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@@ -156,10 +156,10 @@ UPR_DESC;The Kingdom of Prussia was first just a contender to be the dominant po
 UER_DESC;The 19th and early 20th centuries were a period of disaster for the Russian Empire and many wondered if the state would even survive. First there was defeat at the hands of Prussia, Sweden, Persia and the Ottoman Empire, which pushed back the Russian frontiers in both Europe and Central Asia leaving the reactionary government unable to counter the forces of revolution in Austria. However the Russia Empire appeared to recover and began a forward policy in Asia. Initial Russian saber rattling convinced the Japanese to back off, and Russian influence steadily grew in Manchuria. But the Japanese did not stay passive for long and, as Russian influence grew, so too did Japanese determination to check it. The Russo-Japanese war ended in defeat and revolution for Russia. Forced to cede all of its gains in Asia, it seemed Russian collapse was imminent. The Ukraine broke away, forming a new Cossack state, but government repression was successful in Russia proper. The Russian state licked its wounds and waited for the opportunity for revenge.;Le XIX�me si�cle, de m�me que le d�but du XX�me si�cle, fut une p�riode tr�s difficile pour l'Empire russe et beaucoup s'interrogeaient m�me sur sa survie. Il y eut d'abord la d�faite contre la Prusse, la Su�de, la Perse et l'Empire ottoman qui repouss�rent les fronti�res russes a la fois en Europe et en Asie Centrale laissant le gouvernement r�actionnaire incapable de contrer les forces de la r�volution en Autriche. L'Empire russe malgr� tout sembla se remettre et commen�a une politique de progression en Asie. Les bruits de sabre russes convinrent au pr�alable les japonais de se retirer et ainsi, l'influence russe grandit en Mandchourie. Mais les japonais ne rest�rent pas � observer b�atement la croissance de l'influence russe, leur d�termination de la contr�ler grandit aussi. La guerre russo-japonaise se tourna en d�faite et r�volution pour la Russie. Forc�e de c�der tous ses gains en Asie, il semblait que l'effondrement de la Russie �tait imminent. L'Ukraine se s�para formant le nouvel �tat cosaque mais la r�pression du gouvernement r�ussit en Russie. L'�tat russe l�che ses plaies et attend une opportunit� de vengeance.;Il 19 secolo l'inizio del 20 furono un periodo di catastrofe per l'Impero russo e molti si chiesero se lo Stato sarebbe sopravvissuto. Prima ci fu la sconfitta per mano di Prussia, Svezia, Persia ed impero ottomano, che ha spinsero le frontiere russe in Europa ed Asia centrale lasciando il governo reazionario incapace di contrastare le forze della rivoluzione in Austria. Tuttavia l'impero Russo si riprese ed inizi� una politica di espansione in Asia. Iniziale il tintinnio delle sciabole russe convinsero i giapponesi a fare marcia indietro, facendo crescere l'influenza russa in Manciuria. Ma i giapponesi non rimansero passivi a lungo e, con la crescita dell'influenza russa, crebbe la determinazione di distruggerla. La guerra russo-giapponese termin� con una sconfitta ed una rivoluzione per la Russia. Costretta a cedere tutti i suoi guadagni in Asia, la Russia sembr� crollare. L'Ucraina si stacc�, formando un nuovo stato cosacco, ma la repressione del governo ebbe successo. Lo stato russo cominci� a leccaris le ferite e cominci� ad attendere l'occasione per vendicarsi.;El siglo XIX y el comienzo del s. XX fue una �poca desastrosa para el Imperio Ruso y, de hecho, muchos se cuestionaban la propia supervivencia de este estado. En primer lugar hab�a sido derrotado a manos de Prusia, Suecia, Persia y el Imperio Otomano, derrotas que hab�an hecho retroceder las fronteras de Rusia tanto en Europa como en Asia Central, dejando al gobierno reaccionario incapaz de contrarrestar la revoluci�n en Austria. Sin embargo, el Imperio Ruso comenz� a recuperarse e inici� una pol�tica expansionista en Asia. La beligerancia inicial rusa convenci� a los japoneses de mantenerse al margen, y su influencia creci� en Manchuria. Pero los japoneses no se quedaron de brazos cruzados durante mucho tiempo y, a medida que la influencia rusa crec�a, tambi�n aumentaba la determinaci�n japonesa de ponerle freno. La guerra ruso-japonesa acab� para Rusia en derrota y revoluci�n. Obligada a ceder sus conquistas en Asia, parec�a que el colapso ruso era inminente. Ucrania se separ� y form� un nuevo estado cosaco, pero en Rusia la represi�n del gobierno surti� efecto. El estado ruso se lam�a las heridas mientras esperaba una oportunidad para vengarse.;Das 19. und das fr�he 20. Jahrhundert waren ein Desaster f�r das russische Reich. Viele Leute wunderte es, dass dieses Land nicht unterging. Niederlagen gegen Preu�en, Schweden, Persien und das Osmanische Reich, welche die russischen Grenzen zur�ckdr�ngten und zu gro�en Gebietsverlusten in Europa und Zentralasien f�hrten. Dadurch konnte die reaktion�re Regierung keinen Einfluss auf die Revolution in �sterreich aus�ben. Allerdings schien sich das russische Reich zu erholen und so begann es seinen Einfluss in Asien auszubauen. Russische Drohungen brachten Japan dazu sich zur�ckzuziehen und so nahmen die Russen immer mehr Einfluss auf die Mandschurei. Jedoch sahen die Japaner nicht lange tatenlos zu. Der darauffolgende russisch-japanische Krieg endete mit einer Niederlage und einer Revolution im russischen Reich. Die Staatseinnahmen brachen ein, der Einfluss in Asien ging verloren. Die Ukraine spaltete sich vom Staatenb�ndnis ab und formte das neue Kosakenreich. Das Russische Reich war kurz vor dem Ende. Aber die russische Regierung schaffte es diese Krise zu �berwinden und begann die Wunden zu lecken. Nun warten sie auf die M�glichkeit endlich Rache nehmen zu k�nnen.;XIX wiek i pocz�tek XX wieku by�y czasem kl�ski dla Imperium Rosyjskiego i wielu pow�tpiewa�o, czy pa�stwo to w og�le b�dzie w stanie przetrwa�. Kolejno doznawa�o ono pora�ek z r�k pruskich, szwedzkich, perskich i tureckich. Imperium Ottoma�skie odepchn�o granice Rosji zar�wno w Europie, jak i �rodkowej Azji, pozostawiaj�c rz�d reakcyjny nie potrafi�cy powstrzyma� si� rewolucyjnych w Austrii. Niemniej Imperium Rosyjskie zdawa�o si� przem�c trudne chwile i rozpocz�� ekspansj� w Azji. Potrz�sanie szabelk� skutecznie przekona�o Japo�czyk�w do odwrotu i Mand�uria trafi�a w orbit� wp�yw�w rosyjskich. Lecz Japonia nie pozosta�a pasywna i w miar� wzrostu wp�yw�w rosyjskich, ros�a ich determinacja do rewan�u. Wojna rosyjko-japo�ska sko�czy�a si� kl�sk� tych pierwszych i wybuchem rewolucji w Rosji. Zmuszona odda� wszystkie nabytki w Azji, zdawa�a si� by� przeznaczona do rozpadu. Ukraina od��czy�a si� formuj�c nowe pa�stwo kozackie, lecz represje okaza�y si� wystarczaj�co skuteczne w samej Rosji. Rosja liza�a wi�c swe rany i czeka�a na okoliczno�� do kontrataku.;O s�culo XIX e o in�cio do XX foram um per�odo de desastre para o Imp�rio Russo, e muitos at� se perguntaram se o pr�prio Estado iria sobreviver. Primeiro, houve as derrotas para Pr�ssia, Su�cia, P�rsia e o Imp�rio Otomano, que fizeram as fronteiras russas encolherem-se tanto na Europa como na �sia Central, deixando o governo conservador incapaz de reagir �s for�as da revolu��o na �ustria. No entanto, o Imp�rio Russo pareceu recuperar-se e iniciou um ousado programa de a��o na �sia. A intimida��o inicial russa convenceu os japoneses a retroceder, e a influ�ncia Russa sobre a Manch�ria cresceu firmemente. Contudo, os japoneses n�o permaneceram passivos por muito tempo e, � medida que crescia a influ�ncia russa, se elevava tamb�m a determina��o japonesa em det�-la. A Guerra Russo-Japonesa terminou em derrota e revolu��o para a R�ssia. For�ada a ceder todas as suas conquistas na �sia, parecia que o colapso do pa�s era iminente. A Ucr�nia declarou independ�ncia, formando o novo Estado Cossaco por�m na pr�pria R�ssia a repress�o estatal obteve sucesso. O Estado russo lambe suas feridas e espera pela oportunidade de vingan�a.;����� 19-�� � ������ 20-�� �������� ����� ��� ���������� ������� �������� ���������, � ������ �����������, ��� ����������� ����� �� ��������. ������� ���� ��������� �� �������, ������, ������ � ����������� �������, ����� ������� ������� ������ � ������ � ������� ���� ������������ �����, � � ������������� �� �������� ������������ ��� ���������� ��������� � �������. �� ����� ���������� ������� ������ ������������ ���� ���� � ������ ����� �������� �������� � ����. ������������ ���� ��������� ������ ���������, � ������� ������ � ��������� ����� �����. �� ������ ������� ���������� ��������� ������������. ������-�������� ����� ����������� ���������� ������ � ������� � ���������. ����� ����������� ����� ���� ������� � ���� ������ ������ ������� ����������. ������� ����� �� �� ������� � ����� �������� ������������. ��� �� �����, � ������� ��������� ������������� ������ �������� ��������� � ����� ������. ������ ���������� ���� ���� � ����� �������������� ������� ��� �������� ������.;;;X
 UTO_DESC;The 19th century was a century of recovery for the Ottomans. War against Russia recovered much of the land lost in the Caucasus and the dissolution of Austria gave the Ottomans a breathing space in the Balkans, allowing the government to rein in the powerful Beys at home. This led to a period of growth at home and expansion into Africa. However, the weaknesses of the Ottoman State were cruelly exposed when Italy, the Bourbon Kingdom and the Cossacks together attacked the Empire. Forced to give up all of its West African holdings and much territory in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire embarked on a painful period of reform at home. With the economic base of the Empire built up, the Ottomans once again are a World Power.;Le XIX�me si�cle fut un si�cle de redressement pour les Ottomans. La guerre contre la Russie leur permit de r�cup�rer une grande partie des terres perdues dans le Caucase et la dissolution de l'Autriche leur conf�ra plus d'espace dans les Balkans, permettant au gouvernement de r�gner en tant que puissant Beys. Ceci conduisit � une p�riode de prosp�rit� et d'expansion en Afrique. Les faiblesses de l'�tat ottoman �taient toutefois cruellement expos�es quand l'Italie, le royaume bourbon et les cosaques r�attaqu�rent ensemble l'Empire. Forc� d'abandonner tous ses Ouest africain territoires et plus dans les Balkans, l'Empire ottoman entama une p�riode difficile de r�formes internes. Avec sa base �conomique renforc�e, les ottomans sont � nouveau une puissance mondiale dans la r�gion. ;Il 19 secolo fu un secolo di recupero per gli Ottomani. La guerra contro la Russia fece recuperare molto del terreno perduto nel Caucaso e la dissoluzione dell'Austria diede agli Ottomani un attimo di respiro nei Balcani, consentendo al governo di tenere a freno i potenti bey interni. Ci� port� ad un periodo di crescita in patria e di espansione in Africa. Tuttavia, la debolezza dello Stato ottomano furono crudelmente esposte quando l'Italia, il Regno borbonico ed i cosacchi attaccarono l'Impero. Costretto a rinunciare a tutti i suoi possedimenti dell'Africa occidentale ed a molti di quelli nei Balcani, l'impero ottomano ha intrapreso un doloroso periodo di riforme interne. Grazie alla ricostruzione della base economica dell'impero, gli Ottomani divennero ancora una volta una potenza mondiale.;El s. XIX fue un siglo de recuperaci�n para los otomanos. La guerra contra Rusia les devolvi� gran parte del territorio perdido en el C�ucaso y la disoluci�n de Austria les dio un poco de espacio vital en los Balcanes, lo que permiti� al gobierno refrenar a los poderosos Beys. Esto llev� a un periodo de crecimiento interior y expansi�n en �frica. Sin embargo, la debilidad del estado otomano ser�a cruelmente expuesta cuando Italia, el reino de los Borbones y los cosacos atacaron conjuntamente al Imperio. Obligado a ceder todas sus posesiones en el �frica Occidental y gran parte del territorio de los Balcanes, el Imperio Otomano se embarc� en un doloroso per�odo de reformas internas. Con la base de su poder econ�mico reconstruida, los otomanos vuelven a ser una potencia mundial.;Das 19. Jahrhundert sah f�r das Osmanische Reich wie das Jahrhundert des Aufschwungs aus, der Krieg gegen Russland brachte Gebietsgewinne im Kaukasus und die Aufl�sung �sterreichs gab ihnen Raum zum Atmen auf dem Balkan. Dies f�hrte zu einer Phase des Wachstums in der Heimat und zur Expansion in Afrika. Jedoch wurde die Schw�che des Osmanischen Reiches grausam offenbart als Italien, das bourbonische Reich und die Kosakenunion angriffen. Zur Abgabe seiner westafrikanischen Besitzt�mer und gro�er Gebiete auf dem Balkan gezwungen, begann f�r das Osmanische Reich eine schmerzhafte Reformierungsphase. Nach dem Wiederaufbau der wirtschaftlichen Basis des Reichs, sahen die Osmanen erneut wie eine Weltmacht aus.;XIX wiek by� wiekiem odbudowy Imperium Ottoma�skiego. Wojna z Rosj� pozwoli�a odzyska� wi�kszo�� ziem straconych w regionie G�r Kaukazu, a rozpad Austrii da� Turkom stref� bezpiecze�stwa na Ba�kanach, umo�liwiaj�c uj�cie w cugle pot�nych bej�w. Turcy realizowali r�wnie� ekspansj� w Afryce. Niemniej wewn�trzne s�abo�ci ich pa�stwa zosta�y obna�one, gdy nast�pi� skoordynowany atak W�och, Kr�lestwa Burbon�w i Kozak�w. Zmuszone do rezygnacji z posiad�o�ci w Zachodniej Afryce i wi�kszo�ci Ba�kan�w, Imperium Osma�skie zacz�o realizowa� bolesne reformy wewn�trzne. Wci�� posiadaj�cych siln� baz� ekonomiczn� Ottoman�w ponownie mo�na zestawi� w�r�d pot�g �wiatowych.;O s�culo XIX foi um per�odo de recupera��o para os otomanos. A guerra contra a R�ssia recuperou muitos dos territ�rios perdidos no C�ucaso, e a dissolu��o da �ustria deu aos otomanos um repouso nos B�lc�s, permitindo que o governo central refreasse os poderosos beis no pa�s. Isso levou a um per�odo de crescimento e de expans�o na �frica. Entretanto, as debilidades do Estado Otomano foram cruelmente postas em evid�ncia quando It�lia, o Reino Bourbon e os Cossacos atacaram juntos o Imp�rio. For�ados a entregar todas as suas possess�es na �frica Ocidental e muito do territ�rio nos B�lc�s, o Imp�rio Otomano mergulhou em um doloroso per�odo de reformas internas. Agora, com as bases econ�mica do Imp�rio novamente de p�, os otomanos voltam a ser uma pot�ncia mundial.;19-� ��� ���� ���������� ������������� ����������� �������. ����� ����� � ������� � �� ������ �������� ����� ���� ������, � ������ ������� ��� ������ ��������� �� ��������, ������� ������������� ������������ ��� �������� ������ � ��������������� ����� ������ ������. ����� ������� ������������� ���� � ��������� � ������. ������ ���������� ��������� ������, �������� � ������� ���������� ������� ������������� �������� �������. ����� ���� ��������� ������ ��� �������� � �������� ������ � ������� ����� ������ � ������ ����������� ������� ������ ������. ��������� �� ��� ����� ������������� ���� ����� ������ ����������� ������� � ��� ������� ������.;;;X
 UTL_DESC;When the Carlist Wars erupted in the great Franco Spanish Bourbon Kingdom, for many in the old Spanish and Portuguese colonies, it was time for independence. Men such as Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin, the legendary Libertadores, led South America to full nationhood. When it seemed local interests would lead to a collapse in the unity of the war of independence, fresh efforts by the Bourbon Kingdom to re-establish control forced the competing local elites to cooperate. The crucible of conflict forged a South American identity. But the young country still had problems and, as the 19th century drew to a close, the widening social inequalities led to rising discontent. Finally in the 1920s, the discontent reached its peak and the old order was swept away and a new communist state emerged. Ready to export its revolution north, the revolutionary government was friendless in the Western hemisphere. ;Lorsque les guerres chartistes �clat�rent dans le grand royaume franco-espagnol des Bourbon, l'heure de l'ind�pendance sonna pour bon nombre des anciennes colonies espagnoles et portugaises. Des hommes comme Simon Bolivar et Jose de San Martin, les l�gendaires Libertadores, amen�rent � l'Am�rique du Sud une identit� nationale. Quand il fut �vident que les int�r�ts locaux m�neraient a un effondrement de l'unit� de la guerre d'ind�pendance, de nouveaux efforts par l'Empire bourbon de r�tablir le contr�le for�a les rivales �lites locales � coop�rer. Le creuset du conflit forgea une identit� Sud am�ricaine mais le nouveau pays avait toujours des probl�mes et, comme le XIX�me si�cle approchait, les in�galit�s sociales s'�largissant conduisent � la lev�e du m�contentement. Ce sentiment atteint un summum finalement dans les ann�es 20, le vieil ordre fut balaye et un nouvel �tat communiste �mergea. Pr�s � exporter sa r�volution vers le Nord, le gouvernement r�volutionnaire n'a aucun ami � l'Ouest.;Quando la guerra carlista scoppi� nel grande Regno borbonico franco-spagnolo, per molti nelle vecchie colonie spagnole e portoghesi venne il momento dell'indipendenza. Uomini come Simon Bolivar e Jos� de San Martin, i leggendari Libertadores, unirono il Sud America in un unica nazione. Quando sembrava che gli interessi locali avrebbero portato al crollo dell'unit� nella guerra d'indipendenza, nuovi sforzi da parte del Regno Borbonico per ristabilire il controllo forzarono le �lite locali in competizione, a collaborare. Il conflitto forgi� quindi l'identit� del Sud America. Ma questo paese giovane aveva ancora molti problemi e, verso la fine del 19 secolo, l'allargamento delle disuguaglianze sociali port� ad un crescente malcontento infine, nel 1920, il malcontento raggiunse il suo apice ed il vecchio ordine venne spazzato via: emerse cos� un nuovo stato comunista. Pronto per esportare la sua rivoluzione a nord, il governo rivoluzionario era senza amici nell'emisfero occidentale.;Cuando las Guerras Carlistas estallaron en el gran reino franco-espa�ol de los Borbones, lleg� la hora de la independencia para muchas de las antiguas colonias espa�olas y portuguesas. Hombres como Sim�n Bol�var y Jos� de San Mart�n, los legendarios 'Libertadores', llevaron a Sudam�rica a la independencia. Cuando parec�a que los intereses locales provocar�an el derrumbe del frente com�n en la guerra de independencia, los renovados esfuerzos del reino de los Borbones para reestablecer el control obligaron a las �lites divergentes locales a cooperar entre s�. El crisol del conflicto forj� una identidad en Sudam�rica. Pero la joven naci�n a�n pasaba por dificultades y, a finales del s. XIX, las crecientes desigualdades sociales provocaron un gran descontento. Finalmente, en la d�cada de 1920, el descontento alcanz� su cenit y el antiguo orden fue reemplazado por un nuevo estado comunista. Dispuesto a exportar su revoluci�n hacia el norte, el gobierno revolucionario se encontr� sin amigos en el hemisferio occidental. ;Als die karlistischen Kriege im gro�en franko-spanischen Reich der Bourbonen ausbrachen, war f�r viele der alten spanischen und portugiesischen Kolonien die Zeit f�r Selbst�ndigkeit angebrochen. Es waren M�nner wie Simon Bolivar und Jos� de San Mart�n, die legend�ren Freiheitsk�mpfer, die S�damerika zur Unabh�ngigkeit f�hrten. Alles deutete darauf hin, dass lokale Interessensdifferenzen die Union zerbrechen lassen w�rde. Allerdings zwangen neue Anstrengungen des bourbonischen K�nigreiches, das die Kontrolle �ber seine ehemaligen Kolonien zur�ck zu erlangen versuchte, die konkurrierenden F�hrungen zur Kooperation. Diese Feuerprobe schmiedete eine s�damerikanische Identit�t. Trotz alledem hatte die junge Nation immer noch Probleme und als sich das 19. Jahrhundert dem Ende neigte, f�hrte die wachsende Kluft zwischen den verschiedenen Gesellschaftsschichten zu immer st�rker werdender Unzufriedenheit. In den 1920ern erreichte die Frustration ihren H�hepunkt und die alte Ordnung wurde hinweggefegt. Ein neuer kommunistischer Staat etablierte sich. Stets bereit die Revolution in die Welt zu tragen, fand die revolution�re Regierung keine Verb�ndeten in der westlichen Hemisph�re.;Kiedy wybuch�y wojny karlistowskie w wielkim francusko-hiszpa�skim Kr�lestwie Burbon�w, dla wielu starych hiszpa�skich i portugalskich kolonii oznacza�o to czas niepodleg�o�ci. Ludzie pokroju Simona Bolivara i Josego de San Martina, legendarnych wyzwolicieli, poprowadzili Ameryk� Po�udniow� ku rozkwitowi �wiadomo�ci narodowej. Kiedy wydawa�o si�, �e lokalne partykularyzmy doprowadz� do za�amania si� jedno�ci libertador�w, ponawiane wysi�ki Burbon�w by odzyska� swe posiad�o�ci ponownie zjednoczy�y por�nione wcze�niej elity. Efektem by�a wsp�lna po�udniowoameryka�ska �wiadomo��. Lecz ta m�oda konfederacja wci�� mia�a problemy i pod konic XIX wieku narastaj�ca niesprawiedliwo�� podzia�u maj�tku narodowego prowadzi�a do nieustaj�cych niepokoj�w. W ko�cu, w latach 20-tych XX wieku, niepokoje osi�gn�y punkt krytyczny i wywo�a�y upadek starego porz�dku. Powsta�e nowe komunistyczne kraje, gotowe eksportowa� rewolucj� na p�noc, co spowodowa�o �e nowy rz�d nie mia� �adnych przyjaci� na zachodniej p�kuli.;Quando as Guerras Carlistas irromperam no vasto reino franco-hisp�nico dos Bourbons, para muitos habitantes das velhas col�nias portuguesas e espanholas havia chegado a hora da independ�ncia. Homens como Sim�n Bol�var e Jos� de San Mart�n � os lend�rios Libertadores � conduziram a Am�rica do Sul � sua soberania enquanto na��o. Quando parecia que os interesses locais levariam ao colapso da unidade conseguida na guerra de independ�ncia, novos esfor�os dos Bourbons para reestabelecer seu antigo dom�nio for�aram as elites locais a cooperar. O conflito foi a prova de fogo para forjar uma identidade sul-americana. Entretanto, o jovem pa�s ainda tinha problemas, e, ao aproximar-se o final do s�culo XIX, as crescentes desigualdades sociais fizeram aumentar o descontentamento. Finalmente, nos anos 1920 a insatisfa��o chegou ao auge, e a velha ordem foi subvertida, com o surgimento de um novo Estado comunista. Pronto para exportar a sua revolu��o para o norte, o governo revolucion�rio encontrava-se isolado no hemisf�rio ocidental.;����� � ������������ ������-��������� ����������� �������� ��������� ����������� �����, ������ ������ ��������� � ������������� ������� ������, ��� ������ ���� �������� �������������. ����� ����, ��� ����� ������� � ���� �� ��� ������ - ����������� ������������, - ������ ����� ������� � �������� ����������� �����������������. ���� ����� ��������, ��� ������������ �������� ���-��� �������� ��������, ����������� � ����� �� �������������. ������ ���������� ������� �������� ������������ �������� ��� ������� ��������� ��������� ������������� ������� ����� ����������. � ������� ����� ���� ���������� �������� ���������������� �����. �� � �������� ����������� ���� ����� �������, � � ����� 19-�� ���� ���������� ����������� ����������� ������� �������� ������������ ����. ��� ������������ �������� ��������� � 20-� ���� 20-�� ����. ������ ������� ��� ������, � � ������ � ������ ������ ����������. ������������� ������������� �� �������� ���� ���������� �������������� ��������� �� �����, ������� ������ � �������� ��������� � ���� �� ��������.;;;X
-UPS_DESC;When Japan emerged from its long isolation in the middle of the 19th century, it was a country looking to establish its place in the world. Quickly realizing that territory was the key to being considered a great power. Japan embarked on a program of expansion. First looking north towards the decaying Ming Empire, Japan began to carve out concessions for itself, until Russian policy made the Japanese seek the least line of resistance and turned south towards the various Pacific islands abandoned by the colonial powers during the turmoil of the early 19th century. This line of expansion led quickly to potential conflict with Australasia and Japan did not want this either. The Japanese came to an accommodation with their southern neighbors that left both sides feeling they had a reasonable buffer. The Japanese now felt secure enough to once again turn north. Growing Russian influence in Manchuria and Korea had left them fearful for the security of the home islands. The Russo-Japanese war was a brutal and just when it looked like Japan would be bankrupted by its efforts, revolution struck in Russia. This gave the Japanese total victory and security on their northern border. But internal disorder hit the country, as many of the poorer in society were increasingly left behind in Japan's march to glory. Growing factionalism in the army and navy and a decline of the effectiveness of domestic politics left Japan facing growing internal chaos. Unable to contain the revolutionary forces, a communist revolution hit the army. Initially the earnest junior officers believed that the Emperor did not know what was going on and hoped to open his eyes. But the Imperial court was too conservative and the revolution quickly radicalized into a full-blown revolutionary republic.;Lorsque le Japon �mergea de son long isolement du milieu du XIX�me, il chercha sa place sur l'�chiquier mondial et se rendit tr�s vite compte que, pour �tre consid�r� comme une grande puissance, il lui fallait �tendre son territoire. C'est ainsi que le Japon s'embarqua dans un programme d'expansion. D'abord lorgnant au Nord vers le d�cadent Empire ming, le Japon commen�a par sculpter ses propres concessions. La politique russe for�a n�anmoins les japonais � chercher la moindre r�sistance et ces derniers se tourn�rent alors vers les diff�rentes iles du Pacifique abandonn�es par les puissances coloniales durant les d�buts tourment�s du XIX�me si�cle. Cette ligne d'expansion mena rapidement a un conflit potentiel avec l'Australasie et le Japon ne voulait pas cela non plus. Les japonais trouv�rent un terrain d'entente avec ces voisins du Sud qui laissa les deux parties avec un sentiment de confort. Les japonais se sentaient suffisamment en s�curit� pour tourner � nouveau leur attention vers le Nord. La grandissante influence russe en Mandchourie et Cor�e cr�a un sentiment d'ins�curit� pour les iles m�res. La guerre russo-japonaise fut brutale and juste quand on croyait que le Japon serait en banqueroute par ses efforts, la r�volution frappa en Russie. Elle permit aux japonais de remporter une victoire totale et s�curiser leur fronti�re Nord. L'agitation frappa n�anmoins le pays de l'int�rieur puisque les pauvres �taient progressivement distanc�s par la marche pour la gloire du Japon. Le Japon faisait face au chaos alors que le factionnalisme dans l'arm�e de terre et la marine et le d�clin de l'efficacit� des politiques int�rieures progressaient. Incapable de retenir le flot des forces r�formatrices, une r�volution communiste frappa l'arm�e. Au premier abord, de fervents jeunes officiers pensaient que l'Empereur ne savait pas ce qui se passait et esp�raient lui ouvrir les yeux mais la court imp�riale �tait trop conservatrice et la r�volution se radicalisa rapidement en une compl�te r�publique r�volutionnaire.;Quando il Giappone emerse dal suo lungo isolamento a met� del 19 secolo, era un paese in cerca di stabilire il suo posto nel mondo. Rapidamente si rese conto che l'espansione territoritoriale sarebbe la chiave per essere considerato una grande potenza. Il Giappone quindi intraprese un programma di espansione. In primo luogo si affacci� a nord verso il decadente impero Ming, iniziando a ritagliarsi concessioni, fino a quando la politica russa fece cercare ai giapponesi la direttrice di minima resistenza, voltandosi a sud verso le varie isole del Pacifico abbandonate dalle potenze coloniali durante i disordini del primi anni del 19 secolo. Questa linea di espansione ha portato rapidamente ad un potenziale conflitto con l'Australasia, cosa che il  e Giappone non voleva. I giapponesi giunsero quindi ad un accomodamento con i loro vicini meridionali, che lasci� entrambi con la sensazione di avere un cuscinetto ragionevole. I giapponesi ora si sentivano abbastanza sicuro per espandersi ancora una volta verso il nord. La crescente influenza russa in Manciuria e Corea avevano generato la paura per la sicurezza delle isole. La guerra russo-giapponese fu brutale e proprio quando sembrava che il Giappone fosse sull'orlo della bancarotta per i suoi sforzi bellici, una rivoluzione colp� la Russia. Questo diede una vittoria totale ai giapponesi e la sicurezza del loro confine settentrionale. Ma disordine interni colpirono il paese, molti dei pi� poveri nella societ� vennero sempre pi� lasciati indietro nella marcia del Giappone verso la gloria. La crescita del frazionamento politico nell'esercito e nella marina, oltre ad un calo dell'efficacia della politica interna port� il Giappone di fronte ad un crescente caos interno. Incapace di contenere le forze rivoluzionarie, una rivoluzione comunista colp� l'esercito. Inizialmente gli ufficiali credettero che l'Imperatore non sapeva che cosa stava succedendo e speravano che aprisse gli occhi. Ma la corte imperiale era troppo conservatorice e la rivoluzione port� velocemente alla creazione di una vera repubblica rivoluzionaria.;Cuando Jap�n sali� de su largo aislacionismo a mediados del s. XIX, era un pa�s que deseaba establecer su posici�n junto a los dem�s pa�ses del mundo. Pronto se dio cuenta de que la obtenci�n de territorios era b�sica para se le considerara una gran potencia. En primer lugar, volvi� su vista al norte, al decadente Imperio Ming, y comenz� a adjudicarse tierras y concesiones por cuenta propia hasta que la actitud de los rusos hizo que buscara un enemigo menos tenaz. Entonces se centr� en el sur, hacia las diversas islas del Pac�fico que las potencias coloniales hab�an abandonado durante el turbulento principio del s. XIX. La expansi�n en esta zona deriv� r�pidamente en un conflicto potencial con Australasia, cosa que Jap�n tampoco deseaba. Los japoneses llegaron a un acuerdo con sus vecinos del sur que dej� a ambas partes con suficiente espacio para respirar. Los japoneses entonces se sintieron lo bastante seguros como para volver a mirar hacia el norte. La creciente influencia rusa en Manchuria y Corea les hacia temer por la seguridad de las islas patrias. La guerra ruso-japonesa fue un conflicto brutal. Cuando parec�a que Jap�n estaba en bancarrota debido al esfuerzo de guerra, la revoluci�n estall� en Rusia. Esto proporcion� a los japoneses una victoria total y la seguridad de su frontera norte. Pero los des�rdenes internos sacudieron el pa�s, ya que los desfavorecidos se quedaban atr�s en el camino hacia la gloria nacional. La creciente aparici�n de facciones en el ej�rcito y la marina, sumado al declive de la efectividad de la pol�tica interior hizo que Jap�n se enfrentase a un aut�ntico caos. Incapaz de contener a las fuerzas revolucionarias, una revuelta comunista se apoder� del ej�rcito. En principio, los oficiales m�s j�venes y honrados cre�an que el emperador no sab�a lo que estaba pasando y quer�an abrirle los ojos. Pero la corte imperial era demasiado conservadora y la revoluci�n desemboc� con rapidez en la creaci�n de toda una rep�blica revolucionaria.;Als in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts Japan aus seiner langen Isolation auftauchte, war es ein Land, welches darauf aus war, seine Position auf internationaler Ebene zu festigen. Schnell erkannte man, dass Territurium der Schl�ssel war, um als Gro�macht angesehen zu werden, was dazu f�hrte, dass Japan zur Expansion veranlasste. Zuerst richtete sich der Blick gen Norden, wo das langsam zerfallende chinesische Ming-Reich lag. Dort begann Japan durch Zugest�ndnisse zu profitieren, bis russische Politik die Japaner dazu veranlasste, den Weg des geringsten Widerstands zu gehen und sie sich gen S�den in Richtung der vielz�hligen pazifischen Inseln, welche w�hrend der Wirren zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts durch die Kolonialm�chte aufgegeben wurden, zuwandten. Jedoch f�hrte diese Expansionsrichtung schnell zu einem potentiellen Konflikt mit Australasien, welchen Japan unbedingt verhindern wollte. So kam es mit ihrem s�dlichen Nachbarn zu einer �bereinkunft, in der Art, dass sie beiden Seiten das Gef�hl vermittelte, durch einen angemessenen Puffer getrennt zu sein. Die Japaner, welche sich nun im S�den sicher genug f�hlten, wandten sich erneut dem Norden zu, wo der wachsende russische Einfluss in der Mandschurei und Korea sie um die Sicherheit ihrer Heimatinseln bangen lie�. Dies f�hrte zum Ausbruch des �u�erst brutal gef�hrten russisch-japanischen Krieges, in dessen Verlauf, verursacht durch seine Bestrebungen, Japan der Bankrott drohte. Jedoch brach zu diesem Zeitpunkt in Russland die Revolution aus, Japan war es m�glich den totalen Sieg zu erringen und f�r Sicherheit an seiner n�rdlichen Grenze zu sorgen. Gerade als es so aussah, dass Japan seine Ziele erreicht h�tte, ersch�tterten innere Unruhen das Land, da die �rmsten der Gesellschaft auf Japans Weg zum Ruhm mehr und mehr zur�ckgelassen wurden. Zunehmende interne Streitigkeiten in Heer und Marine, sowie eine Verschlechterung der innenpolitischen Effektivit�t f�hrten Japan immer weiter ins Chaos. Nachdem revolution�ren Kr�ften in Reihen der Armee kein Einhalt geboten werden konnte, kam es dort zu einem kommunistischen Umsturz. Anf�nglich glaubend der Kaiser w�sste nichts von alledem, hielten es die Revolution�re f�r n�tig ihm zu zeigen was vonstatten ging, um alles zum Guten zu wenden. Jedoch war niemand konservativer als das kaiserliche Gericht und der Umsturz, der schnell radikalere Z�ge annahm, f�hrte zu einer voll entfalteten revolution�ren Republik.;Kiedy Japonia wysz�a ze swej d�ugoletniej izolacji w po�owie XIX wieku, szuka�a swego miejsca w�r�d kraj�w �wiata. Szybko zrozumia�a, �e do osi�gni�cia statusu wielkiej pot�gi potrzebne s� podboje, co doprowadzi�o do obrania polityki ekspansji terytorialnej. Rozpoczynaj�c od rozbior�w upadaj�cego Cesarstwa Ming, Japonia szuka�a sposobu by uzyska� znaczne terytoria w Chinach, lecz napotka�a na op�r Rosjan. Wi�cej szcz�scia mia�a opanowuj�c wyspy pacyficzne, kt�re opuszczone zosta�y przez by�e mocarstwa kolonialne w czasie niepokoj�w XIX wieku. To jednak doprowadzi�o do konflikt�w z Australazj�, co r�wnie� nie by�o po my�li Japo�czyk�w. Zabezpieczaj�c t� flank� drog� negocjacj�, by�a gotowa doko�czy� nieudan� ekspansj� na terytorium Mand�urii, gdzie rosn�ca pot�ga Rosji zagra�a�a ich wp�ywom w Korei. Wojna rosyjsko-japo�ska by�a krawawa i pomimo pocz�tkowych sukces�w Rosjan, tamtejsza rewolucja przechyli�a szal� zwyci�stwa na stron� japo�sk�. Pe�ne zwyci�stwo da�o bezpiecze�stwo granic, ale obci��enia wojenne spowodowa�y, �e znaczna cz�� spo�ecze�stwa poczu�a si� wykluczona z glorii wojennej i wi���cych si� z ni� zysk�w. Komunistyczna rewolta najpierw obj�a armi�, kt�rej oficerowie chcieli otworzy� Cesarzowi oczy na ci�k� sytuacj� kraju. Dw�r okaza� si� jednak nastawiony konserwatywnie i zradykalizowane masy znalaz�y rozwi�zanie w og�lnonarodowym powstaniu komunistycznym, kt�re obwo�a�o kraj republik�.;Quando o Jap�o saiu do seu longo isolamento em meados do s�culo XIX, era um pa�s que buscava estabelecer sua posi��o no mundo. Depressa perceberam que possuir territ�rios era vital para ser considerado uma grande pot�ncia. O pa�s empreendeu, ent�o, um programa de expans�o. Primeiro, acossando o decadente Imp�rio Ming ao norte, conseguiam concess�es dos chineses, at� que a pol�tica expansionista russa fez com que os japoneses buscassem um alvo mais f�cil, voltando-se para o sul, em dire��o �s diversas ilhas do Pac�fico abandonadas pelas pot�ncias coloniais no ca�tico in�cio do s�culo XIX. Esta alternativa levou rapidamente � possibilidade de conflito com a Austral�sia � algo que o Jap�o tampouco queria. Chegaram, ent�o, a um acordo com seus vizinhos sulistas, com o qual ambos os lados tiveram a sensa��o de estarem razoavelmente protegidos. Agora, os japoneses sentiam-se seguros o suficiente para voltar a lidar com o norte. A crescente influ�ncia russa na Manch�ria e na Coreia os havia deixado temerosos quanto � seguran�a de suas ilhas p�trias. A Guerra Russo-Japonesa foi brutal, e justo quando parecia que o Jap�o seria levado � bancarrota pelo esfor�o de guerra, a revolu��o irrompeu na R�ssia. Isso deu ao Jap�o uma vit�ria completa e seguran�a na sua fronteira norte. Contudo, o pa�s passou a sofrer dist�rbios internos, j� que as camadas mais pobres da sociedade sentiam-se deixadas para tr�s na marcha do Jap�o em dire��o � gl�ria. Crescentes rivalidades dentro do ex�rcito e da marinha e o decl�nio da efici�ncia da pol�tica interna deixaram o Jap�o enfrentado com seu pr�prio caos interno. Uma revolu��o comunista brotou no ex�rcito, e o governo foi incapaz de cont�-los. Inicialmente, os oficiais mais jovens e zelosos acreditavam que o imperador n�o sabia o que estava acontecendo, e esperavam abrir seus olhos. No entanto, a corte imperial era demasiado conservadora, e a revolu��o depressa radicalizou-se, desembocando em uma plena rep�blica revolucion�ria.;� �������� 19-�� ���� ������ ����� �� ������ ������������ � ����� ������ ���� ����� � ����. ������ ������ ������, ��� ������� ������� ���������� ������� ����������, � ���������� � ���������. ������� ��� �������� �������� �� ��������� ������� ��� � ������� � ��� ������������ �������. �� ����� �������� ������ �������� ������ ����� �� ����� ����������� ������������� � ���������� �� ��, � �������������� �������� ������ ������, ���������� ��� ��������� ������������ ������ � ������ 19-�� ����, � ������ ���������� � ����������� �����. ����� ����� ����������� ��������� ����� ������ ��� �������� � ��������� � ������������, ��� ���� �� ������� � ����� �������. ������ �������� ���������� � ����� �������, ��� ���� ��� ����������� �������, ��� ����������� ����������� �������� �����. ������ ������ ���������� ���� ��� � ����� ����� ����������� �� �����. �������� ������� ������ � ��������� � ����� ��������� ��� ������ ������������ �������� ��������. ������-�������� ����� ���� �������. ����� ��� ��������, ��� ������ �� �������� ����������, � ������ ��������� ���������. ����� ������� ������� ������ ������ ������ ������ � ������������ �������� ������. ������ � � ����� ������ �������� ����������, ��� ��� ������������� ���� ������ ����� �� ��������� �� ����� ��������� ����� ���������. � ����� � �� ����� ���� �� ���� �������� ����� ���������� ��������, � ������������� �� ���������� �������� ��������� ������ �� ����� �����. ������������� ��������� �� �������, � � ����� ����� ���� ����������. ������� ��������� ���������� ������� ������� ������, ��� �� ������ �� ����� � ���, ��� ����������, � ��������� �� ����. ������ ��������� ���� ��� ������� ��������������, � ������ ������������� ������������� ���������������� ����������. ;;;X
+UPS_DESC;When Japan emerged from its long isolation in the middle of the 19th century, it was a country looking to establish its place in the world. Quickly realizing that territory was the key to being considered a great power. Japan embarked on a program of expansion. First looking north towards the decaying Ming Empire, Japan began to carve out concessions for itself, until Russian policy made the Japanese seek the least line of resistance and turned south towards the various Pacific islands abandoned by the colonial powers during the turmoil of the early 19th century. This line of expansion led quickly to potential conflict with Australasia and Japan did not want this either. The Japanese came to an accommodation with their southern neighbours that left both sides feeling they had a reasonable buffer. The Japanese now felt secure enough to once again turn north. Growing Russian influence in Manchuria and Korea had left them fearful for the security of the home islands. The Russo-Japanese war was a brutal and just when it looked like Japan would be bankrupted by its efforts, revolution struck in Russia. This gave the Japanese total victory and security on their northern border. But internal disorder hit the country, as many of the poorer in society were increasingly left behind in Japan's march to glory. Growing factionalism in the army and navy and a decline of the effectiveness of domestic politics left Japan facing growing internal chaos. Unable to contain the revolutionary forces, a communist revolution hit the army. Initially the earnest junior officers believed that the Emperor did not know what was going on and hoped to open his eyes. But the Imperial court was too conservative and the revolution quickly radicalized into a full-blown revolutionary republic.;Lorsque le Japon �mergea de son long isolement du milieu du XIX�me, il chercha sa place sur l'�chiquier mondial et se rendit tr�s vite compte que, pour �tre consid�r� comme une grande puissance, il lui fallait �tendre son territoire. C'est ainsi que le Japon s'embarqua dans un programme d'expansion. D'abord lorgnant au Nord vers le d�cadent Empire ming, le Japon commen�a par sculpter ses propres concessions. La politique russe for�a n�anmoins les japonais � chercher la moindre r�sistance et ces derniers se tourn�rent alors vers les diff�rentes iles du Pacifique abandonn�es par les puissances coloniales durant les d�buts tourment�s du XIX�me si�cle. Cette ligne d'expansion mena rapidement a un conflit potentiel avec l'Australasie et le Japon ne voulait pas cela non plus. Les japonais trouv�rent un terrain d'entente avec ces voisins du Sud qui laissa les deux parties avec un sentiment de confort. Les japonais se sentaient suffisamment en s�curit� pour tourner � nouveau leur attention vers le Nord. La grandissante influence russe en Mandchourie et Cor�e cr�a un sentiment d'ins�curit� pour les iles m�res. La guerre russo-japonaise fut brutale and juste quand on croyait que le Japon serait en banqueroute par ses efforts, la r�volution frappa en Russie. Elle permit aux japonais de remporter une victoire totale et s�curiser leur fronti�re Nord. L'agitation frappa n�anmoins le pays de l'int�rieur puisque les pauvres �taient progressivement distanc�s par la marche pour la gloire du Japon. Le Japon faisait face au chaos alors que le factionnalisme dans l'arm�e de terre et la marine et le d�clin de l'efficacit� des politiques int�rieures progressaient. Incapable de retenir le flot des forces r�formatrices, une r�volution communiste frappa l'arm�e. Au premier abord, de fervents jeunes officiers pensaient que l'Empereur ne savait pas ce qui se passait et esp�raient lui ouvrir les yeux mais la court imp�riale �tait trop conservatrice et la r�volution se radicalisa rapidement en une compl�te r�publique r�volutionnaire.;Quando il Giappone emerse dal suo lungo isolamento a met� del 19 secolo, era un paese in cerca di stabilire il suo posto nel mondo. Rapidamente si rese conto che l'espansione territoritoriale sarebbe la chiave per essere considerato una grande potenza. Il Giappone quindi intraprese un programma di espansione. In primo luogo si affacci� a nord verso il decadente impero Ming, iniziando a ritagliarsi concessioni, fino a quando la politica russa fece cercare ai giapponesi la direttrice di minima resistenza, voltandosi a sud verso le varie isole del Pacifico abbandonate dalle potenze coloniali durante i disordini del primi anni del 19 secolo. Questa linea di espansione ha portato rapidamente ad un potenziale conflitto con l'Australasia, cosa che il  e Giappone non voleva. I giapponesi giunsero quindi ad un accomodamento con i loro vicini meridionali, che lasci� entrambi con la sensazione di avere un cuscinetto ragionevole. I giapponesi ora si sentivano abbastanza sicuro per espandersi ancora una volta verso il nord. La crescente influenza russa in Manciuria e Corea avevano generato la paura per la sicurezza delle isole. La guerra russo-giapponese fu brutale e proprio quando sembrava che il Giappone fosse sull'orlo della bancarotta per i suoi sforzi bellici, una rivoluzione colp� la Russia. Questo diede una vittoria totale ai giapponesi e la sicurezza del loro confine settentrionale. Ma disordine interni colpirono il paese, molti dei pi� poveri nella societ� vennero sempre pi� lasciati indietro nella marcia del Giappone verso la gloria. La crescita del frazionamento politico nell'esercito e nella marina, oltre ad un calo dell'efficacia della politica interna port� il Giappone di fronte ad un crescente caos interno. Incapace di contenere le forze rivoluzionarie, una rivoluzione comunista colp� l'esercito. Inizialmente gli ufficiali credettero che l'Imperatore non sapeva che cosa stava succedendo e speravano che aprisse gli occhi. Ma la corte imperiale era troppo conservatorice e la rivoluzione port� velocemente alla creazione di una vera repubblica rivoluzionaria.;Cuando Jap�n sali� de su largo aislacionismo a mediados del s. XIX, era un pa�s que deseaba establecer su posici�n junto a los dem�s pa�ses del mundo. Pronto se dio cuenta de que la obtenci�n de territorios era b�sica para se le considerara una gran potencia. En primer lugar, volvi� su vista al norte, al decadente Imperio Ming, y comenz� a adjudicarse tierras y concesiones por cuenta propia hasta que la actitud de los rusos hizo que buscara un enemigo menos tenaz. Entonces se centr� en el sur, hacia las diversas islas del Pac�fico que las potencias coloniales hab�an abandonado durante el turbulento principio del s. XIX. La expansi�n en esta zona deriv� r�pidamente en un conflicto potencial con Australasia, cosa que Jap�n tampoco deseaba. Los japoneses llegaron a un acuerdo con sus vecinos del sur que dej� a ambas partes con suficiente espacio para respirar. Los japoneses entonces se sintieron lo bastante seguros como para volver a mirar hacia el norte. La creciente influencia rusa en Manchuria y Corea les hacia temer por la seguridad de las islas patrias. La guerra ruso-japonesa fue un conflicto brutal. Cuando parec�a que Jap�n estaba en bancarrota debido al esfuerzo de guerra, la revoluci�n estall� en Rusia. Esto proporcion� a los japoneses una victoria total y la seguridad de su frontera norte. Pero los des�rdenes internos sacudieron el pa�s, ya que los desfavorecidos se quedaban atr�s en el camino hacia la gloria nacional. La creciente aparici�n de facciones en el ej�rcito y la marina, sumado al declive de la efectividad de la pol�tica interior hizo que Jap�n se enfrentase a un aut�ntico caos. Incapaz de contener a las fuerzas revolucionarias, una revuelta comunista se apoder� del ej�rcito. En principio, los oficiales m�s j�venes y honrados cre�an que el emperador no sab�a lo que estaba pasando y quer�an abrirle los ojos. Pero la corte imperial era demasiado conservadora y la revoluci�n desemboc� con rapidez en la creaci�n de toda una rep�blica revolucionaria.;Als in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts Japan aus seiner langen Isolation auftauchte, war es ein Land, welches darauf aus war, seine Position auf internationaler Ebene zu festigen. Schnell erkannte man, dass Territurium der Schl�ssel war, um als Gro�macht angesehen zu werden, was dazu f�hrte, dass Japan zur Expansion veranlasste. Zuerst richtete sich der Blick gen Norden, wo das langsam zerfallende chinesische Ming-Reich lag. Dort begann Japan durch Zugest�ndnisse zu profitieren, bis russische Politik die Japaner dazu veranlasste, den Weg des geringsten Widerstands zu gehen und sie sich gen S�den in Richtung der vielz�hligen pazifischen Inseln, welche w�hrend der Wirren zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts durch die Kolonialm�chte aufgegeben wurden, zuwandten. Jedoch f�hrte diese Expansionsrichtung schnell zu einem potentiellen Konflikt mit Australasien, welchen Japan unbedingt verhindern wollte. So kam es mit ihrem s�dlichen Nachbarn zu einer �bereinkunft, in der Art, dass sie beiden Seiten das Gef�hl vermittelte, durch einen angemessenen Puffer getrennt zu sein. Die Japaner, welche sich nun im S�den sicher genug f�hlten, wandten sich erneut dem Norden zu, wo der wachsende russische Einfluss in der Mandschurei und Korea sie um die Sicherheit ihrer Heimatinseln bangen lie�. Dies f�hrte zum Ausbruch des �u�erst brutal gef�hrten russisch-japanischen Krieges, in dessen Verlauf, verursacht durch seine Bestrebungen, Japan der Bankrott drohte. Jedoch brach zu diesem Zeitpunkt in Russland die Revolution aus, Japan war es m�glich den totalen Sieg zu erringen und f�r Sicherheit an seiner n�rdlichen Grenze zu sorgen. Gerade als es so aussah, dass Japan seine Ziele erreicht h�tte, ersch�tterten innere Unruhen das Land, da die �rmsten der Gesellschaft auf Japans Weg zum Ruhm mehr und mehr zur�ckgelassen wurden. Zunehmende interne Streitigkeiten in Heer und Marine, sowie eine Verschlechterung der innenpolitischen Effektivit�t f�hrten Japan immer weiter ins Chaos. Nachdem revolution�ren Kr�ften in Reihen der Armee kein Einhalt geboten werden konnte, kam es dort zu einem kommunistischen Umsturz. Anf�nglich glaubend der Kaiser w�sste nichts von alledem, hielten es die Revolution�re f�r n�tig ihm zu zeigen was vonstatten ging, um alles zum Guten zu wenden. Jedoch war niemand konservativer als das kaiserliche Gericht und der Umsturz, der schnell radikalere Z�ge annahm, f�hrte zu einer voll entfalteten revolution�ren Republik.;Kiedy Japonia wysz�a ze swej d�ugoletniej izolacji w po�owie XIX wieku, szuka�a swego miejsca w�r�d kraj�w �wiata. Szybko zrozumia�a, �e do osi�gni�cia statusu wielkiej pot�gi potrzebne s� podboje, co doprowadzi�o do obrania polityki ekspansji terytorialnej. Rozpoczynaj�c od rozbior�w upadaj�cego Cesarstwa Ming, Japonia szuka�a sposobu by uzyska� znaczne terytoria w Chinach, lecz napotka�a na op�r Rosjan. Wi�cej szcz�scia mia�a opanowuj�c wyspy pacyficzne, kt�re opuszczone zosta�y przez by�e mocarstwa kolonialne w czasie niepokoj�w XIX wieku. To jednak doprowadzi�o do konflikt�w z Australazj�, co r�wnie� nie by�o po my�li Japo�czyk�w. Zabezpieczaj�c t� flank� drog� negocjacj�, by�a gotowa doko�czy� nieudan� ekspansj� na terytorium Mand�urii, gdzie rosn�ca pot�ga Rosji zagra�a�a ich wp�ywom w Korei. Wojna rosyjsko-japo�ska by�a krawawa i pomimo pocz�tkowych sukces�w Rosjan, tamtejsza rewolucja przechyli�a szal� zwyci�stwa na stron� japo�sk�. Pe�ne zwyci�stwo da�o bezpiecze�stwo granic, ale obci��enia wojenne spowodowa�y, �e znaczna cz�� spo�ecze�stwa poczu�a si� wykluczona z glorii wojennej i wi���cych si� z ni� zysk�w. Komunistyczna rewolta najpierw obj�a armi�, kt�rej oficerowie chcieli otworzy� Cesarzowi oczy na ci�k� sytuacj� kraju. Dw�r okaza� si� jednak nastawiony konserwatywnie i zradykalizowane masy znalaz�y rozwi�zanie w og�lnonarodowym powstaniu komunistycznym, kt�re obwo�a�o kraj republik�.;Quando o Jap�o saiu do seu longo isolamento em meados do s�culo XIX, era um pa�s que buscava estabelecer sua posi��o no mundo. Depressa perceberam que possuir territ�rios era vital para ser considerado uma grande pot�ncia. O pa�s empreendeu, ent�o, um programa de expans�o. Primeiro, acossando o decadente Imp�rio Ming ao norte, conseguiam concess�es dos chineses, at� que a pol�tica expansionista russa fez com que os japoneses buscassem um alvo mais f�cil, voltando-se para o sul, em dire��o �s diversas ilhas do Pac�fico abandonadas pelas pot�ncias coloniais no ca�tico in�cio do s�culo XIX. Esta alternativa levou rapidamente � possibilidade de conflito com a Austral�sia � algo que o Jap�o tampouco queria. Chegaram, ent�o, a um acordo com seus vizinhos sulistas, com o qual ambos os lados tiveram a sensa��o de estarem razoavelmente protegidos. Agora, os japoneses sentiam-se seguros o suficiente para voltar a lidar com o norte. A crescente influ�ncia russa na Manch�ria e na Coreia os havia deixado temerosos quanto � seguran�a de suas ilhas p�trias. A Guerra Russo-Japonesa foi brutal, e justo quando parecia que o Jap�o seria levado � bancarrota pelo esfor�o de guerra, a revolu��o irrompeu na R�ssia. Isso deu ao Jap�o uma vit�ria completa e seguran�a na sua fronteira norte. Contudo, o pa�s passou a sofrer dist�rbios internos, j� que as camadas mais pobres da sociedade sentiam-se deixadas para tr�s na marcha do Jap�o em dire��o � gl�ria. Crescentes rivalidades dentro do ex�rcito e da marinha e o decl�nio da efici�ncia da pol�tica interna deixaram o Jap�o enfrentado com seu pr�prio caos interno. Uma revolu��o comunista brotou no ex�rcito, e o governo foi incapaz de cont�-los. Inicialmente, os oficiais mais jovens e zelosos acreditavam que o imperador n�o sabia o que estava acontecendo, e esperavam abrir seus olhos. No entanto, a corte imperial era demasiado conservadora, e a revolu��o depressa radicalizou-se, desembocando em uma plena rep�blica revolucion�ria.;� �������� 19-�� ���� ������ ����� �� ������ ������������ � ����� ������ ���� ����� � ����. ������ ������ ������, ��� ������� ������� ���������� ������� ����������, � ���������� � ���������. ������� ��� �������� �������� �� ��������� ������� ��� � ������� � ��� ������������ �������. �� ����� �������� ������ �������� ������ ����� �� ����� ����������� ������������� � ���������� �� ��, � �������������� �������� ������ ������, ���������� ��� ��������� ������������ ������ � ������ 19-�� ����, � ������ ���������� � ����������� �����. ����� ����� ����������� ��������� ����� ������ ��� �������� � ��������� � ������������, ��� ���� �� ������� � ����� �������. ������ �������� ���������� � ����� �������, ��� ���� ��� ����������� �������, ��� ����������� ����������� �������� �����. ������ ������ ���������� ���� ��� � ����� ����� ����������� �� �����. �������� ������� ������ � ��������� � ����� ��������� ��� ������ ������������ �������� ��������. ������-�������� ����� ���� �������. ����� ��� ��������, ��� ������ �� �������� ����������, � ������ ��������� ���������. ����� ������� ������� ������ ������ ������ ������ � ������������ �������� ������. ������ � � ����� ������ �������� ����������, ��� ��� ������������� ���� ������ ����� �� ��������� �� ����� ��������� ����� ���������. � ����� � �� ����� ���� �� ���� �������� ����� ���������� ��������, � ������������� �� ���������� �������� ��������� ������ �� ����� �����. ������������� ��������� �� �������, � � ����� ����� ���� ����������. ������� ��������� ���������� ������� ������� ������, ��� �� ������ �� ����� � ���, ��� ����������, � ��������� �� ����. ������ ��������� ���� ��� ������� ��������������, � ������ ������������� ������������� ���������������� ����������. ;;;X
