and then stream them into the cluster.
YOU SHOULD USE BulkOutputFormat BY DEFAULT. ColumnFamilyOutputFormat
is still around in case for some strange reason you want results
trickling out over Thrift, but BulkOutputFormat is significantly
more efficient.
- Hadoop: KeyRange.filter is now supported with ColumnFamilyInputFormat,
allowing index expressions to be evaluated server-side to reduce
the amount of data sent to Hadoop.
- Hadoop: ColumnFamilyRecordReader has a wide-row mode, enabled via
a boolean parameter to setInputColumnFamily, that pages through
data column-at-a-time instead of row-at-a-time.
- Pig: can use the wide-row Hadoop support, by setting PIG_WIDEROW_INPUT
to true. This will produce each row's columns in a bag.
1.0.8
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 1.0.8
Other
-----
- Allow configuring socket timeout for streaming
1.0.7
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 1.0.7, please report to instruction for 1.0.6
Other
-----
- Adds new setstreamthroughput to nodetool to configure streaming
throttling
- Adds JMX property to get/set rpc_timeout_in_ms at runtime
- Allow configuring (per-CF) bloom_filter_fp_chance
1.0.6
=====
Upgrading
---------
- This release fixes an issue related to the chunk_length_kb option for
compressed sstables. If you use compression on some column families, it
is recommended after the upgrade to check the value for this option on
these column families (the default value is 64). In case the option would
not be set correctly, you should update the column family definition,
setting the right value and then run scrub on the column family.
- Please report to instruction for 1.0.5 if coming from an older version.
1.0.5
=====
Upgrading
---------
- 1.0.5 comes to fix two important regression of 1.0.4. So all information
concerning 1.0.4 are valid for this release, but please avoids upgrading
to 1.0.4.