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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Metals and Nonmetals</title>
<style>
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</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Metals and Nonmetals</h1>
<p>A Comprehensive Guide to the Properties and Reactions of Metals and Nonmetals</p>
</header>
<section class="content">
<h2>Metals and Nonmetals</h2>
<p>In chemistry, elements are broadly categorized into two types: metals and nonmetals. These categories are based on their properties, behavior in chemical reactions, and their placement on the periodic table.</p>
<h3>Metals</h3>
<p>Metals are elements that tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions, making them good conductors of heat and electricity. They are typically found on the left side and middle of the periodic table.</p>
<h4>Properties of Metals</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Physical Properties:</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Shiny appearance (Luster):</strong> Metals usually have a shiny surface, making them appear reflective.</li>
<li><strong>Malleable and Ductile:</strong> Metals can be hammered into thin sheets (malleable) and drawn into wires (ductile).</li>
<li><strong>High Melting and Boiling Points:</strong> Metals generally have high melting and boiling points due to strong metallic bonds.</li>
<li><strong>Good Conductors:</strong> Metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricity due to the free movement of electrons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chemical Properties:</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Formation of Cations:</strong> Metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions (cations).</li>
<li><strong>React with Oxygen:</strong> Most metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides. For example:
<pre>4Fe + 3O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃</pre>
</li>
<li><strong>React with Water:</strong> Some metals (e.g., sodium, potassium) react vigorously with water to form hydroxides and release hydrogen gas:
<pre>2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂</pre>
</li>
<li><strong>React with Acids:</strong> Metals like zinc and magnesium react with acids to produce hydrogen gas and salts:
<pre>Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Common Metals</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Alkali Metals (Group 1):</strong> Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr</li>
<li><strong>Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2):</strong> Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra</li>
<li><strong>Transition Metals (Groups 3-12):</strong> Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag, Au, Ni, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Formulas for Metal Compounds</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Metal Oxides:</strong> Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
<pre>2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO</pre>
</li>
<li><strong>Metal Hydroxides:</strong> Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide
<pre>Ca + 2H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + H₂</pre>
</li>
<li><strong>Metal Chlorides:</strong> Metal + Chlorine → Metal Chloride
<pre>2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Nonmetals</h3>
<p>Nonmetals are elements that tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions, and they are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetals are found on the right side of the periodic table, often in the upper right-hand corner.</p>
<h4>Properties of Nonmetals</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Physical Properties:</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Dull Appearance:</strong> Nonmetals lack the shiny luster seen in metals.</li>
<li><strong>Brittle in Solid State:</strong> Nonmetals are brittle and can break easily when solid (e.g., sulfur).</li>
<li><strong>Low Melting and Boiling Points:</strong> Nonmetals have relatively low melting and boiling points compared to metals.</li>
<li><strong>Poor Conductors:</strong> Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chemical Properties:</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Formation of Anions:</strong> Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form negative ions (anions).</li>
<li><strong>React with Oxygen:</strong> Nonmetals like carbon and sulfur react with oxygen to form nonmetal oxides. For example:
<pre>C + O₂ → CO₂</pre>
<pre>S + O₂ → SO₂</pre>
</li>
<li><strong>React with Hydrogen:</strong> Nonmetals form acids when they react with hydrogen. For example:
<pre>Cl₂ + H₂ → 2HCl</pre>
</li>
<li><strong>Covalent Bonding:</strong> Nonmetals often bond covalently with other nonmetals to form molecules. For example, in water (H₂O), oxygen and hydrogen share electrons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Common Nonmetals</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Noble Gases (Group 18):</strong> He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn</li>
<li><strong>Halogens (Group 17):</strong> F, Cl, Br, I, At</li>
<li><strong>Other Nonmetals:</strong> O, N, C, P, S, Se, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Formulas for Nonmetal Compounds</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Nonmetal Oxides:</strong> Nonmetal + Oxygen → Nonmetal Oxide
<pre>2C + O₂ → 2CO</pre>
</li>
<li><strong>Acids (Nonmetal + Water):</strong> Nonmetal + Water → Acid
<pre>SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄</pre>
</li>
<li><strong>Covalent Compounds:</strong> Nonmetals combine to form covalent bonds. For example:
<pre>N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Metals vs Nonmetals</h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; text-align:center;">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
<th>Metals</th>
<th>Nonmetals</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>State</td>
<td>Solid</td>
<td>Solid, Liquid, or Gas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Appearance</td>
<td>Shiny (Lustrous)</td>
<td>Dull</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Conductivity</td>
<td>Good Conductors of Heat and Electricity</td>
<td>Poor Conductors</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Malleability</td>
<td>Malleable and Ductile</td>
<td>Brittle (in Solid State)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Oxidation</td>
<td>Form Cations (Positive Ions)</td>
<td>Form Anions (Negative Ions)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Example Elements</td>
<td>Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn)</td>
<td>Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Chlorine (Cl)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<footer>
<p>© 2025 Yoseph Feyisa Wegi | All Rights Reserved.</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>