 UES_DESC;The history of the 19th century United Kingdom was one of tactical gain followed by strategic failure. The loss of the American colonies was initially not much of a loss as the level of trade continued to underpin the rising prosperity of the United Kingdom and the strong royal ties led to the Danish Monarchy also coming into personal Union with the British crown. This enhanced British security for its other royal domain, Hanover, and led to the passing of the Salic Law to keep the dynastic block together. Edward's daughter Victoria was thus disinherited and Ernest August, Duke of Cumberland, became heir to the throne. Ernest was highly unpopular with the British public and politically extreme conservative, leaving him distinctly out of touch with the popular political mood. Fortune still favored Britain with the Dutch monarchy also falling into its lap, giving it a compact mass of territory in Northern Europe. When the Chartist agitation began, Ernest was the strongest advocate of firm action and led troops in person to suppress the revolt. This brutal policy caused the settler colonies in Australia, New Zealand and the Cape to leave the Kingdom. The seizing of Austrian Belgium to block revolution did not compensate for the loss of India after its mutiny. The Kingdom was now ruled by an unpopular government and short on international prestige. The government faced rising nationalistic revolts but a policy of divide and rule enabled the government to keep a lid on discontent. However the rise of socialism enabled the various nationalistic movements to align behind a single leader and a massed revolution followed. The new state, the Union of European Soviets, named after the soviets of the failed Russian Revolution, arose and was ready to export its revolution to its neighbors.;L'histoire du Royaume-Uni au XIX�me si�cle fut marqu�e par un gain tactique suivi d'un �chec strat�gique. La perte des colonies am�ricaines ne fut dans un premier temps pas ressenti comme une grosse perte car le commerce continuait d'enrichir le Royaume-Uni et les forts liens royaux avec la monarchie n�erlandaise la conduisirent � une union personnelle avec la couronne britannique. Cela am�liora la s�curit� britannique pour son autre domaine royal, Hanovre, et permit le passage de la loi salique pour garder le bloc dynastique solidaire. La fille d'Edward, Victoria, fut ainsi d�sh�rit�e et Ernest August, Duc de Cumberland, devint l'h�ritier du tr�ne. Ernest �tait grandement impopulaire aupr�s du public britannique et extr�mement conservateur le laissant clairement en touche avec l'ambiance politique populaire. La chance continua de favoriser la Grande Bretagne avec la monarchie n�erlandaise elle aussi �chouant sous sa tutelle et lui offrant une masse territoriale compacte en Europe du Nord. Quand l'agitation chartiste commen�a, Ernest �tait le plus fervent d�fenseur de l'usage de la force et mena ses troupes personnellement pour �radiquer la r�volte. Cette politique brutale couta � la couronne ses colonies en Australie, Nouvelle Z�lande et au Cap qui quitt�rent le Royaume. La prise du bloc autrichien belge pour stopper la r�volution ne compensa pas la perte de l'Inde apr�s sa  mutinerie. Le Royaume �tait maintenant dirig� par un gouvernement impopulaire et court en prestige sur la sc�ne internationale. Il faisait face � d'incessantes r�voltes nationalistes mais une politique de diviser pour r�gner lui permit d'�touffer le m�contentement. Bien que la mont�e du socialisme aligna les divers mouvements nationalistes derri�re un seul leader, elle ne pr�vint pas la r�volution massive qui suivit. Le nouvel �tat, l'Union des Soviets Europ�ens., nomm� d'apr�s les soviets de la r�volution russe avort�e, �mergea et est maintenant pr�s � exporter son id�ologie � ses voisins.;La storia britannica del 19 secolo � stata quella di una vittoria tattica seguita dal fallimento strategico. La perdita delle colonie americane non fu inizialmente una grande perdita, dato che il livello degli scambi commerciali continu� a sostenere la crescente prosperit� del Regno Unito, ed i legami reali portarono all'unione con la monarchia danese. Questo aument� la sicurezza britannico dell'altro dominio reale, l'Hannover, e port� all'approvazione della legge salica per mantenere il blocco dinastico. La figlia di Edoardo, Vittoria, venne cos� diseredata ed Ernesto Augusto, duca di Cumberland, divenne erede al trono. Ernesto era molto impopolare presso l'opinione pubblica britannica e politicamente estremista conservatore, per questi motivi perse presto il contatto con l'umore popolare. La fortuna favor� ancora la Gran Bretagna, infatti anche la monarchia olandese le cadde in grembo, dandogli una massa compatta di territorio nel Nord Europa. Quando inizi� l'agitazione cartista, Ernesto fu il pi� forte sostenitore di un'azione ferma e guid� le truppe in prima persona per reprimere la rivolta. Questa politica brutale port� le colonie dell'Australia, della Nuova Zelanda e del Capo a lasciare il Regno. L'occupazione del Belgio austriaco per bloccare la rivoluzione non compens� la perdita dell'India dopo l'ammutinamento. Il Regno era governato da un governo impopolare ed a corto di prestigio internazionale. Il governo affront� l'aumento delle rivolte nazionaliste, ma una politica di divide et impera consent� al governo di porre un coperchio sul malcontento. Tuttavia l'ascesa del socialismo permise ai vari movimenti nazionalisti di allinearsi dietro ad un solo leader, che port� al deflagrare di una massiccia rivoluzione. Il nuovo Stato, l'Unione dei Soviet europei, dal nome del soviet della fallita rivoluzione russa, si alz� e fu pronto ad esportare la rivoluzione ai suoi vicini.;La historia del s. XIX en Gran Breta�a es una historia de victorias t�cticas seguidas de fallos estrat�gicos. La p�rdida de las colonias americanas no fue especialmente grave al principio porque el comercio continu� sosteniendo la creciente prosperidad del Reino Unido y, adem�s, los fuertes v�nculos reales con la corona danesa hab�an llevado a la uni�n con la corona brit�nica. Esto mejor� la seguridad brit�nica en su otro real dominio, Hanover, y llev� a la implantaci�n de la ley S�lica para mantener unido el bloque din�stico. La hija de Eduardo, Victoria, fue desheredada y Ernesto Augusto, Duque de Cumberland, fue el sucesor en el trono. Ernesto era muy impopular entre la opini�n p�blica brit�nica y, pol�ticamente, muy conservador, lo que hacia que no estuviese en contacto con el sentir pol�tico popular. La fortuna a�n sonri� a Gran Breta�a cuando cay� la monarqu�a holandesa, lo que le vali� una buena porci�n de territorio en el norte de Europa. Al comenzar los disturbios del Movimiento Cartista, Ernesto fue el principal defensor de una acci�n firme y dirigi� en persona las tropas que sofocar�an la revuelta. Esta pol�tica brutal caus� la secesi�n de las colonias de Australia, Nueva Zelanda y el Cabo. La toma de la B�lgica austriaca para bloquear la rebeli�n no compens� la p�rdida de la India tras el mot�n de �sta. El reino estaba dirigido por un gobierno impopular y andaba escaso de prestigio internacional. El gobierno se enfrento a revueltas nacionalistas cada vez mayores, pero su pol�tica de 'divide y vencer�s' consigui� mantener a raya el descontento. Sin embargo, el auge del socialismo consigui� reunir a los diversos movimientos nacionalistas bajo un liderazgo unificado y se produjo una revoluci�n masiva. El nuevo estado que surgi�, la Uni�n de los Soviets Europeos tom� el nombre de la fallida Revoluci�n Rusa, ya estaba listo para exportar la revoluci�n a sus vecinos.;Die Geschichte des Vereinigten K�nigreichs des 19. Jahrhunderts war die eines taktischen Gewinns gefolgt von einem strategischen Misserfolg. Der Verlust der amerikanischen Kolonien war anfangs kein Gesamtverlust, das Niveau des Handels verhalf weiterhin zu steigendem Wohlstand im K�nigreich und die starken k�niglichen Bande f�hrten dazu, dass die d�nische Monarchie einen pers�hnlichen Bund mit der britischen Krone einging. Dies erh�hte Britaniens Sicherheit f�r seinen anderen k�niglichen Herrschaftsbereich Hannover und f�hrte zur Verabschiedung des Salischen Gesetzes um den dynastischen Block zusammenzuhalten. Edwards Tochter Victoria wurde enterbt und Ernest August, Herzog von Cumberland, wurde Erbe des Throns. Ernest war �u�erst unbeliebt bei der britischen �ffentlichkeit und     . Der neue Staat, die Union der europ�ischen R�te (bennat nach den R�ten der fehlgeschlagenen russische Revolution) entstand und war bereit seinen Nachbarn die Revolution zu bringen.;Historia XIX-wiecznej Wielkiej Brytanii naznaczona by�a taktycznymi zwyci�stwami po kt�rych przysz�a wielka pora�ka. Utrata kolonii w Ameryce nie stanowi�a du�ego problemu, gdy� znakomicie rozwija� si� handel, podpora rosn�cej prosperity Zjednoczonego Kr�lestwa. Silne pozostawa�y wi�zy z monarchi� du�sk� pozostaj�cej w unii personalnej z koron� brytyjsk�. To zwi�ksza�o bezpiecze�stwa kr�lewskiej posiad�o�ci, Hanoweru, i oznacza�o utrzymanie w mocy dynastycznego prawa salickiego. C�rka Edwarda, Wiktoria, by�a wi�c wy��czona z dziedziczenia i dziedzicem zosta� Ernest August, Ksi��e Kumbrii. Ernest cieszy� si� du�� niepopularno�ci� w�r�d Brytyjczyk�w z uwagi na sw�j kra�cowy konserwatyzm, kt�ry nie pozwala� mu na nawi�zanie kontaktu z polityczn� rzeczywisto�ci�. Szcz�cie dalej dopisywa�o Wielkiej Brytanii z du�sk� monarchi� u jej boku, pozostawiaj�c pod jej kontrol� zwart� mas� ziem w p�nocnej Europie. Kiedy rozpocz�a si� agitacja czartyst�w, Ernest by� skrajnym zwolennikiem utrzymania twardego stanowiska, wysy�aj�c wojsko do st�umienia niepokoju. Brutalne represje doprowadzi�y do identyfikacji z robotnikami kolonist�w z Australii, Nowej Zelandii i Kraju Przyl�dkowego, kt�rzy od��czyli si� od Kr�lestwa. Opanowanie austriackiej Belgii w celu opanowania ognia rewolucji nie zapobieg�o utracie ca�ych Indii w wyniku wojskowego buntu. W efekcie Wielka Brytania straci�a wiele mi�dzynarodowego presti�u, a jej rz�d by� w Europie bardzo niepopularny. Uda�o mu si� mimo tego utrzyma� w ryzach rosn�ce nastroje nacjonalistyczne, nie by� jednak w stanie przeciwstawi� si� fali socjalizmu. Jednocz�c dotychczasowych rebeliant�w, komuni�ci utworzyli Europejski Kraj Rad, bazuj�cy na modelu nieudanej rewolucji w Rosji i gotowi s� rozszerzy� widmo komunizmu na swych s�siad�w.;A hist�ria do Reino Unido no s�culo XIX foi um enredo de sucessos t�ticos seguidos de fracassos estrat�gicos. A perda das col�nias norte-americanas n�o representou, a princ�pio, um dano muito grande, j� que o volume do com�rcio continuou a sustentar a florescente prosperidade do Reino Unido, e os fortes la�os r�gios levaram a uma uni�o pessoal entre a monarquia dinamarquesa e a coroa brit�nica. Isso aumentou a seguran�a inglesa em rela��o a seu outro dom�nio real � Hanover �, e levou � aprova��o da Lei S�lica para controlar a sucess�o din�stica. Assim, a filha de Eduardo � Vit�ria � foi deixada de lado, e Ernesto Augusto � duque de Cumberland � se tornou o herdeiro do trono. Ernesto era extremamente impopular com o povo brit�nico, al�m de um fervoroso conservador, o que o deixava claramente fora de sintonia com o temperamento pol�tico popular. Por�m, a sorte ainda favoreceu a Gr�-Bretanha com a queda da monarquia holandesa em m�os inglesas, dando � coroa brit�nica a posse de um extenso territ�rio no norte europeu. Quando as agita��es cartistas come�aram, Ernesto foi o principal defensor de uma dura repress�o, conduzindo ele mesmo as tropas contra a revolta. Essa pol�tica brutal causou a secess�o das col�nias na Austr�lia, Nova Zel�ndia e Col�nia do Cabo. A toma da B�lgica austr�aca para bloquear a rebeli�o n�o compensou a perda da �ndia, ap�s a revolta desta. O Reino agora era comandado por um governo impopular e desprestigiado internacionalmente. Assim, surgiram revoltas nacionalistas, mas a pol�tica de 'dividir para conquistar' permitiu ao governo manter o descontentamento sob controle. Todavia, a ascens�o do socialismo permitiu aos v�rios movimentos nacionalistas alinhar-se junto a um �nico l�der � seguiu-se uma revolu��o em massa. Um novo Estado � a Uni�o dos Sovietes Europeus, batizado em homenagem aos sovietes da fracassada Revolu��o Russa � emergiu, e estava pronto para exportar a sua revolu��o para os pa�ses vizinhos.;������� ������������ ����������� � 19-� ���� - ��� ������� ����������� ������ � �������������� �� ��� ��������������� ���������. ������ ������������ ������� ������� �� ��������� ��������� �������, ������ ��� ���� �������������� � ������ ������������� �������� ���������, � ������� ����� ����� ������������ ������ �������� � ������ ���� ������� � ���������� �����. ��� ������������� �������� ������ ��� ������ ����������� ���������, ����������, � ������� � �������� ���������� �������, ����� ��������� �������� ��������. ���� ������� �������� �������� ���� �� �������, � ����������� ����� ���� ������ ������, ������ ��������������. ������� �����������, ������ ��� ���������� ����������� ����� ��������� ������ � �� ���� ������� ������������ ���������. �� ����� ��� �� ����������� �� ��������. ������������� ����� ��������� ������� ���������� ������ ���������� � �������� ������. ����� �������� ������ ���� ��������, ������ ������� ���� ����������� ������� ��� � ����� ��������� ������, ������������ ��� ���������� ������. ��� �������� �������� ���������� �� �������� ���������� ���������, ����� �������� � ����� ������. ������ ����������� ������� � ����� �������������� ��������� �� ��� �������������� ������ �����. �� ����� ����������� ����� ������������ ������, � ������������� ������� �������� ������ ����. � ������ ���������� ������������������ ���������, �� �������� ''�������� � ��������'' ������� ������������� �������� ��������. ������ ��������������� ���������������� ���� ������� � ����������� ���������� ������������������ ��������, � � ������ ��������� ���������. ����� ����������� �������� �������� '���� ����������� �������' � ����� �������, ������� �������� �� ����� ����������� ������� ���������, � ����� ���������� � �������� ��������� � �������� ������.;;;X
 URO_DESC;The history of Modern Italy begins in the year 1848 as revolution ended the old Hapsburg Empire. The Kingdom of Piedmont took advantage, sweeping all before it in northern Italy and eventually reaching Vienna. The new expanded state now dominated Italian politics. Taking advantage of every opportunity, it steadily expanded into Italy and, eventually, a united Italian state emerged. This Italian State remained hungry for glory and expansion and the opportunity to make gains at Ottoman Expense was too good an opportunity to miss. In alliance with the Bourbon Kingdom and the Cossacks, the Italians joined the war to dismember the Ottoman Empire. The Italians gained Libya, Tunisia and parts of the Balkans, but would also do the bulk of the fighting and paid the highest price. This pyrrhic victory led to rising discontentment with the government and then the forces of communism and extreme nationalism polarized politics. Finally the Croat, Josip Broz, led the Communists to victory and the Roman Socialist Republic was born. ;L'histoire de l'Italie moderne commence en 1848 lorsque la r�volution mit fin � l'empire des Habsbourg. Le royaume du Piedmont profita de l'occasion, d�ferla en Italie du Nord, puis gagna Vienne. Le nouvel �tat �largi dominait d�sormais la sc�ne politique italienne. Prenant avantage de chaque opportunit�, il s'�tendit constamment en direction de l'Italie et finalement, un �tat uni italien �mergea. Il resta affam� pour la gloire et l'expansion de ses fronti�res. Quand l'opportunit� de faire des gains au d�pend des ottomans se pr�senta, elle fut trop belle pour �tre manqu�e. En alliance avec le Royaume bourbon et les cosaques, les italiens joignirent la guerre visant a se partager l'Empire ottoman. Ils y gagn�rent la Libbie, la Tunisie et une part des Balkans mais ils men�rent le gros des combats et soufr�rent de lourdes pertes. Cette couteuse victoire souleva la populace contre le gouvernement et puis les forces du communisme et du nationalisme extr�me d�stabilis�rent la politique. Le croate Josip Broz conduisit finalement les communistes � la victoire et la R�publique Romaine Socialiste �tait n�e.;La storia dell'Italia moderna inizia nel 1848, con la rivoluzione che fece tramontare il vecchio impero asburgico. Il Regno del Piemonte ne approfit�, conquistando tutto il nord Italia e, infine, raggiungendo Vienna. Il nuovo stato ampliato era dominato dalla politica italiana. Approfittando di ogni occasione, si espanse costantemente in Italia e, infine, cre� uno stato unitario italiano. Questo Stato italiano rimase affamato di gloria e di espansione, e la possibilit� di fare guadagni a spese degli ottomano era troppo buona occasione per lasciarla perdere. In alleanza con il Regno borbonico ed i cosacchi, gli italiani entrarono in guerra per smembrare l'Impero Ottomano. Gli italiani acquisirono la Libia, la Tunisia e parte dei Balcani, ma sostennero anche il grosso dei combattimenti e pagarono il prezzo pi� alto. Questa vittoria di Pirro port� ad un crescente malcontento contro il governo ed alla polarizzazione della politica tra le forze comuniste e quelle nazionaliste. Infine, il croato Josip Broz, port� i comunisti alla vittoria e fece nascere la Repubblica socialista romana.;La historia de la Italia moderna comienza en 1848, cuando la revoluci�n acab� con el antiguo imperio de los Habsburgo. El reino de Piamonte tom� la delantera, haci�ndose con el control de todo el norte de Italia y llegando incluso a Viena. El nuevo estado ampliado dominaba la pol�tica italiana. Sac� partido de cada oportunidad y se expandi� por Italia y as� naci� un nuevo estado. Este estado italiano ansiaba gloria y expansi�n y la posibilidad de obtener ganancias a costa del Imperio Otomano era demasiado tentadora como para desaprovecharla. Ali�ndose con el reino de los Borbones y los cosacos, los italianos se unieron a la guerra para desmembrar al Imperio Otomano. Obtuvieron Libia, T�nez y posesiones en los Balcanes, pero sostuvieron la mayor parte del peso en los combates y pagaron el precio m�s alto. Esta victoria p�rrica provoc� descontento hacia el gobierno y fue entonces cuando las fuerzas comunistas y las nacionalistas polarizaron la pol�tica. Al final, el croata Josip Broz, llev� a los comunistas a la victoria y se fund� la Rep�blica Socialista de Roma. ;Die Geschichte des modernen Italiens beginnt im Jahr 1848, als die alte Habsburger Herrschaft durch eine Revolution beendet wurde. Der Monarch Piemonts ergriff die Macht. Mit dem schnellen Sieg �ber Norditalien und der abschlie�enden Eroberung Wiens dominerte der neue vergr��erte Staat die italienische Politik. Jede Gelegenheit nutzend expandierte er stetig in Italien, bis schlie�lich ein vereinter italienischer Staat entstand. Der Expansionshunger des Italienischen Staates war allerdings noch nicht gestillt und die Gelegenheit, Gebiete auf Kosten des Osmanischen Reichs zu erobern war zu g�nstig um sie zu verpassen. In einem B�ndnis mit dem K�nigreich der Bourbonen und dem Kosakenreich beteilige sich Italien am Krieg der zur Zerst�ckelung des Osmanischen Reiches f�hrte. Es eroberte Libyen, Tunesien und Teile des Balkans, doch wurde gleichzeitig der h�chste Preis aller B�ndnispartner daf�r gezahlt, indem es die Hauptlast der Kampfhandlungen trug. Dieser Pyrrhussieg f�hrte zur Unzufriedenheit mit der Regierung und kommunistische als auch extrem nationalistische Kr�fte polarisierten die Politik. Letztendlich war es ein Kroate, Josip Broz, der die Kommunisten zum Sieg f�hrte und die Geburt der R�mischen Sozialistischen Republik einl�utete.;Historia W�och we wsp�czesnym kszta�cie rozpocz�a si� w 1848 r. w momencie gdy pod ciosami rewolucji upad�o stare Imperium Habsburg�w. Kr�lestwo Piemontu wykorzysta�o ten moment, opanowuj�c p�nocne W�ochy i docieraj�c a� pod Wiede�. Zdominowa�o wkr�tce polityk� w�osk� i wykorzystuj�c s�abo�� s�siad�w, zjednoczy�o podzielony dot�d p�wysep. Pa�stwo w�oskie pozosta�o g�odne chwa�y zwyci�stwa i podboj�w, a znakomitym terenem do realizacji tych d��e� wydawa�o si� Imperium Ottoma�skie. W sojuszu z Kr�lestwem Burbon�w i Kozakami W�osi do��czyli do wojny maj�cej po�o�y� kres tureckiemu imperium. Zyskali oni w niej Libi�, Tunezj� i cz�� Ba�kan�w, lecz w obliczu ogromnego wysi�ku wojennego i zas�ug dla zwyci�stwa sojuszu, by�y to nabytki zbyt ma�e. To pyrrusowe zwyci�stwo obudzi�o sprzeciwy ludno�ci i doprowadzi�y do otwartego konfliktu mi�dzy skrajnymi nacjonalistami, a si�ami komunistycznymi. W ko�cu jedna z postaci ruchu skrajnej lewicy, Chorwat Josip Broz, poprowadzi� komunist�w do zwyci�stwa i Rzymska Republika Socjalistyczna mog�a si� narodzi�.;A hist�ria da It�lia moderna come�a no ano de 1848, quando a revolu��o acabou com o antigo Imp�rio dos Habsburgo. O Reino do Piemonte aproveitou a situa��o, conquistando todo o norte da It�lia e eventualmente chegando a Viena. O novo estado engrandecido agora dominava a pol�tica italiana. Aproveitando cada oportunidade, expandiu-se continuamente na It�lia e eventualmente um Estado italiano unificado surgiu. Essa rec�m-criada It�lia estava sedenta de gl�ria e expans�o, e a oportunidade de conquistas contra o Imp�rio Otomano era boa demais para ser ignorada. Aliados com o Reino Bourbon e os Cossacos, os italianos travaram uma guerra para desmembrar o imp�rio turco. Conquistaram a L�bia, Tun�sia e partes dos B�lc�s, mas tamb�m foram os que travaram a maior parte da luta, e por isso pagaram um pre�o alto. Esta vit�ria p�rrica fez crescer o descontentamento interno, e ent�o as for�as do comunismo e do nacionalismo radical passaram a polarizar a pol�tica. Por fim, o croata Josip Broz conduziu os comunistas � vit�ria, e assim nasceu a Rep�blica Socialista Romana.;����������� ������� ������ �������� � 1848 �., ����� ��������� ���������� ������ ������� ����������. ���� ��������������� ����������� ������� � ��������� ��� �������� ������ � ����� ����� �� ����. ����� ������ ����������� ����� ������������ � ������, ��� ������ ����������� ������� ���������� �� ��. ��� �������� ������������ ����������� �����������. ������ ���������� � ����� � ����������, � ����������� ���������� �� ���� ����� ���� ������� ���������������, ����� �� ��������. � ����� � ��������� � �������� ������ �������� � ����� �� ����� �����. ��������� �������� �����, ����� � ����� ������, �� �� ��� ����� �������� ������� �����. ��� ������� ������ ��������� ������� �������������, � �������� ����������� � ������� ������������� ������������ ������������ ������. � ����� ������ �������� ���������� ��� ����������������� ������� ������ ���� ����. ��� ������� ������� ���������������� ����������. ;;;X
-UAP_DESC;Unsuccessful revolutions in both the Bourbon Kingdom and the United Kingdom left the African colonies of these nations independent with white minority governments. They quickly united together to avoid being picked off by their former mother countries and together intended to exploit the Dark Continent. As the 19th century drew to a close, the government realized that they would need a strong industrial base to maintain their independence in an increasingly expansionist world. However this would also sow the seeds of the end of the white minority rule as the only way to develop was to create a black working class. The early years of the 20th century saw the creation of the African National Congress lead by the former Emperors of Ethiopia who were seen as many in the black community as symbols of resistance for their long efforts to prevent Ottoman conquest of Ethiopia. Finally, the dam burst and an ANC government took power. Quickly and wisely making concessions to the white minority who still staffed key positions in both industry and the military, the new state began to consolidate. Faced with hostile states to the north, conflict now seems inevitable.;Les r�volutions infructueuses du royaume des Bourbon et du Royaume-Uni permirent l'ind�pendance de leurs colonies africaines avec, � leur t�tes, des gouvernements form�s par la minorit� blanche. Ceux-ci ne tard�rent pas � s'unifier pour �viter d'�tre chass� par la m�re patrie et, ensemble, avaient bien l'intention d'exploiter le Continent Noir. Comme le XIX�me si�cle touchait � sa fin, le gouvernement se rendit compte qu'ils auraient besoin d'une forte base industrielle pour maintenir leur ind�pendance dans un monde de plus en plus expansionniste. Cela toutefois scellerait le destin de la minorit� blanche comme le seul moyen �tait de d�velopper une classe noire de travailleurs. Le d�but du XX�me si�cle fut t�moin de la cr�ation du Congres National Africain men� par les anciens empereurs d'Ethiopie qui �taient vus par la majorit� de la communaut� noire comme des symboles de r�sistance pour leurs longs efforts emp�chant une conqu�te ottomane de l'Ethiopie. Le barrage �clata au bout du compte et le CNA prit le pouvoir. Rapidement et sagement faisait des concessions � la minorit� blanche qui occupait toujours des postes cl�s a la fois dans l'industrie et l'arm�e, le nouvel �tat commen�a sa consolidation. Voisin� par des �tats hostiles au Nord, un conflit semble d�sormais in�vitable.;Le rivoluzioni non riuscite nel Regno Borbonico e nel Regno Unito lasciarono le colonie africane di queste nazioni indipendenti, con governi della minoranza bianca. Ben presto questi si unirono insieme per evitare di essere cacciati dai loro paesi d'origine e per sfruttare il continente nero. Mentre il 19 secolo volgeva al termine, il governo si rese conto che avrebbero avuto bisogno di una base industriale forte per mantenere l'indipendenza in un mondo sempre pi� espansionistico. Ma questo avrebbe anche sparso i semi della fine del governo della minoranza bianca, in quanto l'unico modo per svilupparsi sarebbe stato quello di creare una classe operaia nera. I primi anni del 20 secolo videro la creazione dell'African National Congress guidato dagli ex-imperatori d'Etiopia, che erano visti, da molti nella comunit� nera, come simbolo di resistenza, per gli sforzi che avevano fatto per evitare la conquista ottomana dell'Etiopia. Infine, scoppi� la rivoluzione e l'ANC prese il potere. Rapidamente e saggiamente il governo fece concessioni alla minoranza bianca, che ancora controllava posizioni chiave sia nell'industria che nelle forze armate, per consolidare il nuovo Stato. Di fronte a Stati ostili a nord, il conflitto sembra ormai inevitabile.;Las revoluciones fracasadas, tanto en el reino de los Borbones como en Gran Breta�a, dejaron a las colonias africanas de estas potencias en manos de gobiernos independientes de la minor�a blanca. R�pidamente, se apresuraron a unirse para evitar que las metr�polis reclamaran sus territorios y se propusieron la explotaci�n conjunta del Continente Negro. Al finalizar el s. XIX, el gobierno se dio cuenta de que necesitar�a una fuerte base industrial si quer�a mantener la independencia en un mundo de potencias expansionistas. Sin embargo, esto sembrar�a las semillas del fin del gobierno de la minor�a blanca, dado que la �nica manera de desarrollar el pa�s implicaba la creaci�n de una clase trabajadora negra. Los primeros a�os del s. XX contemplaron la creaci�n del Congreso Nacional Africano, dirigido por los antiguos emperadores de Etiop�a. Una gran parte de la comunidad negra los ve�a como un s�mbolo de resistencia por sus prolongados esfuerzos en evitar la conquista otomana de Etiop�a. Finalmente, la situaci�n se desbord� y un gobierno del CNA tom� el poder. De una manera r�pida y sensata, se hicieron concesiones a la minor�a blanca, que conserv� puestos clave en la industria y el ej�rcito y, as�, el nuevo estado comenz� a consolidarse. Al tener vecinos hostiles al norte, el conflicto parece inevitable.;Fehlgeschlagene Revolutionsversuche im K�nigreich der Bourbonen als auch im Vereinigten K�nigreich f�hrten zur Entlassung der afrikanischen Kolonien beider Reiche in die Unabh�ngigkeit unter wei�en Minderheitsregierungen. Diese vereinten sich schnell um zu vermeiden, dass die fr�heren Mutterl�nder erneut die Macht ergreifen konnten. Sie peilten die Ausbeutung des schwarzen Kontinents an. Am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts realisierte die wei�e Minderheitsregierung, dass es einer starken Industrie als Basis bedarf, um ihre Unabh�ngigkeit in einer zunehmend expansionistischen Welt zu wahren. Dieser Schritt war allerdings der Anfang vom Ende der Herrschaft der wei�en Minderheit, da der einzige Weg ihn zu gehen, die Erschaffung einer schwarzen Arbeiterklasse war. Die ersten Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts brachte die afrikanische Nationalversammlung (ANC) hervor, die von den ehemaligen Herrschern �thiopiens gef�hrt wurde, da diese als Symbol des Widerstandes gegen die Osmanische Herrschaft gesehen wurden. Letztendlich brach der Damm und die ANC-Regierung ergriff die Macht. Durch schnelle und weise Zugest�ndnisse gegen�ber der wei�en Minderheit, die immer noch Schl�sselpositionen in Industrie und Milit�r inne hielt, wurde der neue Staat konsolidiert. Doch angesichts der feindlich gesinnten Staaten im Norden schienen Konflikte unvermeidbar.;Zako�czone niepowodzeniem rewolucje w Kr�lestwie Burbon�w i Wielkiej Brytanii umo�liwi�y wyzwolenie afryka�skich kolonii pozostaj�cych pod rz�dami bia�ej mniejszo�ci. Szybko porozumia�y si� one, by wsp�lnie unikn�� przy��czenia si�� do metropolii i nadal czerpa� pe�nymi gar�ciami bogactwa Czarnego Kontynentu. Podczas gdy XIX wiek zmierza� ku ko�cowi, rz�dy zrozumia�y �e potrzebuj� silnej bazy przemys�owej by pozosta� konkurencyjnymi i m�c utrzyma� niepodleg�o�� w ekspansjonistycznym �wiecie. To jednak zmieni�o pozycj� czarnosk�rej klasy pracuj�cej, kt�rej praca w fabrykach znacznie podnios�a jej znaczenie polityczne. Wczesne lata XX wieku by�y �wiadkiem powstania Afryka�skiego Kongresu Narodowego pod przewodnictwem by�ych w�adc�w Etiopii, widzianych jako symbole oporu wobec naporu tureckiego w Afryce. W ko�cu napi�cie przerwa�o dotychczasowe granice i Kongres doszed� do w�adzy. M�drze rozgrywaj�c poparcie bia�ej elity przemys�owc�w i dow�dc�w wojskowych, nowe pa�stwo zacz�o konsolidowa� swoj� si��, kt�ra przyda si� w obliczu nieuniknionych konflikt�w.;Revolu��es fracassadas tanto no Reino Bourbon quanto no Reino Unido deixaram as col�nias africanas independentes e governadas por minorias brancas. Estas, para evitar serem destru�das uma a uma por suas antigas metr�poles, uniram-se para tentar explorar elas mesmas o Continente Negro. Quando o s�culo XIX chegava ao seu final, o governo percebeu que seria necess�ria uma s�lida base industrial para preservar a sua independ�ncia em um mundo cada vez mais expansionista. Contudo, isso tamb�m semeou o fim do dom�nio da minoria branca, j� que a �nica maneira de desenvolver-se era criar uma classe oper�ria negra. Os primeiros anos do s�culo XX viram a cria��o do Congresso Nacional Africano � liderado pelos antigos imperadores da Eti�pia, vistos por muitos na comunidade negra como s�mbolos da resist�ncia por seus cont�nuos esfor�os para evitar a conquista otomana do pa�s. Por fim, a represa se rompeu e o CNA tomou o poder. R�pida e prudentemente, o novo governo fez concess�es � minoria branca, que ainda ocupava postos-chave tanto na ind�stria como no ex�rcito. Assim, o novo Estado come�ava a se consolidar. Enfrentado com Estados hostis ao norte, o conflito agora parece inevit�vel.;����������� ��������� � ����������� �������� � ����������� ����������� ������� � ������������� �� ����������� �������, ��� ����� ������� ����� �����������. ������ ��� ������� ������������, ����� ��������� ������������� ������ �����������, � ���������� � ������������ ������� ����������. � ����� 19-�� ���� ������������� �������� ������������� ������ ������������ ����, ��� ������� ���������� �������� ������������� � ��������� ����������������� ������. �� ����� �������� ���� ��� ������ ������ ���� �������� � ��������� ���������� ������ �����������, ��� ��� �������������� ������ ���� ��������� ��� �������� ������� �������� ������. � ������ 20-�� ���� ��� ������ ����������� ������������ ��������, ������� ���������� ������ ���������� �������. ��� ����� �������������� �������� ������ ��������� �������, � ������ ��������� ������ � ��� ������ ������������� ����������. � ����� ������, ������� ��������, � ��� ������ � ������. �� ����� � ����� ����� �� ������� �����, ������� ��������� ������� ����� � �������������� � � �����, � ����� ����������� ������ ����������������. ������ �������� � ����������� ��������� �������� ������� ����������.  ;;;X
+UAP_DESC;Unsuccessful revolutions in both the Bourbon Kingdom and the United Kingdom left the African colonies of these nations independent with white minority governments. They quickly united together to avoid being picked off by their former mother countries and together intended to exploit the Dark Continent. As the 19th century drew to a close, the government realised that they would need a strong industrial base to maintain their independence in an increasingly expansionist world. However this would also sow the seeds of the end of the white minority rule as the only way to develop was to create a black working class. The early years of the 20th century saw the creation of the African National Congress lead by the former Emperors of Ethiopia who were seen as many in the black community as symbols of resistance for their long efforts to prevent Ottoman conquest of Ethiopia. Finally, the dam burst and an ANC government took power. Quickly and wisely making concessions to the white minority who still staffed key positions in both industry and the military, the new state began to consolidate. Faced with hostile states to the north, conflict now seems inevitable.;Les r�volutions infructueuses du royaume des Bourbon et du Royaume-Uni permirent l'ind�pendance de leurs colonies africaines avec, � leur t�tes, des gouvernements form�s par la minorit� blanche. Ceux-ci ne tard�rent pas � s'unifier pour �viter d'�tre chass� par la m�re patrie et, ensemble, avaient bien l'intention d'exploiter le Continent Noir. Comme le XIX�me si�cle touchait � sa fin, le gouvernement se rendit compte qu'ils auraient besoin d'une forte base industrielle pour maintenir leur ind�pendance dans un monde de plus en plus expansionniste. Cela toutefois scellerait le destin de la minorit� blanche comme le seul moyen �tait de d�velopper une classe noire de travailleurs. Le d�but du XX�me si�cle fut t�moin de la cr�ation du Congres National Africain men� par les anciens empereurs d'Ethiopie qui �taient vus par la majorit� de la communaut� noire comme des symboles de r�sistance pour leurs longs efforts emp�chant une conqu�te ottomane de l'Ethiopie. Le barrage �clata au bout du compte et le CNA prit le pouvoir. Rapidement et sagement faisait des concessions � la minorit� blanche qui occupait toujours des postes cl�s a la fois dans l'industrie et l'arm�e, le nouvel �tat commen�a sa consolidation. Voisin� par des �tats hostiles au Nord, un conflit semble d�sormais in�vitable.;Le rivoluzioni non riuscite nel Regno Borbonico e nel Regno Unito lasciarono le colonie africane di queste nazioni indipendenti, con governi della minoranza bianca. Ben presto questi si unirono insieme per evitare di essere cacciati dai loro paesi d'origine e per sfruttare il continente nero. Mentre il 19 secolo volgeva al termine, il governo si rese conto che avrebbero avuto bisogno di una base industriale forte per mantenere l'indipendenza in un mondo sempre pi� espansionistico. Ma questo avrebbe anche sparso i semi della fine del governo della minoranza bianca, in quanto l'unico modo per svilupparsi sarebbe stato quello di creare una classe operaia nera. I primi anni del 20 secolo videro la creazione dell'African National Congress guidato dagli ex-imperatori d'Etiopia, che erano visti, da molti nella comunit� nera, come simbolo di resistenza, per gli sforzi che avevano fatto per evitare la conquista ottomana dell'Etiopia. Infine, scoppi� la rivoluzione e l'ANC prese il potere. Rapidamente e saggiamente il governo fece concessioni alla minoranza bianca, che ancora controllava posizioni chiave sia nell'industria che nelle forze armate, per consolidare il nuovo Stato. Di fronte a Stati ostili a nord, il conflitto sembra ormai inevitabile.;Las revoluciones fracasadas, tanto en el reino de los Borbones como en Gran Breta�a, dejaron a las colonias africanas de estas potencias en manos de gobiernos independientes de la minor�a blanca. R�pidamente, se apresuraron a unirse para evitar que las metr�polis reclamaran sus territorios y se propusieron la explotaci�n conjunta del Continente Negro. Al finalizar el s. XIX, el gobierno se dio cuenta de que necesitar�a una fuerte base industrial si quer�a mantener la independencia en un mundo de potencias expansionistas. Sin embargo, esto sembrar�a las semillas del fin del gobierno de la minor�a blanca, dado que la �nica manera de desarrollar el pa�s implicaba la creaci�n de una clase trabajadora negra. Los primeros a�os del s. XX contemplaron la creaci�n del Congreso Nacional Africano, dirigido por los antiguos emperadores de Etiop�a. Una gran parte de la comunidad negra los ve�a como un s�mbolo de resistencia por sus prolongados esfuerzos en evitar la conquista otomana de Etiop�a. Finalmente, la situaci�n se desbord� y un gobierno del CNA tom� el poder. De una manera r�pida y sensata, se hicieron concesiones a la minor�a blanca, que conserv� puestos clave en la industria y el ej�rcito y, as�, el nuevo estado comenz� a consolidarse. Al tener vecinos hostiles al norte, el conflicto parece inevitable.;Fehlgeschlagene Revolutionsversuche im K�nigreich der Bourbonen als auch im Vereinigten K�nigreich f�hrten zur Entlassung der afrikanischen Kolonien beider Reiche in die Unabh�ngigkeit unter wei�en Minderheitsregierungen. Diese vereinten sich schnell um zu vermeiden, dass die fr�heren Mutterl�nder erneut die Macht ergreifen konnten. Sie peilten die Ausbeutung des schwarzen Kontinents an. Am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts realisierte die wei�e Minderheitsregierung, dass es einer starken Industrie als Basis bedarf, um ihre Unabh�ngigkeit in einer zunehmend expansionistischen Welt zu wahren. Dieser Schritt war allerdings der Anfang vom Ende der Herrschaft der wei�en Minderheit, da der einzige Weg ihn zu gehen, die Erschaffung einer schwarzen Arbeiterklasse war. Die ersten Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts brachte die afrikanische Nationalversammlung (ANC) hervor, die von den ehemaligen Herrschern �thiopiens gef�hrt wurde, da diese als Symbol des Widerstandes gegen die Osmanische Herrschaft gesehen wurden. Letztendlich brach der Damm und die ANC-Regierung ergriff die Macht. Durch schnelle und weise Zugest�ndnisse gegen�ber der wei�en Minderheit, die immer noch Schl�sselpositionen in Industrie und Milit�r inne hielt, wurde der neue Staat konsolidiert. Doch angesichts der feindlich gesinnten Staaten im Norden schienen Konflikte unvermeidbar.;Zako�czone niepowodzeniem rewolucje w Kr�lestwie Burbon�w i Wielkiej Brytanii umo�liwi�y wyzwolenie afryka�skich kolonii pozostaj�cych pod rz�dami bia�ej mniejszo�ci. Szybko porozumia�y si� one, by wsp�lnie unikn�� przy��czenia si�� do metropolii i nadal czerpa� pe�nymi gar�ciami bogactwa Czarnego Kontynentu. Podczas gdy XIX wiek zmierza� ku ko�cowi, rz�dy zrozumia�y �e potrzebuj� silnej bazy przemys�owej by pozosta� konkurencyjnymi i m�c utrzyma� niepodleg�o�� w ekspansjonistycznym �wiecie. To jednak zmieni�o pozycj� czarnosk�rej klasy pracuj�cej, kt�rej praca w fabrykach znacznie podnios�a jej znaczenie polityczne. Wczesne lata XX wieku by�y �wiadkiem powstania Afryka�skiego Kongresu Narodowego pod przewodnictwem by�ych w�adc�w Etiopii, widzianych jako symbole oporu wobec naporu tureckiego w Afryce. W ko�cu napi�cie przerwa�o dotychczasowe granice i Kongres doszed� do w�adzy. M�drze rozgrywaj�c poparcie bia�ej elity przemys�owc�w i dow�dc�w wojskowych, nowe pa�stwo zacz�o konsolidowa� swoj� si��, kt�ra przyda si� w obliczu nieuniknionych konflikt�w.;Revolu��es fracassadas tanto no Reino Bourbon quanto no Reino Unido deixaram as col�nias africanas independentes e governadas por minorias brancas. Estas, para evitar serem destru�das uma a uma por suas antigas metr�poles, uniram-se para tentar explorar elas mesmas o Continente Negro. Quando o s�culo XIX chegava ao seu final, o governo percebeu que seria necess�ria uma s�lida base industrial para preservar a sua independ�ncia em um mundo cada vez mais expansionista. Contudo, isso tamb�m semeou o fim do dom�nio da minoria branca, j� que a �nica maneira de desenvolver-se era criar uma classe oper�ria negra. Os primeiros anos do s�culo XX viram a cria��o do Congresso Nacional Africano � liderado pelos antigos imperadores da Eti�pia, vistos por muitos na comunidade negra como s�mbolos da resist�ncia por seus cont�nuos esfor�os para evitar a conquista otomana do pa�s. Por fim, a represa se rompeu e o CNA tomou o poder. R�pida e prudentemente, o novo governo fez concess�es � minoria branca, que ainda ocupava postos-chave tanto na ind�stria como no ex�rcito. Assim, o novo Estado come�ava a se consolidar. Enfrentado com Estados hostis ao norte, o conflito agora parece inevit�vel.;����������� ��������� � ����������� �������� � ����������� ����������� ������� � ������������� �� ����������� �������, ��� ����� ������� ����� �����������. ������ ��� ������� ������������, ����� ��������� ������������� ������ �����������, � ���������� � ������������ ������� ����������. � ����� 19-�� ���� ������������� �������� ������������� ������ ������������ ����, ��� ������� ���������� �������� ������������� � ��������� ����������������� ������. �� ����� �������� ���� ��� ������ ������ ���� �������� � ��������� ���������� ������ �����������, ��� ��� �������������� ������ ���� ��������� ��� �������� ������� �������� ������. � ������ 20-�� ���� ��� ������ ����������� ������������ ��������, ������� ���������� ������ ���������� �������. ��� ����� �������������� �������� ������ ��������� �������, � ������ ��������� ������ � ��� ������ ������������� ����������. � ����� ������, ������� ��������, � ��� ������ � ������. �� ����� � ����� ����� �� ������� �����, ������� ��������� ������� ����� � �������������� � � �����, � ����� ����������� ������ ����������������. ������ �������� � ����������� ��������� �������� ������� ����������.  ;;;X
 UPE_DESC;19th century Persia did little on the world stage. Although it did join the Swedes, Ottomans and Prussians in war against Russia, and so gained parts of central Asia, Persia did little more than that. This was because the Persian Shahs faced problems at home, trying to balance the traditionalists against the modernists. The traditionalists took their support from the old landowners and the mosques, while the modernists drew their support from the growing middle and working classes. Up until the early years of the 20th century, the Shahs managed this balancing act well, but then they made a fatal miscalculation. Growing protests led by the traditionalists led the Shah to believe that they were much stronger than they were, while, in fact, this was their last gasp effort to maintain themselves as a force, and so a number of concessions were made. This angered the modernist factions and led to the communist revolution and the founding of the Democratic Republic of Persia.;La Perse du XIX�me si�cle ne fut pas tr�s pr�sente sur la sc�ne internationale. Bien qu'elle rejoignit les su�dois, les ottomans et les prusses dans la guerre contre la Russie, et gagna ainsi des territoires en Asie centrale, la Perse ne fit rien de plus. Ceci du au fait que les Shahs perses rencontraient des probl�mes en Perse m�me essayant de trouver la balance entre les modernistes et les traditionalistes. Les traditionalistes trouvaient appui des anciens propri�taires et des mosqu�es, pendant que les modernistes le trouvaient aupr�s des classes grandissantes moyennes et des travailleurs. Jusqu'au d�but du XX�me si�cle, les Shahs balanc�rent la situation plut�t bien mais ils commirent une erreur fatale de calcul. Les croissantes protestations des traditionalistes laiss�rent le Shah � croire qu'ils �taient forts, alors qu'ils traduisaient en r�alit� leur dernier souffle en un effort pour se maintenir en tant que force signifiante.;Nel 19 secolo la Persia fece poco sulla scena mondiale. Nonostante che l'alleanza con svedesi, ottomani e prussiani nella guerra contro la Russia, port� alla conquista di alcune parti dell'Asia centrale, la Persia non fece molto di pi�. Questo perch� lo Shah persiano dovette affrontare i problemi interni, cercando di bilanciare i tradizionalisti ed i modernisti. I tradizionalisti ebbero il sostegno dei proprietari terrieri e del clero, mentre i modernisti attirarono il sostegno della borghesia e delle classi lavoratrici. Fino ai primi anni del 20 secolo, gli Shah gestirono bene questo equilibrio, ma poi fecero un fatale errore di calcolo. La crescente protesta guidata dal tradizionalisti port� lo sci� a credere che essi fossero molto pi� forti, mentre in realt� questo era il loro ultimo sussulto per mantenere se stessi, e cos� vennero fatte un certo numero di concessioni. Questo fece arrabbiare la fazione modernista che port� alla rivoluzione comunista ed alla fondazione della Repubblica Democratica di Persia.;La repercusi�n de Persia en la escena mundial del s. XIX fue escasa. A pesar de que se uni� a los suecos, a los otomanos y a los prusianos en su guerra contra Rusia y obtuvo posesiones en Asia central, Persia no hizo mucho m�s. Esto se deb�a a que los Sahs de Persia estaban ocupados con problemas internos, intentando equilibrar lo tradicional con lo moderno. Los tradicionalistas obtuvieron el apoyo de los antiguos terratenientes y de las mezquitas y los modernizadores el apoyo de las clases media y obrera. Hasta principios del siglo XX, los Sahs lograron mantener el equilibrio, pero entonces cometieron un terrible error de c�lculo. Las crecientes protestas de los tradicionalistas llevaron a los Sahs a pensar que eran una facci�n m�s poderosa de lo que eran en realidad. De hecho, las protestas eran el �ltimo intento de mantenerse como una fuerza unida. Las concesiones que obtuvieron molestaron mucho a la facci�n modernizadora y desembocaron en una revoluci�n comunista que culmin� en la fundaci�n de la Rep�blica Democr�tica de Persia.;Im 19. Jahrhundert war Persien noch keine Nation von globaler Bedeutung. Obwohl es dem B�ndnis mit den Schweden, Osmanen und Preu�en im Krieg gegen Russland beitrat und in dessen Folge Zentralasien besetzen konnte, hielt es sich ansonsten auf der weltpolitischen B�hne zur�ck. Das ging vor allem auf die �u�erst schwierigen Bedingungen im eigenen Land zur�ck. Den Schahs gelang es bis in die Anf�nge des 20. Jahrhundert die beiden gro�en Str�mungen, die Traditionalisten, die sich zum gr��ten Teil aus Gro�grundbesitzern und Islamisten zusammen setzten, und den Modernisten, die vor allem in der stark wachsenden Mittel bzw. Arbeiterschicht zu finden waren, in Persien unter Kontrolle zu halten. Immer wieder aufflammende Proteste der Traditionalisten brachten die Schahs zu einer gravierenden Fehleinsch�tzung der Machtverh�ltnisse im eigenen Land. Zugest�ndnise der Schahs an die Traditionalisten f�hrte zu einer Revolution der Modernisten unter F�hrung der Kommunisten. Diese f�hrte zum Ende der Herrschaft der Schahs und zur Gr�ndung der Demokratischen Republik Persien.;W XIX wieku Persja pozostawa�a pasywna na arenie mi�dzynarodowej. Jakkolwiek przy��czy�a si� do Szwecji, Imperium Osma�skiego i Prus w wojnie z Rosj� i zyska�a cz�� �rodkowej Azji, wojna ta nie mia�a szerszych reperkusji. Szachowie perscy zaj�ci byli problemami wewn�trznymi wywo�anymi tarciami mi�dzy tradycjonalistami a frakcj� modernist�w. Ci pierwsi rekrutowali si� spo�r�d starych posiadaczy ziemskich i islamskiego duchowie�stwa, modernist�w wspiera�a rosn�ca w si�� klasa �rednia i robotnicy. Do pocz�tku XX wieku kolejnym szachom udawa�a si� sztuka �agodzenia spor�w, a� do momentu fatalnej w skutkach pomy�ki. Polega�a ona na jednoznacznych wsparciu protestuj�cych tradycjonalist�w, w istocie dramatycznie trac�cych wp�ywy. Rozz�o�ci�o to modernist�w, kt�rzy poprowadzili rewolucj� komunistyczn� i doprowadzili do powstania Demokratycznej Republiki Persji.;A P�rsia do s�culo XIX teve pouca participa��o no cen�rio mundial. Embora tenha se juntado aos suecos, otomanos e prussianos em guerra contra a R�ssia � conquistando, assim, partes da �sia Central �, pouco fez al�m disso. Isso porque os x�s da P�rsia enfrentavam problemas internos, tentando conciliar tradicionalistas e modernistas. Aqueles apoiavam-se nos velhos propriet�rios de terras e nas mesquitas, enquanto que estes recebiam o suporte da crescente classe m�dia e das camadas populares. At� os primeiros anos do s�culo XX, os x�s conseguiram manter o equil�brio, mas acabaram por cometer um fatal erro de avalia��o: protestos cada vez mais intensos liderados pelos tradicionalistas levaram o x� a acreditar que estes eram muito mais fortes do que na realidade eram � na verdade, tratava-se de um �ltimo esfor�o para  manter-se como uma for�a �, e assim muitas concess�es foram feitas. Isso desagradou �s fac��es progressistas e conduziu � revolu��o comunista e � funda��o da Rep�blica Democr�tica da P�rsia.;� 19-� ���� ������ ����� �� ��������� ������� � ������� ��������. ����� ������������ �������� ������ - ����� � ������� � ����� � ��������, ������� � ����������� ��������, ����� ������ ��������� ����� ����������� ����. �������� ����� ���� ���������� �������� ������. ���������� ���� �������� ��������� ������ ����� ����������������� � �������������. ���������������� ������������ �������������� � �����, � ������������ - �������� ������� ����� � �������. �� ������ 20-�� �������� ����� ��� ���������, �� ����� ��� ��������� �������� ������. ����������� �������� �� ������� ���������������� ������� ����� � ���������, ��� �� �������, ��� �� ����� ����. ������������ ������� ���������������� ����� ��������� ��������� �������� ���������� �� �����. ��� ������� ������� ������ � ������������, � � ������ ��������� ���������������� ���������. �� ���� ��������� ���������� ��������������� ����������.;;;X
 U70;Uganda;Ouganda;Uganda;Uganda;Uganda;Uganda;Uganda;������;;;X
 U71;Northern Ireland;Irlande du Nord;Irlanda del Nord;Irlanda del Norte;Nordirland;Irlandia P�nocna;Irlanda do Norte;�������� ��������;;;X
diff --git a/config/doomsdaytext.csv b/config/doomsdaytext.csv
index 2f7757296..31733ab6c 100644
--- a/config/doomsdaytext.csv
+++ b/config/doomsdaytext.csv
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 ##### Select column 'A' through 'K' (click + drag on letters above columns);;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##### Right-click anywhere on the sheet (inside the selection) and select 'Column width' and set it so that only THREE columns are visible ('45' with 1024 x 768 screen resolution);;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##### Right-click anywhere on the sheet again (still inside the selection) and select 'Format Cells' -> 'Alignment' -> check 'Wrap Text' + select 'Vertical: Top' -> 'OK';;;;;;;;;;;X
-##### Place the cursor in cell C1 and select 'Window' -> 'Freeze Panes' (allows you to scroll horizontally to see any language in the rightmost column while still having the string names/comments and the english original text in the left and middle column;;;;;;;;;;;X
+##### Place the cursor in cell C1 and select 'Window' -> 'Freeze Panes' (allows you to scroll horizontally to see any language in the rightmost column while still having the string names/comments and the English original text in the left and middle column;;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##### CAREFULLY read the instructions in cells B18 ? B36;;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;;;;;;;;;;;X
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@
 ##;5) A dollar sign, '$' will always automatically be replaced by the 'ducats' icon.;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;6) Any row with a '#' in the first column (column 'A') will be ignored. However, you cannot use any paragraph characters in these rows!!!;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;7) To insert a carriage return, insert a '\n' (backslash + n);;;;;;;;;;X
-##;8) No formatting can be done in this file. To change the color of a text, insert the following codes in front of the word:;;;;;;;;;;X
+##;8) No formatting can be done in this file. To change the colour of a text, insert the following codes in front of the word:;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;�W = white text;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;�Y = orange text;;;;;;;;;;X
-##;Note that the color change will be applied to all words after the code, until the end of the line that the word is printed on. If several words should have a color change, put the code in front of each of them to be on the safe side. If only one word should have a color change, make sure to reset the color after the word.;;;;;;;;;;X
+##;Note that the colour change will be applied to all words after the code, until the end of the line that the word is printed on. If several words should have a colour change, put the code in front of each of them to be on the safe side. If only one word should have a colour change, make sure to reset the colour after the word.;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;9) Unless otherwise specifically stated, length of words and texts does not really matter THAT much (message boxes, rollover help boxes and buttons WILL stretch to fit the text string) ? however you will notice once the translation is inserted that space IS limited in quite a few areas? so be brief, and try not to use words that are considerably longer than the English original.;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;10) ALL CELLS in column 'L' in this document MUST contain a character!;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;11) The LAST CELL in the 'A' column MUST contain the string '#EOF';;;;;;;;;;X
diff --git a/config/event_text.csv b/config/event_text.csv
index e157016ff..d9d03bec8 100644
--- a/config/event_text.csv
+++ b/config/event_text.csv
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ EVT_439001_DESC;Many of our scientists have had more peaceful ambitions for our
 # Unsorted Shit AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA..##;;;;;;;;;;;X
 # Plz help if you know where something here goes..##;;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;;;;;;;;;;;X
-EVT_TUCOPENED_DESC;The 1936 TUC Congress has been opened with much fanfare. This is the most important political event of the year, as it is now that new ministers are appointed and (although it is not explicitly mentioned) changes in Union policy are made and announced. This years congress will probably be a bit special though. Long-time TUC chairman Philip Snowden has long indicated that he intends to withdraw following this congress, and the stakes are high. Rivalling factions are forming behind the curtains, and the decentralizationist Authonomists, led by Niclas y Glais, centralizationist Maximists (Oswald Mosley), status quo socialist Federationists (Arthur Horner) and radical egalitarian paci-isolationist Congregationalists (Annie Kenney) are all wying for superiority in the TUC. Whatever the outcome, this will surely be a thing to remember...;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_TUCOPENED_DESC;The 1936 TUC Congress has been opened with much fanfare. This is the most important political event of the year, as it is now that new ministers are appointed and (although it is not explicitly mentioned) changes in Union policy are made and announced. This years congress will probably be a bit special though. Long-time TUC chairman Philip Snowden has long indicated that he intends to withdraw following this congress, and the stakes are high. Rivalling factions are forming behind the curtains, and the decentralizationist Authonomists, led by Niclas y Glais, centralisationist Maximists (Oswald Mosley), status quo socialist Federationists (Arthur Horner) and radical egalitarian paci-isolationist Congregationalists (Annie Kenney) are all vying for superiority in the TUC. Whatever the outcome, this will surely be a thing to remember...;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT666701_DESC;After the Franco- German war of 1870 to 1871, the Sedantag was established in Germany to celebrate the 1870 victory in the battle of Sedan. Originally a holiday to honour the Prussian military, the Sedantag transformed under the reign of Wilhelm II into a day to celebrate the foundation of the German empire, and after the Weltkrieg the defeat of those forces that tried to destroy the Reich. Throughout every town and village from Aachen to Memel, every street is decorated in black, white, and red. Every bell proudly proclaims this day of celebration. Nobility, officers, soldiers, and unnumbered veterans parade proudly thought the streets, cheered by the happy masses. People sing patriotic songs, have pickniks with friends and family, play music, and dance around bonfires. Indeed, this is a good day, a day that reminds us of the peace and prosperity we have enjoyed since the German unification.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT666703_DESC;Luise Hoffmann was the first German woman to gain a pilot's license. After her 1933 transatlantic solo flight and her role as a scout pilot in the 1936 Neuschwabenland Expedition, she has become one of Germany's most famous aviation pioneers, along with notable pilots like Manfred von Richthofen, and Gunther Pluschow. Today, Fraulein Hoffmann has accomplished a new long distance record in her customized Fokker F-IX. Starting in Tahiti 36 hours ago, Fraulein Hoffmann today landed safely in Lae on German New Guinea, where she was welcomed by a jubilous crowd and governor Albert Hahl. It is rumoured by now that Hoffmann will soon attempt a solo flight around the world. This would place her at a direct competition with the Red Baron who is planning a similar endeavour.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_700600_DESC;These are violent and turbulent times we are all living in. There are many threats to the west, to the north and to the east that endanger the independence and sovereignty of us and our neighbours. To the east, Afghanistan, threatened by the eventual war in India that will spill over into their borders and Azerbaijan to the North, whose oil fields in Baku are vulnerable and a large priority for the Ottomans and the Russians both. We have come up with an idea, a treaty we can propose to both of our neighbours. The treaty will guarantee all of our independence and we will enter a pact on Non-aggression.;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -1117,17 +1117,17 @@ EVT_830013_DESC;When the Great war began, the British Prime Minister Herbert Asq
 EVT_830012_DESC;The King s Ascension marks the beginning of a new era. The ad hoc and difficult task of strengthening Canadian industry, integrating the Royal Navy and finding a place for the hundreds of thousands of British Exiles has been a trying test for Canada, but we have survived the initial storm. We are stronger now, but now we must refine our strengths so that they will equal those of the other great powers. The Prime Minister and his government are therefore putting together a comprehensive security and military bill that will address the various national interests facing Canada. The legislation will be known as Bill C-7.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_830000_DESC;Prime Minister King s government now has a comfortable majority after the defeat of R.B. Bennett s conservative party and his British backers but not all is secure. George V is growing steadily worse in health and, despite his sickness, continues to oppose the moderating influence of the Prime Minister on Canadian politics. Senile and Obsessed with reclaiming the Empire, George V lends credibility to the British exiles who now sit in the Canadian House of Lords, (formerly known as the Senate before the Syndicalist revolt) whose presence in the upper house threatens to endanger the Prime Minister s legislative program. While Canada has grown strong by an influx of expertise, capital and technology, it remains an uncertain player on the world stage. The next few years of King s government will decisively shape the country s future ;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_830002_DESC;With his father dead, Edward the Prince of Wales will be coronated King-Emperor of the British Empire. Two large factions within the Canadian political sphere has coalesced, one led by the Prime Minister who seek to develop and refine Canada s industrial strength and harvest its resources over foreign policy, and the other led by R.B. Bennett and his supporters in the British diaspora who wish to mobilize the Canadian economy to launch an invasion of the Union of Britain in the near future, even if that means accelerating arms production at the expense of civil liberties. The Prince of Wales is popular in both French and English Canada and his views may very well sway the opinions of others. He could prove to be vulnerable to the arguments of either group depending on how well they make their case to him ;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_830007_DESC;The new King has been invested with the Royal Regalia in the First Anglican Church of Ottawa. Jubliant crowds from all over Canada gather in the cities to celebrate a new age of Canadian royalty! They eagerly anticipate the new King s first radio address to the nation.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_830007_DESC;The new King has been invested with the Royal Regalia in the First Anglican Church of Ottawa. Jubilant crowds from all over Canada gather in the cities to celebrate a new age of Canadian royalty! They eagerly anticipate the new King s first radio address to the nation.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_830008_DESC;The King has spoken to the nation and has electrified it. From Vancouver to St. John, from Toronto to the Arctic, Canadians everywhere buzz with excitement after hearing a charismatic and forceful speech denouncing syndicalism and the King s pledge to finish the war that his father began and reclaim Britain. Canadians were warned to never trust the Union of Britain or its insidious syndicalist allies!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_6942800_DESC;Two weeks ago, Professional Austrian wrestler Adolf 'Hardcore' Hitler challenged Japan's top wrestler Chiyotenzan Takeyoshi to a standard wrestling match. Takeyoshi accepted, but only if the match were on Sacred Japanese soil, Hitler, without hesitation agreed and today they met for the first time in the ring. After 23 total minutes, Hitler won the match with his signature move, the 'Heil Driver'. The match was watched by wrestling fans all around the World, and the Painter turned Pro Wrestler even got a chance to meet with the Habsburg when he returned from Tokyo.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9000813_NAME;The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Seizes the Capitol Building;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9000813_DESC;Two weeks after being released from jail, the reason for his imprisonment being his viewpoints, Puerto Rican Nationalist Party leader Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos, or 'El Maestro' held a speech in San Juan Plaza, reinforcing his position that the Puerto Rican Nationalists should take whatever steps are necessary to gain Puerto Rico's independence. He pointed out what he saw as the hypocrisy of a United States crackdown on the Puerto Rican Nationalists, he argues that Puerto Rico has as much right to fight for their independence as the United States had in 1775. Three hours after his speech, at 21:45, Dr. Campos lead an armed party of Nationalists into the San Juan capitol building and replaced the American flag that was hoisted on the roof with the flag used by the rebels during the Lares Rebellion. Militias all across the island have followed the Doctor's lead. We have lost control of Puerto Rico.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_666000_DESC;We have forced the German monarchy to flee the country and liberated the German people. The war continues, but we are one step closer to liberating all of Europe! We have been contacted by Socialist and Syndicalist leaders alike in Rhineland, Bavaria, Northern Germany and Prussia who have decided to cooperate. By rewarding them, we could give them Independence, while watching over their shoulder of course. There is another option, giving only Rhineland their independence and occupying the rest of the country. Then, there is the most radical and costly option, occupy the whole country ourselves.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_906501_DESC;Three years from today, Father Charles Coughlin started doing weekly radio broadcast on CBS and more than 50 million turn on their radios and listen. He is a raving Anti-Semite, claiming that the Syndicalist Revolution in France was 'foremented by the Jew' and that the Berlin Stock Market Crash is an 'International Conspiracy of Jewish Baners' and somehow people still tune in. The Roman Catholic Church has begun to take notice, and have condemnded his actions, asking that we shut his hate speech down immediately. He is a founding member of the dangerous and radical American First party and he claims if the America First doesn't get 10 million votes in the upcoming election he'll hang up his mic. We may be able to speed us his depature from CBS Radio and force him off the air by refusing to renew his permit.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_906501_DESC;Three years from today, Father Charles Coughlin started doing weekly radio broadcast on CBS and more than 50 million turn on their radios and listen. He is a raving Anti-Semite, claiming that the Syndicalist Revolution in France was 'foremented by the Jew' and that the Berlin Stock Market Crash is an 'International Conspiracy of Jewish Baners' and somehow people still tune in. The Roman Catholic Church has begun to take notice, and have condemned his actions, asking that we shut his hate speech down immediately. He is a founding member of the dangerous and radical American First party and he claims if the America First doesn't get 10 million votes in the upcoming election he'll hang up his mic. We may be able to speed us his depature from CBS Radio and force him off the air by refusing to renew his permit.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_1000000_NAME;La Troisi me Internationale;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_650000_DESC;Sao Paulo was hit hard by the Berlin Stock Market Crash. Brasil has a heavy dependence on foreign markets and loans. Despite limited industrial development in Sao Paulo, the export of coffee and other primary products is still the mainstay of the economy. Days after the Berlin stock market crash, coffee quotations immediately fell 30 percent. The subsequent decline was even sharper.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_650001_DESC;Government policies are designed to favor foreign interests, which has exasperated the crisis we are facing, leaving the regime alienated from just about every segment of society. Following the Berlin panic, the government attempted to please foreign creditors by maintaining convertibility according to the money principles preached by the foreign bankers and economists who set the terms for Brazil's relations with the world economy, despite lacking any support from a single major sector in Brazilian society.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_650002_DESC;Syndicalist leader Astrojildo Pereira has been stirring up dissent in the coastal, urban cities of Brasil and he is beginning to gather a following. Many of the immigrants who came from Eastern and Southern Europe during and after the Great War brought ideas of Anarchism, Socialism and Syndicalism along with them and they have begun to root themselves into Brasilian politics. Brasil was hit by its first wave of general strikes and the establishment of the Syndicalist Party in 1921. Not to mention the Northeastern sugar barons have bitterly opposed Artur da Silva Bernardes since his inauguration and are rumored to be making an alliance with the Nationalists.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_650002_DESC;Syndicalist leader Astrojildo Pereira has been stirring up dissent in the coastal, urban cities of Brasil and he is beginning to gather a following. Many of the immigrants who came from Eastern and Southern Europe during and after the Great War brought ideas of Anarchism, Socialism and Syndicalism along with them and they have begun to root themselves into Brasilian politics. Brasil was hit by its first wave of general strikes and the establishment of the Syndicalist Party in 1921. Not to mention the Northeastern sugar barons have bitterly opposed Artur da Silva Bernardes since his inauguration and are rumoured to be making an alliance with the Nationalists.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_650003_DESC;We are nearing the end of 1936 and already Brasil's gold reserves have been depleted, pushing the exchange rate down to a new low. World demand for Brasil's primary products have fallen far too drastically to maintain government revenues. The government is stuck in a deepening balance-of-payments crisis, and the coffee growers are struck with an unsellable harvest. Since power ultimately rests on patronage, wide-scale defections in the delicate balance of regional interests left the regime quite vulnerable.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_650004_DESC;Astrojildo Pereira, leader of the Brasilian Worker's Party has stepped up his efforts to undermine the Central Government. He has held a mass rally in the city of Brasilia and has called out for the resignation of President Artur da Silva Bernardes or he will storm the Pal cio do Planalto himself and force him and his cabinet to resign. if we dont do something, we may have a revolution on our hands.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_650005_DESC;The Pal cio do Planalto, The Presidential Palace has been surrounded by angry mob of peasants that came out of the Guetos after the arrest of Astrojildo Pereira in his home in Brasilia yesterday evening. The mob is calling for the resignation of President Artur da Silva Bernardes as well as the release of Astrojildo Pereira. Roughly 30 percent of the military is behind the mob, and a confrontation would be disastrous no matter the immediate results.;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -1234,15 +1234,15 @@ EVT_9728578_DESC;After Oswald Mosley's meeting with other leftist leaders, it ha
 EVT_9728579_DESC;After Oswald Mosley's meeting with other leftist leaders, it has been agreed that Maximism, Sorelianism and National-Syndicalism all share basic principles of state controlled economics, the total involvement of the state in internal affairs and the importance of the state in preserving Socialism. This belief in Totalitarian Socialism has been abbreviated to 'Totalism'. For this reason, the leaders of the factions present have all signed a document entitled 'The Totalist Charter', available in all appropriate languages. William Foster applauded the initiative and expressed his support for Totalism.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9728581_DESC;Comrade Beria returned today from Britain. It has been agreed that Maximism, Sorelianism, Bolshevism and National-Syndicalism all share basic principles of the total state, centrally planned economics, the total involvement of the state in internal affairs and the importance of the state in preserving Socialism. This belief in Totalitarian Socialism has been abbreviated to 'Totalism'. For this reason, the leaders of the factions present have all signed a document entitled 'The Totalist Charter', while Beria has announced his intention to argue for an implementation of Totalism across the country, consternates some of the more liberal elements of the government.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9999_DESC;Article XII of the Treaty of Bucharest forbid Romania to construct or maintain any fortifications or armed forces in the Oltenia. Once the home front was secured from a possible royalist counter-revolution, Codreanu turned his attention to foreign policy with increasingly daring acts. On the 19th March 1935, the treaty of Bucharest was violated by Romania as military conscription was reintroduced (the treaty stated that the Romanian Army should not exceed 45.000 men). When nothing more than official protests from German empire and Austria-Hungary ensued, Codreanu proceeded one year later to occupy the demilitarised Oltenia, again violating the treaty.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_9998_DESC;Now comes time of the Final Test, when we will meet real resistance from the Germans and their reactionary lap dogs. The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were lost to the North German Federation after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War ( 1870-1871 ) over forces of the Second French Empire and has belonged to the German Empire ever since. Victory in the Weltkrieg allowed German Empire to even absorb remaining parts of Lorraine into their reactionary empire. Now with our military preparations completed, it is the time to confront German Empire and demand territory which rightfully belong to the french nation !;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_9997_DESC;With the reassurgent Russian state gaining full control over the once disputed Transiberian railroad from Mongolia, commercial contacts have increased massively with the Transamur Republic, and Japan economic presence in Transamur has started to fade in comparison with the inflow of massive Russian investments. The Economy of Transamur, a rebellious state created via japanese incursion during Russian civil war started to experience serious economical difficulties thanks to relatively unrestricted influx of cheaper goods, coming through recently liberated Transiberian railroad. The leaders of its influential business community have approached the Russian government in secret, suggesting that it may be in their best interests to rejoin Russia, and that they could probably organise a popular vote on this issue.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_9998_DESC;Now comes time of the Final Test, when we will meet real resistance from the Germans and their reactionary lap dogs. The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were lost to the North German Federation after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War ( 1870-1871 ) over forces of the Second French Empire and has belonged to the German Empire ever since. Victory in the Weltkrieg allowed German Empire to even absorb remaining parts of Lorraine into their reactionary empire. Now with our military preparations completed, it is the time to confront German Empire and demand territory which rightfully belong to the French nation !;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_9997_DESC;With the reassurgent Russian state gaining full control over the once disputed Transiberian railroad from Mongolia, commercial contacts have increased massively with the Transamur Republic, and Japan economic presence in Transamur has started to fade in comparison with the inflow of massive Russian investments. The Economy of Transamur, a rebellious state created via Japanese incursion during Russian civil war started to experience serious economical difficulties thanks to relatively unrestricted influx of cheaper goods, coming through recently liberated Transiberian railroad. The leaders of its influential business community have approached the Russian government in secret, suggesting that it may be in their best interests to rejoin Russia, and that they could probably organise a popular vote on this issue.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9996_DESC;With newest aircraft carrier RNS Rebecca fully operational, the Republican Navy was ready to reclaim her rightful position among the mightiest navies of the world. However, target of her first action was heavily disputed. Most officers opted for a full scale naval demonstration near Ireland or even further westwards - near Azores or Iceland. But naval manoeuvres of such large scale would surely drawn attention of much powerful and heavily armed Hochseeflotte and even a smaller Canadian Royal navy might be forced to organize countermeasure against our manoeuvres. Less radical ones and most of members of the Congress of Trade Unions, opted for a small scale manoeuvres, possibly without leaving British territorial waters. Ultimately the Naval Commissar was inclined in favour for the Irish option.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9995_DESC;After our humiliation by La Plata in the Great South American War in 1935, our Fatherland has come a long way. Now is the time to repay our blood debt to our forefathers and once again Brazilians will march for their rights. To War!;;;;;;;;;;x
 ;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9993_DESC;Russia needs oil, and lots of it, if it is going to keep up with the other major powers in industrial and military production.  While we have limited oil fields in the central Siberia, our former province of Azerbaijan has a gigantic petroleum industry, which it is finding increasingly difficult to maintain.  Should we seek to promote our interests in this region?;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9992_DESC;"History of French literature is unique. Centuries of great masterpieces, which deliver to the reader ultimate feelings. The newest book promoted very hard by Arts Highest Bureau is about Catholic priest who after new acts on religion are passed after Second Revolution comes to village and tries to spread the word of God. Unfortunately the government has send young syndicalist activist to teach village about blessings of Marxism. Soon the love triangle is created between priest, agitator and daughter of wealthy kulak. Story ends successfully, as the priest loses his faith and becomes a mechanic, and agitator and girl start new happy life together with Marx. Critics from noncommunist countries say that this is utter piece of propaganda and it's place in rubbish, however normal folks in Syndie France are quite liking it.""";;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_9991_DESC;Claude Levi-Strauss is internationally famous philosopher, anthropologist and ethnologist. He has brought out his genius and insightful studies on Bedouin tribes, which were banned by National Frence censorship but they were smuggled to Italy and Ottoman Empire where they were translated on many languages. He gained enormous fame as new young scientist, however government of National France treats him unfavourably. He was in prison for two years in 1933 and 1935 for 'producing anti-government literature' which was due to his pro-socialist views. Now he wants to emigrate elsewhere. Our secret services suspect that he wants to go to Commune of France. What we should do with him?;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_9990_DESC;Signed in 1871 after crushing defeat of Second French Empire by forces of the North German Federation  between representatives of North German Federation and four southern German states this constitution was a cornerstone for enlarging North German Federation thus giving the enlarged entity a new identity as the Deutsches Reich. According to the constitution, head of state or a president of Confederation bearing title of German Emperor is the King of Prussia as the president of the Bundesrat, the council of representatives of the German states. The Emperor installs the Chancellor, the head of government. Laws are enacted by the Bundesrat and the Reichstag, the Imperial Diet elected by male Germans above the age of 21 years. Hovewer it is Emperor, not Bundesrat or Reichstag, who holds power in the German Empire. With an option to dissolve Reichstag when he wish so, it is clear, that main political power in German Empire rests not in Reichstag as ultimate expression of peoples will, but in the hands of unelected German Emperor. ;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_9991_DESC;Claude Levi-Strauss is internationally famous philosopher, anthropologist and ethnologist. He has brought out his genius and insightful studies on Bedouin tribes, which were banned by National France censorship but they were smuggled to Italy and Ottoman Empire where they were translated on many languages. He gained enormous fame as new young scientist, however government of National France treats him unfavourably. He was in prison for two years in 1933 and 1935 for 'producing anti-government literature' which was due to his pro-socialist views. Now he wants to emigrate elsewhere. Our secret services suspect that he wants to go to Commune of France. What we should do with him?;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_9990_DESC;Signed in 1871 after crushing defeat of Second French Empire by forces of the North German Federation  between representatives of North German Federation and four southern German states this constitution was a cornerstone for enlarging North German Federation thus giving the enlarged entity a new identity as the Deutsches Reich. According to the constitution, head of state or a president of Confederation bearing title of German Emperor is the King of Prussia as the president of the Bundesrat, the council of representatives of the German states. The Emperor installs the Chancellor, the head of government. Laws are enacted by the Bundesrat and the Reichstag, the Imperial Diet elected by male Germans above the age of 21 years. However it is Emperor, not Bundesrat or Reichstag, who holds power in the German Empire. With an option to dissolve Reichstag when he wish so, it is clear, that main political power in German Empire rests not in Reichstag as ultimate expression of peoples will, but in the hands of unelected German Emperor. ;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9989_DESC;Now that we have chosen a new form of German empire, we must decide, who shall be the next German Emperor. Part of politicians agree that best candidate is scion of the house of Hohenzoller Wilhelm IV . Some are arguing that it was Hohenzollerns absurd ambition which brought Germany on the brink of destruction and believe, that next German emperor should be Ernest Augustus from the house of Hannover.  Smaller group believe that the crown should be offered to Ruprecht I from the house of Wittelsbach. And there are some who think that next Emperor of Germany should be Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich, a member of the powerful house of Romanov..;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_9988_DESC;Prime Minister and King have anxiously observed the political developments concerning our American neighbours and it is clear to him that a crisis is coming to a head. The recent political infighting concerning Bill C-7 has spent much of the government s political capital and preparations for a showdown with the Union of Britain claim much of Canada s resources, but King feels something must be done! If a syndicalist wins the upcoming federal election, it will be a terrible threat to our national security, but the America First movement is also highly unpredictable! The crisis is deepening, what should we do?;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_3206350_DESC;Today the Forschungs-und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe e.V. sent Dr. Ernst Schafer and several Ahnenerbe scientists to far off Tibet in pursuit of answers to the tales of a mythical city named 'Agaratha' that was founded by the descendants of Atlantis, who are in turn 'Aryan'. Some members believe that the 'Aryans' were a race that descended from the heavens to settle Atlantis before it was flooded. They also claim the descendants Aryans are now the Nordic (German) race and hope to prove an ancestral link.;Today the Forschungs-und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe e.V. sent Dr. Ernst Schafer and several Ahnenerbe scientists to far off Tibet in pursuit of answers to the tales of a mythical city named 'Agaratha' that was founded by the descendants of Atlantis, who are in turn 'Aryan'. Some members believe that the 'Aryans' were a race that descended from the heavens to settle Atlantis before it was flooded. They also claim the descendants Aryans are now the Nordic (German) race and hope to prove an ancestral link.;Today the Forschungs-und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe e.V. sent Dr. Ernst Schafer and several Ahnenerbe scientists to far off Tibet in pursuit of answers to the tales of a mythical city named 'Agaratha' that was founded by the descendants of Atlantis, who are in turn 'Aryan'. Some members believe that the 'Aryans' were a race that descended from the heavens to settle Atlantis before it was flooded. They also claim the descendants Aryans are now the Nordic (German) race and hope to prove an ancestral link.;Today the Forschungs-und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe e.V. sent Dr. Ernst Schafer and several Ahnenerbe scientists to far off Tibet in pursuit of answers to the tales of a mythical city named 'Agaratha' that was founded by the descendants of Atlantis, who are in turn 'Aryan'. Some members believe that the 'Aryans' were a race that descended from the heavens to settle Atlantis before it was flooded. They also claim the descendants Aryans are now the Nordic (German) race and hope to prove an ancestral link.;Today the Forschungs-und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe e.V. sent Dr. Ernst Schafer and several Ahnenerbe scientists to far off Tibet in pursuit of answers to the tales of a mythical city named 'Agaratha' that was founded by the descendants of Atlantis, who are in turn 'Aryan'. Some members believe that the 'Aryans' were a race that descended from the heavens to settle Atlantis before it was flooded. They also claim the descendants Aryans are now the Nordic (German) race and hope to prove an ancestral link.;Today the Forschungs-und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe e.V. sent Dr. Ernst Schafer and several Ahnenerbe scientists to far off Tibet in pursuit of answers to the tales of a mythical city named 'Agaratha' that was founded by the descendants of Atlantis, who are in turn 'Aryan'. Some members believe that the 'Aryans' were a race that descended from the heavens to settle Atlantis before it was flooded. They also claim the descendants Aryans are now the Nordic (German) race and hope to prove an ancestral link.;Today the Forschungs-und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe e.V. sent Dr. Ernst Schafer and several Ahnenerbe scientists to far off Tibet in pursuit of answers to the tales of a mythical city named 'Agaratha' that was founded by the descendants of Atlantis, who are in turn 'Aryan'. Some members believe that the 'Aryans' were a race that descended from the heavens to settle Atlantis before it was flooded. They also claim the descendants Aryans are now the Nordic (German) race and hope to prove an ancestral link.;Today the Forschungs-und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe e.V. sent Dr. Ernst Schafer and several Ahnenerbe scientists to far off Tibet in pursuit of answers to the tales of a mythical city named 'Agaratha' that was founded by the descendants of Atlantis, who are in turn 'Aryan'. Some members believe that the 'Aryans' were a race that descended from the heavens to settle Atlantis before it was flooded. They also claim the descendants Aryans are now the Nordic (German) race and hope to prove an ancestral link.;;Today the Forschungs-und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe e.V. sent Dr. Ernst Schafer and several Ahnenerbe scientists to far off Tibet in pursuit of answers to the tales of a mythical city named 'Agaratha' that was founded by the descendants of Atlantis, who are in turn 'Aryan'. Some members believe that the 'Aryans' were a race that descended from the heavens to settle Atlantis before it was flooded. They also claim the descendants Aryans are now the Nordic (German) race and hope to prove an ancestral link.;x
@@ -1300,7 +1300,7 @@ EVT26_7_DESC;In a glorious campaign, the united warlord forces, joined by their
 EVT26_8_DESC;The Northern Expedition has ground to a halt - the Kuomintang has been unable to break past the Yangtze, but their holdout in Liangguang and surrounding territories remains. With neither side willing to commit any more to the bloodshed, the hostilities have ceased. The southern regions of China have been reorganized to the Republic of China, or the Guangzhou Government, while the Zhili Clique, having suffered greatly in the war, has finally faded to the dustbin of history. The Fengtian Clique has reestablished the republic of the Beiyang Era, leaving the country divided between two republics, one Japanese influenced and the other veering towards left radicalism.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT26_9_DESC;The Northern Expedition has swept across China and the flag of the Kuomintang now flies above Nanjing and Beijing. A Republic of China has been established, following the tenets of Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles of the People. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, wielding the fame of having led the National Revolutionary Army and united China, purges the party of Wang Jingwei's and Liao Zhongkai's radicals and establishes a period of 'People's Tutelage' in China. The path towards a united, modern state is not easy - Japan soon invades Manchuria and establishes a puppet state, while the rest of the country is a fragile mesh of warlords and autonomous governors controlled by a loose leash. Regardless, by 1936, the Republic of China is a state with a lot of potential and one with the chance to align with Germany, Japan, Russia, or carve out a bloc of its own.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT26_10_DESC;The Northern Expedition has liberated most of China from the chaos of the Warlord era - but Fengtian stubbornly holds its ground, unwilling to concede. As neither side is willing to commit any more to the bloodshed, hostilities have ceased, and while the rest of China becomes a republic led by the Kuomintang once more, Fengtian drifts straight to the Japanese sphere. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, wielding the fame of having led the National Revolutionary Army and united China, purges the party of Wang Jingwei's and Liao Zhongkai's radicals and establishes a period of 'People's Tutelage' in China. The path towards a united, modern state is not easy - Japan still holds Manchuria and draws designs to seize the rest of China, while the rest of the country is a fragile mesh of warlords and autonomous governors controlled by a loose leash. Regardless, by 1936, the Republic of China is a state with a lot of potential, and should it get its final revenge against Japan, it may field this potential to become a global superpower.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT26_11_DESC;The year is 1926 and the Northern Expedition is underway. The powerful northern warlords, who for over a decade waged internecine warfare among themselves, have finally turned their attention to the South. The Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army now surge northward toward the cities of Wuhan and Nanchang, aiming from there to take Nanjing, Shanghai, and eventually Beijing. For the Northerners, this has come at a bad time. They are in the midst of wrapping up what some have called China s first modern war, and its aftermath has sapped what little legitimacy remains from the central government in Beijing. The Foreign Powers, Japan and Germany, who have intermittently supported various sides in China's internal conflicts, look on nervously. The northern warlords had never been entirely amenable to their goals, which are mainly exploitative, but they were typically reliable factors with reliable interests. The Germans singularly look at the Northern Expedition and see a dire threat: Syndicalism, a red menace seemingly ever-present, and liable to now emerge once again in China. The Kuomintang are indeed partially funded and equipped by Paris, and there are known to be Bolshevist veterans in the midst of the National Revolutionary Army. When the first waves of the Northern Expedition tear through the Zhili Clique's defenses, the Kaiserreich is spurred into action. Something, its leaders say, must be done.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT26_11_DESC;The year is 1926 and the Northern Expedition is underway. The powerful northern warlords, who for over a decade waged internecine warfare among themselves, have finally turned their attention to the South. The Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army now surge northward toward the cities of Wuhan and Nanchang, aiming from there to take Nanjing, Shanghai, and eventually Beijing. For the Northerners, this has come at a bad time. They are in the midst of wrapping up what some have called China s first modern war, and its aftermath has sapped what little legitimacy remains from the central government in Beijing. The Foreign Powers, Japan and Germany, who have intermittently supported various sides in China's internal conflicts, look on nervously. The northern warlords had never been entirely amenable to their goals, which are mainly exploitative, but they were typically reliable factors with reliable interests. The Germans singularly look at the Northern Expedition and see a dire threat: Syndicalism, a red menace seemingly ever-present, and liable to now emerge once again in China. The Kuomintang are indeed partially funded and equipped by Paris, and there are known to be Bolshevist veterans in the midst of the National Revolutionary Army. When the first waves of the Northern Expedition tear through the Zhili Clique's defences, the Kaiserreich is spurred into action. Something, its leaders say, must be done.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91818_DESC;Our policy on the official language of the Wales has to be formed. While varying areas speak Welsh or English, we need to decide the working language of our government. Welsh is the obvious choice, as we have just received independence after hundreds years of English tyranny and we need to solidify our national identity if we are to survive. But majority of our population, even if they consider themselves Welsh continues to use English language as their primary language and establishment of Welsh as primary language would greatly upset them. What shall we do ?;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91819_DESC;Our policy on the official language of the Brittany has to be formed. While varying areas speak Breton or French, we need to decide the working language of our government. Breton is the obvious choice, as we have just received independence after hundreds years of French tyranny and we need to solidify our national identity if we are to survive. But majority of our population, even if they consider themselves Breton continues to use French language as their primary language and establishment of Breton as primary language would greatly upset them. What shall we do ?;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91820_DESC;Our policy on the official language of the Normandy has to be formed. While varying areas speak Norman or French, we need to decide the working language of our government. Norman is the obvious choice, as we have just received independence after hundreds years of French tyranny and we need to solidify our national identity if we are to survive. But majority of our population, even if they consider themselves Norman continues to use French language as their primary language and establishment of Norman as primary language would greatly upset them. What shall we do ?;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -1325,11 +1325,11 @@ EVT_3968549_DESC;Quadragesimo Quinto Anno (Latin for 'In the 45th Year') is a ne
 EVT_91838_DESC;For the last few weeks, leaders of the major Arab nations, cultural groups and liberation movements have been meeting in Cairo, Egypt, for what was dubbed the  Arab Congress . Their final declaration has shown that Arab Nationalism is on the rise and may become a serious threat to our Empire on the near future. Already there has been some signs of unrest on our Arab regions! Some of our ministers have suggested dissolving our Chamber of Deputies and adopting emergency policies to suppress any immediate agitation, but the long-term effects of this may not be the best.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91839_DESC;The second Weitkrieg has begun, as the French Communards and the Germans are tainting the soil of Alsace-Loraine and the Rhineland with the blood of hundreds of thousands of their soldiers. The rebel government of the Union of Britain has also joined the struggle on the side of France, and they already are shipping troops to the continent, while their Republican Navy has begun patrolling the North Sea in search of the German Kriegsmarine. With the Syndicalists involved in this violent war, this could be our chance to attack the red bandits and finally retake our ancestral homeland of the British Isles. On the other hand, we could also seize the moment to avenge our fallen countrymen of the first Weitkrieg and declare war on the German Empire and her bloc instead, setting the ground for the liberation of Britain later on.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91840_DESC;As our main struggle against both the Combined Syndicates and the America First regime is over, we have slowly been restoring order to those former rebel strongholds in the Deep South and in the Great Lakes area. The California-based rival government of the Pacific States, however, still claims sovereignty over a large area of the Western US, going as far as commanding the former National Guard on those states and also several units of the USAAF. Even some capital ships of our navy have switched allegiance to the Sacramento clique! In order to restore the rule of law, as the saying goes, 'from sea to shining sea', our military leaders have devised a plan for an immediate police action against the rebel PSA to forcibly return those states to the Union. Resistance is expected to be high, however, since many civilians and most of the military are now giving value to their newly-gained independence as a bulwark against the chaos that engulfed the rest of the country. Even on our own home states, the common folk is more interested in returning to their towns and rebuilding their lives than on another round of this fratricidal civil war - if we go ahead with this invasion, we will surely see a new set of major protests on our cities. For this reason, a good part of our senate favours a more diplomatic approach to this situation, simply convincing the Pacific States to rejoin the Washington-based government.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_91841_DESC;The German Intervention in China has started! The Reich, aided by their lackeys of the Kuonmintang, is already advancing from their concessions around Tsingtao, aiming on seizeing our industrial centers on the eastern coast. We must stop them, together with our allies of the Fengtieng and Guonminjun cliques. Our main objective would be simply to contain the German advance into their own concessions, while slowly advancing into the KMT-held territories and, eventually, expelling German forces from Mainland China. We must be cautious, however - not only we are dealing with the most powerful empire on Earth, but the Japanese are also carefully observing the situation and, like a vulture, are ready to intervene in Manchuria should the opportunity arise.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_91841_DESC;The German Intervention in China has started! The Reich, aided by their lackeys of the Kuonmintang, is already advancing from their concessions around Tsingtao, aiming on seizing our industrial centres on the eastern coast. We must stop them, together with our allies of the Fengtieng and Guonminjun cliques. Our main objective would be simply to contain the German advance into their own concessions, while slowly advancing into the KMT-held territories and, eventually, expelling German forces from Mainland China. We must be cautious, however - not only we are dealing with the most powerful empire on Earth, but the Japanese are also carefully observing the situation and, like a vulture, are ready to intervene in Manchuria should the opportunity arise.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91842_DESC;Although we were victorious in war against internationale, the war itself and previous economical crisis have greatly damaged our economy and thus our ability to control our vast colonial empire. Despite our effort at restoring our economy and reestablishing firm control over our colonies, without serious and drastic economical and colonial restructurization program we wont be able to do both. We may be able to keep our colonial empire in current state, but at price of the economical slowdown, however trying to restart and restore our economy would require serious financial cuts, mainly at expense of our colonial administration. Time is running out and we will have to find solution soon...;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91843_DESC;Under patronage of the liberal Fortschrittliche Volkspartei and socialdemocrats of the SPD, Hjalmar Schacht the former State Secretary for Finance in von Papens government in years 1934-1937 introduced his ambitious colonial plan that promises to greatly reduce costs of colonial administration and restart our economy. His plan dubbed Kaiserbund project proposes transformation of the current German colonial empire into the chain of dependent territories with limited international sovereignty. Such quasi states would allow economically troubled German Empire to gradually reduce colonial administration in favor of the local one, or even completely replace it, while German Empire would retain control over executive power, armed forces, foreign relations and economy of these newborn states. German Emperor would be formal head of state while head of the executive power would be nominated by the Emperor and approved in Reichstag. Such proposal, even if it promises to allow German economy to restore itself and bring potential for further growth, is viewed as absolute insanity by the right wing section of German society as well as parts of the Deutschkonservative Partei since in their opinion implementation of such drastic project would mean the beginning of gradual end of the German colonial Empire because local nationalist would definitively try to use such grand opportunity to intensify their effort aimed against territorial integrity of our colonies, not to mention loss of international prestige such step would surely brought, since implementation of this project would prove that German Empire is incapable of holding its vast colonial empire.....;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91844_DESC;Ongoing economical stagnation with possible threat of another economical crisis proved, that in order for German Empire to once again achieve leading place among the worlds most economically powerful states, the drastic cuts in administration apparatus, and extensive economy development programmes are needed. In rare act of joint initiative the liberal Fortschrittliche Volkspartei and socialdemocrats of the SPD have proposed plan dubbed as the Kaiserbund project which promises to greatly cut expenses of our colonial administration. However, in order to allow this project to pass through Reichstag, at least marginal support from Conservative parties in Reichstag will be required since both patrons of this project don't have the necessary 2/3 majority in Reichstag...;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_91862_DESC;Despite previous rejection of Kaiserbund project in Reichstag roughly four years ago, ongoing economical troubles that German Empire is experiencing combined with numerous colonial uprisings have proved, that in order for German Empire to once again achieve leading place among the worlds most economically powerful states and save its colonial empire, the drastic cuts in colonial administration apparatus, and extensive reorganization of exisitng colonies are required. In rare act of joint initiative the liberal Fortschrittliche Volkspartei and socialdemocrats of the SPD have proposed plan dubbed as the Kaiserbund project which promises to solve existing problems with colonies. However, in order to allow this project to pass through Reichstag, at least marginal support from Conservative parties in Reichstag will be required since both patrons of this project don't have necessary 2/3 majority in Reichstag...;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_91862_DESC;Despite previous rejection of Kaiserbund project in Reichstag roughly four years ago, ongoing economical troubles that German Empire is experiencing combined with numerous colonial uprisings have proved, that in order for German Empire to once again achieve leading place among the worlds most economically powerful states and save its colonial empire, the drastic cuts in colonial administration apparatus, and extensive reorganization of existing colonies are required. In rare act of joint initiative the liberal Fortschrittliche Volkspartei and socialdemocrats of the SPD have proposed plan dubbed as the Kaiserbund project which promises to solve existing problems with colonies. However, in order to allow this project to pass through Reichstag, at least marginal support from Conservative parties in Reichstag will be required since both patrons of this project don't have necessary 2/3 majority in Reichstag...;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91845_DESC;As Russia is ready to launch a preemptive strike against Imperial positions in Manchuria and Transamur, Japan's role as a great power in East Asia is threatened! In order to secure our own holdings and the territorial integrity of our allies we must, first, hold the lines against Russian and Mongolian forces. Having this accomplished, according to our High Command, a good counter-attack would involve a drive through Mongolia towards Irkutsk in order to cut the Russians from their supply lines, combined with a main assault across the Amur River and supported by amphibious invasions from Okhotsk all the way north to Kamchatka, in order to pin the enemy down on the Siberian wastelands. With their main attack forces captured, our soldiers will be free to roam across the taiga and seize the entire Russian Far East for the glory of our Empire! We must be cautious, however, as the treacherous fanatics of the Shangqing Tianguo may seize the chance to attack our rearguard...;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91846_DESC;Over the years, the Japanese Empire has shown signs of their ambitions towards our Far Eastern territories - and we must not stand idle! Our generals have prepared a preemptive strike at their positions in both Manchuria and their puppet republic of Transamur. Their plan involves, first, an advance by Russian and Mongol troops from Mongolia towards the Sea of Bohai, while also, at the same time, another force would cross the Amur river and attempt to secure Vladivostok before Japanese reinforcements arrive. Smaller forces must also secure our beachheads against possible Japanese landings, while our new airborne forces may be used to seize Sakhalin island, thus allowing the Russian Navy, albeit small, more freedom to operate, and also providing excellent bases for our naval bombers. The second part of the plan involves a joint strike towards Changchun, capital of the Manchurian Empire, in order encircle any enemy armies in northeastern China. Once this is accomplished, a joint strike against Japanese concession of Port Arthur and the occupied Korean peninsula, will hopefully force Japan to accept terms favourable to us that will allow Russia to secure its dominance in the Far East!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91847_DESC;As Russia is ready to launch a preemptive strike against Imperial positions in Manchuria and Transamur, Japan's role as a great power in East Asia - and also the very existence of our Republic - is threatened! In order to secure our own survival we must, first, hold the lines against Russian and Mongolian forces. Having this accomplished, according to the Imperial High Command, a good counter-attack would involve a drive through Mongolia towards Irkutsk in order to cut the Czarists from their supply lines, combined with a main assault across the Amur River and supported by amphibious invasions from Okhotsk all the way north to Kamchatka, in order to pin the enemy down on the Siberian wastelands. With their main attack forces captured, Japanese, Manchurian and Transamur forces will be free to roam across the taiga and seize the entire Russian Far East for the glory of Great East Asia! Maybe we can even secure a part of Siberia for ourselves...?;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@ EVT_91853_DESC;Eruption of revolution across the southern China has brought our
 3500659desc;The feudal agrarian system, where a few families of Muslim landowners owned most of the land, was part of the Ottoman heritage still present in Bosnia. For the time being we have preserved this land distribution as it meant keeping Bosniak elites supporting our empire against Croats and Serbs, which form majority of Bosnia's population. Croatian and Serbian movements have repeatedly requested initiation of agrarian reform as a mean to modernise the almost medieval agrarian system of Bosnia and to reduce influence of Bosniak elites in the country. Current governor of Bosnia is leaning towards accepting this reform as he no longer consider existing agrarian status sustainable without causing significant difficulties to economy of Bosnia. However, head of Diet of Bosnia, Mehmed Spaho and other Bosniaks in our cabinet are threatening that they would cease their support of our empire if this reform is initiated. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;x
 3500661desc;Zrnov or Zrnovan was a Serbian medieval fortress located on the highest top of Avala, at 511 metres, near Belgrade.On this place, the construction of the monument to the Unknown Hero was ordered by King Alexander II of Serbia, to commemorate the victims of the Weltkrieg. Marked only by the dates 1912-1918, the monument also commemorates those lost in the Balkan Wars (1912 1913). The construction started in 1934 when the remains of the fortifications were demolished by dynamite. The monument was designed by the sculptor Ivan Mestrovic,and it was opened on 28th of June 1938.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91854_DESC;Serbian minority in Bosnia, enraged by ongoing economical crisis and our steadfast refusal to enact agrarian reform has once more turned to Serbia for protection. With help from Serbia, various nationalist organisations in Bosnia such as Narodna Odbrana intensified their activity aimed against territorial integrity of our empire! Governor of Bosnia afraid of where could such development lead, pleaded imperial government to pressure on Serbia to cease support to various nationalist groups inside Bosnia.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_91855_DESC;Border skirmishes between France and Germany has once again thrown the entire European continent into throes of war and with involvement of Canada and Entete remnants into conflict there is direct threat that war will even spread further if syndicalist succeed. Opinions vary on whether the war weary American state will participate in this conflict to help bring godless syndicalism down. Should we try to directly participate in ongoing conflict or should we profit from military contracts from all sides of conflict?;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_91855_DESC;Border skirmishes between France and Germany has once again thrown the entire European continent into throes of war and with involvement of Canada and Entente remnants into conflict there is direct threat that war will even spread further if syndicalist succeed. Opinions vary on whether the war weary American state will participate in this conflict to help bring godless syndicalism down. Should we try to directly participate in ongoing conflict or should we profit from military contracts from all sides of conflict?;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_91856_DESC;Like every election since 1921, even this election is marred by controversial constitutional amendments, which only permits participation of political parties that accept our place within Mitteleuropa alliance, Hohenzollerns as our ruling dynasty and status of our eastern borders. Because of this, the number of political parties which can directly participate is limited to just the Catholic block, Liberal party and newly formed Rexist-Flemist national union coalition. Which one will achieve victory in this election?;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_3968551_NAME;Worsening economic conditions;Worsening economic conditions;Worsening economic conditions;Worsening economic conditions;Worsening economic conditions;Worsening economic conditions;Worsening economic conditions;;;;x
 EVT_3968551_DESC;More than a year after the Black Monday, we are still suffering from its consequences. Actually, the economic conditions are getting worse day by day because the initial effects were not too detrimental and so we underestimated them, without taking any action to counter them.\nThere are various proposals on the table, first of all there are some laissez faire economists who argue that nothing should be done and that the market will recover itself, eventually. On the other hand, there are many among the Church who advocate a continuation of the campaign started by Pius XI for the creation of Catholic corporations: they would be structured, organized and controlled with our support and they would actively act to support workers and enterprises, according to the principle of solidarity. Finally, the left-leaning members of the Church believe that the corporations should not be controlled by us, but that we should allow the creation of non-catholic trade unions. This would lead to the creation of many new independent unions that support the workers of our country.\n RNOTE: the last option is available only if John XXIII is the Head of State.;More than a year after the Black Monday, we are still suffering from its consequences. Actually, the economic conditions are getting worse day by day because the initial effects were not too detrimental and so we underestimated them, without taking any action to counter them.\nThere are various proposals on the table, first of all there are some laissez faire economists who argue that nothing should be done and that the market will recover itself, eventually. On the other hand, there are many among the Church who advocate a continuation of the campaign started by Pius XI for the creation of Catholic corporations: they would be structured, organized and controlled with our support and they would actively act to support workers and enterprises, according to the principle of solidarity. Finally, the left-leaning members of the Church believe that the corporations should not be controlled by us, but that we should allow the creation of non-catholic trade unions. This would lead to the creation of many new independent unions that support the workers of our country.\n RNOTE: the last option is available only if John XXIII is the Head of State.;More than a year after the Black Monday, we are still suffering from its consequences. Actually, the economic conditions are getting worse day by day because the initial effects were not too detrimental and so we underestimated them, without taking any action to counter them.\nThere are various proposals on the table, first of all there are some laissez faire economists who argue that nothing should be done and that the market will recover itself, eventually. On the other hand, there are many among the Church who advocate a continuation of the campaign started by Pius XI for the creation of Catholic corporations: they would be structured, organized and controlled with our support and they would actively act to support workers and enterprises, according to the principle of solidarity. Finally, the left-leaning members of the Church believe that the corporations should not be controlled by us, but that we should allow the creation of non-catholic trade unions. This would lead to the creation of many new independent unions that support the workers of our country.\n RNOTE: the last option is available only if John XXIII is the Head of State.;More than a year after the Black Monday, we are still suffering from its consequences. Actually, the economic conditions are getting worse day by day because the initial effects were not too detrimental and so we underestimated them, without taking any action to counter them.\nThere are various proposals on the table, first of all there are some laissez faire economists who argue that nothing should be done and that the market will recover itself, eventually. On the other hand, there are many among the Church who advocate a continuation of the campaign started by Pius XI for the creation of Catholic corporations: they would be structured, organized and controlled with our support and they would actively act to support workers and enterprises, according to the principle of solidarity. Finally, the left-leaning members of the Church believe that the corporations should not be controlled by us, but that we should allow the creation of non-catholic trade unions. This would lead to the creation of many new independent unions that support the workers of our country.\n RNOTE: the last option is available only if John XXIII is the Head of State.;More than a year after the Black Monday, we are still suffering from its consequences. Actually, the economic conditions are getting worse day by day because the initial effects were not too detrimental and so we underestimated them, without taking any action to counter them.\nThere are various proposals on the table, first of all there are some laissez faire economists who argue that nothing should be done and that the market will recover itself, eventually. On the other hand, there are many among the Church who advocate a continuation of the campaign started by Pius XI for the creation of Catholic corporations: they would be structured, organized and controlled with our support and they would actively act to support workers and enterprises, according to the principle of solidarity. Finally, the left-leaning members of the Church believe that the corporations should not be controlled by us, but that we should allow the creation of non-catholic trade unions. This would lead to the creation of many new independent unions that support the workers of our country.\n RNOTE: the last option is available only if John XXIII is the Head of State.;More than a year after the Black Monday, we are still suffering from its consequences. Actually, the economic conditions are getting worse day by day because the initial effects were not too detrimental and so we underestimated them, without taking any action to counter them.\nThere are various proposals on the table, first of all there are some laissez faire economists who argue that nothing should be done and that the market will recover itself, eventually. On the other hand, there are many among the Church who advocate a continuation of the campaign started by Pius XI for the creation of Catholic corporations: they would be structured, organized and controlled with our support and they would actively act to support workers and enterprises, according to the principle of solidarity. Finally, the left-leaning members of the Church believe that the corporations should not be controlled by us, but that we should allow the creation of non-catholic trade unions. This would lead to the creation of many new independent unions that support the workers of our country.\n RNOTE: the last option is available only if John XXIII is the Head of State.;More than a year after the Black Monday, we are still suffering from its consequences. Actually, the economic conditions are getting worse day by day because the initial effects were not too detrimental and so we underestimated them, without taking any action to counter them.\nThere are various proposals on the table, first of all there are some laissez faire economists who argue that nothing should be done and that the market will recover itself, eventually. On the other hand, there are many among the Church who advocate a continuation of the campaign started by Pius XI for the creation of Catholic corporations: they would be structured, organized and controlled with our support and they would actively act to support workers and enterprises, according to the principle of solidarity. Finally, the left-leaning members of the Church believe that the corporations should not be controlled by us, but that we should allow the creation of non-catholic trade unions. This would lead to the creation of many new independent unions that support the workers of our country.\n RNOTE: the last option is available only if John XXIII is the Head of State.;;;;x
@@ -1672,7 +1672,7 @@ EVT_101219_DESC;As the army finished off its last opponents, the military conseq
 EVT_101220_DESC;A veritable mass of patterns of different ethnicities, religious and caste sub groupings, Indian politics have always swayed between the extremes of cultural accommodation and subjection. The Calcutta government has employed a wide variety of policies within our own territories to maintain the rights of the so-called untouchables, people ostracized from society on religious grounds found in mainstream Hinduism. All parties agree that minority rights are essential, however, the means of enforcing these in the far more traditional and conservative provinces recently liberated from reactionary rule seem to be far more difficult to agree upon. As the Congress draws to a close, it is evident that this last issue will be invaluable for any of the fractions who wish to secure a majority.;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_101313_DESC;Today a historical offer of a bilateral and negotiated end to the division of the late Raj has been wired to our foreign ministry. The origin? Mr. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi s official residence in Calcutta. With the demise of Osman Ali Khan s union of princes only the leftist governments in Calcutta and Delhi remain, and Gandhi sees no need for the recent debacle surrounding Mysore State s sovereignty to result in bloodshed between Indians who, for better or worse, all remain sons of the same Mother India. Jinnah, for his part, sees no reason for hostilities to erupt before Gandhi s proposal has been heard. It is widely believed that a peaceful end to the division can be achieved, although the price of the needed compromises appear high. Maybe even too high...;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_101314_DESC;Muhammed Ali Jinnah, prime minister of the Dominion of India - our rival to the mantle of sole successor to Britain s Raj - has through his own foreign ministry contacted our diplomatic liaison in a third country regarding the possibility of a negotiated end to the division of the sub-continent. Spurred on by the nascent flow of popular democracy erupting from the emancipated peoples of the Deccan and Mysore s decision to align itself with our government, Jinnah sees ample opportunity for our two cabinets reaching an understanding in regards to both the future of Mysore and India as a whole. However, even though Messrs. Gandhi and Jinnah both pursue dreams of a united India, reformed in leftist democracy - many fear that their respective extremist fractions might react strongly, if one side should garner too many concessions in the coming elections.;;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_902197_DESC;Always the prize coveted by all Russian rulers, Constantinople now finally seems to be within our reach. The Turkish state has seen tremulous times over the last few years with revolts, rebellions and sedition coming from all sides. The ill man of Europe seems to be in the middle of his death-throttle and Mother Russia stands to profit from this. However, the scope of our ambitions could very well affect the chance of success. Should we restrain ourselves to securing a foothold in Greater Armenia or finally extend Orthodox control to Constantinople? The most hawkish members of cabinet are even clamoring for Russian influence to go all the way to Baghdad and Tehran!;;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_902197_DESC;Always the prize coveted by all Russian rulers, Constantinople now finally seems to be within our reach. The Turkish state has seen tremulous times over the last few years with revolts, rebellions and sedition coming from all sides. The ill man of Europe seems to be in the middle of his death-throttle and Mother Russia stands to profit from this. However, the scope of our ambitions could very well affect the chance of success. Should we restrain ourselves to securing a foothold in Greater Armenia or finally extend Orthodox control to Constantinople? The most hawkish members of cabinet are even clamouring for Russian influence to go all the way to Baghdad and Tehran!;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_661968_DESC;The once mighty German Empire has been expelled from mainland Europe, the invincible Reichswehr reduced to scattered bands of guerrilla fighters and its allies of the Mitteleuropa system crushed one by one. The Reich had, however, one last hope for victory: its vast colonial empire could provide the imperial government and the army with the resources to, one day, defeat the invaders of the Fatherland and return the glory for the German folk. This dream was quickly turned into a nightmare, as their colonies across Asia and the Pacific themselves started to fall to foreign powers and local resistance movements, be they syndicalist or nationalist in nature. After a series of mutinies in the armed forces, the Imperial government has realised the futility of their struggle and decided to surrender unconditionally to us.;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_758442_DESC;After the death of Kerensky the Winter Palace in Saint-Petersburg wasn't vacant for long. Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Romanov with the help of the old aristocracy and the new financial elite controls the biggest country in the world, as his royal ancestors did before the revolution. Playing the role of the good tsar for the peasantry, Dmitri Pavlovich guarantees that the new elite will save the property and money of the farmers. As in 1916 when he killed Rasputin, the Grand Duke is ready to act decisively in the name of Russian interests. His appeal to restore Russian glory and might is widely supported by the various layers of the nation. The people await his first actions.;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_758450_DESC;Gusev has long lobbied for an 'Armored Breakthrough' doctrine, using fast and armored tanks in conjuction with attack aircraft, infantry and artillery to break a hole in the enemy line and use the tanks to encircle the enemy position from the rear while the infantry pins them in place. Now he sits in the Office of Grand Field Marshal, and using his new-found influence to convince the up-and-coming capitalist, Aleksey Surin to produce the tanks and other vehicles to reform the army around an armored core. Still, the Berlin Stock Crisis has forced Surin's corporation into hard times finance-wise, and Gusev recommends we subsidize Surin's industry in exchange for their mechanical expertise.;;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -1696,7 +1696,7 @@ EVT_610002_DESC;Yesterday, in an emergency section of the Senate veteran syndica
 EVT_610003_DESC;Yesterday, following the death of President Zapata, a clique of left-wing military officers led by General Plutarco Calles, hero of the revolution, managed to secure the Palacio Nacional from certain traitor elements who planned to overthrow the legal government of Mexico. Calles, a known admirer of the Totalist school of socialism, was sworn in by the Senate in a quick ceremony. The new president is now expected to deliver his first words to the nation. Most importantly, the people are anxious regarding the next presidential elections, scheduled for June. Will they still happen? Maybe they will only be postponed?;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610015_DESC;Totalism, also known as Totalitarian Socialism, is an authoritarian interpretation of communist and syndicalist ideology currently promoted by some important European socialists, such as Benito Mussolini from Italy and Oswald Mosley from the Union of Britain. Totalism puts a great emphasis on the establishment of a strong and centralized state in order to properly defend the socialist revolution. Critics, however, say that Totalism is a repressive tool that will, ultimately, lead to a degeneration of the socialist ideals and the establishment of a bureaucratic class who will take any steps necessary in order to stay in power... Despite these critics, our own president follows a similar interpretation of socialism, so maybe it's time to officially endorse Totalism?;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610020_DESC;The anti-clerical measures adopted by the Federal Government have made some fruits, as we gained a small amount of funds due to the expropriation of Church property. Other provisions of the new anti-clerical laws include the prohibition of wearing religious attire in public and the loss of the clergy's right to vote. All foreign priests and missionaries are also being expelled from the country, while the religious schools will be over the next few months taken over by the State. This, however, comes at a heavy price: most of our heavily Catholic population disapproves these measures. On the central-western states, there's even talk of peasants taking up arms in order to protect their parishes and priests!;;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_610077_DESC;During the American Civil War, the Mexican army managed to conquest a good part of our western and southwestern states. Despite a well-organized campaign of both non-violent resistance and guerilla attacks by our loyal population, Mexico continues their occupation and is preparing to fully integrate these territories in the long run. With our Civil War over, we now have the opportunity to press Mexico to return us our rightfull territories - be it through diplomatic means or through yet another war.;;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_610077_DESC;During the American Civil War, the Mexican army managed to conquest a good part of our western and southwestern states. Despite a well-organized campaign of both non-violent resistance and guerilla attacks by our loyal population, Mexico continues their occupation and is preparing to fully integrate these territories in the long run. With our Civil War over, we now have the opportunity to press Mexico to return us our rightful territories - be it through diplomatic means or through yet another war.;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610079_DESC;The stubborn Mexicans have made a proposal to us: despite our threats, they still insist on keeping Southern Arizona (the lands of the Gadsden Purchase, the last territory transferred from Mexico to the US, back in 1853), plus the sparsely populated far-western part of Texas, beyond the Pecos river, centred on El Paso County (the so-called Trans-Pecos zone). Given that those territories are part of the Chihuahan Desert, with a very small population and little to no natural resources, it could be a small price to pay to avoid another war. On the other hand, however, most of our population wouldn't even accept the idea of our government handing territory containing tens of thousands of American nationals to another country!;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610080_DESC;The Mexican government has made a proposal to us: despite our threats, they still insist on keeping Southern Arizona - the sparsely-populated lands of the Gadsden Purchase, the last territory transferred from Mexico to the US, back in 1853. Those territories, centred on the town of Tucson, have a very small population of no more than 40.000 and little to no natural resources - thus, accepting Mexican rule over that tiny strip of territory could be a small price to pay to avoid another war. On the other hand, however, most of our population wouldn't even accept the idea of our government handing territory containing tens of thousands of American nationals to another country!;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610084_DESC;During the American Civil War, the Mexican army managed to conquest a good part of the western and southwestern American states. Despite a well-organized campaign of both non-violent resistance and guerilla attacks by the local Anglo population, we are determined to continue our occupation. Now, with their Civil War over, the American government is demanding that we return them these former territories. And, according to our intelligence reports, they are even considering going to war against Mexico for this! Even if we know that we have a historical right to those lands, we must keep in mind that the Americans are much more strong and organized now - it is very possible that, in case of war, we may not resist their offensive.;;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -1707,13 +1707,13 @@ EVT_610096_DESC;During the American Civil War, the Mexican army managed to conqu
 EVT_610103_DESC;The stubborn Mexicans have made a proposal to us: despite our threats, they still insist on keeping Southern Arizona (the lands of the Gadsden Purchase, the last territory transferred from Mexico to the US, back in 1853), plus the sparsely populated far-western part of Texas, beyond the Pecos river, centred on El Paso County (the so-called Trans-Pecos zone). Given that those territories are part of the Chihuahan Desert, with a very small population and little to no natural resources, it could be a small price to pay to avoid another war. On the other hand, however, most of our population wouldn't even accept the idea of our government handing territory containing tens of thousands of American nationals to another country!;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610104_DESC;The Mexican government has made a proposal to us: despite our threats, they still insist on keeping Southern Arizona - the sparsely-populated lands of the Gadsden Purchase, the last territory transferred from Mexico to the US, back in 1853. Those territories, centred on the town of Tucson, have a very small population of no more than 40.000 and little to no natural resources - thus, accepting Mexican rule over that tiny strip of territory could be a small price to pay to avoid another war. On the other hand, however, most of our population wouldn't even accept the idea of our government handing territory containing tens of thousands of American nationals to another country!;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610122_DESC;Since the late 1920s, the government has been promoting the painting of a large number of murals with patriotic, social and political messages on public buildings, universities, workplaces and parks, to the point that muralism can now be regarded as the prime form of art of post-revolutionary Mexico. Our 'big three' painters, Diego Rivera, Jos  Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros, have worked on hundreds of murals over the past years, all over Mexico and abroad, showcasing the history and culture of Mexico from Asia to Europe and the Americas. Our Ministry of Culture has advised us to put more funds on a programme for the painting of another set of murals across the country.;;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_610147_DESC;The Uni n Nacional Sinarquista, Mexico's nationalist and populist movement, has just been brought into the power structure by the Junta. The Sinarquistas trace their origins to the extreme right traditionalist Catholics, violently opposed to the left wing and secularist policies of Mexico's past socialist governments. Thanks to their anti-syndicalist furour, it is expected that their presence in our cabinet will do much good to our relations with the traditional bourgeoisie of Mexico - industrialists, bankers and hacienderos.;;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_610147_DESC;The Uni n Nacional Sinarquista, Mexico's nationalist and populist movement, has just been brought into the power structure by the Junta. The Sinarquistas trace their origins to the extreme right traditionalist Catholics, violently opposed to the left wing and secularist policies of Mexico's past socialist governments. Thanks to their anti-syndicalist furore, it is expected that their presence in our cabinet will do much good to our relations with the traditional bourgeoisie of Mexico - industrialists, bankers and hacienderos.;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610148_DESC;Since the signing of the Mexican Constitution of 1917, the Roman Catholic clergy has been deprived of a number of civil rights, such as the right to vote and own property. Not only that, the Church itself was persecuted, with local parishes shut, religious education suppressed, monasteries looted and even traditional religious feasts prohibited. Since our new government has come to power, these persecutions have been much relaxed. However, it is time to officially repeal these anti-clerical articles of our constitution!;;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_610149_DESC;Our partners of the Sinarquista movement have ordered their paramilitaries, the Camisas Doradas (Goldshirts) on a night of rampage. Over last night, their thugs have attacked a number of syndicalist organizations, such as trade unions and cultural centers, destroyed a number of muralist works of art in Mexico City, and invaded the homes of known socialists. These actions will, of course, help demobilize any existing opposition to our regime but, at the same time, some feel that these extremist measures will do us much harm on the long run.;;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_610154_DESC;Our country already has been a monarchy in two distinct periods. The First Mexican Empire, proclaimed just after the independence from Spain, lasted under Agust n I from 1821 to 1823. The, the Second Empire, imposed by the occupying French forces of Napoleon III, survived from 1864 to 1867 under the rule of Maximilian I, an Austrian Habsburg archduke. Ever since the Sinarquistas have established their new nationalist regime, some fringe groups have started advocating for the restoration of monarchy in Mexico under a devout Catholic monarch. These groups have slowly gaining more and more support both among the political classes, to the point that on today's session of the Senate, sinarquista senator Manuel Torres Bueno has openly proposed a Third Mexican Empire to be instituted. Of course, most of our population is happy to live under a republic and would strongly oppose this scheme.;;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_610155_DESC;As our government has decided to restore the Mexican monarchy, now we must decide which dynasty shall ascend to the throne. Should we invite Do a Mar a Anna Tunkl-Iturbide, of the House of Habsburg-It rbide? Since she is, famously, granddaughter of Salvador de It rbide (grandson of our first emperor Agust n and an adopted son of our second monarch Maximilian I), she would be most appreciated by the traditional Catholics, conservative politicians and would put us on good relations with the European powers. On the other hand, a 'nativist' clique has emerged, supporting the claims of Don Fernando de Teruel, current holder of the Spanish title of Duke of Moctezuma de Tultengo - thus, a descendent of Aztec emperor Moctezuma II.;;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_610156_DESC;Today, Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City was prepared for a special ceremony, the first coronation in our country since 1867. In all grandeur, Do a Mar a Anna of the house of Habsburg-It rbide accepted the imperial crown of Mexico as ascended the throne under the regnal name Mar a I. Shortly thereafter, she was greeted and applauded by a good section of our political classes, entrepreneurs and foreign dignitaries. A few kilometers from there, however, pro-republic mobs continued to clash with police forces - a sign that the people won't easily accept this new monarchy so easily...;;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_610157_DESC;Today, Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City was prepared for a special ceremony, the first coronation in our country since 1867. In all grandeur, Don Fernando of the house of Moctezuma de Tultengo accepted the crown of Mexico as ascended the throne under the regnal name Fernando I. Shortly thereafter, he was greeted and applauded by a good section of our political classes, entrepreneurs and foreign dignitaries. A few kilometers from there, however, pro-republic mobs continued to clash with police forces - a sign that the people won't easily accept this new monarchy so easily...;;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_610149_DESC;Our partners of the Sinarquista movement have ordered their paramilitaries, the Camisas Doradas (Goldshirts) on a night of rampage. Over last night, their thugs have attacked a number of syndicalist organizations, such as trade unions and cultural centres, destroyed a number of muralist works of art in Mexico City, and invaded the homes of known socialists. These actions will, of course, help demobilize any existing opposition to our regime but, at the same time, some feel that these extremist measures will do us much harm on the long run.;;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_610154_DESC;Our country already has been a monarchy in two distinct periods. The First Mexican Empire, proclaimed just after the independence from Spain, lasted under Agustín I from 1821 to 1823. The, the Second Empire, imposed by the occupying French forces of Napoleon III, survived from 1864 to 1867 under the rule of Maximilian I, an Austrian Habsburg archduke. Ever since the Sinarquistas have established their new nationalist regime, some fringe groups have started advocating for the restoration of monarchy in Mexico under a devout Catholic monarch. These groups have slowly gaining more and more support both among the political classes, to the point that on today's session of the Senate, sinarquista senator Manuel Torres Bueno has openly proposed a Third Mexican Empire to be instituted. Of course, most of our population is happy to live under a republic and would strongly oppose this scheme.;;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_610155_DESC;As our government has decided to restore the Mexican monarchy, now we must decide which dynasty shall ascend to the throne. Should we invite Do a Mar a Anna Tunkl-Iturbide, of the House of Habsburg-It rbide? Since she is, famously, granddaughter of Salvador de It rbide (grandson of our first emperor Agustín and an adopted son of our second monarch Maximilian I), she would be most appreciated by the traditional Catholics, conservative politicians and would put us on good relations with the European powers. On the other hand, a 'nativist' clique has emerged, supporting the claims of Don Fernando de Teruel, current holder of the Spanish title of Duke of Moctezuma de Tultengo - thus, a descendent of Aztec emperor Moctezuma II.;;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_610156_DESC;Today, Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City was prepared for a special ceremony, the first coronation in our country since 1867. In all grandeur, Do a Mar a Anna of the house of Habsburg-It rbide accepted the imperial crown of Mexico as ascended the throne under the regnal name Mar a I. Shortly thereafter, she was greeted and applauded by a good section of our political classes, entrepreneurs and foreign dignitaries. A few kilometres from there, however, pro-republic mobs continued to clash with police forces - a sign that the people won't easily accept this new monarchy so easily...;;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_610157_DESC;Today, Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City was prepared for a special ceremony, the first coronation in our country since 1867. In all grandeur, Don Fernando of the house of Moctezuma de Tultengo accepted the crown of Mexico as ascended the throne under the regnal name Fernando I. Shortly thereafter, he was greeted and applauded by a good section of our political classes, entrepreneurs and foreign dignitaries. A few kilometres from there, however, pro-republic mobs continued to clash with police forces - a sign that the people won't easily accept this new monarchy so easily...;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610166_DESC;The small Republic of Haiti is an ineffective bourgeois democracy, exploited by dozens of American and Canadian companies. Major corporations such as the United Fruit Company and Hershey's exploit the Haitian people in their plantations, shipping their produce and profits overseas while employing thugs and buying corrupt government officials to ensure the proletariat remains in check, while repressive laws and violent police actions prevent any chance for true self-organization of the working classes. Despite these difficulties, a number of socialist organizations still manage to operate there, attempting small-scale organization of peasants and industrial workers. Our intelligence services think that these small groups may be the embryo of a true Haitian Revolution.;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610171_DESC;The Dominican Republic is a Spanish-speaking country in the Caribbean, sharing the island of Hispaniola with their neighbours Haiti. A very poor country under corrupt caudillos, the Dominican workers must face very difficult conditions in order to gain even their most basic needs, while repressive policies prevent a proper socialist movement. However, some syndicalist-inspired sectors of their military, according to our intelligence services, may act as the vanguard of the working class and advance a socialist uprising there.;;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_610190_DESC;Several years of warfare have taken their toll on the city of Las Vegas, Nevada. The American Civil War and, later, the Mexican occupation, have caused much damage to the economy and infrastructure of this gambling city. A good part of the population fled to the relative stability of California or Canada, while most of the casinos and hotels have been closed ever since. As Fremont Street lies abandoned, some surviving businesspeople have started petitioning our government to allow the casinos to be reopened. While gambling is illegal in all of Mexico, they argue that the influx of tourists, both Mexicans and Americans, would generate a good amount of capital for the city - a part of which would turn into some much-needed tax money for our government.;;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -3129,14 +3129,14 @@ EVT_11032_DESC;The region of Katanga, on the upper reaches of the Congo river, h
 ACTIONNAME_11032_A;Expand the mines, use forced labour!;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11032_B;The world market has little demand for raw materials.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11033_NAME;Expansion of Katanga mines finished;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_11033_DESC;After long and ardous work we have greatly expanded Katanga mining complex. Output of rare materials, required on world market, has greatly increased.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_11033_DESC;After long and arduous work we have greatly expanded Katanga mining complex. Output of rare materials, required on world market, has greatly increased.;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11033_A;Keep up the good work!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11034_NAME;The Kolwezi Dam;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11034_DESC;Thanks to our efforts, the raw material production in Katanga has greatly increased. But the province still lacks sufficient power plants for all the new mines, factories, and infrastructure. Constructing a hydropower plant near Kolwezi should solve that problem. But the resulting reservoir would displace thousands of natives from their homes.;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11034_A;Begin construction, the rabble has to yield for progress!;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11034_B;Cancel the project, we cannot afford it.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11035_NAME;Construction of Kolwezi Dam finished;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_11035_DESC;After long and ardous work we have finished construction of the new grand Kolwezi dam, which will provide enough energy for our expanding industry.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_11035_DESC;After long and arduous work we have finished construction of the new grand Kolwezi dam, which will provide enough energy for our expanding industry.;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11035_A;Keep up the good work!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11036_NAME;Civil unrest in Katanga!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11036_DESC;The population of Katanga is revolting! The people are rallying against our troops, destroying infrastructure, and lynching any European they can get their hands on!;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -3154,7 +3154,7 @@ ACTIONNAME_11039_A;We will orientate towards the Syndicalist powers;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11039_B;We shall stay within the German sphere of influence;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11039_C;We shall build socialism in Africa by ourselves;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11040_NAME;Syndicalists in the Freistaat;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_11040_DESC;The political fallout from the outsting of Staathalter has left our crown colony with the Syndicalists in power. We have effectivly lost our colony in Africa and now we must decide how our next move will be!;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_11040_DESC;The political fallout from the ousting of Staathalter has left our crown colony with the Syndicalists in power. We have effectively lost our colony in Africa and now we must decide how our next move will be!;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11040_A;There is nothing we can do...;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11040_B;Covert operations will be good enough!;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11040_C;They will be crushed!;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -3172,7 +3172,7 @@ ACTIONNAME_11043_B;War will solve this !;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11044_NAME;Collapse;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11044_DESC;With our open revolt against German Empire problems have begun. Entire Mittelafrika critically depends on German manpower, supplies and industrial assistance to remain intact and keep tribes, nations under control. Without German support it is doubtful that newly created Centroafrika would hold itself together - it would require miracle to hold such huge country with hundreds of different tribes and nations together.;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11044_A;Damn, it won t be easy.....;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_11045_NAME;The reestructurization of Centroafrika;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_11045_NAME;The restructurization of Centroafrika;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11045_DESC;With the Syndicalists in power in Centroafrika, we may either try to get rid of our colonial structure and reform into a true African nation: the Bantu Federation, or try and keep existing colonial structures intact....;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11045_A;We cannot keep the old structures;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11045_B;Keep existing structures intact;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -3184,7 +3184,7 @@ EVT_11047_DESC;With the Central African states finally free from German capitali
 ACTIONNAME_11047_A;We must join arms with France;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11047_B;Isolationism, we must organize our country;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11048_NAME;Bantu Federation wants to join the Internationale;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_11048_DESC;The Government of the Bantu Federation has announced recently that they want to join the Syndicalist bloc. After all, don't we all want African workers joing the crusade against bloodthirsty Germans and rotten imperialist Canadian pigs?;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_11048_DESC;The Government of the Bantu Federation has announced recently that they want to join the Syndicalist bloc. After all, don't we all want African workers joining the crusade against bloodthirsty Germans and rotten imperialist Canadian pigs?;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11048_A;Welcome them;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_11048_B;We are not ready to mess in Africa already;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_11049_NAME;We have joined the Internationale;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -4130,7 +4130,7 @@ EVT_50014_DESC;Having assumed the throne through not so cordial methods and desp
 ACTIONNAME_50014_A;Call a loya jirga to confirm my ascension!;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_50014_B;I have no need of this!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_50015_NAME;Mohammed Nadir Shah and the Loya Jirga;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_50015_DESC;Speaking before the Grand Assembly of tribal leaders, Nadir Shah hopes to recieve enough support to continue his rule unhindered.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_50015_DESC;Speaking before the Grand Assembly of tribal leaders, Nadir Shah hopes to receive enough support to continue his rule unhindered.;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_50015_A;The assembly hails Mohammed Nadir as king!;;;;;;;;;;x
 ACTIONNAME_50015_B;The assembly denounces Mohammed Nadir!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_50016_NAME;Nadir Shah's Royal Oligarchy;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -6341,16 +6341,16 @@ EVT_657043_NAME;The Battle of Santiago de Cuba;The Battle of Santiago de Cuba;Th
 EVT_657043_DESC;One of our army divisions has encountered a major rebel unit in the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba!;One of our army divisions has encountered a major rebel unit in the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba!;One of our army divisions has encountered a major rebel unit in the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba!;One of our army divisions has encountered a major rebel unit in the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba!;One of our army divisions has encountered a major rebel unit in the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba!;One of our army divisions has encountered a major rebel unit in the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba!;One of our army divisions has encountered a major rebel unit in the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba!;One of our army divisions has encountered a major rebel unit in the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba!;One of our army divisions has encountered a major rebel unit in the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba!;;x
 EVT_657043_ACTIONA;We are ready for war!;We are ready for war!;We are ready for war!;We are ready for war!;We are ready for war!;We are ready for war!;We are ready for war!;We are ready for war!;We are ready for war!;;x
 EVT_657044_NAME;Battle of Santiago - Government Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Government Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Government Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Government Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Government Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Government Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Government Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Government Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Government Victory!;;x
-EVT_657044_DESC;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;;x
+EVT_657044_DESC;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached most of our territory. We will surely spend the next months whipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any major uprising against our rule is now out of question!;;x
 EVT_657044_ACTIONA;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;;x
 EVT_657045_NAME;Battle of Santiago - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santiago - Rebel Victory!;;x
 EVT_657045_DESC;The rebel guerillas have defeated us! Our army must now retreat west and regroup for a new offensive.;The rebel guerillas have defeated us! Our army must now retreat west and regroup for a new offensive.;The rebel guerillas have defeated us! Our army must now retreat west and regroup for a new offensive.;The rebel guerillas have defeated us! Our army must now retreat west and regroup for a new offensive.;The rebel guerillas have defeated us! Our army must now retreat west and regroup for a new offensive.;The rebel guerillas have defeated us! Our army must now retreat west and regroup for a new offensive.;The rebel guerillas have defeated us! Our army must now retreat west and regroup for a new offensive.;The rebel guerillas have defeated us! Our army must now retreat west and regroup for a new offensive.;The rebel guerillas have defeated us! Our army must now retreat west and regroup for a new offensive.;;x
-EVT_657045_ACTIONA;So embarassing!;So embarassing!;So embarassing!;So embarassing!;So embarassing!;So embarassing!;So embarassing!;So embarassing!;So embarassing!;;x
+EVT_657045_ACTIONA;So embarrassing!;So embarrassing!;So embarrassing!;So embarrassing!;So embarrassing!;So embarrassing!;So embarrassing!;So embarrassing!;So embarrassing!;;x
 EVT_657046_NAME;The Battle of Santa Clara;The Battle of Santa Clara;The Battle of Santa Clara;The Battle of Santa Clara;The Battle of Santa Clara;The Battle of Santa Clara;The Battle of Santa Clara;The Battle of Santa Clara;The Battle of Santa Clara;;x
 EVT_657046_DESC;After regrouping, our army is ready for a new offensive against the socialist guerillas in the Sierra Maestra region. If we fail, the road to Havana will be open!;After regrouping, our army is ready for a new offensive against the socialist guerillas in the Sierra Maestra region. If we fail, the road to Havana will be open!;After regrouping, our army is ready for a new offensive against the socialist guerillas in the Sierra Maestra region. If we fail, the road to Havana will be open!;After regrouping, our army is ready for a new offensive against the socialist guerillas in the Sierra Maestra region. If we fail, the road to Havana will be open!;After regrouping, our army is ready for a new offensive against the socialist guerillas in the Sierra Maestra region. If we fail, the road to Havana will be open!;After regrouping, our army is ready for a new offensive against the socialist guerillas in the Sierra Maestra region. If we fail, the road to Havana will be open!;After regrouping, our army is ready for a new offensive against the socialist guerillas in the Sierra Maestra region. If we fail, the road to Havana will be open!;After regrouping, our army is ready for a new offensive against the socialist guerillas in the Sierra Maestra region. If we fail, the road to Havana will be open!;After regrouping, our army is ready for a new offensive against the socialist guerillas in the Sierra Maestra region. If we fail, the road to Havana will be open!;;x
 EVT_657046_ACTIONA;Attack!;Attack!;Attack!;Attack!;Attack!;Attack!;Attack!;Attack!;Attack!;;x
 EVT_657047_NAME;Battle of Santa Clara - Government Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Government Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Government Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Government Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Government Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Government Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Government Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Government Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Government Victory!;;x
-EVT_657047_DESC;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surelly spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;;x
+EVT_657047_DESC;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surely spend the next months whipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surely spend the next months whipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surely spend the next months whipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surely spend the next months whipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surely spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surely spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surely spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surely spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;We have managed to defeat the rebel army in this battle, thus aborting the socialist revolt before it reached the rest of our territory. We will surely spend the next months wipping some minor guerillas in the countryside, but any continuing uprising against our rule is now out of question!;;x
 EVT_657047_ACTIONA;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;We prevail!;;x
 EVT_657048_NAME;Battle of Santa Clara - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Rebel Victory!;Battle of Santa Clara - Rebel Victory!;;x
 EVT_657048_DESC;The rebel bands have managed to defeat us! Despite our fierce fighting, our ranks were weakened by deserting soldiers, many who proceeded to join the enemy. Now the path is clear for the rebel's final run towards our capital...;The rebel bands have managed to defeat us! Despite our fierce fighting, our ranks were weakened by deserting soldiers, many who proceeded to join the enemy. Now the path is clear for the rebel's final run towards our capital...;The rebel bands have managed to defeat us! Despite our fierce fighting, our ranks were weakened by deserting soldiers, many who proceeded to join the enemy. Now the path is clear for the rebel's final run towards our capital...;The rebel bands have managed to defeat us! Despite our fierce fighting, our ranks were weakened by deserting soldiers, many who proceeded to join the enemy. Now the path is clear for the rebel's final run towards our capital...;The rebel bands have managed to defeat us! Despite our fierce fighting, our ranks were weakened by deserting soldiers, many who proceeded to join the enemy. Now the path is clear for the rebel's final run towards our capital...;The rebel bands have managed to defeat us! Despite our fierce fighting, our ranks were weakened by deserting soldiers, many who proceeded to join the enemy. Now the path is clear for the rebel's final run towards our capital...;The rebel bands have managed to defeat us! Despite our fierce fighting, our ranks were weakened by deserting soldiers, many who proceeded to join the enemy. Now the path is clear for the rebel's final run towards our capital...;The rebel bands have managed to defeat us! Despite our fierce fighting, our ranks were weakened by deserting soldiers, many who proceeded to join the enemy. Now the path is clear for the rebel's final run towards our capital...;The rebel bands have managed to defeat us! Despite our fierce fighting, our ranks were weakened by deserting soldiers, many who proceeded to join the enemy. Now the path is clear for the rebel's final run towards our capital...;;x
@@ -6362,7 +6362,7 @@ EVT_657050_NAME;Castro and Cienfuegos form a new cabinet;Castro and Cienfuegos f
 EVT_657050_DESC;With approval of the people, the rebel leaders have setup a new syndicalist government for Cuba!;With approval of the people, the rebel leaders have setup a new syndicalist government for Cuba!;With approval of the people, the rebel leaders have setup a new syndicalist government for Cuba!;With approval of the people, the rebel leaders have setup a new syndicalist government for Cuba!;With approval of the people, the rebel leaders have setup a new syndicalist government for Cuba!;With approval of the people, the rebel leaders have setup a new syndicalist government for Cuba!;With approval of the people, the rebel leaders have setup a new syndicalist government for Cuba!;With approval of the people, the rebel leaders have setup a new syndicalist government for Cuba!;With approval of the people, the rebel leaders have setup a new syndicalist government for Cuba!;;x
 EVT_657050_ACTIONA;Great!;Great!;Great!;Great!;Great!;Great!;Great!;Great!;Great!;;x
 EVT_657051_NAME;American Union Refugees;American Union Refugees;American Union Refugees;American Union Refugees;American Union Refugees;American Union Refugees;American Union Refugees;American Union Refugees;American Union Refugees;;x
-EVT_657051_DESC;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of posessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of posessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of posessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of posessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of posessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of posessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of posessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of posessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of posessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;;x
+EVT_657051_DESC;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of possessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of possessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of possessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of possessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of possessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of possessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of possessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of possessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;The surrender of the AUS meant that thousands of refugees fled the country. Many of them used Florida to pass through to Cuba to escape capture. The refugees brought with them a lot of possessions and money that they had managed to liberate from the AUS before the surrender. They are more than willing to share some of the wealth with the people of Cuba.;;x
 EVT_657051_ACTIONA;Their loss is our gain;Their loss is our gain;Their loss is our gain;Their loss is our gain;Their loss is our gain;Their loss is our gain;Their loss is our gain;Their loss is our gain;Their loss is our gain;;x
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@@ -6411,7 +6411,7 @@ EVT_292008_ACTIONA;National Revolutionary Party Wins.;National Revolutionary Par
 EVT_292008_ACTIONB;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.;National Liberal Party Wins.x
 EVT_292008_ACTIONC;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.;Conservatives Win.x
 EVT_292009_NAME;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homeland;Defending our Homelandx
-EVT_292009_DESC;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defense. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.x
+EVT_292009_DESC;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.;We have threats on all sides, therefore we must prepare to defend our homeland to the last man. However our military disagrees on how to do this. Some believe that we should prepare for some parts of the country to fall, and use the natural terrain in an elastic defence. Others however believe we must plan to hold every inch of Panama soil.x
 EVT_292009_ACTIONA;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defence;Elastic Defencex
 EVT_292009_ACTIONB;Static Defence;Static Defence;Static Defence;Static Defence;Static Defence;Static Defence;Static Defence;Static Defence;Static Defence;Static Defence;Static Defencex
 EVT_292010_NAME;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitment;Increasing Recruitmentx
@@ -6437,7 +6437,7 @@ EVT_292015_NAME;Invest in Support Artillery;Invest in Support Artillery;Invest i
 EVT_292015_DESC;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.;We should invest in acquiring the infrastructure to produce artillery pieces to support our armies. We can achieve greater results with fewer soldiers.x
 EVT_292015_ACTIONA;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth it;This investment will be worth itx
 EVT_292016_NAME;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economy;Mobilize The Economyx
-EVT_292016_DESC;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain indutries need to be under government control so we can defend the countryx
+EVT_292016_DESC;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the country;We must ensure that the civilian economy stands beside us when we go to war. It won't be popular but certain industries need to be under government control so we can defend the countryx
 EVT_292016_ACTIONA;This is needed;This is needed;This is needed;This is needed;This is needed;This is needed;This is needed;This is needed;This is needed;This is needed;This is neededx
 EVT_292016_ACTIONB;The people will never support this;The people will never support this;The people will never support this;The people will never support this;The people will never support this;The people will never support this;The people will never support this;The people will never support this;The people will never support this;The people will never support this;The people will never support thisx
 EVT_292017_NAME;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaign;Propaganda Campaignx
@@ -6686,29 +6686,29 @@ EVT_270009_ACTIONA;;;;;;;;;;;x
 #Brazil (BRA) Event Text##;;;;;;;;;;;X
 EVT_755002_DESC;Brazil's fragile First Republic has been on the brink of its end since her humiliating defeat by Argentina on last year's war. The apparent stability represented by the 'Cafe com Leite' doctrine - the dominance of Brazilian politics by the landed oligarchies of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais - is revealing itself a farce, as general dissent against the federal government becomes more and more apparent. Old rivalries between different sectors of society are reawakening. Dissatisfaction by the local elites of the South and Northeast against the government in Rio, and also by the industrialists in Sao Paulo, is growing. The 'cangaco' bandits, led by figures like Lampiao and Corisco, are running rampant and harassing farmers in Ceara, Bahia and Pernambuco. The Brazilian Workers Confederation, an umbrella organization for the syndicalist movement, is sponsoring heavy labor strikes in the South-Southeast. Meanwhile, populist and nationalist thoughts are growing amongst the army and the middle class. Not even the armed forces can be trusted anymore: the 'Tenentes', the nonpartisan junior officers who organized the mutinies amongst the Army during the final stages of the war, can - and will - be mobilized by any side of the political spectrum. Emergency elections have been called for August, and some say that only a miracle can save democracy in Brazil.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755003_DESC;This morning, the small city of Cruzeiro, Sao Paulo, was visited by the remaining leaders of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB, Partido Comunista Brasileiro) as they organized their clandestine IV Party Congress. Founded in 1922 and much present on the very early days of the labour movement, the PCB is now a shadow of its former self, as a great part of its leaders and members have moved to other movements and parties, such as the Workers and Peasants Bloc (BOC, Bloco Operario e Campones), the Brazilian Workers' Confederation (CBT, Confederacao Brasileira dos Trabalhadores) and the Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR, Partido Socialista Revolucionario). The strict adherence to the old Soviet Bolshevist doctrine by the party inner circle is seen by most as the main reason for its failure. With this in mind, the rump party voted by a great majority to dissolve itself and be absorbed by the CBT. A small part of the old guard, however, led by Octavio Brandao, is keeping an eye on the developments of the Totalist ideas in Britain, and have already announced that the Party may be refounded on the near future.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_7550050_DESC;Due to the unstable political situation in our country, specially after our defeat in the Platine War, emergency elections have been called for the 1st of August. Four main coalitions are disputing: first, we have the Alianca Nacional Libertadora (ANL, National Liberation Alliance), a broad front for the left-wing parties, composed of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the political sides of the BOC and CBT syndicates. Next, we have the Liberal-Democrats (Liberal-Democratas), an ad-hoc coalition of center-left and liberal forces under former president Julio Prestes, politically-experienced and presenting themselves as a moderate alternative to the present situation. Further to the right we have the Republicans (Republicanos), an union of conservative parties, joining landowners and industrial capitalists with the right-wing forces of the military under the leadership of populist Getulio Vargas. The fourth main coalition are the authoritarian Brazilian Integralist Action (AIB, Acao Integralista Brasileira), the nationalist and populist party under Plinio Salgado. After a very passionate campaign, the elections took place today. As the votes were counted, the next President of Brazil was announced...;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_7550050_DESC;Due to the unstable political situation in our country, specially after our defeat in the Platine War, emergency elections have been called for the 1st of August. Four main coalitions are disputing: first, we have the Alianca Nacional Libertadora (ANL, National Liberation Alliance), a broad front for the left-wing parties, composed of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the political sides of the BOC and CBT syndicates. Next, we have the Liberal-Democrats (Liberal-Democratas), an ad-hoc coalition of centre-left and liberal forces under former president Julio Prestes, politically-experienced and presenting themselves as a moderate alternative to the present situation. Further to the right we have the Republicans (Republicanos), an union of conservative parties, joining landowners and industrial capitalists with the right-wing forces of the military under the leadership of populist Getulio Vargas. The fourth main coalition are the authoritarian Brazilian Integralist Action (AIB, Acao Integralista Brasileira), the nationalist and populist party under Plinio Salgado. After a very passionate campaign, the elections took place today. As the votes were counted, the next President of Brazil was announced...;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755006_DESC;Despite all of the setbacks we have suffered on the previous years, the Alianca Nacional Libertadora grand coalition has managed to elect Edgard Frederico Leuenroth, of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, as the next president of Brazil. The fifty-five year old journalist and long-time anarchist was one of the organizers of the general strikes in Sao Paulo in 1917-1919, helping establish the anarcho-syndicalist movement in the country. He was seen, thus, by the ANL leadership, as their obvious candidate for the presidency. And today is his inauguration day! Despite what some purists think, we may be forced to work on a coalition with some left-wing elements of Liberal-Democrats to appease some parts of the middle classes. A much more palatable solution for us would be asking the left-wing Tenentes into our coalition. Others, however, still think we can handle the whole government all by ourselves.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755007_DESC;At least until we enact a new constitution, the President of Brazil acts as Head of State, although real power must be shared with his Chief Minister of the Presidency (Ministro-Chefe da Casa Civil). He is responsible for assisting the President, overseeing all cabinet requests and bureaucratic procedures involving the Presidency, and is also responsible for negotiations with the state governments, with both houses of the Congress and with the remaining Ministers. All the three main parties of the ANL have put forward their own candidates for the post. L vio Xavier of the BOC, Astrogildo Pereira of the CBT, and Joao da Costa Pimenta of the PSR. So, who shall we choose?;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755008_DESC;We were assured that the Brazilian people still believe in democracy. Julio Prestes, president from 1930 to 1934, will return to office. Despite all the mess which has been brought to the country by the incompetence of the present government and by extremists from the right and left, the very institutions upon which the Federative Republic has been laid down were not shaken. And we know democracy is all about negotiating and laying alliances, right? Some parts of our bloc believe in asking the center-left elements of the military into our coalition, which will appease the armed forces. Others, however, think that inviting Getulio Vargas and his Republicans would calm down the landowners and other conservative forces. So, what shall we choose?;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755008_DESC;We were assured that the Brazilian people still believe in democracy. Julio Prestes, president from 1930 to 1934, will return to office. Despite all the mess which has been brought to the country by the incompetence of the present government and by extremists from the right and left, the very institutions upon which the Federative Republic has been laid down were not shaken. And we know democracy is all about negotiating and laying alliances, right? Some parts of our bloc believe in asking the centre-left elements of the military into our coalition, which will appease the armed forces. Others, however, think that inviting Getulio Vargas and his Republicans would calm down the landowners and other conservative forces. So, what shall we choose?;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755009_DESC;Although the President of Brazil acts as Head of State, real power must be shared with his Chief Minister of the Presidency (Ministro-Chefe da Casa Civil). He is responsible for assisting the President, overseeing all cabinet requests and bureaucratic procedures involving the Presidency, and is also responsible for negotiations with the state governments, with both houses of the Congress and with the remaining Ministers. Our bloc has put forward three different candidates for the post. Washington Luis, president from 1926 to 1930, supported Julio Prestes both on his 1930 campaign and on this year, so he would be a most likely choice. Two other candidates must also be considered, however: former Piaui governor Olimpio de Melo and Borges de Medeiros, the traditional gaucho politician. Choosing a chief of staff from a smaller state, instead of the paulista Washington Luis, would grant us a greater support base among the traditionalist classes, altough we will miss the former president's political expertise.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755010_DESC;Tradition has scored a victory. The people of Brazil has chosen Getulio Vargas of the Republican bloc as the new president. Coming from a traditional rancher family of the southern Pampas, Vargas was seen by his coalition as a compromise candidate, appeasing the landowners from the South, Southeast and Northeast, the industrial bourgeoisie and, thanks to him states rights platform, the whole range of conservative forces. Plus, his populist speeches also seduced a portion of the proletariat, thanks to his promises of new labour laws and a more efficient social security system. Now, for an even more effective governing of Brazil, we must consider some political alliances with the other voting blocs. Should Vargas attempt a deal with the right-wing Tenentes led by Eurico Gaspar Dutra, his old friend from his time on the army? Some, however, are dreaming about a coalition with the nationalist Acao Integralista Brasileira. Despite the obvious differences between the pro-states rights Republicanos and the authoritarian AIB, some of their policies are perfectly compatible with ours. Plus, this would mean a greater support from the middle classes.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755011_DESC;In Brazil, at least until we enact a new constitution, the President acts as Head of State, although real power must be shared with his Chief Minister of the Presidency (Ministro-Chefe da Casa Civil). He is responsible for assisting the President, overseeing all cabinet requests and bureaucratic procedures involving the Presidency, and is also responsible for negotiations with the state governments, with the ministers and with both houses of the Congress. Our bloc has put forward three different candidates for the post. Former governor of Sao Paulo, Altino Arantes, would surelly appease the industrialist classes and the coffee breeders of the state. Another good choice would be Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Vargas old friend from the army and one of the few succesfull leaders of the war against Argentina. Finally, if we want to please the oligarchs from the Northeast, Paraiba governor Joao Pessoa would be the ideal candidate.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755011_DESC;In Brazil, at least until we enact a new constitution, the President acts as Head of State, although real power must be shared with his Chief Minister of the Presidency (Ministro-Chefe da Casa Civil). He is responsible for assisting the President, overseeing all cabinet requests and bureaucratic procedures involving the Presidency, and is also responsible for negotiations with the state governments, with the ministers and with both houses of the Congress. Our bloc has put forward three different candidates for the post. Former governor of Sao Paulo, Altino Arantes, would surelly appease the industrialist classes and the coffee breeders of the state. Another good choice would be Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Vargas old friend from the army and one of the few successful leaders of the war against Argentina. Finally, if we want to please the oligarchs from the Northeast, Paraiba governor Joao Pessoa would be the ideal candidate.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755012_DESC;The people of Brazil has chosen a change - Plinio Salgado is the new president! No more politics will be dominated by the interests of a small ruling class! We are also fed up of harassing by the syndicalist bandits! This decadent and unpopular government will be rebuilt from scratch according to our ideology. However, it would be wise to form a coalition government with like-minded politicians... Inviting the more far-right elements of the armed forces would be a nice move, according to some. Others, however, believe in striking a deal with Getulio Vargas' Republicans - their populist ideas actually match several points of our own agenda!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755013_DESC;At least until we enact a new constitution, the President of Brazil acts as Head of State, although real power must be shared with his Chief Minister of the Presidency (Ministro-Chefe da Casa Civil). He is responsible for assisting the President, overseeing all cabinet requests and bureaucratic procedures involving the Presidency, and is also responsible for negotiations with the state governments, with the ministers and with both houses of the Congress. The AIB has put forward two different candidates for the post. The party's favourite is Gustavo Barroso, the political theorist responsible for much of the Integralist doctrine. Another option would be Euclides Figueiredo, the former army colonel.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755014_DESC;Brazil was hit hard by the Berlin Stock Market Crash, as the country has a heavy dependence on foreign markets and loans. Despite the industrial development in Sao Paulo, the export of coffee and other primary products is still the mainstay of the economy. Days after the Berlin stock market crash, coffee quotations immediately fell 30 percent. Now, while we still are the government of Brazil, we must take a decision. Sticking to the principles preached by the foreign bankers may preserve our economy from some of the worse effects of the crisis, but will anger the people even more. However, suspending the convertibility of the Real and the Papiermark would be disastrous for our economy and foreign trade.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755017_DESC;We will now face our first challenge: how to deal with the current economical crisis? Our cabinet believes that the first steps must be taken on the fields. Since the beginning of the Berlin panic, world demand for our agricultural products has fallen dramatically, and the grand landowners (mainly the sugar and coffee barons) are struck with unsellable harvests. Soon more and more poor peasants will either starve or look for better opportunities in the cities, while the landowners will take the opportunity to blame the federal government for not helping them out of the mess. We could use this opportunity to initiate a broad land reform programme, but the landowners (especially the northeastern coron is) would of course raise their voices.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755019_DESC;Two years ago, as the war against Argentina was still ongoing and the first mutinies were ecloding, Luis Carlos Prestes led a batallion of some two hundred like-minded officers and corporals away from the frontlines. Influenced by syndicalist ideals, the group spent the following years travelling across Brazil on horseback, speaking to the crowds about the futility of the war and spreading the word of social justice, while also fleeing from chasing police, army regulars and, specially in the northeastern states, from paramilitary units of jagunios, the coroneis' thugs. The 'Prestes Column', as the group came to be known, camped from January to September 1935 on the hinterlands of Bahia, Pernambuco, Paraiba, Ceara and Piaui, seeing with their own eyes the harsh and miserable life of the poor sertanejo peasants, a chapter of our recent history that is seen as the birth of the left-tenentista movement. Now, as the syndicalist government of Brazil has announced their plans for an extensive land reform programme, Prestes has offered his services to us and will lead a new two-months-long survey mission to Bahia and Ceara, thus helping the commission to better implement their new policies and adapt them to the regional necessities.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755020_DESC;Two years ago, as the war against Argentina was still ongoing and the first mutinies were ecloding, Luis Carlos Prestes led a batallion of some two hundred like-minded officers and corporals away from the frontlines. Influenced by syndicalist ideals, the group spent the following years travelling across Brazil on horseback, speaking to the crowds about the futility of the war and spreading the word of social justice, while also fleeing from chasing police, army regulars and, specially in the northeastern states, from paramilitary units of jagunios, the coroneis' thugs. The 'Prestes Column', as the group came to be known, spent from January to September 1935 on the hinterlands of Bahia, Pernambuco, Paraiba, Ceara and Piaui, seeing with their own eyes the harsh and miserable life of the poor sertanejo peasants, a chapter of our recent history that is seen as the birth of the left-tenentista movement. Now, as the syndicalist government of Brazil has announced their plans for an extensive land reform programme, Prestes, currently our Chief Minsiter, has offered his intention of leading a new two-months-long survey mission to Bahia and Ceara, thus helping the commission to better implement their new policies and adapt them to the regional necessities. However, Prestes needs our approval before departing on this new adventure.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755019_DESC;Two years ago, as the war against Argentina was still ongoing and the first mutinies were ecloding, Luis Carlos Prestes led a battalion of some two hundred like-minded officers and corporals away from the frontlines. Influenced by syndicalist ideals, the group spent the following years travelling across Brazil on horseback, speaking to the crowds about the futility of the war and spreading the word of social justice, while also fleeing from chasing police, army regulars and, specially in the northeastern states, from paramilitary units of jagunios, the coroneis' thugs. The 'Prestes Column', as the group came to be known, camped from January to September 1935 on the hinterlands of Bahia, Pernambuco, Paraiba, Ceara and Piaui, seeing with their own eyes the harsh and miserable life of the poor sertanejo peasants, a chapter of our recent history that is seen as the birth of the left-tenentista movement. Now, as the syndicalist government of Brazil has announced their plans for an extensive land reform programme, Prestes has offered his services to us and will lead a new two-months-long survey mission to Bahia and Ceara, thus helping the commission to better implement their new policies and adapt them to the regional necessities.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755020_DESC;Two years ago, as the war against Argentina was still ongoing and the first mutinies were ecloding, Luis Carlos Prestes led a battalion of some two hundred like-minded officers and corporals away from the frontlines. Influenced by syndicalist ideals, the group spent the following years travelling across Brazil on horseback, speaking to the crowds about the futility of the war and spreading the word of social justice, while also fleeing from chasing police, army regulars and, specially in the northeastern states, from paramilitary units of jagunios, the coroneis' thugs. The 'Prestes Column', as the group came to be known, spent from January to September 1935 on the hinterlands of Bahia, Pernambuco, Paraiba, Ceara and Piaui, seeing with their own eyes the harsh and miserable life of the poor sertanejo peasants, a chapter of our recent history that is seen as the birth of the left-tenentista movement. Now, as the syndicalist government of Brazil has announced their plans for an extensive land reform programme, Prestes, currently our Chief Minsiter, has offered his intention of leading a new two-months-long survey mission to Bahia and Ceara, thus helping the commission to better implement their new policies and adapt them to the regional necessities. However, Prestes needs our approval before departing on this new adventure.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755021_DESC;Today, the 'Prestes Column' approached the city of Juazeiro, Ceara, where they were greeted on the outskirts of the city by a band of a few dozen cangaceiros under the command of Lampi o, so-called the 'King of Canga o'. On their constant fighting against the landowners' thugs, sometimes for their own personal glory, sometimes for a sincere protection of the poorer peasants, labelled either as heroes or bandits, the cangaceiros are an integral part of the complex social-political landscape of the northeastern states. One of the column's members, a devoted Marxist of the PSR, lectured both the Coluna and the cangaceiros on how the movement can be seen as an spontaneous revolutionary movement of the poor men and women against the feudal oppression of the coroneis. Thus, he continues, if we could introduce the cangaco bands to the ANL programmes, they could serve us very well on political brawls against the conservative landowners of these states.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755022_DESC;After a two-months long journey across Bahia and Ceara, the second 'Prestes Column' made a triumphal return to our capital today. Luis Carlos Prestes himself made a long speech in downtown Rio de Janeiro sharing the adventures of his companions with the passer-bys. He stressed that, while the life of the northeastern peasant is still much harsh, they have much expectation now that the ANL has assumed power. Prestes then proceeded to the Palacio do Catete, where he presented his finds and suggestions to the land reform commission.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755023_DESC;After a two-months long journey across Bahia and Ceara, the second 'Prestes Column' made a triumphal return to our capital today. Luis Carlos Prestes himself made a long speech in downtown Rio de Janeiro sharing the adventures of his companions with the passer-bys. He stressed that, while the life of the northeastern peasant is still much harsh, they have much expectation now that the ANL has assumed power. Prestes then proceeded to the Palacio do Catete, where he presented his finds and suggestions to the land reform commission. After that, he reassumed his post as Chief Minister.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755024_DESC;After dozens of surveys during the past months, a commission made up of members of the BOC, CBT and PSR, led by Minervino de Oliveira, has produced a white paper detailing three main plans for agrarian reform in Brazil. 'Plan A', defended by the BOC, proposes the collectivisation of all arable land and their reorganisation into smallers plots, headed by the peasants themselves, who will then organize and combine into cooperatives to sell their produce. The CBT-supported 'Plan B' sees the confiscation of all land by the federal government and its reorganisation into grand state farms employing the majority of the rural population. There's still one more possibility, the 'Plan C' defended by the PSR. This third, more moderate option, proposes the collectivisation of all the bigger farms and lands, while leaving the medium-sized and smaller lands still as private property. Plan C also defends the confiscation of unused plots and their reorganisation into cooperatives - a system similar to the Ejidos adopted by Mexico after their revolution. Any of these options will make the big landowners complain, of course, but we must stick to our plans if we want the betterment of Brazil!;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755024_DESC;After dozens of surveys during the past months, a commission made up of members of the BOC, CBT and PSR, led by Minervino de Oliveira, has produced a white paper detailing three main plans for agrarian reform in Brazil. 'Plan A', defended by the BOC, proposes the collectivisation of all arable land and their reorganisation into smaller plots, headed by the peasants themselves, who will then organize and combine into cooperatives to sell their produce. The CBT-supported 'Plan B' sees the confiscation of all land by the federal government and its reorganisation into grand state farms employing the majority of the rural population. There's still one more possibility, the 'Plan C' defended by the PSR. This third, more moderate option, proposes the collectivisation of all the bigger farms and lands, while leaving the medium-sized and smaller lands still as private property. Plan C also defends the confiscation of unused plots and their reorganisation into cooperatives - a system similar to the Ejidos adopted by Mexico after their revolution. Any of these options will make the big landowners complain, of course, but we must stick to our plans if we want the betterment of Brazil!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755025_DESC;A group of coroneis - the traditional landed oligarchs of the northeastern states - has met today in Fortaleza, Ceara, and delivered a letter to the state governor to be handed to the President. On this document, they express their concern over 'the takeover of Brazil by socialist bandits' and promise to fight for the integrity of their lands. They also spoke on the 'supposed' support of the local peasants to the land reform. In fact, they say, most of the poorer farmers actually feel protected under the patronage of the coroneis!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755027_DESC;The landed oligarchs of Sao Paulo have presented us with an issue. With coffee prices falling day by day on the international markets, these farmers are filling their warehouses with more and more unsellable harvests. According to our economists, if we don't act now, the deepening agricultural crisis will end up affecting not only the grand farmers, but also the poorer peasants that have just been benefited through our programmes.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755029_DESC;News of the compromise between the elites and the government against the peasants of Brazil, who were expecting a broad land reform programme, has already reached the streets. Discontent is much apparent. Over the last few days, a sector of Tenentista officers of our army, under the leadership of Luis Carlos Prestes and Isidoro Dias Lopes, has been setting up a plan to overthrow Edgard Leuenroth and, with this, 'save the socialist project for Brazil from being aborted by an weak, uncommited and incompetent president'. News of this growing conspiracy have already reached some parts of our cabinet. Now, how should our government act? We can't simply dismiss Prestes from the army, as that would bring the whole armed forces against the government. We could, instead, remove him from his present post and relocate him to some remote station... That would be enough of a punishment for him and would save everyone from any major scandal. Or we could embrace his conspiracy and put him on the presidency.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755029_DESC;News of the compromise between the elites and the government against the peasants of Brazil, who were expecting a broad land reform programme, has already reached the streets. Discontent is much apparent. Over the last few days, a sector of Tenentista officers of our army, under the leadership of Luis Carlos Prestes and Isidoro Dias Lopes, has been setting up a plan to overthrow Edgard Leuenroth and, with this, 'save the socialist project for Brazil from being aborted by an weak, uncommitted and incompetent president'. News of this growing conspiracy have already reached some parts of our cabinet. Now, how should our government act? We can't simply dismiss Prestes from the army, as that would bring the whole armed forces against the government. We could, instead, remove him from his present post and relocate him to some remote station... That would be enough of a punishment for him and would save everyone from any major scandal. Or we could embrace his conspiracy and put him on the presidency.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755030_DESC;Army units all over the country have been mobilized over the past few hours as news of the launching of a military coup under captain Luis Carlos Prestes and general Isidoro Dias Lopes have reached the barracks. The uprising started in Sao Paulo, as troops occupied police stations and the main public buildings, a move that soon followed on all the capitals and major cities. In Rio de Janeiro, president Edgard Leuenroth fled to the mountain areas of the state with his cabinet, while Prestes and Isidoro entered the Palacio do Catete. Prestes and Isidoro then delivered a long speech before the Senate announcing the formation of a new provisional military government, which 'will keep Brazil on its course to progress and socialism, without fearing the ramblings of the reactionary elites'.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755031_DESC;The coroneis and other conservative forces in the northeastern states are increasingly uncooperative against our reform programmes and are becoming more vocal opponents of the federal government in Rio de Janeiro. This morning, representatives of the Land Reform Commission approached one of the farms of famous coronel Chico Heraclio, in Limoeiro, eastern Pernambuco. As these federal represantatives informed the coronel of the government's decision to confiscate those lands, they were attacked by a band of his armed thugs! Of the ten men and women of the group, six managed to flee on horseback, while one was shot and killed by the jagunios and the remaining three are held in captivity. Some members of our cabinet believe that a heavy response to the situation in Limoeiro is just what we need to keep the coroneis in line. With the For a P blica (the Pernambuco State Police) still under their control, we may need to form a detachment of a few dozen men from our regular army and send them to Chico Heraclio's lands. Alternatively, given that a small band of Lampi o's cangaceiros are approaching that city, this also could be a chance to test their loyalty to us. Some ministers, however, think that any harsh action will only trigger more unrest from these still strong conservative forces.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755032_DESC;The coroneis and other conservative forces in the northeastern states are increasingly uncooperative against our reform programmes and are becoming more vocal opponents of the federal government in Rio de Janeiro. This morning, representatives of the Land Reform Commission approached one of the farms of famous coronel Chico Heraclio, in Limoeiro, eastern Pernambuco. As these federal represantatives informed the coronel of the government's decision to confiscate those lands, they were attacked by a band of his armed thugs! Of the ten men and women of the group, six managed to flee on horseback, while one was shot and killed by the jagunios and the remaining three are held in captivity. Some members of our cabinet believe that a heavy response to the situation in Limoeiro is just what we need to keep the coroneis in line. With the Forca Publica (the Pernambuco State Police) still under their control, we may need to form a detachment of a few dozen men from our regular army and send them to Chico Heraclio's lands. Some ministers, however, think that any harsh action will only trigger more unrest from these still strong conservative forces.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755031_DESC;The coroneis and other conservative forces in the northeastern states are increasingly uncooperative against our reform programmes and are becoming more vocal opponents of the federal government in Rio de Janeiro. This morning, representatives of the Land Reform Commission approached one of the farms of famous coronel Chico Heraclio, in Limoeiro, eastern Pernambuco. As these federal representatives informed the coronel of the government's decision to confiscate those lands, they were attacked by a band of his armed thugs! Of the ten men and women of the group, six managed to flee on horseback, while one was shot and killed by the jagunios and the remaining three are held in captivity. Some members of our cabinet believe that a heavy response to the situation in Limoeiro is just what we need to keep the coroneis in line. With the For a P blica (the Pernambuco State Police) still under their control, we may need to form a detachment of a few dozen men from our regular army and send them to Chico Heraclio's lands. Alternatively, given that a small band of Lampi o's cangaceiros are approaching that city, this also could be a chance to test their loyalty to us. Some ministers, however, think that any harsh action will only trigger more unrest from these still strong conservative forces.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755032_DESC;The coroneis and other conservative forces in the northeastern states are increasingly uncooperative against our reform programmes and are becoming more vocal opponents of the federal government in Rio de Janeiro. This morning, representatives of the Land Reform Commission approached one of the farms of famous coronel Chico Heraclio, in Limoeiro, eastern Pernambuco. As these federal representatives informed the coronel of the government's decision to confiscate those lands, they were attacked by a band of his armed thugs! Of the ten men and women of the group, six managed to flee on horseback, while one was shot and killed by the jagunios and the remaining three are held in captivity. Some members of our cabinet believe that a heavy response to the situation in Limoeiro is just what we need to keep the coroneis in line. With the Forca Publica (the Pernambuco State Police) still under their control, we may need to form a detachment of a few dozen men from our regular army and send them to Chico Heraclio's lands. Some ministers, however, think that any harsh action will only trigger more unrest from these still strong conservative forces.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755033_DESC;The 40-strong army detachment led by captain Juarez Tavora sent to deal with the hostage crisis in Limoeiro, Pernambuco, has succeeded in their mission! Having arrived on Recife the previous night, the men moved northwest to Chico Heraclio's ranch. After a quick gunfight which left five of his jagunios dead, the remaining thugs surrendered. The hostages - two men and one woman - were freed and finally proceeded to deliver their eviction note to Heraclio, who was then arrested. This farm, formerly a land of exploitation, will be ploughed by his own former employees. Now that we have shown the coroneis our force and will to defend our ideals, the land reforms will go on untroubled. However, we must decide now on how to deal with the conservative state governments. Should we replace these governors with our own appointed Federal Interventors? Or maybe it would be wiser to hold a grand conference with them?;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755034_DESC;The 40-strong army detachment led by captain Juarez Tavora sent to deal with the hostage crisis in Limoeiro, Pernambuco, has failed in their mission! Having arrived on Recife the previous night, the mission probably fell victim of an informant. As the men moved northwest to Chico Heraclio's ranch, a band of thirty jagunios shot on our surprised troops! Ten of our men died on the scene, and a fierce gunfight ensued, in which twelve of the thugs fell. An advanced party ran to the farmhouse only to find the three hostages - two men and one woman - dead and Chico Heraclio fleeing to the hinterlands. We have been humiliated! Not only that, but now he have to deal with the conservative state governors who take us responsible for the bloodbath!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755035_DESC;While Lampiao and his band were approaching the city of Limoeiro, they were attacked by a small patrol of the Forca Publica. The ill-prepared policemen, however, were no match for the cangaceiros, who proceeded to take control of the local police station and remaining public buildings. Meanwhile, the main force of thirty men under Lampiao himself advanced towards Chico Heraclio's ranch, and a quick gunfight with the jagunios followed. Two of the cangaceiros fell on the scene, but they managed to kill or capture all thirty of Heraclio's thugs. Another five of Lampiao's men raided the main farmhouse, where they found the three hostages - two men and one woman. As they were approaching one of the rooms to apprehend Chico Heraclio, the farmer shot the cangaceiros with his own revolver and hit two before being killed. Despite the bloodshed, the cangaceiros' raid was a success. This farm, formerly a land of exploitation, will be plowed by Heraclio's own former employees. Plus, we are now sure of the loyalty of Lampiao and his men to our agenda. Now that we have shown the coroneis our force and will to defend our ideals, our land reforms will go on untroubled. However, we must decide now on how to deal with the conservative state governments. Should we replace these governors with our own appointed Federal Interventors? Or maybe it would be wiser to hold a grand conference with them?;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -6743,19 +6743,19 @@ EVT_755107_DESC;The Presidential Guard were given orders to meet the rebel unit
 EVT_755108_DESC;As the Presidential Guard resisted the attempts of Vargas' goons to depose the government, conservative forces all around the nation have risen up! Upon Vargas' call, the Forcas Publicas of the southern and northeastern states have deposed the local governments and declared themselves the 'Provisional Government of the Brazilian Republic'. Despite we still having full control over the armed forces, some small units have joined the rebels, and mass defection is suspected. If we don't suppress these uprisings quick, we will have a full scale Brazilian Civil War in our hands!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755111_DESC;Tragedy has struck Brazil! The reactionary movement initiated by Getulio Vargas in Rio Grande do Sul has reached their most unimaginable objective. The Forcas Publicas and other rebel forces under their command have reached our capital! Despite the resistance of the loyal security forces, an advanced party under command of Mj. Miguel Costa entered the Palacio do Catete, only to find it deserted. Our cabinet has fled to the mountain areas of the state, and from there will seek asylum abroad.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755112_DESC;As the Forcas Publicas completely occupied Rio de Janeiro, Getulio Vargas entered the city and announced the formation of a new 'Government of National Security'. Their first act was the dissolution of the old Congress, which indicates that the new president will now rule by decree. A friendly cabinet of conservative politicians has also been called, headed by former Pernambuco governor Carlos de Lima Cavalcanti. On a long speech, Vargas and Cavalcanti denounced the wrongdoings of the previous government and announced a giant set of reforms. No matter what they plan, they have a long road ahead...;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755114_DESC;As the Presidential Guard resisted the Greenshirts' attempt to depose the government, Integralist forces all around the nation have risen up! Upon their leader's call, the nationalist henchment in Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo and in the southern states have deposed the local governments and declared themselves the 'Provisional Government of the Integralist State of Brazil'. Despite we still having full control over the armed forces, some small units have joined the rebels, and mass defection is suspected. If we don't suppress these uprisings quick, we will have a full scale Brazilian Civil War in our hands!;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755114_DESC;As the Presidential Guard resisted the Greenshirts' attempt to depose the government, Integralist forces all around the nation have risen up! Upon their leader's call, the nationalist henchmen in Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo and in the southern states have deposed the local governments and declared themselves the 'Provisional Government of the Integralist State of Brazil'. Despite we still having full control over the armed forces, some small units have joined the rebels, and mass defection is suspected. If we don't suppress these uprisings quick, we will have a full scale Brazilian Civil War in our hands!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755115_DESC;Tragedy has struck Brazil! The uprising initiated by Plinio Salgado has reached their most unimaginable objective. Rebel forces under their command have reached our capital! Despite the resistance of the loyal security forces, an advanced party of Greenshirts entered the Pal cio do Catete, only to find it deserted. Our cabinet has fled to the mountain areas of the state, and from there will seek asylum abroad.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755116_DESC;As the Forcas Publicas completely occupied Rio de Janeiro, Plinio Salgado entered the city and announced the formation of a new 'Integralist Government of National Security'. Their first act was the dissolution of the Senate and Congress, which indicates that the new president will now rule by decree. A friendly cabinet of fellow Integralists has also been called, headed by Miguel Costa. On a long speech, Costa and Salgado denounced the wrongdoings of the previous government and announced a giant set of reforms to conform the Brazilian society to their ideology. No matter what they plan, they have a long road ahead.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755118_DESC;As the Presidential Guard resisted the mob's attempt to depose the government, armed bands of workers all around the nation have risen up! Upon Prestes' call, militias in Sao Paulo, Para and in the northeast have deposed the local governments and declared themselves the 'Provisional Socialist Government of Brazil'. Despite we still having full control over the armed forces, some small units have joined the rebels, and mass defection is suspected. If we don't suppress these uprisings quick, we will have a full scale Brazilian Civil War in our hands!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755150_DESC;During the Civil War, thousands of volunteer workers set-up popular militias to fight the conservative forces. With the war over, there has been some talks as to what to do with these forces. Most of our cabinet would rather see these militias disbanded, as these men would see better use on the industry and on the reconstruction efforts. Some of our military leaders, however, state that these milicianos, even without proper training, have proven their value and commitment to our ideals on the battlefields. If they received a few months more of military training, they could become a much valuable force within our army!;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755153_DESC;While our congressmen have been writing down many articles for our new constitution, dealing with such themes as the right to labour and a fair wage, land and industrial reforms, free quality education for all and such, the first article of the document is still mostly in blank. This first article will define the very nature of the Brazilian political system. Most members of the assembly believe that every single principle of Socialism and Syndicalism should be enshrined for good in our constitution. While this, of course, means the victory of our ideals in Brazil, it would also mean that our country can no longer be considered a true democracy... Due to this, a tiny minority of congressmen think that we should maintain the present political structure with elections every four years, so Syndicalism can always be confirmed on the ballots as the true choice of the Brazilian people.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755154_DESC;An administrative reform is becoming a real necessity for Brazil. Some congressmen think that, in order to ensure the fulfilment of our socialist measures, we should establish a strong central government in detriment of states and local administrations. Due to our previous experiences with the coron is and other local strongmen, their proposal is likely to be put into our new Constitution. Also, a strong central govnerment would ensure the efficiency of resources distribution. Another camp, however, believes that true socialism should come from the bottom, from the local governments of the cities and village communes, which would give local syndicates and unions and common people a voice in the governance.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755162_DESC;During the Civil War, our party's paramilitary arm, the Camisas-Verdes (Greenshirts) were called up to fight the enemy. With the conflict now settled, there's been some talks as to what to do with these forces. Most of our cabinet would rather see these militias disbanded, as these men would see better use back on their civilian lives. Some of our military leaders, however, state that these Greenshirts, even without proper training, have proven their value and commitment to our ideals on the battlefields. If they receiced a few months more of military training, they could become a much valuable ;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755154_DESC;An administrative reform is becoming a real necessity for Brazil. Some congressmen think that, in order to ensure the fulfilment of our socialist measures, we should establish a strong central government in detriment of states and local administrations. Due to our previous experiences with the coron is and other local strongmen, their proposal is likely to be put into our new Constitution. Also, a strong central government would ensure the efficiency of resources distribution. Another camp, however, believes that true socialism should come from the bottom, from the local governments of the cities and village communes, which would give local syndicates and unions and common people a voice in the governance.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755162_DESC;During the Civil War, our party's paramilitary arm, the Camisas-Verdes (Greenshirts) were called up to fight the enemy. With the conflict now settled, there's been some talks as to what to do with these forces. Most of our cabinet would rather see these militias disbanded, as these men would see better use back on their civilian lives. Some of our military leaders, however, state that these Greenshirts, even without proper training, have proven their value and commitment to our ideals on the battlefields. If they received a few months more of military training, they could become a much valuable ;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755167_DESC;Most members of the assembly believe that the principles of Integralist doctrine should be enshrined for good in our Constitution. Thus, we would be de jure permitted to continue the transformation of our country into a true corporate state. However, it would also mean that our country can no longer be considered a true democracy... Due to this, a tiny minority of congressmen think that we should maintain the present political structure with elections every four years, so Integralism can always be confirmed on the ballots as the true choice of the Brazilian people.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755168_DESC;An administrative reform is becoming a real necessity for Brazil. Some congressmen think that, in order to ensure the fulfilment of our reformist measures, we should establish a strong central government in detriment of states and local administrations. Also, such centralized authority would ensure the efficiency of resources distribution. Another camp, however, believes that a better governance would take place if we give more power local AIB units, thus giving the common people a voice in the government.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755171_DESC;After the skirmish in Santana do Livramento, we were left with the feeling that a war against La Plata would be only a matter of time. Recent reports from our intelligence operatives in Buenos Aires only confirmed that. We now have many evidences that they are really preparing for an invasion of Brazil! Our great leader Plinio Salgado is ready to deliver a speech on the radio presenting the people our new military policies on these times of great crisis.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755182_DESC;Last night, while analysing a set of documents from a raided AIB meeting, one of our intelligence officers has made a important discovery. The Integralist top cadre, including Plinio Salgado and Gustavo Barroso, have drafted, for study purposes, a document called the 'Cohen Plan', simulating a communist-socialist conspiracy for taking over the Brazilian government with the help of the syndicalist movement. However, some of our security officials believe this could be a legitimate document, not just a simulation. What if we make this document public? We could use it as an excuse to increase our control of the government even further.;;;;;;;;;;x
-EVT_755231_DESC;During the Platine War, the performance of our air services was much below expected. Currently, our air forces are divided between an Army Aviation branch and a Naval Air Arm, responsible for coastal patrols. Ernesto Dornelles has proposed consolidating all of these resources into one, single, unified Brazilian Air Force. Meanwhile, Eduardo Gomes believes in keeping the two branches separated and investing more resources into the Army Aviation Corps. A third camp, led by Jo o Ribeiro de Barros, also supports two separated air forces, but instead wants a greater invesitment into the Naval Air Arm.;;;;;;;;;;x
+EVT_755231_DESC;During the Platine War, the performance of our air services was much below expected. Currently, our air forces are divided between an Army Aviation branch and a Naval Air Arm, responsible for coastal patrols. Ernesto Dornelles has proposed consolidating all of these resources into one, single, unified Brazilian Air Force. Meanwhile, Eduardo Gomes believes in keeping the two branches separated and investing more resources into the Army Aviation Corps. A third camp, led by Jo o Ribeiro de Barros, also supports two separated air forces, but instead wants a greater investment into the Naval Air Arm.;;;;;;;;;;x
 EVT_755232_DESC;Similarly to our recent reforms of our air forces, our Chiefs of Staff have now proposed a set of reforms within the doctrines of the Brazilian Navy. Admiral Jorge Dodsworth Martins believes in setting up a 'green water navy' to operate mainly in the coastal areas of South America and building up a Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais), which would execute amphibious operations in conjunction with the Army. Sylvio de Noronha, however, supports a 'blue water navy' which could, in time, develop into a force with global power-projection capabilities.;;;;;;;;;;x
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@@ -7003,7 +7003,7 @@ EVT_278116_NAME;Self Propelled Artillery Experiments;Self Propelled Artillery Ex
 EVT_278116_DESC;The idea seems simple enough: strap heavy, otherwise virtually immobile heavy artillery into a tank chassis, and ensure we can take on enemy armour head on. Putting such idea into practice requires expertise we do not currently possess, however.;The idea seems simple enough: strap heavy, otherwise virtually immobile heavy artillery into a tank chassis, and ensure we can take on enemy armour head on. Putting such idea into practice requires expertise we do not currently possess, however.;The idea seems simple enough: strap heavy, otherwise virtually immobile heavy artillery into a tank chassis, and ensure we can take on enemy armour head on. Putting such idea into practice requires expertise we do not currently possess, however.;The idea seems simple enough: strap heavy, otherwise virtually immobile heavy artillery into a tank chassis, and ensure we can take on enemy armour head on. Putting such idea into practice requires expertise we do not currently possess, however.;The idea seems simple enough: strap heavy, otherwise virtually immobile heavy artillery into a tank chassis, and ensure we can take on enemy armour head on. Putting such idea into practice requires expertise we do not currently possess, however.;The idea seems simple enough: strap heavy, otherwise virtually immobile heavy artillery into a tank chassis, and ensure we can take on enemy armour head on. Putting such idea into practice requires expertise we do not currently possess, however.;The idea seems simple enough: strap heavy, otherwise virtually immobile heavy artillery into a tank chassis, and ensure we can take on enemy armour head on. Putting such idea into practice requires expertise we do not currently possess, however.;The idea seems simple enough: strap heavy, otherwise virtually immobile heavy artillery into a tank chassis, and ensure we can take on enemy armour head on. Putting such idea into practice requires expertise we do not currently possess, however.;The idea seems simple enough: strap heavy, otherwise virtually immobile heavy artillery into a tank chassis, and ensure we can take on enemy armour head on. Putting such idea into practice requires expertise we do not currently possess, however.;;x
 EVT_278116_ACTIONA;If this works, then we will be able to run over the enemy!;If this works, then we will be able to run over the enemy!;If this works, then we will be able to run over the enemy!;If this works, then we will be able to run over the enemy!;If this works, then we will be able to run over the enemy!;If this works, then we will be able to run over the enemy!;If this works, then we will be able to run over the enemy!;If this works, then we will be able to run over the enemy!;If this works, then we will be able to run over the enemy!;;x
 EVT_278117_NAME;One Nation;One Nation;One Nation;One Nation;One Nation;One Nation;One Nation;One Nation;One Nation;;x
-EVT_278117_DESC;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defense means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defense means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defense means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defense means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defense means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defense means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defense means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defense means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defense means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;;x
+EVT_278117_DESC;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defence means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defence means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defence means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defence means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defence means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defence means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defence means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defence means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;Enemies abound, and after this recent election, many steps are being planned to ensure that Colombia survives these taxing times. Looking to our defence means looking at how our neighbours treat us. Colombia would be safest if they were friendly, or better yet, in an alliance, We could also assert our military might over them and show the world that we are not to be trifled with.;;x
 EVT_278117_ACTIONA;We should form a pact with the former Gran Colombian nations. An.. Andean Pact...;We should form a pact with the former Gran Colombian nations. An.. Andean Pact...;We should form a pact with the former Gran Colombian nations. An.. Andean Pact...;We should form a pact with the former Gran Colombian nations. An.. Andean Pact...;We should form a pact with the former Gran Colombian nations. An.. Andean Pact...;We should form a pact with the former Gran Colombian nations. An.. Andean Pact...;We should form a pact with the former Gran Colombian nations. An.. Andean Pact...;We should form a pact with the former Gran Colombian nations. An.. Andean Pact...;We should form a pact with the former Gran Colombian nations. An.. Andean Pact...;;x
 EVT_278117_ACTIONB;There is strength in Unity. Gran Colombia will rise again!;There is strength in Unity. Gran Colombia will rise again!;There is strength in Unity. Gran Colombia will rise again!;There is strength in Unity. Gran Colombia will rise again!;There is strength in Unity. Gran Colombia will rise again!;There is strength in Unity. Gran Colombia will rise again!;There is strength in Unity. Gran Colombia will rise again!;There is strength in Unity. Gran Colombia will rise again!;There is strength in Unity. Gran Colombia will rise again!;;x
 EVT_278117_ACTIONC;No. A splendid isolation will serve us well.;No. A splendid isolation will serve us well.;No. A splendid isolation will serve us well.;No. A splendid isolation will serve us well.;No. A splendid isolation will serve us well.;No. A splendid isolation will serve us well.;No. A splendid isolation will serve us well.;No. A splendid isolation will serve us well.;No. A splendid isolation will serve us well.;;x
diff --git a/config/mods.csv b/config/mods.csv
index 532a2a1cc..9c93d1ac4 100644
--- a/config/mods.csv
+++ b/config/mods.csv
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 ##### Select column 'A' through 'K' (click + drag on letters above columns);;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##### Right-click anywhere on the sheet (inside the selection) and select 'Column width' and set it so that only THREE columns are visible ('45' with 1024 x 768 screen resolution);;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##### Right-click anywhere on the sheet again (still inside the selection) and select 'Format Cells' -> 'Alignment' -> check 'Wrap Text' + select 'Vertical: Top' -> 'OK';;;;;;;;;;;X
-##### Place the cursor in cell C1 and select 'Window' -> 'Freeze Panes' (allows you to scroll horizontally to see any language in the rightmost column while still having the string names/comments and the english original text in the left and middle column;;;;;;;;;;;X
+##### Place the cursor in cell C1 and select 'Window' -> 'Freeze Panes' (allows you to scroll horizontally to see any language in the rightmost column while still having the string names/comments and the English original text in the left and middle column;;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##### CAREFULLY read the instructions in cells B18 ? B36;;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;;;;;;;;;;;X
 ##;;;;;;;;;;;X
diff --git a/config/modtext.csv b/config/modtext.csv
index 76d493d3e..ccba935b1 100644
--- a/config/modtext.csv
+++ b/config/modtext.csv
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ FCW_FRA;France lived in vain hopes of revenge for the Sedan until this spring. T
 79027desc;Today a young man with dark blond hair and a normal face arrived at one of the stations. The only difference was the sharp, rebellious behaviour by which the anarchists were able to identify the person. This is Nestor Makhno, whose Black Army withheld the support of the peasants and wanted to create an anarchist utopia in the south-eastern lands of Ukraine. The occupation of Kharkiv alarmed the Hetmanate, and he prepared a professional army against the Free Territory. After the defeat of the Insurgent Army, Makhno remained in Ukraine for several months, where he heard the news of the French Revolution. Left anarchists treat Makhno as a robber and marauder, but he will still gain fame among the people.;;;;;;;;;;;X
 79032desc;We were convinced of the weakness of the old Republic even when Foch's command did not benefit the front, when it was unable to escape the German breakthrough, and was forced to sign a surrender. The people spoke their word: workers, peasants, opponents of the old system took up the defence of the Revolution. The Republicans could not overcome them, and those who were lucky enough to reach the shore evacuated to Algeria, complaining of exile. The communes of France are celebrating the creation of a federation that will serve the proletariat. Mankind received the first successful example of the socialist revolution.;;;;;;;;;;;X
 79033desc;After the defeat of the Germans, we were persuaded that the embittered people had disbanded the French Republic. But we managed to gather, go on the offensive and defeat the rebels. Disappointed members of the trade unionists surrender their weapons and leave their ranks. Although the revolution has been defeated, hard times await us: the Germans will want the northern border and unconditional adherence to Versailles. But the events of recent months have shown: hope is alive, and revenge sooner or later, but it will happen.;;;;;;;;;;;X
-79034desc;France entered the Great War, to avenge the loss of Alsace-Lorraine and the painful forty-year defeat of Germany. This attempt could have failed in the first months of the war, when the Germans invaded Paris through neutral Belgium, and the British helped us hold on to the Western Front and cement it for many years. When Germany withdrew its troops to the Hindenburg Line in 1917, the Allies launched a successful offensive in Arras and a catastrophic one in Chemin des Dames, which led to the fall of Nivelles. As the US is still neutral and the uprisings paralyze the army, the French government decides to provide carte blanche to Ferdinand Foch. Attempts to appoint Petain as commander-in-chief were blocked by his 'pessimistic' nature and difficult relationship with British High-Command. Meanwhile, the situation for the Entente is deteriorating: morale has fallen to a minimum, Foch's success is meager, trust between the French and British High-Command begins to waver. It was difficult in such a situation to prepare for the enemy's attack, the Spring Offensive, which began on March 2nd 1919. The rapid breakthrough of the Germans near St. Mihiel broke the Western Front and cut off communication and supply lines. The Entente retreated to Paris and stabilized for several months. A miraculous counter-breakthrough in the Oise region deludes the French leadership into thinking that a last-ditch offensive could reach the beleaguered British forces. However, the rear front collapses however and with production coming to a halt, the French Army soon finds itself unable to continue fighting as desertion and mutinies deliver the final blows.;;;;;;;;;;;X
-79035desc;Confirming that the fall of Paris was inevitable, on October 4th 1919, the French went to Versailles to sign a armistice with the Germans. The French felt offended. When the Kaiser and his own guard held a parade on the Champs Elysees, the people whistled at the probable perpetrators of the tragedy - the Briand government, the bourgeoisie, the aristocracy. The working class and the military were especially furious, among whom were left-wing ideas with growing radicalism. The strikes almost halted industry, students protested in the streets, and the Socialists boycotted parliament. On November 1st, the Treaty of Versailles was signed, a peace with harsh, degrading conditions, which finally leveled old France in the eyes of the people. According to her, the northeast of France was occupied by the Germans, they captured Paris 'for the sake of stability', the government ordered to pay grand reparations, and the French army was to be demobilised. The patience of the people broke, the gendarmes could not cope with the situation on their own. The CGT ultimatum became a natural wick that ignited the revolution: it supported demobilised rebel soldiers and threatened to take up arms against those who remained with the Republicans. This too daring act finally split the country in half.;;;;;;;;;;;X
-79036desc;The General Confederation of Labour (Confederation Generale du Travail) was founded in September 1895 in Limoges. The Great War greatly affected the CGT. In the first year of the war, workers were mobilized to the front, which destroyed trade union branches and led to a sharp reduction in contributions. The standard of living remained calm, although the reorientation to military needs led to high inflation. The trade union movement was organized against the war, and for the last three years industrial centers experienced significant uprisings, such as protests against the introduction of a new wage scale in April 1917 or strikes in the Loire department in November of that year. The situation at the front became tense: disappointed soldiers in the trenches paralysed half the army, Foch successfully restored discipline, but the lack of decisive attacks lowered morale throughout the war and caused a conflict between French and British high commands. In opposition to the unstable army, the CGT organized a defence committee in May 1918, organizing walkouts in solidarity with the protesters. The CGT welcomed the Spring Offensive with 1.6M members who were hostile to the government, which broke the front of the Germans. In general, the failures of the French in the war and the feeling of a future revenge fiasco shed light on radical action.;;;;;;;;;;;X
+79034desc;France entered the Great War, to avenge the loss of Alsace-Lorraine and the painful forty-year defeat of Germany. This attempt could have failed in the first months of the war, when the Germans invaded Paris through neutral Belgium, and the British helped us hold on to the Western Front and cement it for many years. When Germany withdrew its troops to the Hindenburg Line in 1917, the Allies launched a successful offensive in Arras and a catastrophic one in Chemin des Dames, which led to the fall of Nivelles. As the US is still neutral and the uprisings paralyse the army, the French government decides to provide carte blanche to Ferdinand Foch. Attempts to appoint Petain as commander-in-chief were blocked by his 'pessimistic' nature and difficult relationship with British High-Command. Meanwhile, the situation for the Entente is deteriorating: morale has fallen to a minimum, Foch's success is meagre, trust between the French and British High-Command begins to waver. It was difficult in such a situation to prepare for the enemy's attack, the Spring Offensive, which began on March 2nd 1919. The rapid breakthrough of the Germans near St. Mihiel broke the Western Front and cut off communication and supply lines. The Entente retreated to Paris and stabilized for several months. A miraculous counter-breakthrough in the Oise region deludes the French leadership into thinking that a last-ditch offensive could reach the beleaguered British forces. However, the rear front collapses however and with production coming to a halt, the French Army soon finds itself unable to continue fighting as desertion and mutinies deliver the final blows.;;;;;;;;;;;X
+79035desc;Confirming that the fall of Paris was inevitable, on October 4th 1919, the French went to Versailles to sign a armistice with the Germans. The French felt offended. When the Kaiser and his own guard held a parade on the Champs Elysees, the people whistled at the probable perpetrators of the tragedy - the Briand government, the bourgeoisie, the aristocracy. The working class and the military were especially furious, among whom were left-wing ideas with growing radicalism. The strikes almost halted industry, students protested in the streets, and the Socialists boycotted parliament. On November 1st, the Treaty of Versailles was signed, a peace with harsh, degrading conditions, which finally levelled old France in the eyes of the people. According to her, the northeast of France was occupied by the Germans, they captured Paris 'for the sake of stability', the government ordered to pay grand reparations, and the French army was to be demobilised. The patience of the people broke, the gendarmes could not cope with the situation on their own. The CGT ultimatum became a natural wick that ignited the revolution: it supported demobilised rebel soldiers and threatened to take up arms against those who remained with the Republicans. This too daring act finally split the country in half.;;;;;;;;;;;X
+79036desc;The General Confederation of Labour (Confederation Generale du Travail) was founded in September 1895 in Limoges. The Great War greatly affected the CGT. In the first year of the war, workers were mobilized to the front, which destroyed trade union branches and led to a sharp reduction in contributions. The standard of living remained calm, although the reorientation to military needs led to high inflation. The trade union movement was organized against the war, and for the last three years industrial centres experienced significant uprisings, such as protests against the introduction of a new wage scale in April 1917 or strikes in the Loire department in November of that year. The situation at the front became tense: disappointed soldiers in the trenches paralysed half the army, Foch successfully restored discipline, but the lack of decisive attacks lowered morale throughout the war and caused a conflict between French and British high commands. In opposition to the unstable army, the CGT organized a defence committee in May 1918, organizing walkouts in solidarity with the protesters. The CGT welcomed the Spring Offensive with 1.6M members who were hostile to the government, which broke the front of the Germans. In general, the failures of the French in the war and the feeling of a future revenge fiasco shed light on radical action.;;;;;;;;;;;X
 79037desc;A large-scale general strike has engulfed France, with one million workers taking to the streets calling for the country not to give in to the victors and to protect their rights. The grand May Day demonstration gathered 250,000 people in Paris, including the military. Local administrations were seized in Lyon, Dijon, and Saint-Etienne. After a summer break, the protests resumed with greater force on October 4, when France signed the armistice at Versailles. The outrage of the French crossed all borders, riots and strikes swept through every department, the CGT officially declared the culprits of the defeat: Clemenceau with Briand, the head of government, and above them - the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie. Socialists and Syndicalists in parliament boycotted and declared themselves allies of the CGT. On November 1, when the Treaty of Versailles, which was destructive for old France, was signed, the CGT issued an ultimatum to the remaining soldiers: either with the people or against the people. The deadline expired today, but patience ran out a long time ago. A painting more majestic than 1789 and bloodier than 1871 must be transmitted. The time to make a revolution is more successful than ever.;;;;;;;;;;;X
 SCW_NAME;Spanish Civil War;;;;;;;;;;x
 SCW_SPA;The precarious situation of the Spanish monarchy was irreparably disturbed. When, under fear of rebellion, Alfonso XII approved the Dictabland government, he was unlikely to worry about Carlists or anarchists. After Black Monday, the weakness of power became apparent to almost everyone, and opponents of the monarchy raised their heads. How will the Bourbons cope with the ripe fruit of popular dislike?;;;;;;;;;;;X
-SCW_SPR;After the defeat of the Spaniards in the war for Cuba, radical working groups began to receive support, especially in republican Catalonia. CNT-FAI, firmly linked since the general strike of 1917, tried to ignite revolutionary fervor, as in Britain or France, but to no avail. The unprecedented unrest in the East and the anarchy that came out of it served as a horn for the syndicalists. Will the fraternal help of the International be enough for the Revolution to take place?;;;;;;;;;;;X
+SCW_SPR;After the defeat of the Spaniards in the war for Cuba, radical working groups began to receive support, especially in republican Catalonia. CNT-FAI, firmly linked since the general strike of 1917, tried to ignite revolutionary fervour, as in Britain or France, but to no avail. The unprecedented unrest in the East and the anarchy that came out of it served as a horn for the syndicalists. Will the fraternal help of the International be enough for the Revolution to take place?;;;;;;;;;;;X
 SCW_EUS;Carlists are a phenomenon peculiar to Spain. It is a powerful, long-running far-right movement that stands for the restoration of the descendants of the Don Carlos line and that defends regionalism. The current contender for the throne, Francis Xavier, successfully took advantage of the economic crisis of 1936 and enlisted the support of Catholic states. On his side - the rural north and fearless racketeering. But won't these starting positions be enough for the Carlists to sit on the throne?;;;;;;;;;;;X
 SCW_53desc;After three and a half years of struggle, none of the forces was able to take control of most of Spain, dooming it to terrible ruin. The entire country turned into a wasteland soaked with the blood of a generation of Spanish young men and women. Against the background of the unfolding Weltkrieg, neither side is going to retreat, although aware of what an illustration of the terrible war was Spain.;;;;;;;;;;;X
 FV_NAME;Kutuzov: Invasion of Mitteleuropa;;;;;;;;;;x
diff --git a/config/scenario_text.csv b/config/scenario_text.csv
index 52c60ed18..4e609b482 100644
--- a/config/scenario_text.csv
+++ b/config/scenario_text.csv
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ ARM_DESC;With the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Federation, the new-born Rep
 AST_DESC;When Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand (often referred to collectively as the Antipode Dominions) became automatically involved in the conflict, along with all the other members of the British Empire. The Prime Minister of Australia at the outbreak of the war, James Cook, stated on the 5th August �When the Empire is at war, so also is Australia.� Given the predominantly British heritage of most Australians and New Zealanders, there was considerable support and large numbers of young men reported to recruiting centres to enlist in the following months. However, the Antipodes would go on to see a mixed performance in the Great War.  Initial success occurred in 1914 with the capture of German New Guinea but this was followed up by the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915 which became a humiliating defeat where 11,000 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps soldiers were consumed in the ensuing fiasco. Following Gallipoli, the Australasians saw success in the Sinai and Palestine campaign where Harry Chauvel, commander of the ANZAC Mounted Corp, won victories at Beersheba and Jerusalem, resulting in the loss of a dozen Turkish divisions � an irreplaceable loss for the Ottoman Empire. But Chauvel�s gains were reversed in 1919 with the arrival of Ludendorff�s veterans from the Spring Offensive and Entente forces had to withdraw to entrenched positions in the Sinai. The war continued inconclusively until, in 1921 a Peace with Honour was signed between the remaining Entente powers and Germany. The recognition of the Antipodes as separate entities from the United Kingdom (the first international treaty signed by Australia or New Zealand) did little to assuage public opinion and the signing of the treaty by then Prime Ministers Billy Hughes and William Massey was viewed as a national embarrassment and the resulting return of German New Guinea was met with outrage in the press. Over the next few years, public discontent simmered, never far from the surface. The situation in Australia boiled over finally when the Victoria Police Strike of 1923 developed into a socialist revolt and the proclamation of the Melbourne Commune. George V, fearful of growing dissent in the Home Nations, enacted the Emergency Protocols. Thomas Blamey, one of Australia�s heroes of Gallipoli as well as veteran of the Western Front, was appointed Australian Minister of Security and given control of the military which he used alongside demobilised paramilitaries often referred to as �The Old Guard� to violently put an end to the short lived revolt. 1924 saw the merger of the Antipode Dominions under the �Consolidation of Resources Act� which both the Australian and New Zealand Parliaments passed under duress. The new state, which was called the Australasian Confederation, (which also included the territories of British New Guinea and Fiji) had George V appoint the British general William Birdwood as its first Governor-General. Birdwood�s initial actions were to suspend elections indefinitely and dissolve the autonomy of the New Zealand Parliament. All these actions were to mitigate the occurrence of another revolt. However when that revolt came it was not in Victoria, Queensland or New South Wales, but rather at home, in Britain, amongst the coal fields of old south Wales. The British Revolution of 1925 shook the Empire to its foundations and lead to disruption in communications and a colonial seizure by Germany. The commander of the China Station, David Murray Anderson, assumed control of the British Overseas Fleet and enacted what would come to be known as the 'Anderson Protocol' � mutinies were suppressed, the Australasian  and British Overseas fleets were merged into a single Australasian station and colonial staff were evacuated to Australasia. Charles Vyner Brooke, the exiled White Rajah of Sarawak, is one notable evacuated colonial who has since resided in Sydney and is considered to be a popular socialite and humanitarian.  Birdwood�s heavy-handed rule, the expansion of both the police forces and militia military districts in addition to the restrictions of citizens� rights nearly led to a General Strike in 1929. The Governor-General agreed to recall Hughes to quell public anger while also preventing any meaningful reforms. This situation continued until 1935 when Stanley Bruce, veteran of the Great War and rising star of the Nationalist Party challenged Hughes for the leadership and won. When Bruce turned down the position of Prime Minister, demanding free elections be held, he and his supporters were expelled from the Nationalist Party. Unperturbed, Bruce succeeded in gaining the concession from Birdwood and looks forward to the 1936 election, forming his own new party - United Australasia (a centre right coalition of conservatives, liberals and moderate nationalists) .  Bruce is not the only one calling for change though, the trade unionists of the Labour Party remain active underground and will likely run in the coming election, as will the reformed Commonwealth Liberal Party. Then there is the influential Australasian Guard, formed in 1925, which is increasingly becoming dissatisfied with Birdwood and is calling for radical measures to tackle the depression and bring Revanchism to all who threaten the Antipodes. The course Australasia will take in the coming years, remains uncertain.;When Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand (often referred to collectively as the Antipode Dominions) became automatically involved in the conflict, along with all the other members of the British Empire. The Prime Minister of Australia at the outbreak of the war, James Cook, stated on the 5th August �When the Empire is at war, so also is Australia.� Given the predominantly British heritage of most Australians and New Zealanders, there was considerable support and large numbers of young men reported to recruiting centres to enlist in the following months. However, the Antipodes would go on to see a mixed performance in the Great War.  Initial success occurred in 1914 with the capture of German New Guinea but this was followed up by the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915 which became a humiliating defeat where 11,000 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps soldiers were consumed in the ensuing fiasco. Following Gallipoli, the Australasians saw success in the Sinai and Palestine campaign where Harry Chauvel, commander of the ANZAC Mounted Corp, won victories at Beersheba and Jerusalem, resulting in the loss of a dozen Turkish divisions � an irreplaceable loss for the Ottoman Empire. But Chauvel�s gains were reversed in 1919 with the arrival of Ludendorff�s veterans from the Spring Offensive and Entente forces had to withdraw to entrenched positions in the Sinai. The war continued inconclusively until, in 1921 a Peace with Honour was signed between the remaining Entente powers and Germany. The recognition of the Antipodes as separate entities from the United Kingdom (the first international treaty signed by Australia or New Zealand) did little to assuage public opinion and the signing of the treaty by then Prime Ministers Billy Hughes and William Massey was viewed as a national embarrassment and the resulting return of German New Guinea was met with outrage in the press. Over the next few years, public discontent simmered, never far from the surface. The situation in Australia boiled over finally when the Victoria Police Strike of 1923 developed into a socialist revolt and the proclamation of the Melbourne Commune. George V, fearful of growing dissent in the Home Nations, enacted the Emergency Protocols. Thomas Blamey, one of Australia�s heroes of Gallipoli as well as veteran of the Western Front, was appointed Australian Minister of Security and given control of the military which he used alongside demobilised paramilitaries often referred to as �The Old Guard� to violently put an end to the short lived revolt. 1924 saw the merger of the Antipode Dominions under the �Consolidation of Resources Act� which both the Australian and New Zealand Parliaments passed under duress. The new state, which was called the Australasian Confederation, (which also included the territories of British New Guinea and Fiji) had George V appoint the British general William Birdwood as its first Governor-General. Birdwood�s initial actions were to suspend elections indefinitely and dissolve the autonomy of the New Zealand Parliament. All these actions were to mitigate the occurrence of another revolt. However when that revolt came it was not in Victoria, Queensland or New South Wales, but rather at home, in Britain, amongst the coal fields of old south Wales. The British Revolution of 1925 shook the Empire to its foundations and lead to disruption in communications and a colonial seizure by Germany. The commander of the China Station, David Murray Anderson, assumed control of the British Overseas Fleet and enacted what would come to be known as the 'Anderson Protocol' � mutinies were suppressed, the Australasian  and British Overseas fleets were merged into a single Australasian station and colonial staff were evacuated to Australasia. Charles Vyner Brooke, the exiled White Rajah of Sarawak, is one notable evacuated colonial who has since resided in Sydney and is considered to be a popular socialite and humanitarian.  Birdwood�s heavy-handed rule, the expansion of both the police forces and militia military districts in addition to the restrictions of citizens� rights nearly led to a General Strike in 1929. The Governor-General agreed to recall Hughes to quell public anger while also preventing any meaningful reforms. This situation continued until 1935 when Stanley Bruce, veteran of the Great War and rising star of the Nationalist Party challenged Hughes for the leadership and won. When Bruce turned down the position of Prime Minister, demanding free elections be held, he and his supporters were expelled from the Nationalist Party. Unperturbed, Bruce succeeded in gaining the concession from Birdwood and looks forward to the 1936 election, forming his own new party - United Australasia (a centre right coalition of conservatives, liberals and moderate nationalists) .  Bruce is not the only one calling for change though, the trade unionists of the Labour Party remain active underground and will likely run in the coming election, as will the reformed Commonwealth Liberal Party. Then there is the influential Australasian Guard, formed in 1925, which is increasingly becoming dissatisfied with Birdwood and is calling for radical measures to tackle the depression and bring Revanchism to all who threaten the Antipodes. The course Australasia will take in the coming years, remains uncertain.;When Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand (often referred to collectively as the Antipode Dominions) became automatically involved in the conflict, along with all the other members of the British Empire. The Prime Minister of Australia at the outbreak of the war, James Cook, stated on the 5th August �When the Empire is at war, so also is Australia.� Given the predominantly British heritage of most Australians and New Zealanders, there was considerable support and large numbers of young men reported to recruiting centres to enlist in the following months. However, the Antipodes would go on to see a mixed performance in the Great War.  Initial success occurred in 1914 with the capture of German New Guinea but this was followed up by the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915 which became a humiliating defeat where 11,000 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps soldiers were consumed in the ensuing fiasco. Following Gallipoli, the Australasians saw success in the Sinai and Palestine campaign where Harry Chauvel, commander of the ANZAC Mounted Corp, won victories at Beersheba and Jerusalem, resulting in the loss of a dozen Turkish divisions � an irreplaceable loss for the Ottoman Empire. But Chauvel�s gains were reversed in 1919 with the arrival of Ludendorff�s veterans from the Spring Offensive and Entente forces had to withdraw to entrenched positions in the Sinai. The war continued inconclusively until, in 1921 a Peace with Honour was signed between the remaining Entente powers and Germany. The recognition of the Antipodes as separate entities from the United Kingdom (the first international treaty signed by Australia or New Zealand) did little to assuage public opinion and the signing of the treaty by then Prime Ministers Billy Hughes and William Massey was viewed as a national embarrassment and the resulting return of German New Guinea was met with outrage in the press. Over the next few years, public discontent simmered, never far from the surface. The situation in Australia boiled over finally when the Victoria Police Strike of 1923 developed into a socialist revolt and the proclamation of the Melbourne Commune. George V, fearful of growing dissent in the Home Nations, enacted the Emergency Protocols. Thomas Blamey, one of Australia�s heroes of Gallipoli as well as veteran of the Western Front, was appointed Australian Minister of Security and given control of the military which he used alongside demobilised paramilitaries often referred to as �The Old Guard� to violently put an end to the short lived revolt. 1924 saw the merger of the Antipode Dominions under the �Consolidation of Resources Act� which both the Australian and New Zealand Parliaments passed under duress. The new state, which was called the Australasian Confederation, (which also included the territories of British New Guinea and Fiji) had George V appoint the British general William Birdwood as its first Governor-General. Birdwood�s initial actions were to suspend elections indefinitely and dissolve the autonomy of the New Zealand Parliament. All these actions were to mitigate the occurrence of another revolt. However when that revolt came it was not in Victoria, Queensland or New South Wales, but rather at home, in Britain, amongst the coal fields of old south Wales. The British Revolution of 1925 shook the Empire to its foundations and lead to disruption in communications and a colonial seizure by Germany. The commander of the China Station, David Murray Anderson, assumed control of the British Overseas Fleet and enacted what would come to be known as the 'Anderson Protocol' � mutinies were suppressed, the Australasian  and British Overseas fleets were merged into a single Australasian station and colonial staff were evacuated to Australasia. Charles Vyner Brooke, the exiled White Rajah of Sarawak, is one notable evacuated colonial who has since resided in Sydney and is considered to be a popular socialite and humanitarian.  Birdwood�s heavy-handed rule, the expansion of both the police forces and militia military districts in addition to the restrictions of citizens� rights nearly led to a General Strike in 1929. The Governor-General agreed to recall Hughes to quell public anger while also preventing any meaningful reforms. This situation continued until 1935 when Stanley Bruce, veteran of the Great War and rising star of the Nationalist Party challenged Hughes for the leadership and won. When Bruce turned down the position of Prime Minister, demanding free elections be held, he and his supporters were expelled from the Nationalist Party. Unperturbed, Bruce succeeded in gaining the concession from Birdwood and looks forward to the 1936 election, forming his own new party - United Australasia (a centre right coalition of conservatives, liberals and moderate nationalists) .  Bruce is not the only one calling for change though, the trade unionists of the Labour Party remain active underground and will likely run in the coming election, as will the reformed Commonwealth Liberal Party. Then there is the influential Australasian Guard, formed in 1925, which is increasingly becoming dissatisfied with Birdwood and is calling for radical measures to tackle the depression and bring Revanchism to all who threaten the Antipodes. The course Australasia will take in the coming years, remains uncertain.;When Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand (often referred to collectively as the Antipode Dominions) became automatically involved in the conflict, along with all the other members of the British Empire. The Prime Minister of Australia at the outbreak of the war, James Cook, stated on the 5th August �When the Empire is at war, so also is Australia.� Given the predominantly British heritage of most Australians and New Zealanders, there was considerable support and large numbers of young men reported to recruiting centres to enlist in the following months. However, the Antipodes would go on to see a mixed performance in the Great War.  Initial success occurred in 1914 with the capture of German New Guinea but this was followed up by the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915 which became a humiliating defeat where 11,000 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps soldiers were consumed in the ensuing fiasco. Following Gallipoli, the Australasians saw success in the Sinai and Palestine campaign where Harry Chauvel, commander of the ANZAC Mounted Corp, won victories at Beersheba and Jerusalem, resulting in the loss of a dozen Turkish divisions � an irreplaceable loss for the Ottoman Empire. But Chauvel�s gains were reversed in 1919 with the arrival of Ludendorff�s veterans from the Spring Offensive and Entente forces had to withdraw to entrenched positions in the Sinai. The war continued inconclusively until, in 1921 a Peace with Honour was signed between the remaining Entente powers and Germany. The recognition of the Antipodes as separate entities from the United Kingdom (the first international treaty signed by Australia or New Zealand) did little to assuage public opinion and the signing of the treaty by then Prime Ministers Billy Hughes and William Massey was viewed as a national embarrassment and the resulting return of German New Guinea was met with outrage in the press. Over the next few years, public discontent simmered, never far from the surface. The situation in Australia boiled over finally when the Victoria Police Strike of 1923 developed into a socialist revolt and the proclamation of the Melbourne Commune. George V, fearful of growing dissent in the Home Nations, enacted the Emergency Protocols. Thomas Blamey, one of Australia�s heroes of Gallipoli as well as veteran of the Western Front, was appointed Australian Minister of Security and given control of the military which he used alongside demobilised paramilitaries often referred to as �The Old Guard� to violently put an end to the short lived revolt. 1924 saw the merger of the Antipode Dominions under the �Consolidation of Resources Act� which both the Australian and New Zealand Parliaments passed under duress. The new state, which was called the Australasian Confederation, (which also included the territories of British New Guinea and Fiji) had George V appoint the British general William Birdwood as its first Governor-General. Birdwood�s initial actions were to suspend elections indefinitely and dissolve the autonomy of the New Zealand Parliament. All these actions were to mitigate the occurrence of another revolt. However when that revolt came it was not in Victoria, Queensland or New South Wales, but rather at home, in Britain, amongst the coal fields of old south Wales. The British Revolution of 1925 shook the Empire to its foundations and lead to disruption in communications and a colonial seizure by Germany. The commander of the China Station, David Murray Anderson, assumed control of the British Overseas Fleet and enacted what would come to be known as the 'Anderson Protocol' � mutinies were suppressed, the Australasian  and British Overseas fleets were merged into a single Australasian station and colonial staff were evacuated to Australasia. Charles Vyner Brooke, the exiled White Rajah of Sarawak, is one notable evacuated colonial who has since resided in Sydney and is considered to be a popular socialite and humanitarian.  Birdwood�s heavy-handed rule, the expansion of both the police forces and militia military districts in addition to the restrictions of citizens� rights nearly led to a General Strike in 1929. The Governor-General agreed to recall Hughes to quell public anger while also preventing any meaningful reforms. This situation continued until 1935 when Stanley Bruce, veteran of the Great War and rising star of the Nationalist Party challenged Hughes for the leadership and won. When Bruce turned down the position of Prime Minister, demanding free elections be held, he and his supporters were expelled from the Nationalist Party. Unperturbed, Bruce succeeded in gaining the concession from Birdwood and looks forward to the 1936 election, forming his own new party - United Australasia (a centre right coalition of conservatives, liberals and moderate nationalists) .  Bruce is not the only one calling for change though, the trade unionists of the Labour Party remain active underground and will likely run in the coming election, as will the reformed Commonwealth Liberal Party. Then there is the influential Australasian Guard, formed in 1925, which is increasingly becoming dissatisfied with Birdwood and is calling for radical measures to tackle the depression and bring Revanchism to all who threaten the Antipodes. The course Australasia will take in the coming years, remains uncertain.;When Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand (often referred to collectively as the Antipode Dominions) became automatically involved in the conflict, along with all the other members of the British Empire. The Prime Minister of Australia at the outbreak of the war, James Cook, stated on the 5th August �When the Empire is at war, so also is Australia.� Given the predominantly British heritage of most Australians and New Zealanders, there was considerable support and large numbers of young men reported to recruiting centres to enlist in the following months. However, the Antipodes would go on to see a mixed performance in the Great War.  Initial success occurred in 1914 with the capture of German New Guinea but this was followed up by the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915 which became a humiliating defeat where 11,000 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps soldiers were consumed in the ensuing fiasco. Following Gallipoli, the Australasians saw success in the Sinai and Palestine campaign where Harry Chauvel, commander of the ANZAC Mounted Corp, won victories at Beersheba and Jerusalem, resulting in the loss of a dozen Turkish divisions � an irreplaceable loss for the Ottoman Empire. But Chauvel�s gains were reversed in 1919 with the arrival of Ludendorff�s veterans from the Spring Offensive and Entente forces had to withdraw to entrenched positions in the Sinai. The war continued inconclusively until, in 1921 a Peace with Honour was signed between the remaining Entente powers and Germany. The recognition of the Antipodes as separate entities from the United Kingdom (the first international treaty signed by Australia or New Zealand) did little to assuage public opinion and the signing of the treaty by then Prime Ministers Billy Hughes and William Massey was viewed as a national embarrassment and the resulting return of German New Guinea was met with outrage in the press. Over the next few years, public discontent simmered, never far from the surface. The situation in Australia boiled over finally when the Victoria Police Strike of 1923 developed into a socialist revolt and the proclamation of the Melbourne Commune. George V, fearful of growing dissent in the Home Nations, enacted the Emergency Protocols. Thomas Blamey, one of Australia�s heroes of Gallipoli as well as veteran of the Western Front, was appointed Australian Minister of Security and given control of the military which he used alongside demobilised paramilitaries often referred to as �The Old Guard� to violently put an end to the short lived revolt. 1924 saw the merger of the Antipode Dominions under the �Consolidation of Resources Act� which both the Australian and New Zealand Parliaments passed under duress. The new state, which was called the Australasian Confederation, (which also included the territories of British New Guinea and Fiji) had George V appoint the British general William Birdwood as its first Governor-General. Birdwood�s initial actions were to suspend elections indefinitely and dissolve the autonomy of the New Zealand Parliament. All these actions were to mitigate the occurrence of another revolt. However when that revolt came it was not in Victoria, Queensland or New South Wales, but rather at home, in Britain, amongst the coal fields of old south Wales. The British Revolution of 1925 shook the Empire to its foundations and lead to disruption in communications and a colonial seizure by Germany. The commander of the China Station, David Murray Anderson, assumed control of the British Overseas Fleet and enacted what would come to be known as the 'Anderson Protocol' � mutinies were suppressed, the Australasian  and British Overseas fleets were merged into a single Australasian station and colonial staff were evacuated to Australasia. Charles Vyner Brooke, the exiled White Rajah of Sarawak, is one notable evacuated colonial who has since resided in Sydney and is considered to be a popular socialite and humanitarian.  Birdwood�s heavy-handed rule, the expansion of both the police forces and militia military districts in addition to the restrictions of citizens� rights nearly led to a General Strike in 1929. The Governor-General agreed to recall Hughes to quell public anger while also preventing any meaningful reforms. This situation continued until 1935 when Stanley Bruce, veteran of the Great War and rising star of the Nationalist Party challenged Hughes for the leadership and won. When Bruce turned down the position of Prime Minister, demanding free elections be held, he and his supporters were expelled from the Nationalist Party. Unperturbed, Bruce succeeded in gaining the concession from Birdwood and looks forward to the 1936 election, forming his own new party - United Australasia (a centre right coalition of conservatives, liberals and moderate nationalists) .  Bruce is not the only one calling for change though, the trade unionists of the Labour Party remain active underground and will likely run in the coming election, as will the reformed Commonwealth Liberal Party. Then there is the influential Australasian Guard, formed in 1925, which is increasingly becoming dissatisfied with Birdwood and is calling for radical measures to tackle the depression and bring Revanchism to all who threaten the Antipodes. The course Australasia will take in the coming years, remains uncertain.;When Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand (often referred to collectively as the Antipode Dominions) became automatically involved in the conflict, along with all the other members of the British Empire. The Prime Minister of Australia at the outbreak of the war, James Cook, stated on the 5th August �When the Empire is at war, so also is Australia.� Given the predominantly British heritage of most Australians and New Zealanders, there was considerable support and large numbers of young men reported to recruiting centres to enlist in the following months. However, the Antipodes would go on to see a mixed performance in the Great War.  Initial success occurred in 1914 with the capture of German New Guinea but this was followed up by the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915 which became a humiliating defeat where 11,000 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps soldiers were consumed in the ensuing fiasco. Following Gallipoli, the Australasians saw success in the Sinai and Palestine campaign where Harry Chauvel, commander of the ANZAC Mounted Corp, won victories at Beersheba and Jerusalem, resulting in the loss of a dozen Turkish divisions � an irreplaceable loss for the Ottoman Empire. But Chauvel�s gains were reversed in 1919 with the arrival of Ludendorff�s veterans from the Spring Offensive and Entente forces had to withdraw to entrenched positions in the Sinai. The war continued inconclusively until, in 1921 a Peace with Honour was signed between the remaining Entente powers and Germany. The recognition of the Antipodes as separate entities from the United Kingdom (the first international treaty signed by Australia or New Zealand) did little to assuage public opinion and the signing of the treaty by then Prime Ministers Billy Hughes and William Massey was viewed as a national embarrassment and the resulting return of German New Guinea was met with outrage in the press. Over the next few years, public discontent simmered, never far from the surface. The situation in Australia boiled over finally when the Victoria Police Strike of 1923 developed into a socialist revolt and the proclamation of the Melbourne Commune. George V, fearful of growing dissent in the Home Nations, enacted the Emergency Protocols. Thomas Blamey, one of Australia�s heroes of Gallipoli as well as veteran of the Western Front, was appointed Australian Minister of Security and given control of the military which he used alongside demobilised paramilitaries often referred to as �The Old Guard� to violently put an end to the short lived revolt. 1924 saw the merger of the Antipode Dominions under the �Consolidation of Resources Act� which both the Australian and New Zealand Parliaments passed under duress. The new state, which was called the Australasian Confederation, (which also included the territories of British New Guinea and Fiji) had George V appoint the British general William Birdwood as its first Governor-General. Birdwood�s initial actions were to suspend elections indefinitely and dissolve the autonomy of the New Zealand Parliament. All these actions were to mitigate the occurrence of another revolt. However when that revolt came it was not in Victoria, Queensland or New South Wales, but rather at home, in Britain, amongst the coal fields of old south Wales. The British Revolution of 1925 shook the Empire to its foundations and lead to disruption in communications and a colonial seizure by Germany. The commander of the China Station, David Murray Anderson, assumed control of the British Overseas Fleet and enacted what would come to be known as the 'Anderson Protocol' � mutinies were suppressed, the Australasian  and British Overseas fleets were merged into a single Australasian station and colonial staff were evacuated to Australasia. Charles Vyner Brooke, the exiled White Rajah of Sarawak, is one notable evacuated colonial who has since resided in Sydney and is considered to be a popular socialite and humanitarian.  Birdwood�s heavy-handed rule, the expansion of both the police forces and militia military districts in addition to the restrictions of citizens� rights nearly led to a General Strike in 1929. The Governor-General agreed to recall Hughes to quell public anger while also preventing any meaningful reforms. This situation continued until 1935 when Stanley Bruce, veteran of the Great War and rising star of the Nationalist Party challenged Hughes for the leadership and won. When Bruce turned down the position of Prime Minister, demanding free elections be held, he and his supporters were expelled from the Nationalist Party. Unperturbed, Bruce succeeded in gaining the concession from Birdwood and looks forward to the 1936 election, forming his own new party - United Australasia (a centre right coalition of conservatives, liberals and moderate nationalists) .  Bruce is not the only one calling for change though, the trade unionists of the Labour Party remain active underground and will likely run in the coming election, as will the reformed Commonwealth Liberal Party. Then there is the influential Australasian Guard, formed in 1925, which is increasingly becoming dissatisfied with Birdwood and is calling for radical measures to tackle the depression and bring Revanchism to all who threaten the Antipodes. The course Australasia will take in the coming years, remains uncertain.;;;;;x
 AUS_DESC;Although Austria was on the winning side of the Weltkrieg, the war�s main impact was to reveal the Empire�s significant weaknesses and utter dependence upon Germany. Over the course of the 1920s one disaster followed another: the Emperor Karl died in 1922 causing the throne to pass to his 10 year old son Otto. Austrian industry collapsed in face of competition from German manufactures, while the quarrels of the Czechs and ethnic Germans in Bohemia nearly pushed the Empire into civil war. Finally, the humiliation of having to call in German mediation to resolve the deadlock of the Ausgleich negotitions in 1927, which resulted in the concession of autonomy statutes given to Bohemia and Galicia, seemed to signal the end of Austria as a Great Power. However, many feel that there is new hope for the Osterreich - now that the Emperor Otto has come of age and the terms of the �Great Compromise� are to be renegotiated at the 1937 Ausgleich next year. Could this be the time for Austria to throw off her shackles of dependence on Germany and reassert the power of the Habsburg dynasty over her Empire?;Apr�s la Premi�re Guerre mondiale, l�Autriche est r�duite � son noyau germanique. La R�publicaine autrichienne est proclam�e le 12 novembre 1918. Une constitution pr�liminaire est cr��e par l�assembl�e nationale provisoire qui nomme �galement un gouvernement de coalition dirig� par le d�mocrate Karl Renner (1919-1920). L�ancien syst�me de vote majoritaire est remplac� par un syst�me de repr�sentation proportionnelle incluant le droit de vote pour les femmes. Le but poursuivi par l�assembl�e et le gouvernement est l�unification avec l�Allemagne mais cet objectif est rendu impossible par le trait� de paix. Une constitution faisant de l�Autriche un Etat f�d�ral est adopt�e en 1920. Au cours des �lections suivantes, les socio-d�mocrates c�dent la place au parti chr�tien social (conservateur) qui conservera le pouvoir dans les ann�es � venir. Leurs gouvernements ne parviendront toutefois pas � stabiliser la jeune R�publique. La crise �conomique dans laquelle se trouve le pays fait d�river la soci�t� vers la gauche radicale (la f�d�ration de protection de la R�publique) et vers la droite (Heimwehr). L�Autriche se trouve � plusieurs reprises sur le point d�entrer en guerre. Une modification de la constitution renforce, en 1929, le r�le du pr�sident afin de stabiliser le pays. Les Nazis obtiennent le soutien des Autrichiens au d�but des ann�es 1930. Le chancelier conservateur Engelbert Dollfus profite des victoires nazies pour abolir la constitution et fonder un r�gime autoritaire. Apr�s les troubles sociaux de 1934, Dollfus interdit tous les partis sauf le sien, le Vaterl�ndische Front, et adopte une constitution inspir�e du mod�le fasciste.  Il est assassin� au cours de la tentative de coup d�Etat du 25 juillet 1934. Son successeur, Karl Schussnigg, poursuit la m�me politique et tente d�apaiser les tensions qui l�opposent � l�Allemagne afin de conserver la souverainet� de l�Autriche.;Dopo la Prima Guerra Mondiale, l'Austria era stata ridotta al suo nucleo tedesco. Il 12 novembre 1918, venne proclamata la repubblica. L'assemblea nazionale provvisoria, cre� una costituzione preliminare, nominando una coalizione di governo sotto il socialdemocratico Karl Renner (1919/20) e sostituendo il precedente sistema di voto maggioritario con uno di tipo proporzionale, con il suffragio esteso anche alle donne. L'obiettivo dell'assemblea e del governo nazionale era l'unificazione con la Germania, resa tuttavia impossibile dalle decisioni delle potenze uscite vincitrici dalla guerra. La costituzione promulgata nel 1920, proclam� l'Austria uno stato federale. Nelle elezioni tenutesi subito dopo, i socialdemocratici furono battuti dai conservatori cristiano-sociali che divennero la prima forza politica austriaca negli anni seguenti. I loro governi, tuttavia, non riuscirono a dare stabilit� alla giovane repubblica. Vessata da grossi problemi economici, la societ� si alternava fra la sinistra (Republican Protection League) e la destra radicale (Heimwehr). In pi� occasioni, l'Austria fu sull'orlo di una guerra civile. Nel 1929, venne approvato un cambio della costituzione, per rafforzare il ruolo del presidente e dare maggiore stabilit� al paese. All'inizio degli anni '30, i nazisti ottennero anche l'appoggio dell'Austria. Il cancelliere conservatore, Engelbert Dollfu�, vide i successi dei nazisti come un'opportunit� per abolire la costituzione e stabilire un regime dittatoriale. Dopo i disordini del 1934, Dollfu� viet� tutti i partiti tranne il suo Vaterl�ndische Front e promulg� una costituzione sui modelli fascisti, prima di essere ucciso durante un colpo di stato il 25 luglio 1934. Il suo successore, Karl Schuschnigg, continu� la sua politica, cercando di sistemare le tensioni con la Germania e di proteggere la sovranit� dell'Austria.;Tras la Primera Guerra Mundial, Austria se vio reducida a su n�cleo territorial alem�n, proclam�ndose la rep�blica el 12 de noviembre de 1918. La asamblea nacional provisional cre� una constituci�n preliminar y nombr� a un gobierno de coalici�n al mando del socialdem�crata Karl Renner (1919-20), sustituyendo el anterior sistema de votaci�n mayoritaria por un sistema de representaci�n proporcional que inclu�a el sufragio femenino. EL objetivo de la asamblea nacional y el gobierno era la unificaci�n con Alemania, que hab�a sido declarada imposible por los vencedores de la guerra. En 1920 se promulg� una constituci�n que declaraba a Austria como un estado federal. En la elecci�n celebrada a continuaci�n, los socialdem�cratas fueron derrotados por los conservadores socialcristianos, que se convertir�an en el poder dominante de la pol�tica austr�aca en los a�os siguientes. Sin embargo, sus gobiernos no consiguieron estabilizar a la joven rep�blica. Con el trasfondo de sus grandes problemas econ�micos, la sociedad se fue inclinando hacia el radicalismo, tanto de izquierdas (Liga de Protecci�n Republicana), como de derechas (Heinwehr). Austria se encontr� varias veces al borde de una guerra civil. Se llev� a cabo un cambio de la Constituci�n de 1929 para fortalecer el papel del presidente, con el prop�sito de estabilizar m�s al pa�s. A principios de los a�os 30, los nazis tambi�n comenzaron a ganar apoyos en Austria. El canciller conservador Engelbert Dollfuss se aprovech� de los �xitos nazis para abolir la constituci�n e instaurar un r�gimen autoritario. Tras los disturbios de 1934, Dollfuss ilegaliz� a todos los partidos salvo al suyo propio, el Vaterl�ndische Front (Frente Patri�tico), y promulg� una constituci�n que segu�a los par�metros fascistas. Sin embargo, fue asesinado el 25 de julio de 1934, durante un intento de golpe de estado. Su sucesor, Kurt von Schuschnigg, continu� con su pol�tica, buscando reducir las tensiones con Alemania y proteger la soberan�a austr�aca.;Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg war �sterreich auf sein deutsches Herzland reduziert. Am 12. November 1918 wurde die Republik ausgerufen. Die provisorische Nationalversammlung verabschiedete eine vorl�ufige Verfassung, ernannte eine Koalitionsregierung unter dem Sozialdemokraten Karl Renner (1919/20) und ersetzte das vorherige Mehrheitswahlsystem mit einem System proportionaler Repr�sentation, welches auch das Stimmrecht f�r Frauen umfasste. Das Ziel von Nationalversammlung und Regierung war die Vereinigung mit Deutschland, die jedoch durch die Entscheidungen der Siegerm�chte unm�glich gemacht wurde. 1920 wurde eine Verfassung verabschiedet, die �sterreich zum Bundesstaat erkl�rte. In der darauffolgenden Wahl verloren die Sozialdemokraten gegen die Christsozialen, die �ber die folgenden Jahre hinweg die alles beherrschende Macht in der �sterreichischen Politik werden sollten. Deren Regierungen zeigten sich allerdings wenig erfolgreich bei der Stabilisierung der jungen Republik: Vor dem Hintergrund gro�er wirtschaftlicher Probleme trieb die Gesellschaft zu den radikalen Linken (Republikanischer Schutzbund) und Rechten (Heimwehr) ab. Mehrere Male stand �sterreich am Rande des B�rgerkrieges. Eine �nderung der Verfassung 1929 zur St�rkung des Pr�sidenten sollte das Land weiter stabilisieren. In den fr�hen drei�iger Jahren erhielten auch die Nazis weiteren Zulauf in �sterreich: Der konservative Kanzler Engelbert Dollfu� nahm die Erfolge der Nazis zur Gelegenheit, die Verfassung abzuschaffen und ein autorit�res Regime zu errichten. Nach Unruhen im Jahre 1934 verbot Dollfu� alle Parteien au�er seiner eigenen, der Vaterl�ndischen Front, und installierte eine Verfassung nach faschistischen Vorbildern. Er wurde bei einem Putschversuch am 25. Juli 1934 get�tet. Sein Nachfolger Karl Schuschnigg f�hrte dessen Politik jedoch weiter und versuchte, die Spannungen mit Deutschland beizulegen und �sterreichs Souver�nit�t zu sch�tzen.;Po zako�czeniu pierwszej wojny �wiatowej w 1918 roku, austriackie ziemie zosta�y zredukowane do teren�w rdzennie niemieckich. Prowizoryczne zgromadzenie narodowe uchwali�o wst�pn� konstytucj� i wskaza�o koalicyjnemu rz�dowi Karla Rennera kierunki rozwoju systemu politycznego. System wi�kszo�ciowy mia� zosta� zast�piony proporcjonalnym, gwarantuj�cym prawo wyboru tak�e kobietom. Celem zgromadzenia narodowego by�o po��czenie kraju z Niemcami, do tego nie dopu�cili jednak zwyci�zcy pierwszej wojny. W roku 1920  przyj�to konstytucj� pa�stwa federalnego - Austrii. W pierwszych wyborach zwyci�yli socjaldemokraci, pokonuj�c chrze�cija�sk� demokracj�. Wyb�r ten na wiele lat wykreowa� lewic� na najwa�niejsz� si�� polityczn�. Rz�dy przez ni� stworzone nie odnios�y jednak�e sukcesu. Z powodu trudno�ci ekonomicznych, sytuacja wewn�trzna nie ustabilizowa�a si�. Kraj waha� si� od skrajnej lewicy (Liga Ochrony Republiki) do skrajnej prawicy (Heimwehr), kilkakrotnie ocieraj�c si� o wojn� domow�. W 1929, w celu stabilizacji, wprowadzono zmiany w konstytucji, wzmacniaj�ce rol� prezydenta. Na pocz�tku lat trzydziestych partie nazistowskie zyska�y spore poparcie tak�e w Austrii. Konserwatywny kanclerz Engelbert Dolfuss wykorzysta� sukces nazist�w jako okazj� do obalenia konstytucji i stworzenia autorytarnej dyktatury. Po zamieszkach w 1934 roku kanclerz zdelegalizowa� wszystkie partie polityczne opr�cz w�asnego Frontu Ojczy�nianego i ponownie zmieni� konstytucj�, zbli�aj�c ustr�j do panuj�cego w krajach faszystowskich. 25 lipca 1934 zosta� jednak zabity trakcie w zamachu stanu. Jego nast�pca Karl Schuschnigg, kontynuowa� poprzedni� polityk�, staraj�c sie nie tworzy� napi�� w stosunkach z Niemcami, a jednocze�nie chroni� suwerenno�� Austrii.;;;;;x
 AZB_DESC;Azerbaijan is generally regarded as 'just another' of the small Caucasian states to rise out of the ruins of the Russian Empire. Since then the small nation has only managed to maintain her independence by carefully balancing its political and economic links with both Russia and the Ottomans - ensuring that neither can gain hegemony over them. With neither Great Power able to secure dominance Azerbaijan has seen a stable, but precarious, regime in the form of a secular and technocratic dictatorship (which by regional standards, is fairly 'mild' and tolerant), and as a result, economic prosperity has followed. Thanks to foreign investment in the exploitation of the vast Baku oilfields, Azerbaijan has become the largest oil producer in the region - and rival even to Ploesti. However, this very prosperity may in fact be the country's undoing. In an age in which the consumption of oil is becoming the dominant need of both industrial society and modern warfare, Azerbaijan is increasingly finding herself the battleground of both foreign corporate, and national interests. Will she be able to maintain her precarious status quo? Or will she, and her precious oil, fall into the hands of the Ottomans, the Russians, or even Georgia?;;;;;;;;;;x
-BEL_DESC;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspirated by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspirated by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspirated by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspirated by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspirated by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspirated by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;;;;;X
-BHU_DESC;In 17th century the Lama Ngawang Namgyal who had fled Tibet managed to unify the country and to secure his further conquests through the building of monastery fortresses (Dzongs). The first spiritual and secular ruler of Bhuatan, called Shabdung, helped the Drupka Sect to win and transfered the Tibetan governmental system of Dalai Lamas to Bhutan. The Drukpas (Druk = Dragon) gave the country its name - Dragon Land (Druk Yul). The succession of the ruler based on reincarnation. Shabdung Namgyal supposedly seperated the country into three regions which were ruled by princes (Penlop). In 19th century only two of the three houses still were of importance - the Tsonga-Penlops east of the Black Mountains under the Wangchuk family and the Paro-Penlops who govrned almost all of western Bhutan. With the election of the Penlop of Tsonga, Ugyen Wangchuk, on december 17th, 1907, as the first Druk Gyalpo (Dragon king) the Shabdung system was replaced by a hereditary monarchy.Externally, Bhutan came into conflict with the expanding British East India Company who drove the Bhutanese out of the Indian regions of Cooch Behar between 1772 and 1774. 1864/65 Bhutan lost claims to parts of the the Bhartiya Commune and Siamese Plains during the Second British-Bhutanese War. In the Treaty of Punakha 1910 Bhutan formally became a British Protectorate but retianed its internal autonomy. With the British revolution ending the Empires influence in east India, Bhutan rearchived it's full independance. ;Au cours du 17e si�cle, le dala�-lama, Ngawang Namgyal, s�enfuit du Tibet et parvient � unifier le pays et � s�curiser les territoires nouvellement conquis en construisant des monast�res fortifi�s (Dzongs). Shabdung, le premier chef spirituel et politique de Bhoutan, favorise la secte Drukpa et transf�re le syst�me gouvernemental du dala�-lama � Bhoutan. Les Drukpas (druk=dragon) donnent leur nom au pays, Druk Yul (le royaume du dragon). La succession du dirigeant est assur�e par r�incarnation. Shabdung Namgyal divise le pays en trois r�gions gouvern�es par des princes (penlop). Pendant le 19e si�cle, seules deux des trois maisons princi�res sont encore influentes : les Tsonga-Penlops � l�est des Montagnes Noires dirig�s par la famille Wangchuk et les Paro-Penlops qui gouvernent toute la partie occidentale du Bhoutan. Ugyen Wangchuk est �lu premier Druk Gyalpo (roi dragon) le 17 d�cembre 1907 et remplace alors l�ancien syst�me shabdung par une monarchie h�r�ditaire. Entre 1772 et 1774, le Bhoutan entre en conflit avec la Compagnie des Indes britannique qui finit par chasser les troupes du Bhoutan hors des r�gions indiennes de Cooch Behar. En 1864 et 1865, durant la seconde guerre opposant la Grande-Bretagne au Bhoutan, ce dernier perd ses droits sur le Bengale et les plaines du Siam. En 1910, le trait� de Punakha officialise le statut de protectorat britannique du Bhoutan tout en maintenant son autonomie interne.;Nel diciassettesimo secolo, il Lama Ngawang Namgyal che era fuggito dal Tibet, riusc� a riunire il paese e a mettere al sicuro le sue ulteriori conquiste con la costruzione di fortezze monastero (Dzong). Il primo governatore spirituale e secolare del Bhuatan, chiamato Shabdung, aiut� Drupka Sect a vincere e trasfer� il sistema governativo tibetano dei Dalai Lama in Bhutan. I Drukpas (Druk = Drago) chiamarono il paese con il loro nome - Terra del drago (Druk Yul). La successione del governatore era basata sulla reincarnazione. Presumibilmente, Shabdung Namgyal separ� il paese in tre regioni, che vennero governate da principi (Penlop). Nel diciannovesimo secolo, solo due delle tre case godevano ancora di una certa importanza: gli Tsonga, i Penlop a est delle Montagne nere sotto la famiglia Wangchuk e i Paro-Penlop, che governavano su quasi tutto il Bhutan occidentale. Con l'elezione del Penlop di Tsonga, Ugyen Wangchuk, il 17 dicembre 1907, come primo Druk Gyalpo (Re dei draghi), il sistema Shabdung venne sostituito da una monarchia ereditaria. Il Buthan si trov� in perenne conflitto con la compagnia delle indie orientale inglese che aveva cacciato i bhutanesi fuori dalle regioni indiane di Cooch Behar tra il 1772 e il 1774. Nel 1864/65 il Bhutan perse i diritti su parti del Bengala e della pianura siamese durante il secondo conflitto anglo-bhutanese. Con il trattato di Punakha del 1910, il Bhutan divenne formalmente un protettorato inglese pur conservando la propria autonomia interna.;En el siglo XVII, el lama Ngawang Namgyal, que hab�a huido del T�bet, consigui� unificar el pa�s y asegurar sus futuras conquistas mediante la construcci�n de monasterios fortificados (Dzongs). El primer l�der espiritual y secular de But�n, llamado Shabdung, ayud� a ganar a la secta drukpa y copi� en su pa�s el sistema de gobierno tibetano de los Dal�i- lamas. Los drukpas (Druk = drag�n) le dieron al pa�s su nombre: Tierra de los Dragones (Druk Yul). La sucesi�n del gobernante del pa�s est� basada en la reencarnaci�n. Shabdung Namgyal dividi� supuestamente el pa�s en tres regiones gobernadas por pr�ncipes (Penlop). En el siglo XIX, s�lo dos de las tres dinast�as conservaban algo de importancia: la de Tsonga-Penlop, al este de las Monta�as Negras, controlada por la familia Wangchuck, y la de Paro-Penlop, que gobernaba casi todo el este de But�n. Con la elecci�n del Penlop de Tsonga, Ugyen Wangchuk, el 17 de diciembre de 1907 como primer Druk Gyalpo (Rey Drag�n), el sistema de Shabdung fue reemplazado por una monarqu�a hereditaria. En el plano exterior, But�n entr� en conflicto con la Compa��a Brit�nica de las Indias Orientales, que expuls� a los butaneses de las regiones indias de Cooch Behar entre 1772 y 1774. Entre 1864 y 1865, But�n perdi� todos sus derechos sobre partes de Bengala y las Llanuras Siamesas en el transcurso de la Segunda Guerra Anglo-butanesa. En el Tratado de Punakha de 1910, But�n se convirti� oficialmente en un protectorado brit�nico, pero conserv� su autonom�a interna.;Im 17. Jahrhundert vereinigte der aus Tibet geflohene Lama Ngawang Namgyal das Land und sicherte seine weiteren Eroberungen durch die Errichtung von Klosterfestungen (Dzongs). Als erster spiritueller und weltlicher Herrscher Bhutans, 'Shabdung' genannt, verhalf er der Drupka-Sekte zum Sieg und �bertrug das tibetische Regierungssystem der Dalai Lamas auf Bhutan. Die Drukpas (Druk = Drache) gaben dem Land seinen Namen - Land der Drachen (Druk Yul). Die Erbfolge des Herrschers basierte auf Reinkarnation. Shabdung Namgyal trennte das Land angeblich in drei von Prinzen (Penlop) regierte Regionen. Im 19. Jahrhundert waren nur noch zwei der drei H�user von Wichtigkeit � die Tsonga-Penlops �stlich der Schwarzen Berge unter der Wangchuk-Familie, und die Paro-Penlops, die fast ganz West-Bhutan regierten. Am 17. Dezember 1907, mit der Wahl des Penlop von Tsonga, Ugyen Wangchuk, zum ersten Druk Gyalpo (Drachenk�nig) wurde das Shabdung-System durch eine Erbmonarchie ersetzt. Au�enpolitisch kam Bhutan in Konflikt mit der expandierenden British East India Company, welche die Bhutaner 1772 und 1774 aus den indischen Regionen des Cooch Behar trieben. 1864/65 verlor Bhutan w�hrend des Zweiten Britisch-Bhutanischen Krieges seine Anspr�che auf Teile der bengalischen und siamesischen Ebenen. Im Vertrag von Punakha wurde Bhutan 1910 formell zu einem britischen Protektorat, behielt aber seine interne Autonomie bei.;W siedemnastym wieku uciekinier z Tybetu, Lama Ngwang Namgyal, zjednoczy� kraj pod swoim panowaniem. Uda�o mu si� zbudowa� szereg klasztor�w � fortec, strzeg�cych granic i stanowi�cych idealny punkt wypadowy dla dalszych podboj�w. Pierwszy religijny i �wiecki w�adca Bhutanu, Shabdung, przy pomocy sekty Drukp�w, wprowadzi� tybeta�ski system w�adzy, oparty na wierze w reinkarnacj� duchowego przyw�dcy. Drukpowie nadali krajowi nazw� Druk Yul (kraina smok�w,  od Druk � smok). Shabdung Namgyal podzieli� kraj na trzy prowincje, ka�d� rz�dzon� przez innego ksi�cia (penlopa). W dziewi�tnastym wieku liczy�y si� ju� tylko dwa z trzech rod�w:  Tsonga-Penelopowie z rodziny Wangchuk, rz�dz�cy cz�ci� kraju le��c� na wsch�d od g�r Czarnych i Paro-Penelopowie, kontroluj�cy prawie ca�� cz�� zachodni�. Gdy w 17 grudnia 1907 ksi��� Tsonga zosta� wybrany pierwszym Druk Gyalapo (smoczym kr�lem), teokratyczny system w�adzy zmieniony zosta� w dziedziczn� monarchi�. Rozrastaj�ca si� kolonia brytyjska w Indiach wypiera�a Bhuta�czyk�w kolejno z Cooch Behar (1772-1774), a p�niej, podczas drugiej wojny brytyjsko-bhuta�skiej (1864-1865) z Bengalu i r�wnin syjamskich. W 1910, na mocy traktatu z Punakha, Bhutan oficjalnie zosta� brytyjskim protektoratem, zachowuj�c jednak pe�n� autonomi� wewn�trzn�.;;;;;X
+BEL_DESC;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspired by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspired by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspired by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspired by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspired by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;Belgian army, commanded by king Albert himself, was the first who fought the German armies during the Great War and among the others vanquished armies during the defeat of France. With his motherland under German occupation, Belgium was forced to comply to every single term : Belgian Congo becoming another German holding in Africa, Belgian Luxemburg a province of German Reich, and even the country ceased her existence under her name. Inspired by the speeches of Jules Destr�e, German experts concluded that a federal state was the only chance to avoid riots between Flemish and Walloons. Thus, the kingdom of Flandern-Wallonien - Flanders-Wallonia in German � was created, headed by the Kaiser�s third son, Adalbert von Hohenzollern, and the former head of German occupation authorities, August Borms, still de facto head of the government. In 1936, the buffer state of Flandern-Wallonien is coming to a boiling point, between the Flemish population, wanting ot join the neutral Netherlands, the Walloon population, whose nationalism turned to French-fashioned syndicalist views, and the whole population, tired of German domination...;;;;;X
+BHU_DESC;In 17th century the Lama Ngawang Namgyal who had fled Tibet managed to unify the country and to secure his further conquests through the building of monastery fortresses (Dzongs). The first spiritual and secular ruler of Bhuatan, called Shabdung, helped the Drupka Sect to win and transferred the Tibetan governmental system of Dalai Lamas to Bhutan. The Drukpas (Druk = Dragon) gave the country its name - Dragon Land (Druk Yul). The succession of the ruler based on reincarnation. Shabdung Namgyal supposedly separated the country into three regions which were ruled by princes (Penlop). In 19th century only two of the three houses still were of importance - the Tsonga-Penlops east of the Black Mountains under the Wangchuk family and the Paro-Penlops who governed almost all of western Bhutan. With the election of the Penlop of Tsonga, Ugyen Wangchuk, on December 17th, 1907, as the first Druk Gyalpo (Dragon king) the Shabdung system was replaced by a hereditary monarchy.Externally, Bhutan came into conflict with the expanding British East India Company who drove the Bhutanese out of the Indian regions of Cooch Behar between 1772 and 1774. 1864/65 Bhutan lost claims to parts of the the Bhartiya Commune and Siamese Plains during the Second British-Bhutanese War. In the Treaty of Punakha 1910 Bhutan formally became a British Protectorate but retained its internal autonomy. With the British revolution ending the Empires influence in east India, Bhutan reachieved it's full independence. ;Au cours du 17e si�cle, le dala�-lama, Ngawang Namgyal, s�enfuit du Tibet et parvient � unifier le pays et � s�curiser les territoires nouvellement conquis en construisant des monast�res fortifi�s (Dzongs). Shabdung, le premier chef spirituel et politique de Bhoutan, favorise la secte Drukpa et transf�re le syst�me gouvernemental du dala�-lama � Bhoutan. Les Drukpas (druk=dragon) donnent leur nom au pays, Druk Yul (le royaume du dragon). La succession du dirigeant est assur�e par r�incarnation. Shabdung Namgyal divise le pays en trois r�gions gouvern�es par des princes (penlop). Pendant le 19e si�cle, seules deux des trois maisons princi�res sont encore influentes : les Tsonga-Penlops � l�est des Montagnes Noires dirig�s par la famille Wangchuk et les Paro-Penlops qui gouvernent toute la partie occidentale du Bhoutan. Ugyen Wangchuk est �lu premier Druk Gyalpo (roi dragon) le 17 d�cembre 1907 et remplace alors l�ancien syst�me shabdung par une monarchie h�r�ditaire. Entre 1772 et 1774, le Bhoutan entre en conflit avec la Compagnie des Indes britannique qui finit par chasser les troupes du Bhoutan hors des r�gions indiennes de Cooch Behar. En 1864 et 1865, durant la seconde guerre opposant la Grande-Bretagne au Bhoutan, ce dernier perd ses droits sur le Bengale et les plaines du Siam. En 1910, le trait� de Punakha officialise le statut de protectorat britannique du Bhoutan tout en maintenant son autonomie interne.;Nel diciassettesimo secolo, il Lama Ngawang Namgyal che era fuggito dal Tibet, riusc� a riunire il paese e a mettere al sicuro le sue ulteriori conquiste con la costruzione di fortezze monastero (Dzong). Il primo governatore spirituale e secolare del Bhuatan, chiamato Shabdung, aiut� Drupka Sect a vincere e trasfer� il sistema governativo tibetano dei Dalai Lama in Bhutan. I Drukpas (Druk = Drago) chiamarono il paese con il loro nome - Terra del drago (Druk Yul). La successione del governatore era basata sulla reincarnazione. Presumibilmente, Shabdung Namgyal separ� il paese in tre regioni, che vennero governate da principi (Penlop). Nel diciannovesimo secolo, solo due delle tre case godevano ancora di una certa importanza: gli Tsonga, i Penlop a est delle Montagne nere sotto la famiglia Wangchuk e i Paro-Penlop, che governavano su quasi tutto il Bhutan occidentale. Con l'elezione del Penlop di Tsonga, Ugyen Wangchuk, il 17 dicembre 1907, come primo Druk Gyalpo (Re dei draghi), il sistema Shabdung venne sostituito da una monarchia ereditaria. Il Buthan si trov� in perenne conflitto con la compagnia delle indie orientale inglese che aveva cacciato i bhutanesi fuori dalle regioni indiane di Cooch Behar tra il 1772 e il 1774. Nel 1864/65 il Bhutan perse i diritti su parti del Bengala e della pianura siamese durante il secondo conflitto anglo-bhutanese. Con il trattato di Punakha del 1910, il Bhutan divenne formalmente un protettorato inglese pur conservando la propria autonomia interna.;En el siglo XVII, el lama Ngawang Namgyal, que hab�a huido del T�bet, consigui� unificar el pa�s y asegurar sus futuras conquistas mediante la construcci�n de monasterios fortificados (Dzongs). El primer l�der espiritual y secular de But�n, llamado Shabdung, ayud� a ganar a la secta drukpa y copi� en su pa�s el sistema de gobierno tibetano de los Dal�i- lamas. Los drukpas (Druk = drag�n) le dieron al pa�s su nombre: Tierra de los Dragones (Druk Yul). La sucesi�n del gobernante del pa�s est� basada en la reencarnaci�n. Shabdung Namgyal dividi� supuestamente el pa�s en tres regiones gobernadas por pr�ncipes (Penlop). En el siglo XIX, s�lo dos de las tres dinast�as conservaban algo de importancia: la de Tsonga-Penlop, al este de las Monta�as Negras, controlada por la familia Wangchuck, y la de Paro-Penlop, que gobernaba casi todo el este de But�n. Con la elecci�n del Penlop de Tsonga, Ugyen Wangchuk, el 17 de diciembre de 1907 como primer Druk Gyalpo (Rey Drag�n), el sistema de Shabdung fue reemplazado por una monarqu�a hereditaria. En el plano exterior, But�n entr� en conflicto con la Compa��a Brit�nica de las Indias Orientales, que expuls� a los butaneses de las regiones indias de Cooch Behar entre 1772 y 1774. Entre 1864 y 1865, But�n perdi� todos sus derechos sobre partes de Bengala y las Llanuras Siamesas en el transcurso de la Segunda Guerra Anglo-butanesa. En el Tratado de Punakha de 1910, But�n se convirti� oficialmente en un protectorado brit�nico, pero conserv� su autonom�a interna.;Im 17. Jahrhundert vereinigte der aus Tibet geflohene Lama Ngawang Namgyal das Land und sicherte seine weiteren Eroberungen durch die Errichtung von Klosterfestungen (Dzongs). Als erster spiritueller und weltlicher Herrscher Bhutans, 'Shabdung' genannt, verhalf er der Drupka-Sekte zum Sieg und �bertrug das tibetische Regierungssystem der Dalai Lamas auf Bhutan. Die Drukpas (Druk = Drache) gaben dem Land seinen Namen - Land der Drachen (Druk Yul). Die Erbfolge des Herrschers basierte auf Reinkarnation. Shabdung Namgyal trennte das Land angeblich in drei von Prinzen (Penlop) regierte Regionen. Im 19. Jahrhundert waren nur noch zwei der drei H�user von Wichtigkeit � die Tsonga-Penlops �stlich der Schwarzen Berge unter der Wangchuk-Familie, und die Paro-Penlops, die fast ganz West-Bhutan regierten. Am 17. Dezember 1907, mit der Wahl des Penlop von Tsonga, Ugyen Wangchuk, zum ersten Druk Gyalpo (Drachenk�nig) wurde das Shabdung-System durch eine Erbmonarchie ersetzt. Au�enpolitisch kam Bhutan in Konflikt mit der expandierenden British East India Company, welche die Bhutaner 1772 und 1774 aus den indischen Regionen des Cooch Behar trieben. 1864/65 verlor Bhutan w�hrend des Zweiten Britisch-Bhutanischen Krieges seine Anspr�che auf Teile der bengalischen und siamesischen Ebenen. Im Vertrag von Punakha wurde Bhutan 1910 formell zu einem britischen Protektorat, behielt aber seine interne Autonomie bei.;W siedemnastym wieku uciekinier z Tybetu, Lama Ngwang Namgyal, zjednoczy� kraj pod swoim panowaniem. Uda�o mu si� zbudowa� szereg klasztor�w � fortec, strzeg�cych granic i stanowi�cych idealny punkt wypadowy dla dalszych podboj�w. Pierwszy religijny i �wiecki w�adca Bhutanu, Shabdung, przy pomocy sekty Drukp�w, wprowadzi� tybeta�ski system w�adzy, oparty na wierze w reinkarnacj� duchowego przyw�dcy. Drukpowie nadali krajowi nazw� Druk Yul (kraina smok�w,  od Druk � smok). Shabdung Namgyal podzieli� kraj na trzy prowincje, ka�d� rz�dzon� przez innego ksi�cia (penlopa). W dziewi�tnastym wieku liczy�y si� ju� tylko dwa z trzech rod�w:  Tsonga-Penelopowie z rodziny Wangchuk, rz�dz�cy cz�ci� kraju le��c� na wsch�d od g�r Czarnych i Paro-Penelopowie, kontroluj�cy prawie ca�� cz�� zachodni�. Gdy w 17 grudnia 1907 ksi��� Tsonga zosta� wybrany pierwszym Druk Gyalapo (smoczym kr�lem), teokratyczny system w�adzy zmieniony zosta� w dziedziczn� monarchi�. Rozrastaj�ca si� kolonia brytyjska w Indiach wypiera�a Bhuta�czyk�w kolejno z Cooch Behar (1772-1774), a p�niej, podczas drugiej wojny brytyjsko-bhuta�skiej (1864-1865) z Bengalu i r�wnin syjamskich. W 1910, na mocy traktatu z Punakha, Bhutan oficjalnie zosta� brytyjskim protektoratem, zachowuj�c jednak pe�n� autonomi� wewn�trzn�.;;;;;X
 BLR_DESC;The lack of an historic Byelorussian state did not prevent the Germans establishing the Kingdom of 'White Ruthenia' along ethnographic lines following the successful conclusion of the Weltkrieg and the collapse of Russian power. Despite the lack of an historic identity the legitimacy of the new state was secured during the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II�s brother Heinrich, who used the strong constitutional Royal prerogatives to promote land reform, education programs, and balance the interests of the various factions within his Kingdom. Unfortunately upon Heinrich�s death in 1929 the throne passed to his son Waldemar, who has not been able to live up to the standards set by his father. In 1936 Weissruthenian is an increasingly divided society and the young Kingdom appears to be approaching a crisis as power slips away from the legitimate monarch to his younger brother Sigismund, who has managed built up a formidable power base through the �National Security Services� and various Byelorussian extremist groups unhappy with the current situation.;;;;;;;;;;x
 BOL_DESC;Since her formation Bolivia has not fared well in terms of her foreign policy, suffering hurtful losses. A border conflict with Chile led to the �Saltpetre War� (1879 � 1883) which Bolivia lost despite an alliance with Peru, which ended with the nation having to cede the coastal province of Antofagasta, losing its access to the sea. In 1903 Brazil and Bolivia signed the Treaty of P?troplis, ceding the important rubber producing province Acre to Brazil. In 1932, tensions with Paraguay over the Gran Chaco region touched off what would later come to be known as the �Great South American War�. Initially, Bolivia was successful against the Paraguayans had quickly overran the country, unfortunately though, the Bolivian occupation of Paraguay prompted Argentinean intervention in 1933, and a in a quick campaign Argentinean troops quickly liberated Paraguay and settled in for the winter.In 1934, Argentina renewed their offensive and scored several great victories against the Bolivian forces, and Bolivia seemed totally defeated. However, in another twist of the war, their hope was rekindled, as Brazil chose this time to intervene on their side. Unfortunately however the Brazilians focused the thrust of their offensives towards the La Plata River, leaving the Bolivians to look to their own defences, and this error of judgement lead to a humiliating final defeat of Bolivia at the hands of Argentina in late 1934. In the resulting peace, Bolivia was forced to accept the independence of Paraguay and relinquish their claims on the Gran Chaco region. After another short campaign by Argentinean forces Brazil was defeated in 1935, and in the resulting peace Uruguay and Paraguay were �federated� with Argentina to create the Union of La Plata.In 1936 Bolivia stands at a crossroads, on one hand she is burning with a passion for revenge against �La Plata�, but on the other hand, she is wary of becoming too closely aligned with Brazil. However, with the government in La Plata beginning to assert claims over parts of Bolivia relations are becoming even further strained and closer ties with Brazil may well be unavoidable. Whatever the situation, Bolivia will have to play her cards wisely, for the moment of final decision will come soon�;La Bolivie souffre de tr�s grandes pertes en mati�re de politique ext�rieure. Les rivalit�s frontali�res qui l�opposent au Chili donnent naissance � la guerre du Pacifique (1879-1883) au cours de laquelle la Bolivie est vaincue malgr� le soutien du P�rou. Le trait� de Valpara�so d�poss�de le pays de la r�gion d�Antofagasta qui constitue son seul acc�s � la mer. En 1903, le Br�sil et la Bolivie signent le trait� de Petr�polis qui attribue au Br�sil la r�gion d�Acre, tr�s riche en caoutchouc. Les 2 millions de livres sterling pay�es en retour ne suffisent pas � compenser une si grande perte. La tentative de s�curisation de l�acc�s aux ports nationaux pendant la guerre du Chaco contre le Paraguay (1932-1935) se solde par de nouvelles pertes territoriales dans la r�gion de Chaco. Le pays est n�anmoins parvenu � s�curiser le fleuve Paraguay donnant acc�s � l�oc�an Atlantique (le trait� de Buenos Aires officialise ce statut en 1938). La croissance �conomique que conna�t le pays depuis 1895, date � laquelle l��tain est son principal produit d�exportation, prend fin avec la guerre du Chaco et la Grande D�pression. La r�volte des classes moyennes et des mineurs permet aux gouvernements militaires socialistes de prendre le pouvoir.;In politica estera la Bolivia sub� dolorose perdite. Un conflitto al confine contro il Cile, port� alla guerra del salnitro (1879-1883), che vide la sconfitta della Bolivia, nonostante un'alleanza con il Per�. Dopo aver ceduto la provincia costiera di Antofagasta col trattato di pace di Valparaiso (1884), il paese non aveva pi� alcuno sbocco sul mare. Nel 1903, Brasile e Bolivia siglarono il trattato di P�troplis, che garantiva al Brasile l'importante provincia della gomma di Acre. La somma di 2 milioni di sterline non bast� alla Bolivia per compensare la perdita. Il tentativo di ottenere uno sbocco sul mare nella guerra del Chaco con il Paraguay (1932-1935), caus� la perdita della parte pi� vasta della regione del Chaco del nord, ma almeno assicur� lo sbocco sul fiume Paraguay fino all'Oceano Atlantico (trattato di Buenos Aires del 1938). La guerra del Chaco e la grande depressione misero fine al positivo sviluppo economico iniziato nel 1895, quando lo stagno divenne la principale materia di esportazione. Di fronte ai movimenti di protesta della classe media e dei minatori, presero il potere governi militari con tendenze socialiste.;Bolivia ha sufrido dolorosas derrotas en pol�tica exterior. Un conflicto fronterizo con Chile llev� a la Guerra del Nitrato de 1879-83, que Bolivia perdi� pese a aliarse con Per�. Al verse forzado a ceder la provincia costera de Antofagasta por el tratado de paz de Valpara�so de 1884, el pa�s perdi� su acceso al mar. En 1903, Brasil y Bolivia firmaron el Tratado de Petr�polis, en el que se ced�a a Brasil la importante provincia productora de caucho de Acre. Una suma de 2 millones de libras esterlinas no sirvi� para compensar esta p�rdida. El intento de obtener un acceso al mar en la Guerra del Chaco contra Paraguay (1932-1935) trajo como consecuencia la p�rdida de la mayor parte de la regi�n del Chaco Boreal, pero al menos se consigui� el acceso al r�o Paraguay, que desemboca en el Atl�ntico (confirmado en el Tratado de Buenos Aires de 1938). La Guerra del Chaco y la Gran Depresi�n pusieron fin al positivo desarrollo econ�mico desde 1895, cuando el esta�o pas� a ser el principal bien exportable. Los movimientos de protesta de la clase media y los trabajadores de las minas llevaron al poder a gobiernos militares con tendencias socialistas de estado.;In der Au�enpolitik musste Bolivien schmerzhafte Niederlagen einstecken: Ein Grenzkonflikt mit Chile f�hrte zum Salpeterkrieg 1879 -1883, den Bolivien trotz einer Allianz mit Peru verlor. Das Land musste die K�stenprovinz Antofagasta im Friedensvertrag von Valparaiso 1884 abgeben und verlor so seinen Seezugang. 1903 unterzeichneten Brasilien und Bolivien den Vertrag von P�troplis, der Brasilien die wichtige Gummiprovinz Acre zusprach. 2 Millionen Pfund Sterling konnten den Verlust nicht kompensieren. Der Versuch, sich im Chaco-Krieg mit Paraguay (1932 - 1935) einen Hafen zu sichern, f�hrte zum Verlust des Gro�teils der Region des Chaco Boreal, sicherte aber wenigstens den Zugang auf den Paraguay-Fluss, der in den Atlantischen Ozean m�ndete (im Vertrag von Buenos Aires 1938 besiegelt). Der Chaco-Krieg und die Gro�e Depression beendeten die positive wirtschaftliche Entwicklung seit 1895, bei der Zinn zum Hauptexportprodukt wurde. Angesichts von Protestbewegungen des Mittelstandes und der Minenarbeiter �bernahmen Milit�rregierungen mit staatssozialistischen Tendenzen die Macht.;Na polu polityki zagranicznej Boliwia ponios�a ci�kie straty. Przygraniczny konflikt z Chile przekszta�ci� si� w wojn� o saletr�, kt�r� kraj - mimo sojuszu z Peru - przegra�. Zmuszona do oddania nadbrze�nej prowincji Antofagasta, na mocy pokoju z Valparaiso (1884), Boliwia utraci�a dost�p do morza. W 1903 traktat z P�troplis przekaza� kluczow� prowincj� Acre w r�ce Brazylii, za nieadekwatn� sum� dw�ch milion�w funt�w szterling�w. Pr�ba zabezpieczenia dost�pu do port�w zako�czy�a si� wybuchem wojny o Chaco z Paragwajem (1932-1935), w wyniku kt�rej kraj utraci� wi�ksz� cz�� prowincji Chaco Boreal. Jedynym zyskiem by�o uzyskanie dost�pu do rzeki uchodz�cej do Atlantyku, przypiecz�towanego podpisanym w 1935 r. traktatem w Buenos Aires. Wojna oraz Wielki Kryzys zako�czy�y okres rozwoju gospodarczego, trwaj�cego od 1895 r., kiedy to odkryto z�o�a cyny. W obliczu masowych protest�w, w�adz� przej�� socjalistyczny rz�d wojskowych. ;;;;;x
 BOS_DESC;The Treaty of Berlin in 1878 forced the Ottomans to cede administration of Bosnia to Austria-Hungary. A state of relative stability was reached soon enough and Austro-Hungarian authorities were able to embark on a number of social and administrative reforms. With the aim of establishing the province as a stable political model that would help dissipate rising South Slav nationalism, Habsburg rule did much to codify laws, to introduce new political practices and generally to provide for modernization. The Austro-Hungarian policy, which advocated the ideal of a pluralist and multi-confessional Bosnian nation, was largely favored by the Muslims and its economical success also helped soothing the rising tides of nationalism. Austria-Hungary decided to annex Bosnia in October 1908 as a common holding under the control of the Finance ministry, rather than attaching it to either territorial government. This decision once again rised the soothed nationalism and worsened the relations between Austria-Hungary and Russia. The political tensions culminated on June 28 1914, when the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo, an event that proved to be the spark that set off the Weltkrieg. Although some Bosnians died serving in the armies of the various warring states, Bosnia itself managed to escape the conflict relatively unscathed. The German mediation in the renegotiations of the Ausgleich in 1927 put Bosnia under the direct control of the Austrian Crown. The status of Bosnia will probably change again in the Ausgleich of 1937 when Austria might try enforce its authority or maybe even cede its control to Hungary or Croatia.;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ LBY_DESC;Libya
 MAN_DESC;"After the Fengtian Clique's disastrous defeat of 1922 against the Whili Clique, Zhang Zuolin, warloard of Manchuria, had reorganized the Fengtian Army,started a training program and had bought new equipment like mobile radios and machine guns.Meanwhile, the Germans defeated the Japanese in the newly acquired German Indochina, and later agreed to a white peace, since Japan was only  in the war to grab some pacific islands. In the autumn of 1924 fighting broke out against the German intervention in South and Central China,and landings took place on the coast of Zhili and Tianjin as the Germans were eager to capture Beijing. Fearing that the Germans would soon turn on his Warlord state, Zhang Zuolin made a pact with the Japanese that left Manchuria as a subordinate ally of Japan, giving Japanese companies special priveliges that caused much bitterness among Manchurian businessmen. A later agreement upon the foundation of the Qing Empire between between Japan and Germany was to leave Manchuria as a de jure autonomous part of the new Qing empire, under ""Japanese protection"". This left the Fengtian Clique in peace, with Japan no longer an enemy, and the threat of German invasion gone. Industry continued to grow,suffereing a slight setback upon the death of Fengtian's loyal civil governor Wang Yongjiang, when he died from kidney failure on the 1st of November 1927.Now, nine years later, Zhang Zuolin with his junta of warlords and republican refugees, have created a strong power base in Manchuria.With german influence in China weakening, many opportunities lay open to the old general. Should the alliance with Japan be strengthened, and the weak Qing Empire be overthrown? Should Manchuria be the Qing's sword, liberating China from the foreign devils ? Or will Zhang rise over all foes and rivals, to become surpreme ruler of all China, founding a new dynasty ? Only time will tell.";;;;;;;;;;x
 MEX_DESC;A series of political crises and the fraudulent elections of 1910 were among the primary causes of the Mexican Revolution. By 1913, the Revolution had changed into a multi-sided civil war involving the middle classes, indigenous peoples, the peasantry, industrial workers and several military cliques led by such figures as General Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa and peasant leader Emiliano Zapata. Carranza, recognized by the international community as the legal president of Mexico, formed the Constitutionalist Army, which would decisively defeat the forces of Pancho Villa at the Battle of Celaya in April 1915. In the south, however, the Zapatistas would remain a fighting force, thanks to the defection of several important Carranzista officers and their troops. In 1920, Carranza's attempt to have his rival �lvaro Obreg�n arrested prompted a new round of fighting in the north. General Alfonso de La Huerta announced an insurrection to depose Carranza. The assassination of the president in May 1920 prompted Zapata to take advantage of the situation, quickly capturing important cities such as Cuernavaca, Cuautla, Xochimilco and Toluca, reaching Mexico City itself before Obreg�n's forces. Although the forces of both Obregon and de la Huerta were superior to Zapata's, these leaders accept forming a government to rule the country and avoid a new bloody campaign, putting an end to the armed phase of the Revolution. Obregon became the new President of Mexico, while Zapata was confirmed as Minister of Finance in order to carry out his planned land reform projects. Pancho Villa was offered the post of ambassador to the newly-formed Commune of France, coming into contact with socialist leaders such as Raymond Molinier, Pierre Frank and Alfred Rosmer. Under Obregon, major reconstruction plans were initiated, intended to rebuild war-damaged infrastructure. Zapata's land reform redistributed nearly 45 million acres of arable land to the peasantry, creating the ejido system of communal ownership of land. Obregon's work was continued by the next two presidents, de la Huerta (1923) and Jesus Guajardo (1928), with Zapata finally being elected president of Mexico in the 1932 elections. Despite the great progress so far, the next presidential election remains a mystery. Pancho Villa, supported by both Zapata and de la Huerta, is expected to be elected the new president, but totalitarian socialist Plutarco Calles may cause some surprises. Meanwhile, the USA has become more unstable in the last few years, and a civil war may be on the horizon. The question of Article 27 of the constitution still needs an answer in the matter of taking the mineral and oil resources of the nation out of foreign hands.;Apr�s des d�cennies marqu�es par les r�volutions, les r�bellions et les coups d�Etat r�p�t�s contre les gouvernements corrompus, le Mexique commence enfin � se reconstruire.  Sous la direction de Plutarco Elias Calles, le pays parvient finalement � se rallier sous un gouvernement stable mais corrompu aux mains du parti nationaliste r�volutionnaire. Les pr�sidents �manant du parti sont tous sous les ordres de Calles. En 1934, Calles, qui m�ne une politique de plus en plus conservatrice, est oblig� de faire quelques concessions au profit des membres gauchistes du parti en acceptant de choisir L�zaro C�rdenas comme candidat � la pr�sidentielle pour le PNR. Le choix se r�v�le effectivement fatidique. C�rdenas est un homme politique d�une honn�tet� scrupuleuse qui refuse cat�goriquement d��tre la marionnette d�un autre politicien. Il entrera en conflit avec Calles sur de nombreux points. Au d�but de l�ann�e 1936, la situation politique est de plus en plus explosive � cause des conflits entre l�ancien homme fort et son nouveau rival. Reste � savoir qui tirera le premier...;Tormentato da anni di rivoluzioni, ribellioni e ripetuti colpi di stato contro i governi corrotti, il Messico aveva finalmente imboccato la strada della ripresa. Infatti, sotto la guida di Plutarco El�as Calles, se non in nome della decade appena passata, il Messico aveva ottenuto un governo stabile ma corrotto sotto il partito nazionale rivoluzionario, i cui successivi presidenti erano quasi completamente sottomessi a Calles. Nel 1934, il sempre pi� conservatore Calles, fu costretto a fare delle concessioni ai membri dell'ala sinistra del suo partito, accettando di nominare L�zaro C�rdenas come candidato del partito nazionale rivoluzionario alla presidenza. Tale scelta si sarebbe rivelata decisiva, perch� C�rdenas era un politico onesto e scrupoloso che non accettava di essere comandato e discusse con Calles su numerosi problemi. All'inizio del 1936, lo scenario politico stava diventando sempre pi� volubile, dominato dallo scontro fra l'ex uomo forte e il suo nuovo rivale al potere. L'unico problema era vedere chi avrebbe fatto la prima mossa...;Arruinado por a�os de revoluciones, rebeliones y repetidos golpes de estado contra gobiernos corruptos, M�xico se encontraba por fin camino de la recuperaci�n. Bajo el control, real pero no nominal, de Plutarco El�as Calles durante las �ltimas d�cadas, M�xico hab�a logrado tener un gobierno estable pero corrupto con el Partido Nacional Revolucionario, cuyos sucesivos presidentes estaban bajo el control casi absoluto de Calles. En 1934, el cada vez m�s conservador Calles se vio obligado a hacer concesiones a miembros del ala izquierda de su partido, aceptando la nominaci�n de L�zaro C�rdenas como candidato presidencial del PNR. Iba a resultar una elecci�n fat�dica, pues C�rdenas era un pol�tico escrupulosamente honesto que se negaba a ser controlado y discuti� con Calles sobre numerosos temas. A comienzos de 1936, el ambiente pol�tico entre el antiguo hombre fuerte y su nuevo rival por el poder se volv�a cada vez m�s vol�til. Lo �nico que quedaba por ver era qui�n har�a el primer movimiento...;Nachdem es Jahre der Revolution, Rebellion und wiederholter Staatsstreiche gegen korrupte Regierungen �berstanden hatte, befand sich Mexiko endlich wieder auf dem Weg der Besserung. Im vergangenen Jahrzehnt war Mexiko von einer sowohl stabilen als auch korrupten Regierung der Nationalen Revolutionspartei (NRP) geleitet worden, deren aufeinanderfolgende Pr�sidenten fast vollst�ndig unter dem Einfluss von Plutarco El�as Calles standen. 1934 sah sich der zunehmend konservativ eingestellte Calles gezwungen, der Linken seiner Partei Zugest�ndnisse zu machen, weshalb er der Nominierung von L�zaro C�rdenas als Pr�sidentschaftskandidat der NRP zustimmte. Dies sollte sich als schicksalhafte Wahl herausstellen: C�rdenas war ehrlich bis aufs Mark, wehrte sich gegen jede Fremdkontrolle und stritt mit Calles wegen zahlreicher Angelegenheiten. Zu Beginn des Jahres 1936 begann die politische Luft zwischen dem ehemaligen starken Mann Mexikos und seinem neuen Rivalen um die Macht zunehmend d�nner zu werden. Die einzige Frage war nun, wer den ersten Schritt machen w�rde......;Wyniszczony przez lata ci�g�ych rewolucji, rebelii, zamach�w stanu i przekupnych rz�d�w, Meksyk znalaz� si� na �cie�ce rozwoju. Zyska� stabliny, cho� skorumpowany rz�d, utworzony przez Narodow� Parti� Rewolucyjn�, b�d�c� pod ca�kowit� kontrol� Plutarco Eliasa Calles'a. W 1934 konserwatywny Calles zosta� zmuszony do ust�pstw na rzecz lewego skrzyd�a NPR. Kandydatem partii na prezydenta zosta� Lazaro Cardenas. Wyb�r ten okaza� si� brzemienny w skutki, gdy� Cardenas, jako polityk uczciwy, nie chcia� by� tylko marionetk� Callesa i uczestniczy� w jego brudnych interesach. Na pocz�tku 1936 sytuacja jest bardzo delikatna - narasta konflikt mi�dzy starym przyw�dc�, a jego m�odym rywalem. Jedynym pytaniem pozostaj�cym bez odpowiedzi jest to, kto zaatakuje pierwszy.;;;;;X
 MON_DESC;Once the greatest empire in the world, the land of Genghis Khan has long had to struggle for its independence. Though freed from Chinese rule following the collapse of the ruling Manchu dynasty in 1911, Mongolia's independence was not recognized by the new Republic of China, and therefore Mongolia increasingly turned to Russia for it's continued survival. Yet, the unexpected Russian Revolution of 1917 placed Mongolia in a vulnerable position, with the Russian Civil War soon spilling over the border into it's protectorate. After suffering from an invasion by a Chinese warlord army, a counter-invasion White Russian forces under Baron Roman Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, who established himself as rule of Mongolia. Eager to maintain the security of their southern flank, the remaining White Generals recognized von Ungern-Sternberg's government, believing that he would pursue a pro-Russian foreign policy. However, the Baron had other ideas. While Civil War raged within European Russia, Mongolian forces with Japanese diplomatic support seized and announced their sovereignty over a significant section of the Transiberian Railroad. Kerensky had no choice but to accept this, to avoid the complete strangulation and isolation of Russian troops in Europe and the Far-East. Sternberg then set to work promoting his political authority in Mongolia, and developing a powerful military apparatus. He is now too powerful for a weak Russian government to dislodge, and any crisis in Russia or China may inspire him to make his claims to be Khan of All Mongols a reality...;Coinc� entre les empires gigantesques de la Russie et de la Chine, le pays de Gengis Khan doit constamment d�fendre son ind�pendance. Bien que le pays soit lib�r� de l�emprise chinoise depuis la chute de la dynastie mandchoue en 1911, l�ind�pendance de la Mongolie n�est pas officiellement reconnue par la Chine. C�est pour cette raison que le pays se tourne plut�t vers la Russie pour assurer sa survie. Or, l��clatement inattendu de la r�volution russe en 1917 place la Mongolie dans une position extr�mement vuln�rable qui sera rapidement aggrav�e par le d�bordement de la guerre civile russe en dehors de ses fronti�res. La Mongolie entre alors dans une p�riode extr�mement trouble durant laquelle elle subit l�invasion d�une arm�e seigneuriale chinoise, la contre invasion des forces bi�lorusses sous la direction du baron Roman Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, l�insurrection de l�Arm�e Partisane de Suhe Bator et, finalement, un coup d�Etat qui ach�ve de d�truire la vieille monarchie. Ces �v�nements transforment rapidement la Mongolie en deuxi�me �tat communiste du monde, alli� unique de l�URSS qui exerce sur le pays un pouvoir consid�rable. La situation nationale finit par se stabiliser en 1924, mais l�histoire de la Mongolie continuera � refl�ter les trag�dies v�cues par l�URSS. Dans les ann�es 1920, l�Etat mongole proc�de � une �limination des sujets capitalistes, bannit la religion et les moines bouddhistes et supprime le syst�me f�odal. Mais le rythme d�vastateur de la r�volution socialiste est interrompu par la menace, en 1936, des ambitions expansionnistes du Japon. La Mongolie doit maintenant se pr�parer � contrer une �ventuelle attaque de l�ogre japonais.;Incastrata fra i giganteschi imperi di Russia e Cina, la terra di Genghis Khan dovette lottare parecchio per raggiungere la propria indipendenza. Liberatasi dal governo cinese nel 1911, in seguito al crollo della dinastia regnante Manci�, l'indipendenza della Mongolia non venne riconosciuta dalla nuova Repubblica cinese, costringendo il paese a rivolgersi sempre pi� alla Russia per sopravvivere, fino a quando, l'inattesa rivoluzione russa del 1917, mise la Mongolia in una posizione vulnerabile, con la guerra civile russa che presto si sarebbe allargata oltre i confini fino al protettorato mongolo. Dopo aver sofferto un'invasione da parte di un esercito di un grande capo cinese, una contro-invasione delle forze bianche russe sotto il barone Roman Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, una rivolta dell'esercito partigiano mongolo di Sukhe Bator, e infine un colpo di stato che rovesci� completamente la vecchia monarchia, la Mongolia emerse come il secondo stato comunista al mondo e l'unico alleato dell'Unione Sovietica, anche se sotto lo stretto controllo di quest'ultima. Nonostante avesse raggiunto la stabilit� nel 1924, la storia della Mongolia avrebbe d'ora in avanti riflettuto tutte le tragedie che hanno consumato il loro pi� grande vicino a nord. Durante gli anni '20, furono condotte epurazioni per ripulire il paese dagli elementi 'capitalisti'. Monaci e religiosi buddisti vennero attivamente soppressi e il potere dei vecchi signori feudali fu definitivamente annientato. Nel 1936, tuttavia, la rivoluzione socialista venne rovesciata dinanzi al nuovo pericolo portato dal Giappone espansionista. Il compito, a questo punto consisteva nel prepararsi militarmente a fronteggiare un eventuale attacco giapponese.;Atrapada entre los gigantescos imperios de Rusia y China, la tierra de Gengis Khan lleva mucho tiempo luchando por su independencia. Aunque libre del yugo chino desde el hundimiento de la dinast�a manch� en 1911, la independencia de Mongolia no fue reconocida por la nueva Rep�blica China, as� que Mongolia acudi� cada vez m�s a Rusia para asegurar su supervivencia. Pero la inesperada Revoluci�n Rusa de 1917 dej� a Mongolia en una posici�n vulnerable, con la guerra civil que pronto rebas� la frontera y alcanz� a su protectorado. Tras sufrir la invasi�n del ej�rcito de un se�or de la guerra chino, una contrainvasi�n por parte de las fuerzas contrarrevolucionarias al mando del bar�n Roman Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, una revuelta por parte del Ej�rcito Partisano Mongol de Suj� Bator y, por �ltimo, un golpe de estado que derroc� de manera total a la antigua monarqu�a, Mongolia emergi� como el segundo estado comunista del mundo y como el �nico aliado de la Uni�n Sovi�tica, aunque controlado estrechamente por ella. Aunque por fin se estabiliz� en 1924, la historia futura de Mongolia iba a reflejar todas las tragedias que consumieron a su vecino del norte, m�s poderoso. A lo largo de los a�os 20 se llevaron a cabo purgas para librar al pa�s de elementos 'capitalistas'. Los monjes budistas y la religi�n fueron activamente reprimidos y el poder de los antiguos se�ores feudales fue aniquilado. Sin embargo, para 1936, la revoluci�n socialista se difumina ante una nueva amenaza del expansionismo nip�n. La tarea ahora es prepararse militarmente para el d�a, si es que llega, en que Jap�n decida a�adir Mongolia a su imperio en expansi�n.;Eingekeilt zwischen den m�chtigen Reichen Russland und China musste Dschingis Khans Land lange f�r seine Unabh�ngigkeit k�mpfen. Obwohl es nach dem Zusammenbruch der mandschurischen Dynastie 1911 von der chinesischen Herrschaft befreit worden war, erkannte die neue chinesische Republik die Unabh�ngigkeit der Mongolei nicht an, die sich daraufhin in ihren Bem�hungen um das eigene Fortbestehen an Russland wandte. Durch die unerwartete russische Revolution im Jahr 1917 geriet die Mongolei jedoch in eine gef�hrliche Situation, als sich der russische B�rgerkrieg �ber die russischen Grenzen bis in das mongolische Protektorat ausweitete. Nachdem das Land die Invasion der Armee eines chinesischen Kriegsherren, eine Gegeninvasion der Wei�russen unter Baron Roman Nikolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, einen Aufstand der mongolischen Partisanenarmee von Sukhe Bator und letztendlich einen Staatsstreich erduldet hatte, der die alte Monarchie vollst�ndig beseitigte, wurde es zum weltweit zweiten kommunistischen Staat und dem einzigen Verb�ndeten der Sowjetunion (obgleich unter starker sowjetischer Kontrolle). Obwohl die Lage in der Mongolei 1924 endlich stabil geworden war, wurde es fortan von den gleichen Trag�dien wie sein n�rdlicher Nachbar heimgesucht: W�hrend der 1920iger Jahren wurden S�uberungsaktionen durchgef�hrt, um das Land von �kapitalistischen Elementen� zu befreien. Die buddhistische Religion und ihre M�nche wurden aktiv unterdr�ckt und das Feudalsystem zerschlagen.1936 wurde die sozialistische Revolution jedoch angesichts der neuerlichen Bedrohung durch das expansionistische Japan zur�ckgestellt. Nun ist es an der Zeit, sich milit�risch f�r den Fall vorzubereiten, dass sich Japan entschlie�t, die Mongolei seinem wachsenden Reich hinzuzuf�gen.;Po�o�ony pomi�dzy dwoma gigantycznymi imperiami - Rosj� i Chinami - kraj D�yngis Chana musia� walczy� o sw� niepodleg�o��. Cho� wyzwolona spod panowania Chin po upadku dynastii Machu w roku 1911, Mongolia musia�a zwr�ci� si� w kierunku Rosji, by przetrwa�. Jednak niespodziewana rewolucja z roku 1917 postawi�a Mongoli� w niewygodnej pozycji, a wojna domowa w Rosji dotar�a nawet za granic� z Mongoli�. Po chi�skiej inwazji, kontr-inwazji Bia�ych Rosjan pod wodz� barona Romana Nicolausa von Ungern-Sternberga, powstaniu mongolskiej armii partyzanckiej Sukhe Batora i zamachu stanu, stara monarchia upad�a, a Mongolia sta�a si� drugim pa�stwem komunistycznym na �wiecie, pozostaj�cym pod �cis�ym wp�ywem Zwi�zku Radzieckiego. Cho� w roku 1924 kraj nareszcie si� ustabilizowa�, przez d�ugi czas musia� prze�ywa� te same tragedie, co jego pot�ny sojusznik na p�nocy. W latach dwudziestych zorganizowano szereg czystek, kt�re mia�y oczy�ci� kraj z element�w kapitalistycznych, mnisi buddyjscy i wiara by�y aktywnie represjonowane, a w�adza starych pan�w feudalnych zosta�a ukr�cona. W 1936 r. komunistyczna rewolucja zwalnia w obliczu zagro�enia nadchodz�cego z Japonii. Czas si� przygotowa�, na wypadek, gdyby Imperium Japo�skie zdecydowa�o si� doda� Mongoli� do listy swoich zdobyczy. ;;;;;x
-NEP_DESC;After the violent withdrawal of British presence from most of India after the British Revolution, Nepal found itself in an unstable situation. The Rana family, which had dominated Nepalese politics for generations, found itself coming under fire. Without the British support they depended on, Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher was increasingly unable to assert his will over the teenage King Tribhuvan. The young King of Nepal realized that now was the time to free himself from his childhood imprisonment and blackmail. With the support of the Nepali Sena (Nepalese Army) � who had always supported the Shah Dynasty over the Ranas � several brigades of Gurkhas stormed the Narayanhiti Palace in central Kathmandu, capturing or killing all of the Rana family. At the same time, raids in the early morning all throughout the Kathmandu Valley and in Patan and Bhaktapur captured most of the fringes of the Rana family who still retained loyalty to Chandra. In a swift move, one of his first as Absolute Monarch, King Tribhuvan ordered the execution of all the senior Rana family, Chandra included. Not long after the executions, the Nepali Sena expanded outward into the Indian power vacuum, occupying most of the Ganges-Yamuna basin. In 1936, the cabinet of Nepal is divided between Tribhuvan and his family, as well as disillusioned British politicians who have lost all faith in their homeland. In addition, overtures for alliance with the kingdoms of Bhutan and Sikkim have elevated Nepal to a sizable power in post-British India.;;;;;;;;;;X
+NEP_DESC;After the violent withdrawal of British presence from most of India after the British Revolution, Nepal found itself in an unstable situation. The Rana family, which had dominated Nepalese politics for generations, found itself coming under fire. Without the British support they depended on, Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher was increasingly unable to assert his will over the teenage King Tribhuvan. The young King of Nepal realised that now was the time to free himself from his childhood imprisonment and blackmail. With the support of the Nepali Sena (Nepalese Army) � who had always supported the Shah Dynasty over the Ranas � several brigades of Gurkhas stormed the Narayanhiti Palace in central Kathmandu, capturing or killing all of the Rana family. At the same time, raids in the early morning all throughout the Kathmandu Valley and in Patan and Bhaktapur captured most of the fringes of the Rana family who still retained loyalty to Chandra. In a swift move, one of his first as Absolute Monarch, King Tribhuvan ordered the execution of all the senior Rana family, Chandra included. Not long after the executions, the Nepali Sena expanded outward into the Indian power vacuum, occupying most of the Ganges-Yamuna basin. In 1936, the cabinet of Nepal is divided between Tribhuvan and his family, as well as disillusioned British politicians who have lost all faith in their homeland. In addition, overtures for alliance with the kingdoms of Bhutan and Sikkim have elevated Nepal to a sizable power in post-British India.;;;;;;;;;;X
 NIC_DESC;Formed in 1931 as a response to growing extremist influences, the United Provinces of Central America is a union between the republics of Nicaragua and Costa Rica formed to protect their relatively democratic and stable regimes. The young state's industry is split between US-controlled fruit production and German dominated coffee production. In 1934, the state entered an alliance with Panama, as the United States wanted to cut direct involvement in the area and required a means of making sure the preservation of the UPCA was an, albeit indirect, US interest. Even if the state is split between American and German backed interest groups, the social problems of United Provinces pale in comparison with the socialist revolts and skirmishes the countries north of it have experienced. Now that US influence is waning, many feel it is time for the United Provinces to decide whether it is content with the inevitable eventual domination of the domestic situation by Germany, or whether it should start to push for its own path.;Le pr�sident lib�ral du Nicaragua, Jos� Santos Zalaya (1894-1909) entreprend d�s son �lection de moderniser le pays. Ses projets sont n�anmoins brutalement interrompus en 1909 lorsque ses opposants lancent contre lui un coup d�Etat. Ils sont soutenus par les Etats-Unis qui portent un int�r�t tout particulier au canal de Panama menac�, selon eux, par la politique expansionniste de Zalaya. Les Etats-Unis interviennent �galement dans le conflit opposant conservateurs et lib�raux. Les Am�ricains assurent jusqu�en 1933 le contr�le militaire, �conomique et politique du pays, gr�ce � des troupes r�parties sur l�ensemble du territoire nicaraguayen jusqu�en 1932. La r�sistance dirig�e par Augosto C�sar Sandino parvient � �vacuer les troupes am�ricaines en 1932/33. Le pays continue toutefois � subir leur influence indirecte sous le gouvernement de Anastasio �Tacho� Somoza Garcia, un prot�g� de Washington qui acc�de au pouvoir apr�s avoir assassin� Sandino en 1934.;Il presidente liberale Jos� Santos Zalaya (1894-1909), che aveva intrapreso un percorso di modernizzazione per il Nicaragua, fu rovesciato con l'aiuto degli Stati Uniti, i cui interessi sul canale di Panama erano minacciati dalla politica espansionistica di Zalaya. Gli Stati Uniti intervennero direttamente anche nel 1912, nel conflitto fra liberali e conservatori. Fino al 1933, gli americani conservarono il controllo militare, economico e politico del paese, con la presenza delle proprie truppe dal 1932. La resistenza, guidata da Augusto C�sar Sandino, ottenne la ritirata degli Stati Uniti nel 1932/33, anche se il paese rimase sotto l'influenza indiretta americana. Anastasio 'Tacho' Somoza Garc�a, salito al potere dopo la ritirata americana, era un protetto d Washington e assassin� Sandino nel 1934.;El presidente liberal Jos� Santos Zalaya (1894-1909), que hab�a llevado a cabo una pol�tica de modernizaci�n en Nicaragua, fue derrocado con la ayuda de los Estados Unidos, que vieron la pol�tica expansionista de Zalaya como una amenaza a sus intereses en el Canal de Panam�. En 1912, los Estados Unidos tambi�n intervinieron de manera directa en el conflicto entre liberales y conservadores. Hasta 1933, los Estados Unidos controlaban el pa�s militar, pol�tica y econ�micamente, con tropas estacionadas all� hasta 1932. La resistencia, liderada por Augusto C�sar Sandino, logr� la retirada de los Estados Unidos en 1932-33, pero �stos mantuvieron su influencia indirecta en el pa�s. Anastasio 'Tacho' Somoza Garc�a, que lleg� al poder tras la salida de los estadounidenses, era un protegido de Washington que hizo asesinar a Sandino en 1934.;Der liberale Pr�sident Nicaraguas, Jos� Santos Zalaya (1894 - 1909), welcher einen Modernisierungskurs verfolgt hatte, wurde mit Hilfe der USA gest�rzt, die ihr Interesse am Panamakanal durch die Expansionspolitik Zalayas gef�hrdet sahen. 1912 waren es ebenfalls die Amerikaner, die direkt in einen Konflikt zwischen Konservativen und Liberalen eingriffen. Bis 1933 behielt die USA die milit�rische, wirtschaftliche und politische Kontrolle �ber das Land, in dem sie bis 1932 Truppen stationiert hatten. Doch obwohl die von Augusto C�sar Sandino gef�hrte Widerstandsbewegung 1932/33 den Abzug der USA erreichten, blieb das Land weiter unter dem indirekten Einfluss der Amerikaner: Anastasio 'Tacho' Somoza Garc�a, der nach dem Abzug der USA an die Macht kam, war ein Sch�tzling Washingtons und lie� Sandino 1934 ermorden.;Liberalny prezydent Jose Santos Zalaya (1894-1909), kt�ry przeprowadzi� szereg reform w Nikaragui, zosta� obalony z pomoc� USA, kt�re uzna�y ekspansjonistyczn� polityk� Zalayi za niebezpieczn� dla ich interes�w w obszarze Kana�u Panamskiego. Stany Zjednoczone bezpo�rednio interweniowa�y r�wnie� w konflikt pomi�dzy konserwatystami a libera�ami w roku 1912. Do roku 1933 USA utrzymywa�y militarn�, ekonomiczn� i polityczn� kontrol� nad krajem, a wojska stacjonowa�y w nim do roku 1932. Ruch oporu, dowodzony przez Augusto Cesara Sandino, doprowadzi� do wycofania si� wojsk Stan�w Zjednoczonych z kraju na prze�omie 1932 i 1933 roku, ale pa�stwo pozosta�o pod bezpo�rednim wp�ywem USA. Anastasio �Tacho� Somoza Garcia, kt�ry przej�� w�adz� po Amerykanach, by� protegowanym Waszyngtonu i doprowadzi� do zamordowania Sandino w roku 1934.;;;;;x
 NOR_DESC;Norway was part of the Danish realm for almost three centuries, until the 1814 Peace of Kiel ceded the country to Sweden. An attempt by the Norwegians to proclaim independence from their Swedish neighbour was foiled by a military intervention led by King Karl XIII. However, the Swedish king allowed his new subjects internal autonomy by recognizing their constitution. Tensions between the parliament (Storting) and the King of Sweden escalated in 1870. Under leadership of the liberal left (Venstre), the country turned into a parliamentary monarchy in 1884, with universal suffrage after 1898 and women's suffrage in 1913. Norway's rise as a trading power in the 19th century had brought demands to install consulates in other countries. Resistance by Sweden against this eventually caused the end of the Union between the countries in 1905. The Danish Prince Karl was elected King Haakon VII. Despite British demands, Norway remained neutral during the Weltkrieg, even though it lost half its merchant marine to Germany's unrestricted U-Boat warfare. In 1920, Norway occupied Spitzbergen despite Russian claims to the islands. The transition from an agricultural country to a modern industrial state brought with it inflation and unemployment after the Weltkrieg, leading to a radicalization of the Worker's Party.;La Norv�ge appartient au royaume danois jusqu�� ce que le trait� de Kiel l�oblige � la c�der � la Su�de. Les Norv�giens essaient en vain de se lib�rer du voisin su�dois qui r�pond par une intervention militaire. Le roi su�dois, Charles XIII, laisse toutefois � ces nouveaux sujets une autonomie interne en reconnaissant la constitution d�j� existante. Les tensions opposant le parlement (Storting) au roi de Su�de s�aggravent en 1870. La gauche lib�rale (venstre) transforme, en 1884, le pays en une monarchie parlementaire soumise au suffrage universel d�s 1898 (r�serv� aux hommes jusqu�en 1913). Le d�veloppement �conomique et commercial du pays au cours du 19e si�cle fait germer l�id�e de cr�er des consulats � l��tranger. La r�sistance su�doise aux r�clamations norv�giennes met fin � l�union en 1905. Le prince danois Charles est alors �lu roi Haakon VII de Norv�ge. Malgr� la sollicitation des Britanniques, la Norv�ge reste neutre pendant la Premi�re Guerre mondiale, la moiti� de sa marine marchande est cependant engloutie par la machine de guerre sous-marine des Allemands. En 1920, la Soci�t� des Nations attribue le Spitzberg � la Norv�ge contre l�avis des Russes qui estiment que l�archipel doit leur revenir. Son passage rapide d�un �tat agraire � une nation moderne et industrialis�e ne va pas sans soulever des probl�mes d�inflation et de ch�mage apr�s la Grande Guerre. Le parti travailliste profite de la situation �conomique pour adopter des id�es plus radicales. Le parti communiste norv�gien est fond� en 1923 et le parti fasciste, en 1933, sous la direction de Vidkun Quisling.;Per diversi secoli, la Norvegia ha fatto parte del regno danese fino a quando la Danimarca ha dovuto cederla - senza l'Islanda o la Groenlandia - alla Svezia con la pace di Kiel. Un tentativo da parte dei norvegesi di proclamare la propria indipendenza dalla Svezia fu soffocato dall'intervento militare di re Karl XIII. Tuttavia, il re svedese concesse ai suoi nuovi sudditi un'autonomia interna riconoscendo la loro costituzione. Le tensioni fra il parlamento (Storting) e il re svedese, aumentarono nel 1870. Sotto la guida della sinistra liberale (Venstre), nel 1884 il paese divenne una monarchia parlamentare, con un suffragio universale dopo il 1898 (fino al 1913 solo per gli uomini). Con la crescita della Norvegia come potenza commerciale, nel diciannovesimo secolo arrivarono le richieste di stabilire consolati in altri paesi. La resistenza della Svezia contro questa richiesta, caus� nel 1905 la fine dell'unione fra i due paesi. Il principe Karl di Danimarca diventa re col nome di Haakon VII. Nonostante le richieste inglesi, la Norvegia conserv� la propria neutralit� durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale, anche se perse met� della sua flotta mercantile nella guerra con i sommergibili tedeschi. Nel 1920, la lega delle nazioni assegn� le Spitzbergen alla Norvegia nonostante le mire russe su quelle isole. Il passaggio da paese agricolo a moderno stato industriale dopo la Grande Guerra, si trascin� con s� l'inflazione e la disoccupazione, portando a una radicalizzazione del partito operaio fondato nel 1887. Nel 1923, venne costituito il partito comunista e nel 1933 il partito fascista Nosjonal Samling sotto la guida di Vidkun Quisling.;Durante siglos, Noruega hab�a formado parte del reino dan�s, hasta que Dinamarca se vio obligada a ced�rsela a Suecia, sin Islandia ni Groenlandia, en el Tratado de Kiel. Un intento por parte de los noruegos de proclamarse independientes de su vecino sueco fue desbaratado por una intervenci�n militar ordenada por el rey Carlos XIII. Sin embargo, el rey sueco permiti� a sus nuevos s�bditos una autonom�a interior con el reconocimiento de su constituci�n. Las tensiones entre el Parlamento (storting) y el rey de Suecia se intensificaron en la d�cada de 1870. Bajo el liderazgo de la izquierda liberal (venstre), en 1884, el pa�s se convirti� en una monarqu�a parlamentaria con sufragio universal despu�s de 1898 (s�lo para los hombres hasta 1913). Con el ascenso de Noruega como una potencia comercial en el siglo XIX, llegaron las peticiones de establecer consulados en otros pa�ses. La resistencia de Suecia a esta petici�n caus� el final de la Uni�n entre ambos pa�ses en 1905. El pr�ncipe dan�s Carlos fue elegido rey con el nombre de Haakon VII. Pese a las peticiones brit�nicas, Noruega permaneci� neutral durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, a pesar de que perdi� la mitad de su marina mercante a manos de la indiscriminada guerra submarina de Alemania. En 1920, la Sociedad de Naciones otorg� el archipi�lago de Svarbald a Noruega a pesar de ser reivindicado por Rusia. La transici�n desde un pa�s agr�cola a un estado industrial moderno trajo consigo la inflaci�n y el desempleo tras la Gran Guerra, lo que llev� a una radicalizaci�n del Partido de los Trabajadores, fundado en 1887. En 1923 se form� un Partido Comunista y en 1933 apareci� un partido fascista, el Nosjonal Samling (Uni�n Nacional), bajo el liderazgo de Vidkun Quisling.;Jahrhundertelang war Norwegen Teil des D�nischen Reiches gewesen, bis D�nenmark es � ohne Island oder Gr�nland � im Frieden von Kiel an Schweden abtreten musste. Ein Versuch der Norweger, Unabh�ngigkeit von ihren schwedischen Nachbarn zu erlangen, wurde durch eine Milit�raktion K�nig Karls XIII. vereitelt. Trotzdem erlaubte der schwedische K�nig seinen neuen Untertanen interne Autonomie durch Anerkennung ihrer Verfassung. Spannungen zwischen Parlament (Storting) und dem K�nig in Schweden eskalierten 1870. Unter der F�hrung der liberalen Linken (Venstre) wurde das Land 1884 zu einer parlamentarischen Monarchie mit universellem Wahlrecht nach 1898 (bis 1913 nur f�r M�nner). Mit Norwegens Aufstieg als eine Handelsmacht im 19. Jahrhundert kamen Forderungen, Konsulate in anderen L�ndern einzurichten. Schwedens Widerstand gegen diesen Anspruch f�hrte 1905 zum Ende der Union zwischen den L�ndern. Der d�nische Prinz Karl wurde zum K�nig Haakon VII. gew�hlt. Trotz britischer Forderungen blieb Norwegen w�hrend des Ersten Weltkriegs neutral, obwohl es die H�lfte seiner Handelsmarine an Deutschlands uneingeschr�nkten U-Bootkrieg verlor. 1920 gab der V�lkerbund Spitzbergen trotz russischer Anspr�che auf die Inseln an Norwegen. Der �bergang von einem Agrarland zu einem modernen Industriestaat brachte nach dem Gro�en Krieg Inflation und Arbeitslosigkeit mit sich, was zu einer Radikalisierung der 1887 gef�hrten Arbeiterpartei f�hrte. 1923 wurde eine kommunistische Partie gegr�ndet, und 1933 erschien die faschistische Partei Nosjonal Samling unter der F�hrung von Vidkun Quisling.;Przez wieki Norwegia pozostawa�a cz�ci� kr�lestwa du�skiego, a� do zawarcia pokoju w Kilonii, kt�ry zmusi� Dani� do zrzeczenia si� jej teren�w na rzecz Szwecji. Og�oszenie niepodleg�o�ci przez Norweg�w sko�czy�o si� militarn� interwencj� Szwed�w. Mimo kl�ski, nie by�a to pr�ba ca�kowicie bezowocna, gdy� kr�l Karol XIII uzna� norwesk� autonomi�, akceptuj�c jej konstytucj�. W latach siedemdziesi�tych dziewi�tnastego wieku stopniowo narasta�o napi�cie mi�dzy parlamentem, a szwedzkim w�adc�. Pod przyw�dztwem liberalnej lewicy (Venstre), kraj zosta� monarchi� konstytucyjn� w 1884, a powszechne wybory wprowadzono w 1898 (w 1913 prawa wyborcze przyznano kobietom). Kiedy m�ode pa�stwo budowa�o swoj� pot�g� na handlu zagranicznym, pojawi�a si� potrzeba posiadania konsulat�w w obcych stolicach. Kiedy Szwecja nie zgodzi�a si� na to, w 1905 unia obu pa�stw przesta�a istnie�, a du�ski ksi��� Karol zosta� koronowany na norweskiego kr�la Haakona VII. Mimo brytyjskich zabieg�w o przy��czenie si� do konfliktu, Norwegia podczas pierwszej wojny �wiatowej pozosta�a neutralna, jednak bezlitosna, niemiecka, nieograniczona wojna podwodna, spowodowa�a utrat� po�owy floty handlowej przez Norweg�w. W roku 1920 Liga Narod�w przyzna�a Norwegii prawa do Spitsbergenu, ucinaj�c tym samym rosyjskie pretensje do tej wyspy. Wewn�trzne �ycie kraju nie by�o spokojne - transformacja w gospodark� opart� na przemy�le oraz Wielki Kryzys skutkowa�y du�ym bezrobociem i inflacj�. Na scenie politycznej pojawi�y si� nowe, radykalne partie - komunistyczna (1923) i faszystowska (1933) pod przyw�dztwem Vidkuna Quislinga.;;;;;x
 NZL_DESC;New Zealand was granted its dominion status in 1907, and since then has remained linked closely both with it's mother country Britain and it's larger neighbor Australia. In fact, New Zealand's experiences mirrored those of Australia in many ways, New Zealanders served in the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps), and fought with great distinction from Flanders to Gallipoli to Egypt and Turkey. As a result, they took disproportionate casualties for such a small nation, with over 18,000 of an original overseas force of 100,000 killed in action. Nevertheless, they earned a reputation for ferocity in battle which has never faded. By the 1930's, the Great Depression hit New Zealand's economy hard, with export prices plummeting and lay-offs souring. By 1935, despite the best efforts of the National Party to remedy the situation, New Zealand's economy was in shambles and the Labor party was brought to power as a result. New Zealand is by no means ready for war in 1936, but if it comes, like her larger neighbor, her soldiers can be counted on to support Britain.;La Nouvelle-Z�lande devient un dominion britannique quasi ind�pendant en 1907, continuant � entretenir des relations tr�s �troites avec l�ancien colonisateur britannique et le voisin australien. L�histoire n�o-z�landaise concorde en de nombreux points avec l�histoire australienne, les n�o-z�landais rejoignent l�ANZAC, une arm�e au sein de laquelle ils se battent courageusement des Flandres � Gallipoli en passant par l�Egypte et la Turquie. Les pertes humaines sont consid�rables eu �gard � la taille et � la population du pays, on compte plus de 18000 morts pour une arm�e de 100000 soldats. Depuis ce temps, ils b�n�ficient pourtant d�une r�putation in�branlable de combattants f�roces. Dans les ann�es 1930, l��conomie n�o-z�landaise est heurt�e de plein fouet par la Grande D�pression qui fait d�gringoler les prix � l�exportation et multiplie le nombre de licenciements. Malgr� le travail acharn� du parti national pour renverser la situation dans laquelle se trouve le pays, l��conomie n�o-z�landaise reste catastrophique et conduit la population � �lire le parti travailliste d�s 1935. La Nouvelle-Z�lande est loin d��tre pr�par�e � la guerre en 1936, mais en admettant qu�elle �clate, ses soldats n�h�siteront pas � soutenir les Britanniques aux c�t�s de leurs voisins australiens.;La Nuova Zelanda ottenne il suo stato di sovranit� nel 1907 e da allora � rimasta legata strettamente sia alla madre patria inglese, sia alla vicina Australia. In effetti, le esperienze della Nuova Zelanda rispecchiano sotto molti aspetti quelle australiane. I neozelandesi presero parte all'ANZAC (il corpo d'armata australiano e neozelandese) e si batterono con grande merito dalle Fiandre a Gallipoli fino all'Egitto e alla Turchia. Come risultato essi hanno sofferto un numero di vittime sproporzionato per una nazione cos� piccola, con oltre 18.000 uomini uccisi in azione dei 100.000 componenti la forza originale. Nonostante questo essi si sono guadagnati una reputazione per la loro ferocia in battaglia che non � stata ancora dissolta. Negli anni '30, l'economia della Nuova Zelanda fu messa a dura prova dalla grande depressione, con conseguente crollo dei prezzi delle esportazioni e numerosi licenziamenti. Nel 1935, nonostante tutti gli sforzi fatti dal partito nazionale per rimediare alla situazione, l'economia della Nuova Zelanda era nel caos, situazione questa che favor� l'elezione al potere del partito laburista. Nel 1936, la Nuova Zelanda non era pronta per un'altra guerra, ma all'occorrenza, avrebbe comunque fornito il suo contributo di truppe all'Inghilterra, cos� come avrebbero fatto i vicini australiani.;A Nueva Zelanda se le concedi� su condici�n de dominio en 1907 y, desde entones, ha mantenido estrechos lazos tanto con su madre patria, Inglaterra, como con su vecino de mayor envergadura, Australia. De hecho, las experiencias de Nueva Zelanda fueron similares en muchos aspectos a las de Australia: los neozelandeses sirvieron en las divisiones Anzac (unidades militares de Australia y Nueva Zelanda) y lucharon con gran distinci�n desde Flandes a Gall�poli y desde Egipto a Turqu�a. De resultas de ello, los neozelandeses sufrieron un n�mero de bajas fuera de toda proporci�n para un pa�s tan modesto: 18.000 de las 100.000 bajas entre las fuerzas extranjeras en combate. No obstante, se ganaron una reputaci�n por su ferocidad en el campo de batalla que ha seguido indeleble con el paso del tiempo. A la llegada de los a�os 30, la Gran Depresi�n golpe� con dureza a la econom�a neozelandesa, con un gran desplome de los precios y un gran aumento del n�mero de despidos. Para 1935, pese a los grandes esfuerzos del Partido Nacional por poner remedio a la situaci�n, la econom�a de Nueva Zelanda era desastrosa y, como consecuencia de ello, el Partido Laborista alcanz� el poder. En 1936, Nueva Zelanda no est�, ni mucho menos, preparada para la guerra, pero, al igual que su vecino m�s grande, se puede contar con sus soldados para apoyar a Gran Breta�a.;Neuseeland wurde 1907 der Status eines Dominion gew�hrt. Seitdem ist es sowohl mit seinem Mutterland England als auch mit seinem gr��eren Nachbarn Australien eng verbunden. Tats�chlich �hneln die Erfahrungen Neuseelands denen Australiens in vielerlei Hinsicht: Neuseel�nder dienten im ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) und k�mpften mit Bravour in Flandern, in Gallipoli, in �gypten und in der T�rkei. Als Konsequenz daraus erlitt Neuseeland f�r ein Land seiner Gr��e unverh�ltnism��ig hohe Verluste. Von urspr�nglich 100.000 Soldaten des Expeditionskorps waren 18.000 gefallen. Dennoch errangen sich die Neuseel�nder den Ruf, im Kampf besonders wild zu sein � ein Ruf, der sich seit damals nichts ge�ndert hat. In den 30er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde Neuseelands Wirtschaft von der Gro�en Depression hart getroffen � die Exportpreise st�rzten ab und viele Menschen verloren ihre Arbeit. 1935 lag Neuseelands Wirtschaft trotz der verzweifelten Anstrengungen der National Party in Tr�mmern, was zu einem Machtwechsel zugunsten der Labor Party f�hrte. 1936 ist Neuseeland in keinster Weise kriegsbereit, aber im Notfall kann sich England auf die neuseel�ndische und australischen Truppen verlassen.;Nowa Zelandia uzyska�a status pa�stwa Wsp�lnoty Narod�w w 1907 roku i od tej pory �ci�le zwi�zana jest zar�wno z Wielk� Brytani�, jak i swym wi�kszym s�siadem - Australi�. W�a�ciwie procesy zachodz�ce w Nowej Zelandii by�y bardzo zbli�one do australijskich. Nowozelandczycy s�u�yli w ANZAC (Armia Australii i Nowej Zelandii) i walczyli z niezwyk�� odwag� na ca�ym �wiecie - od Flandrii po p�wysep Gallipoli, w Egipcie i Turcji. W wyniku walk Nowa Zelandia ponios�a nieproporcjonalne jak na tak ma�y nar�d straty - ponad 18 tysi�cy �o�nierzy ze stutysi�cznego kontyngentu poleg�o na polach bitew. Jednak jednostki ANZAC zdoby�y legendarn� wr�cz reputacj� i wsz�dzie wychwalano ich odwag� i nieust�pliwo��. W czasie Wielkiego Kryzysu Ekonomicznego w latach trzydziestych, gospodarka Nowej Zelandii bardzo ucierpia�a - znacznie zmniejszy� si� eksport i nast�pi�y liczne zwolnienia pracownik�w. Mimo wysi�k�w partii narodowej, kt�ra robi�a wszystko, by zapobiec katastrofie gospodarczej, Nowa Zelandia pogr��y�a si� w kryzysie i w 1935 roku do w�adzy dosz�a partia pracy. W 1936  wyspa nie jest gotowa do wojny, jednak w przypadku jej wybuchu, Wielka Brytania mo�e liczy� na nowozelandzkich �o�nierzy.;;;;;x
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ U25_DESC;During the first decades of the 20th century, the greatest problem faci
 VEN_DESC;Although Venezuela declared independence from Spain in 1811, it did not actually achieve it until 1830, after which a number of civil wars between conservatives and liberals rocked the country. In 1864, this period came to an end with the federalization of the country and the proclamation of the Estados Unidos de Venezuela (United States of Venezuela). Only the dictatorship of General Antonio Guzm�n Blanco (1870 - 1887) consolidated the situation. After a few civilian presidents, new military dictatorships followed. General Cipriano Castro (1899 - 1908) undertook assaults on foreign economic interests in his country eventually leading to the blocking of Venezuelan ports by German British and Italian ships. In 1904, the USA mediated a settlement of the conflict. Economically, the abolishment of slavery in 1854 led to decreasing agricultural production. The breakthrough to make Venezuela one of Latin America's leading economic powers was made however when at the end of 19th century, petroleum deposits were discovered allowing the industrialization of the agricultural state. Under General Juan Vicente G�mez (1908 - 1929, 1931 - 1935), oil production became the economic foundation of Colombia (aided by foreign capital). The country having remained neutral during World War One was able to reduce the state's debts and to stabilize the currency.;A partir de 1830, le pays est en proie aux guerres civiles opposant conservateurs et lib�raux � travers tout le pays.  Cette p�riode de crise prend fin en 1864, lorsque le pays se f�d�ralise avec la proclamation des Etats Unis du Venezuela (Estados Unidos de Venezuela). La dictature du g�n�ral Antonio Guzm�n (1870-1887) stabilise encore la situation. Quelques pr�sidents civils lui succ�dent, mais la dictature militaire reprend ensuite son cours. Le g�n�ral Cipriano Castro (1899-1908) s�attaque directement aux investissements financiers �trangers dans son pays, ce qui conduira au blocus des ports v�n�zu�liens par des navires allemands, britanniques et italiens. En 1904, les Etats-Unis interviennent pour mettre fin au conflit. L�abolition de l�esclavage en 1854 r�duit consid�rablement la production agricole affectant de ce fait l��conomie du pays. A la fin du 19e si�cle, le Venezuela deviendra pourtant l�une des plus grandes puissances �conomiques d�Am�rique latine gr�ce � la d�couverte de gisements de p�trole qui permettra d�industrialiser l�ancienne nation agraire. Le g�n�ral Juan Vicente G�mez (1908-1929, 1931-1935) fait de l�exploitation p�troli�re l'un des fondements de l��conomie colombienne (avec le soutien d�investisseurs �trangers). Gr�ce � sa neutralit� au cours de le Premi�re Guerre mondiale, le pays parvient � r�duire ses dettes et � stabiliser la monnaie nationale.;Dopo il 1830, il Venezuela fu scosso da diverse guerre civili fra i conservatori e i liberali, fino alla federalizzazione del paese nel 1864 e la proclamazione degli 'Estados Unidos de Venezuela' (Stati Uniti del Venezuela). Solo la dittatura del generale Antonio Guzm�n Blancos (1870-1887) riusc� a stabilizzare la situazione. A un paio di presidenti civili fece seguito un'ulteriore dittatura militare. Il generale Cipriano Castro (1899-1908), intraprese degli attacchi contro gli interessi economici esteri del suo paese, portando al blocco dei porti venezuelani alle navi tedesche, inglesi e italiane. Nel 1904, gli Stati Uniti mediarono una risoluzione per il conflitto. Dal punto di vista economico, l'abolizione della schiavit� nel 1854, port� a una diminuzione della produzione agricola. Il punto cardine che fece del Venezuela una delle maggiori potenze economiche dell'America Latina, fu la scoperta, alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo, di giacimenti di petrolio, che consent� l'industrializzazione dello stato agricolo. Sotto il generale Juan Vicente G�mez (1908-1929, 1931-1935), la produzione del petrolio divenne il fondamento economico della Colombia (aiutata dai capitali stranieri). Essendo rimasto neutrale durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale, il paese fu in grado di ridurre i debiti dello stato e di dare stabilit� alla moneta.;Despu�s de 1830 se sucedieron varias guerras civiles entre conservadores y liberales que convulsionaron el pa�s. Este periodo lleg� a su fin en 1864, con la federalizaci�n del pa�s y la proclamaci�n de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela. La situaci�n s�lo pudo ser consolidada con la dictadura del general Antonio Guzm�n Blanco (1870-1887). A algunos presidentes civiles les siguieron nuevas dictaduras militares. El general Cipriano Castro (1899-1908) emprendi� ataques a intereses econ�micos extranjeros en su pa�s, lo que acab� conduciendo al bloqueo de los puertos venezolanos por naves alemanas, brit�nicas e italianas. En 1904 se alcanz� una soluci�n al conflicto gracias a la mediaci�n de los Estados Unidos. En el plano econ�mico, la abolici�n de la esclavitud en 1854 caus� un descenso de la producci�n agraria. Sin embargo, el paso m�s importante para convertir a Venezuela en una de las principales potencias econ�micas de Latinoam�rica lleg� a finales del siglo XIX, cuando se descubrieron importantes yacimientos petrol�feros que permitieron la industrializaci�n de un estado mayoritariamente agr�cola. Bajo el mandato del general Juan Vicente G�mez (1908-1929 y 1931-1935), la producci�n petrol�fera se convirti� en la base de la econom�a del pa�s (con la ayuda de capital extranjero). El pa�s permaneci� neutral durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, lo que permiti� reducir la deuda externa y estabilizar la divisa.;Nach 1830 ersch�tterten eine Reihe von B�rgerkriegen zwischen Konservativen und Liberalen das Land. 1864 endete diese �ra mit der F�deralisierung des Landes und der Proklamation der 'Estados Unidos de Venezuela' (Vereinigte Staaten von Venezuela). Nur die Diktatur von General Antonio Guzman Blancos (1870 - 1887) festigte die Situation. Nach mehreren Zivilpr�sidenten folgten neue Milit�rdiktaturen. General Cipriano Castro (1899 - 1908) unternahm Angriffe auf ausl�ndische Wirtschaftsinteressen in seinem Land, welche schlie�lich zur Blockade venezolanischer H�fen durch deutsche, britische und italienische Schiffe f�hrte. 1904 vermittelten die USA ein Ende des Konflikts. Wirtschaftlich f�hrte die Abschaffung der Sklaverei 1854 zu einer Abnahme der Agrarproduktion. Der Durchbruch zur Etablierung Venezuelas als eine f�hrende lateinamerikanische Wirtschaftsmacht kam aber, als Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts Petroleumvorr�te entdeckt wurden, was die Industrialisierung des Agrarstaats erm�glichte. Unter General Juan Vicente Gomez (1908 - 1929 1931 - 1935) wurde die �lgewinnung zur Wirtschaftsgrundlage Venezuelas (mit Hilfe von ausl�ndischem Kapital). Das Land, welches sich w�hrend des Ersten Weltkriegs neutral gehalten hatte, konnte nun die Staatsverschuldung abbauen und seine W�hrung stabilisieren..;Po roku 1930 szereg wojen domowych mi�dzy konserwatystami, a libera�ami wstrz�sn�� Wenezuel�. Okres ten zako�czy� si� w 1864 federalizacj� pa�stwa i proklamacj� Estados Unidos de Venezuela (Stan�w Zjednoczonych Wenezueli). Genera� Antonio Guzm n Blancos przej�� w�adz� (1870-1887) i ustabilizowa� nieco sytuacj�. Po rz�dach kilku cywilnych prezydent�w, powr�ci�a wojskowa dyktatura. Genera� Cipriano Castro (1899-1908) przeciwstawi� si� obcym wp�ywom ekonomicznym, co zaskutkowa�o blokad� wenezuelskich port�w przez statki brytyjskie, w�oskie i niemieckie. Stany Zjednoczone w 1904 doprowadzi�y do zako�czenia konfliktu. Zniesienie niewolnictwa w 1854 doprowadzi�o do zmniejszenia produkcji rolnej. Prze�omem, kt�ry uczyni� z Wenezueli najpr�niejsz� gospodark� Ameryki �aci�skiej, by�o odkrycie ropy w ko�cu dziewi�tnastego wieku. Pozwoli�o ono na szybkie uprzemys�owienie kraju. Genera� Juan Vicente Gomez (1908-1929, 1931-1935) uczyni� eksport ropy podstaw� gospodarki. Podczas pierwszej wojny �wiatowej Wenezuela zachowa�a neutralno��, co pozwoli�o jej osi�gn�� sta�y rozw�j gospodarczy, ustabilizowa� walut� i sp�aci� cz�� d�ug�w.;;;;;x
 VIC_DESC;The French Third Republic ended in the way it began: defeated by German arms, and facing a leftist revolution at home. In the aftermath of the French Communal Revolution, the government and French military fled from their emergency capital in Marseille with the French Navy to Algiers, abandoning the mainland to the newly created Commune of France. After the Peace with Honour, the French refugee politicians decided to start from scratch and proclaimed the French Fourth Republic, in exile in Africa but claiming the French fatherland. Soon, it was obvious that the parliamentarian regime was outdated, as the exiled leading politicians were mainly nationalist and authoritarian. The military subsequently seized executive powers under the leadership of popular marshal Ferdinand Foch. After his death in 1929, the 'Lion of Verdun' Philippe P�tain took his place with the assistance of his prot�g� Admiral Fran�ois Darlan. Although the military regime of the French Republic in exile (still allied with the British monarchy in exile) has coalesced and stabilized, it still faces numerous threats. Will National France be ready to retake 'La Patrie' in spite of the rising nationalism and discontent in the native populations or the threat of the Young Guard represented by Colonel Charles de Gaulle?;;;;;;;;;;x
 YEM_DESC;The distance to the seat of the Caliph in Damascus (661) and later in Baghdad (762) provided Yemen with a role on the rim of the Arab world. In 822, Yemen began breaking away from the Abbasid Caliphate, declaring independence in 945. From then on northern and southern Yemen began moving apart from each other. The reasons were in part geographic and economic - mountains and agriculture in the north, versus deserts and sea trade in the south. Religious and strategic-political issues also played a role. In the north, Shiites dominated, and in the south Sunnis. Foreign attempts at imperialism were focused on the strategically more important south, with Britain eventually conquering Aden in 1839. The north was left in peace for the most part, until the Ottoman Empire took the coast of North Yemen in 1849 and the highlands in 1872 with approval from the British, who were intent on containing French expansion on the Red Sea. During the Weltkrieg and apparent break up of the Ottoman Empire, Northern Yemen declared its independence in 1918. Southern Yemen and Aden were annexed by the Germans after the British Revolution, but the north was left unmolested. The region is ruled by an Imam, a dual spiritual and secular leader. In 1934 the �Free Yemenites� opposition group formed, and has grown increasingly radical since then.;La distance qui s�pare le si�ge du calife de Damas (661), et plus tard de Bagdad (762), du monde arabo-musulman r�duit consid�rablement le r�le du Y�men sur la sc�ne internationale.  En 882, le Y�men commence � se lib�rer de l�emprise des califes abbassides et d�clare finalement son ind�pendance en 945. C�est alors que le sud et le nord du Y�men s��loignent peu � peu. Les raisons de cette d�rive sont en partie g�ographiques et �conomiques, les habitants du nord vivent de la montagne et de l�agriculture tandis que ceux du sud d�pendent du commerce maritime. A ces diff�rences, s�ajoutent des questions religieuses et politico-strat�giques. Le nord est domin� par des chiites tandis que le sud compte une majorit� de sunnites. Les tentatives de colonisation �trang�re se focalisent sur le sud, strat�giquement plus avantageux, et les Britanniques finissent par conqu�rir Aden en 1839. Le nord ne souffre aucune invasion jusqu�� ce que l�Empire ottoman s�empare de la c�te nord du Y�men en 1849 et de ses r�gions montagneuses en 1872. Cette invasion est rendue possible par la coop�ration britannique qui souhaite emp�cher la France de s��tendre davantage autour de la mer Rouge. Le Y�men d�clare finalement son ind�pendance en 1918, � l�issue de la Premi�re Guerre mondiale et de la dissolution de l�Empire ottoman. En 1934, les Y�m�nites libres forment leur mouvement d�opposition qui devient progressivement tr�s radical.;La lontananza della sede del Califfo in Damasco (661) e, pi� tardi, in Baghdad (762) ha relegato lo stato arabo-musulmano dello Yemen a un ruolo marginale. Nel 882, lo Yemen comincia a distaccarsi dal Califfato di Abbasides, dichiarandone la propria indipendenza nel 945. Da quel momento in poi la parte settentrionale e meridionale dello Yemen iniziarono a isolarsi fra loro. Le ragioni furono in gran parte geografiche ed economiche - montagne e agricoltura a nord, commercio marittimo a sud. Inoltre, anche i problemi religiosi e politico-strategici ebbero un ruolo importante. A nord, dominavano gli Sciiti, a sud i Sunniti. I tentativi dall'esterno di imporre la propria influenza si concentrarono sul sud, strategicamente pi� importante, con la conquista da parte degli inglesi di Aden nel 1839. Il nord venne lasciato in pace fino a quando l'impero Ottomano conquist� la costa dello Yemen del nord nel 1849 e gli altipiani nel 1872 con l'approvazione dell'Inghilterra, che era impegnata a contenere l'espansione francese sul mar Rosso. Dopo la Prima Guerra Mondiale e la caduta dell'impero Ottomano, lo Yemen del nord dichiar� la propria indipendenza nel 1918. La terra era governata da un Imam, un leader spirituale e secolare. Nel 1934, venne fondata l'opposizione degli yemeniti liberi che in futuro sarebbe diventata sempre pi� radicale.;La distancia de la sede del califa en Damasco (661) y m�s tarde en Bagdad (762) proporcion� a Yemen un papel en los m�rgenes del mundo �rabe musulm�n. En el a�o 822, Yemen comenz� su ruptura con el califato abas�, declarando su independencia en el 945. Desde ese momento, el norte y el sur de Yemen comenzaron a distanciarse. Las razones eran, en parte, geogr�ficas y econ�micas: monta�as y agricultura en el norte y comercio mar�timo en el sur. Tambi�n jugaron su papel los asuntos religiosos y estrat�gico-pol�ticos. En el norte predominaban los chi�tas y en el sur, los sun�es. Los intentos extranjeros de obtener influencia se concentraron en el sur, estrat�gicamente m�s importante, con la conquista de Aden por parte de Gran Breta�a en 1839. Al norte lo dejaron mayoritariamente en paz, hasta que el Imperio Otomano ocup� la costa de Yemen del Norte en 1849 y las tierras altas en 1872 con la aprobaci�n de los brit�nicos, que estaban empe�ados en contener la expansi�n francesa en el Mar Rojo. Tras la Primera Guerra Mundial y la disoluci�n del Imperio Otomano, Yemen del Norte declar� su independencia en 1918. El pa�s estaba gobernado por un im�n que era a la vez l�der secular y espiritual. En 1934 se form� la oposici�n de los Yemenitas Libres, que se ir�a radicalizando con el paso del tiempo.;Die Distanz zum Thron des Kalifen von Damaskus (661) und sp�ter von Bagdad (762) bescherte dem Jemen eine Nebenrolle in der arabisch-moslemischen Welt. Im Jahr 822 begann sich der Jemen vom Kalifat der Abbasiden zu l�sen und erkl�rte 945 seine Unabh�ngigkeit. Von dort an begann die Entzweiung des Landes in Nord- und S�djemen. Die Gr�nde daf�r waren sowohl geografischer als auch wirtschaftlicher Natur: Gebirge und Landwirtschaft im Norden � Meer und Handel im S�den. Hinzu kamen au�erdem religi�se und strategisch-politische Aspekte, da der Norden von Schiiten und der S�den von Sunniten dominiert wurde. Die versuchte Einflussnahme aus dem Ausland richtete sich auf den strategisch wichtigeren S�den - Aden wurde schlie�lich 1839 von den Briten erobert. Der Norden wurde zumeist verschont, bis das Osmanische Reich mit dem Einverst�ndnis Gro�britanniens, das die franz�sische Expansion am Roten Meer aufhalten wollte, 1849 die K�ste und 1872 das Hochland des n�rdlichen Jemens besetzte. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg und dem Niedergang des Osmanischen Reichs erkl�rte der n�rdliche Jemen 1918 seine Unabh�ngigkeit. Das Land wurde von einem geistlichen Imam und einem weltlichen F�hrer in Personalunion regiert. 1934 bildete sich die 'Opposition der Freien Jemeniten', die sich im Lauf der Zeit immer mehr radikalisieren sollten.;Jemen od zawsze le�a� na obrze�ach �wiata arabskiego. Centrum Kalifatu le��ce najpierw w Damaszku (od 661), a p�niej w Bagdadzie (od 762) znajdowa�o si� zbyt daleko, aby utrzyma� odleg�y kraj w strefie swoich wp�yw�w. Proces ten trwa� od 822 i zako�czy� si� w 945 og�oszeniem niezale�no�ci od rz�dz�cej rodziny Abbasyd�w. Stopniowo sam Jemen rozpada� si� na dwie odr�bne cz�ci � g�rzyste tereny p�nocne i �yj�ce z handlu obszary nadbrze�ne. Dodatkowym katalizatorem tego procesu by�y r�nice religijne � na p�nocy przewa�ali Szyici, na po�udniu Sunnici. Obce mocarstwa pr�bowa�y przej�� przede wszystkim wa�niejsz� strategicznie cz�� po�udniow�. W ko�cu sukces odnie�li Brytyjczycy, zajmuj�c w 1839 Aden. P�noc cieszy�a si� pokojem a� do 1849, kiedy to, za cichym przyzwoleniem Wielkiej Brytanii, staraj�cej si� powstrzyma� francuskie post�py w rejonie Morza Czerwonego, podb�j kraju rozpocz�o Imperium Ottoma�skie. Najpierw pod okupacj� trafi�y terytoria nadmorskie, p�niej (w 1872) tak�e cz�� g�rzysta. Po pierwszej wojnie �wiatowej i rozpadzie Imperium Ottoma�skiego, Jemen ponownie sta� si� niepodleg�ym pa�stwem, pod rz�dami Imama � w�adcy zar�wno religijnego, jak i �wieckiego. Od 1934 na znaczeniu zacz�a zyskiwa� opozycja � radykalny ruch  Wolnych Jeme�czyk�w.;;;;;X
-YUG_DESC;Yugoslavia was a state concept among the South Slavic intelligentsia and later popular masses from the 17th to early 20th centuries, which was aimed at uniting various South Slavic ethnic groups into one state. During the Weltkrieg in 1917, the founding of a 'Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes' headed by the Karadordevic King of Serbia was agreed upon. Unfortunately, the victory of the Central Powers ended this plan. Now that the romantic ideal of Yugoslavia has finally been realized, what shape will the state take and what role will it have in Europe and the world?;La cr�ation d�un Etat slave est d�j� discut�e et adopt�e en 1917. Mais les Croates, les Mont�n�grins et les Slov�nes n�acceptent d��tre gouvern�s que par Alexandre Ier qui devient alors le dirigeant du �Royaume des Serbes, des Croates et des Slov�nes� devant faire face � la menace d�annexion italienne. La premi�re constitution de 1921 met fin � la pr�dominance serbe de sorte que les diff�rentes religions et traditions condamnent d�s le d�part le premier Etat yougoslave. Le parti paysan croate boycotte le parlement de Belgrade et r�clame la f�d�ralisation. Sa repr�sentation au gouvernement de Nikola Pa�i ? en 1925 ne suffit pas � r�soudre le conflit. En 1928, Stefan Radic et deux autres repr�sentants du parti paysan sont assassin�s par un repr�sentant mont�n�negrin du Parti Radical Populaire Serbe. En 1929, le roi Alexandre Ier abolit la constitution afin d�introduire une monarchie dictatoriale qui va encore aggraver les probl�mes d�int�gration. La nouvelle appellation du royaume Yougoslave et la cr�ation d�entit�s administratives g�ographiquement d�limit�es (Banats) ne suffisent pas � redresser la situation. Les Serbes continuent effectivement � dominer la vie politique tandis que les Croates prennent des mesures radicales, dont la cr�ation du parti ultra-nationaliste de l�Oustachis en 1929. L�assassinat du roi Alexandre Ier en 1934 pr�sage d�j� des guerres civiles � venir.;Gi� nel 1917, durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale, vennero gettate le basi di uno stato slavo a sud. Tuttavia, croati, montenegrini e sloveni accettarono Alexander I come capo del 'Regno di serbi, croati e sloveni' soltanto sotto la pressione delle minacce d'annessione italiane. La prima costituzione del 1921 sanciva il predominio della Serbia, cosicch� le diverse religioni e tradizioni di stato condannarono il primo stato jugoslavo. Il partito dei contadini croato, boicott� il parlamento di Belgrado e chiese una federazione. Anche la loro inclusione nel governo di Nikola Pasic, nel 1925, non avrebbe permesso di superare le differenze. Nel 1928, Stefan Radic e altri due delegati del partito contadino furono assassinati da un rappresentante montenegrino del partito popolare radicale servo. Nel 1929, re Alexander I sospese la costituzione e introdusse una dittatura monarchica che potesse rafforzare l'integrazione. Il cambio di nome del regno in Jugoslavia e l'istituzione di entit� geografiche amministrative definite (Banats), diedero un piccolo aiuto, dato che i serbi continuarono a dominare la vita politica e che i croati presero misure radicali fondando l'ultranazionalista Ustasha (1929). L'assassinio di Alexander I (1934), port� il fragile paese sull'orlo di una guerra civile.;Ya durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, en 1917, se acord� la creaci�n de un estado eslavo al sur. Sin embargo, los croatas, montenegrinos y eslovenos s�lo aceptaron a Alejandro I como rey del 'Reino de los Serbios, Croatas y Eslovenos' bajo la presi�n de las amenazas de anexi�n italianas. La primera Constituci�n de 1921 estableci� la supremac�a serbia, de manera que las diferentes religiones y las tradiciones del estado condujeron a la ruina al primer estado yugoslavo. El Partido de los Agricultores croata boicote� el parlamento en Belgrado y exigi� una federalizaci�n. Ni siquiera su inclusi�n en el gobierno de Nikola Pasic en 1925 pudo vencer las diferencias. En 1928, Stefan Radic y otros dos delegados del Partido de los Agricultores fueron asesinados por un representante montenegrino del Partido Radical Popular serbio. En 1929, el rey Alejandro I suspendi� la constituci�n e introdujo una dictadura mon�rquica que iba a forzar la integraci�n de arriba abajo. El cambio del nombre del pa�s a Yugoslavia y el establecimiento de entidades administrativas geogr�ficamente definidas (banatos) fueron de escasa ayuda, ya que los serbios siguieron dominando la vida pol�tica y los croatas tomaron medidas radicales, fundando el partido ultranacionalista Ustasha en 1929. El magnicidio de Alejandro I en 1934 llev� al fr�gil pa�s al borde de una guerra civil.;Schon 1917, w�hrend des Ersten Weltkriegs, einigte man sich auf die Gr�ndung eines s�dslawischen Staats. Kroaten, Montenegriner und Slowenen akzeptierten allerdings Alexander I. als Herrscher des 'K�nigreichs der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen' nur unter dem Druck italienischer Annektionsdrohungen. Die erste Verfassung von 1921 legte den Grundstein f�r die serbische Dominanz, so dass die verschiedenen Religionen und Staatstraditionen den ersten jugoslawischen Staat dem Untergang weihten. Die Kroatische Bauernpartei boykottierte das Parlament in Belgrad und verlangte nach F�deralisierung. Selbst ihre Teilnahme an der Regierung von Nikola Pasic 1925 konnte die Differenzen nicht beseitigen. 1928 wurden Stefan Radic und zwei weitere Delegierte der Bauernpartei von einem Montenegriner Repr�sentanten der serbischen Radikalen Volkspartei ermordet. K�nig Alexander I. hob die Verfassung auf und f�hrte 1929 eine Monarchiediktatur ein, welche die Integration von oben erzwingen sollte. Die Umbenennung des K�nigreichs in Jugoslawien und die Errichtung geografisch definierter Verwaltungseinheiten (Banate) half wenig, da die Serben weiterhin das politische Leben dominierten und die Kroaten mit der Gr�ndung der ultranationalen Ustasha 1929 zu radikalen Ma�nahmen griffen. Die Ermordung K�nig Alexanders I. 1934 brachte das fragile Land an den Rand des B�rgerkriegs.;Jeszcze w trakcie pierwszej wojny �wiatowej, w 1917 roku, powsta�a idea utworzenia pa�stwa s�owia�skiego na po�udniu Europy. Jednak Chorwaci, Czarnog�rzanie i S�owe�cy nie chcieli zaakceptowa� Aleksandra I jako swojego w�adcy. Dopiero gro�ba w�oskiej interwencji zmusi�a ich do zmiany stanowiska. Pierwsza konstytucja stawia�a Serb�w w uprzywilejowanej pozycji. Chorwacka Partia Ch�opska zbojkotowa�a wybory do parlamentu w Belgradzie, domagaj�c si� federalizacji pa�stwa. Nawet ich udzia� w rz�dzie Nikoli Pasica w 1925 nie doprowadzi� do porozumienia. W 1928 Stefan Radic i dw�ch delegat�w Chorwackiej Partii Ch�opskiej zosta�o zamordowanych przez cz�onka Serbskiej Radykalnej Partii Ludowej z Czarnog�ry. W 1929, kr�l Aleksander I zawiesi� konstytucj� i przej�� w�adz�, planuj�c odg�rne wymuszenie integracji kraju. Zmiana nazwy na Jugos�awi� i nowy podzia� administracyjny nie poprawi� jednak sytuacji, gdy� Serbowie zdominowali �ycie polityczne pa�stwa. Chorwaci podejmowali coraz bardziej radykalne dzia�ania, tworz�c w 1929 ultranacjonalistyczn� parti� Ustaszy. Zab�jstwo kr�la Aleksandra I w 1934 popchn�o kraj na skraj wojny domowej.;;;;;x
+YUG_DESC;Yugoslavia was a state concept among the South Slavic intelligentsia and later popular masses from the 17th to early 20th centuries, which was aimed at uniting various South Slavic ethnic groups into one state. During the Weltkrieg in 1917, the founding of a 'Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes' headed by the Karadordevic King of Serbia was agreed upon. Unfortunately, the victory of the Central Powers ended this plan. Now that the romantic ideal of Yugoslavia has finally been realised, what shape will the state take and what role will it have in Europe and the world?;La cr�ation d�un Etat slave est d�j� discut�e et adopt�e en 1917. Mais les Croates, les Mont�n�grins et les Slov�nes n�acceptent d��tre gouvern�s que par Alexandre Ier qui devient alors le dirigeant du �Royaume des Serbes, des Croates et des Slov�nes� devant faire face � la menace d�annexion italienne. La premi�re constitution de 1921 met fin � la pr�dominance serbe de sorte que les diff�rentes religions et traditions condamnent d�s le d�part le premier Etat yougoslave. Le parti paysan croate boycotte le parlement de Belgrade et r�clame la f�d�ralisation. Sa repr�sentation au gouvernement de Nikola Pa�i ? en 1925 ne suffit pas � r�soudre le conflit. En 1928, Stefan Radic et deux autres repr�sentants du parti paysan sont assassin�s par un repr�sentant mont�n�negrin du Parti Radical Populaire Serbe. En 1929, le roi Alexandre Ier abolit la constitution afin d�introduire une monarchie dictatoriale qui va encore aggraver les probl�mes d�int�gration. La nouvelle appellation du royaume Yougoslave et la cr�ation d�entit�s administratives g�ographiquement d�limit�es (Banats) ne suffisent pas � redresser la situation. Les Serbes continuent effectivement � dominer la vie politique tandis que les Croates prennent des mesures radicales, dont la cr�ation du parti ultra-nationaliste de l�Oustachis en 1929. L�assassinat du roi Alexandre Ier en 1934 pr�sage d�j� des guerres civiles � venir.;Gi� nel 1917, durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale, vennero gettate le basi di uno stato slavo a sud. Tuttavia, croati, montenegrini e sloveni accettarono Alexander I come capo del 'Regno di serbi, croati e sloveni' soltanto sotto la pressione delle minacce d'annessione italiane. La prima costituzione del 1921 sanciva il predominio della Serbia, cosicch� le diverse religioni e tradizioni di stato condannarono il primo stato jugoslavo. Il partito dei contadini croato, boicott� il parlamento di Belgrado e chiese una federazione. Anche la loro inclusione nel governo di Nikola Pasic, nel 1925, non avrebbe permesso di superare le differenze. Nel 1928, Stefan Radic e altri due delegati del partito contadino furono assassinati da un rappresentante montenegrino del partito popolare radicale servo. Nel 1929, re Alexander I sospese la costituzione e introdusse una dittatura monarchica che potesse rafforzare l'integrazione. Il cambio di nome del regno in Jugoslavia e l'istituzione di entit� geografiche amministrative definite (Banats), diedero un piccolo aiuto, dato che i serbi continuarono a dominare la vita politica e che i croati presero misure radicali fondando l'ultranazionalista Ustasha (1929). L'assassinio di Alexander I (1934), port� il fragile paese sull'orlo di una guerra civile.;Ya durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, en 1917, se acord� la creaci�n de un estado eslavo al sur. Sin embargo, los croatas, montenegrinos y eslovenos s�lo aceptaron a Alejandro I como rey del 'Reino de los Serbios, Croatas y Eslovenos' bajo la presi�n de las amenazas de anexi�n italianas. La primera Constituci�n de 1921 estableci� la supremac�a serbia, de manera que las diferentes religiones y las tradiciones del estado condujeron a la ruina al primer estado yugoslavo. El Partido de los Agricultores croata boicote� el parlamento en Belgrado y exigi� una federalizaci�n. Ni siquiera su inclusi�n en el gobierno de Nikola Pasic en 1925 pudo vencer las diferencias. En 1928, Stefan Radic y otros dos delegados del Partido de los Agricultores fueron asesinados por un representante montenegrino del Partido Radical Popular serbio. En 1929, el rey Alejandro I suspendi� la constituci�n e introdujo una dictadura mon�rquica que iba a forzar la integraci�n de arriba abajo. El cambio del nombre del pa�s a Yugoslavia y el establecimiento de entidades administrativas geogr�ficamente definidas (banatos) fueron de escasa ayuda, ya que los serbios siguieron dominando la vida pol�tica y los croatas tomaron medidas radicales, fundando el partido ultranacionalista Ustasha en 1929. El magnicidio de Alejandro I en 1934 llev� al fr�gil pa�s al borde de una guerra civil.;Schon 1917, w�hrend des Ersten Weltkriegs, einigte man sich auf die Gr�ndung eines s�dslawischen Staats. Kroaten, Montenegriner und Slowenen akzeptierten allerdings Alexander I. als Herrscher des 'K�nigreichs der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen' nur unter dem Druck italienischer Annektionsdrohungen. Die erste Verfassung von 1921 legte den Grundstein f�r die serbische Dominanz, so dass die verschiedenen Religionen und Staatstraditionen den ersten jugoslawischen Staat dem Untergang weihten. Die Kroatische Bauernpartei boykottierte das Parlament in Belgrad und verlangte nach F�deralisierung. Selbst ihre Teilnahme an der Regierung von Nikola Pasic 1925 konnte die Differenzen nicht beseitigen. 1928 wurden Stefan Radic und zwei weitere Delegierte der Bauernpartei von einem Montenegriner Repr�sentanten der serbischen Radikalen Volkspartei ermordet. K�nig Alexander I. hob die Verfassung auf und f�hrte 1929 eine Monarchiediktatur ein, welche die Integration von oben erzwingen sollte. Die Umbenennung des K�nigreichs in Jugoslawien und die Errichtung geografisch definierter Verwaltungseinheiten (Banate) half wenig, da die Serben weiterhin das politische Leben dominierten und die Kroaten mit der Gr�ndung der ultranationalen Ustasha 1929 zu radikalen Ma�nahmen griffen. Die Ermordung K�nig Alexanders I. 1934 brachte das fragile Land an den Rand des B�rgerkriegs.;Jeszcze w trakcie pierwszej wojny �wiatowej, w 1917 roku, powsta�a idea utworzenia pa�stwa s�owia�skiego na po�udniu Europy. Jednak Chorwaci, Czarnog�rzanie i S�owe�cy nie chcieli zaakceptowa� Aleksandra I jako swojego w�adcy. Dopiero gro�ba w�oskiej interwencji zmusi�a ich do zmiany stanowiska. Pierwsza konstytucja stawia�a Serb�w w uprzywilejowanej pozycji. Chorwacka Partia Ch�opska zbojkotowa�a wybory do parlamentu w Belgradzie, domagaj�c si� federalizacji pa�stwa. Nawet ich udzia� w rz�dzie Nikoli Pasica w 1925 nie doprowadzi� do porozumienia. W 1928 Stefan Radic i dw�ch delegat�w Chorwackiej Partii Ch�opskiej zosta�o zamordowanych przez cz�onka Serbskiej Radykalnej Partii Ludowej z Czarnog�ry. W 1929, kr�l Aleksander I zawiesi� konstytucj� i przej�� w�adz�, planuj�c odg�rne wymuszenie integracji kraju. Zmiana nazwy na Jugos�awi� i nowy podzia� administracyjny nie poprawi� jednak sytuacji, gdy� Serbowie zdominowali �ycie polityczne pa�stwa. Chorwaci podejmowali coraz bardziej radykalne dzia�ania, tworz�c w 1929 ultranacjonalistyczn� parti� Ustaszy. Zab�jstwo kr�la Aleksandra I w 1934 popchn�o kraj na skraj wojny domowej.;;;;;x
 U07_DESC;Defeat in the Great War plunged Britain into sustained economic and social turmoil, which culminated in the General Strike of 1925. After weeks of rioting and fighting, central authority collapsed, and the Royal Family, with thousands of supporters, were forced to flee to Canada. Nevertheless, the Royalists vowed to continue the conflict with the newly-established Union of Britain. Now, after over a decade of rivalry and a brutal war, the Union of Britain has finally been defeated, the Syndicalists overthrown, and the Royal Family restored to their rightful place in London. This great victory is marred only by the knowledge that an equally great struggle lies ahead. Despite the military victory over the Syndicalists, British society is far from content. Remnants of Syndicalist sympathy exist in some quarters, and some among the exiles yearn for revenge against those who forced them across the Atlantic in 1925. There is also the question of how Britain shall be governed - will democracy be re-established, or does Britain require a firmer government? Perhaps even greater problems confront Britain in foreign policy. The Commune of France, the heartland of Syndicalism, still exists, and may yet lead an attempt, overtly or covertly, to restore Syndicalism to Britain. Germany, who triumphed in the Great War, is also an issue to be confronted, especially considering German acquisition of British colonies after the collapse of Britain in 1925. Can these colonies be recovered peacefully, or has the time come for a final reckoning with the Germans? There is also the question of the British Empire - can it be fully restored to its former preeminence, or is it better to accept the changes that have transformed the world in the decades since the Great War? Great questions and greater problems await to be confronted by the new British government. Liberation of the United Kingdom is not the end of the struggle, but, perhaps, merely the end of the beginning.;;;;;;;;;;x
 U10_DESC;Following the end of Canadian occupation, New England has found itself independent for the first time since 1775. With the rest of North America locked in civil war, New England is an island of serenity in an ocean of chaos. However, many New Englanders fear what could happen should the AUS or CSA win. Will Canada stay by their side? Or will millions of Yankees be left to face the Reds and Longists alone?;;;;;;;;;;x
 U11_DESC;With a large Catholic population and a distinct cultural history, Bavaria maintained a strong regional identity even during the height of the Kaiserreich. During the partition of Germany, the occupying powers thought it only natural to draw upon these provincial loyalties to ensure lasting stability in a new Central Europe free from a unified Germanic power.;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -134,23 +134,23 @@ U14_DESC;Historically the largest and most militant of the German states, Prussi
 U15_DESC;In 1810, Hawaii was united into one royal kingdom and in the decades that followed, the ancient kapu system was abolished. In 1839, Hawaii became a constitutional monarchy and in 1843 was recognized as an independent state by most western powers. In the 1880s, a small group of minority subjects and foreign national conspired to gain control of the Hawaiian government, establishing a new constitution that granted them greater influence. Eventually, the United States of America annexed Hawaii in 1898. With a political crisis raging on the mainland, Hawaii has once again become a separate nation.;;;;;;;;;;x
 U18_DESC;The Rhenish Republic occupies one of the most industrialized regions in Europe, an incredibly rich area with hundreds of coalmines and steel mills. During the German partition, the occupying powers decided to segregate this wealth from Prussia and her history of militarism.  For that reason, the Rhenish Republic is also the smallest of the German successor states.;;;;;;;;;;x
 U19_DESC;A reference to the much larger federation of the same name formed in 1866, the current North German Federation was created during the partition of Germany. The occupying powers sought a way to cut down the size of the Prussian state while simultaneously removing Prussian access to the North Sea.  Composed of many of the territories the Prussians gained during the Wars of German Unification, the North German Confederation is one several German successor states.;;;;;;;;;;x
-U30_DESC;The history of Taiwan is the history of occupations and wars. Firstly, in the 17th century the Dutch colonised the island but their rule ended in 1662, when Koxinga, a Ming loyalist conquered it from them. He used the island as a military base, but the forces of the Qings were stronger and Taiwan became a part of the Qing Empire. The Qing control was ended after the First Sino-Japanese War and the Treaty of Shimonoseki when the Qings were pressed to pass over the island to Japan. However the Qing officials refused to do so and procalimed the Republic of Formosa in 1895. The Japaness didn�t recognize the new government and occupied the island, defeating the local forces. At the end of Weltkrieg a small German fleet blockaded the island, but this time they haven�t invaded the island. Now that Taiwan is free again the big question is what it will do with it�s newly recieved freedom. Will Taiwan become loyal to China or the German influence will be stonrger? Will the Japanese return to conquer it back? Or will the syndicalism rise here to start a domino effect in China? Only time will tell.;;;;;;;;;;x
+U30_DESC;The history of Taiwan is the history of occupations and wars. Firstly, in the 17th century the Dutch colonised the island but their rule ended in 1662, when Koxinga, a Ming loyalist conquered it from them. He used the island as a military base, but the forces of the Qings were stronger and Taiwan became a part of the Qing Empire. The Qing control was ended after the First Sino-Japanese War and the Treaty of Shimonoseki when the Qings were pressed to pass over the island to Japan. However the Qing officials refused to do so and proclaimed the Republic of Formosa in 1895. The Japaness didn�t recognize the new government and occupied the island, defeating the local forces. At the end of Weltkrieg a small German fleet blockaded the island, but this time they haven�t invaded the island. Now that Taiwan is free again the big question is what it will do with it�s newly recieved freedom. Will Taiwan become loyal to China or the German influence will be stronger? Will the Japanese return to conquer it back? Or will the syndicalism rise here to start a domino effect in China? Only time will tell.;;;;;;;;;;x
 U31_DESC;The German Union was born in the aftermath of the Second Weltkrieg. Following several different partition plans from the occupation authorities - some of which called for the complete dismemberment of German territory - it was decided that only a single united German state would be strong enough economically and politically to survive in the post-war world. Despite being stripped of its colonial empire - whose remnants have either been occupied by foreign powers or are now in the hands of the Freistaat Mittelafrika and the exiled Imperial Family - Germany is still a major industrial power, capable of fielding a large military and changing world politics if it desires to.;;;;;;;;;;x
 U33_DESC;The first Rep�blica Riograndense - or the Piratin� Republic, after its first capital - existed as a rebel region in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul between 1836 and 1845, before being defeated by Imperial Brazilian forces in the aftermath of the Farroupilha Revolution. Following the victory of the Union of La Plata over Brazil in the Second Platine War in the 1940s, Buenos AIres decided to grant autonomy to the southern Brazilian states under her occupation, thus creating the second Piratin� Republic. As an autonomous republic of La Plata, Piratin� has control over its internal politics, which are currently under an uneasy alliance between the hardline Partido Conservador, the traditional Republicanos and the liberal Federalistas. Despite the apparent calm brought about by La Plata's victory in the war, South America remains a very unstable region, however, and the very existence of Piratin� is seen as a provocation by Brazil. When the time comes, who will Piratin� align with - their old compatriots in Rio de Janeiro, our their new masters in Buenos Aires?;;;;;;;;;;x
 U34_DESC;Following Russia's 1917 October Revolution, an ethnic Tatar government proclaimed the first modern state of Crimean Tatars, later known as the Crimean People's Republic. The republic was soon overrun by Bolshevik forces in early 1918, who established the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic. This Soviet state existed only for 2 months before it was destroyed by the forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic with military assistance from the German Empire during the Crimean Offensive at the end of April 1918. Thanks to support from the German Empire, Lipka Tatar General Maciej Sulkiewicz was able to form the Crimean Regional Government, which was officially established on 25th June 1918. Despite efforts by Ukraine to exert control over Crimea, this new state was able to remain independent until the end of the Russian Civil War. With German support terminated, the Crimean Regional Government once again stood alone against its northern neighbour. After Crimea refused a Ukrainian offer of limited autonomy within the new Kingdom of the Ukraine, General Bobolchan proceeded with to invade the Crimea intending to annex it. Despite their best efforts, the Crimean state was unable to hold off the massive offensive, and two weeks later the remnants of the Crimean armed forces were forced to surrender in besieged Sevastopol. But due to the internal weakness of Ukrainian state, the Crimean peninsula was able to arise once more as free state. However its small size and limited population raise questions about its ability to survive in this hostile world. Crimea will need a powerful foreign protector and very soon, otherwise it is quite possible that the newborn Crimean republic will soon cease to exist...;;;;;;;;;;x   
 U35_DESC;The collapse of the British Raj in 1925 left most Presidency governates on their own, in the face of deteriorating British presence and the rise of radical movements in the sub-continent's poverty-stricken regions. Madras, however, and Bombay too, survived the fallout of the collapse mostly intact, and, though rapid re-Indianization, were able to placate their populations and prevent the 'revolution' from spreading.  That is not to say there were not rebellions in their territories, only that popular support kept the Presidencies from being totally dismantled.  However, rebellion was not the only problem.  In 1931, Hyderabad moved into Bombay and subjugated it, annexing it wholesale, thanks in no due part to experience with suppression and guerrilla warfare. Madras, now the Chennai Republic, appealed to the loyalist stronghold Delhi for assistance against the Nizam. A guarantee was made to protect its independence, but when the time came in 1933, when troops surrounded the presidency's territories and threatened invasion, Delhi refused to respond, and Chennai had to fight on it's own.  The resulting war lasted nearly three years, and achieved little for each side, beyond terrible bloodshed.  It was concluded with the Treaty of Hyderabad, wherein Chennai ceded Kannada and Telegu-speaking territories in exchange for nominal freedom.  The Tamils of the Republic hated these terms, but they had little choice in the matter.  Abused, beaten, betrayed and ruined, the national consciousness is frightfully disturbed.  Democracy, at this point, is very fragile, and prone to manipulation.  Will Chennai survive as an independent republic?  Or will the current of radicalism and the headwaters of Revanchism spell doom for its people?;;;;;;;;;;x
 U42_DESC;Sri Lanka was part of British India after 1796, when was seized from the Dutch. The United Kingdom ruled the island, which they renamed Ceylon, until 1925, when the British Revolution turned the empire into rubble. An attempt to transform India into a Dominion to head off revolution failed, and the subcontinent split between two native governments and loyalists, leaving the island cut off. In order to secure stability in region, as well as expand its holdings, the German Empire captured most of Britain's colonies, including Ceylon. The island is located in a strategic part of the world and grants their owner control over trade routes through Indian Ocean. However, the German reign over this island has always been weak. The local syndicalist independence movement, supported by the Bhartiya Commune, is popular among the rural population and could create much trouble for the colonial rulers.;;;;;;;;;;x
 U43_DESC;The collapse of the Russian imperial government after the October Revolution allowed the Caucasian nations to secede from Russian state and form the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, or MRNC. During the Russian Civil War, the 'Mountaineers' were engaged in fierce clashes against the invading White troops of General Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army. The fighting ended in February 1920, when units of Denikin's army were forced to retreat by the combined forces of the Don and Kuban Cossacks. The turbulent year of 1926 brought an end to this young state when the Cossacks (with the silent agreement of the German Empire) used the destabilization of the MRNC by Georgian agents to invade and firmly establish a Cossack presence on the peaks of Caucasus. But thanks to a successful uprising, the nations of the Caucasus are free and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus has arisen on the map of Europe once more. Now the big question is what it will do with it�s newly reclaimed freedom. Will the Northern Caucasus become loyal to the Ottoman Empire or will Russian influence will be stronger? Will the Don-Kuban Union reconquer it once more? Or will the syndicalists rise here to start a domino effect in the Caucasus ? Only time will tell.;;;;;;;;;;x
-U49_DESC;South Africa has been a nation defined by its racial divide. First it was the Dutch colonists and the Xhosa natives of the Cape. Then the British arrived, bringing with them foreign labour from India and Malaya. This led to an exodus into the interior by the Dutch, now forming their own nation - the Afrikaners, which resulted in conflict with the many native tribes of the region as the Boers carved out their republics. The British were never far behind and war soon followed. One of the driving forces behind Afrikaner resistance was the fear that they, a minority, would be subsumed by the natives should the British be allowed to pass control to them. It was with this in mind that, although they lost the war, they won the peace, ensuring Afrikaner rule of the Union of South Africa. British proposals for a federation were never implemented, although the idea continued to be carried by liberals, progressives and proponents of native rights, becoming tied intrinsically with the pro-British Dominionist Party's calls for a return of South Africa to the Empire. This concept has finally been realized in the South African Federation. Formed out of the old Union, it aims to respect the rights of all of the citizens of the nation, not just a chosen few. While far from perfect, many view the Federation as the beginning of a road that will lead in the end to real equality. Others just see it as a return to imperialism, as South Africans are called to fight overseas in the Exiles' war to regain their Home Isles. Only time will tell.;;;;;;;;;;x
+U49_DESC;South Africa has been a nation defined by its racial divide. First it was the Dutch colonists and the Xhosa natives of the Cape. Then the British arrived, bringing with them foreign labour from India and Malaya. This led to an exodus into the interior by the Dutch, now forming their own nation - the Afrikaners, which resulted in conflict with the many native tribes of the region as the Boers carved out their republics. The British were never far behind and war soon followed. One of the driving forces behind Afrikaner resistance was the fear that they, a minority, would be subsumed by the natives should the British be allowed to pass control to them. It was with this in mind that, although they lost the war, they won the peace, ensuring Afrikaner rule of the Union of South Africa. British proposals for a federation were never implemented, although the idea continued to be carried by liberals, progressives and proponents of native rights, becoming tied intrinsically with the pro-British Dominionist Party's calls for a return of South Africa to the Empire. This concept has finally been realised in the South African Federation. Formed out of the old Union, it aims to respect the rights of all of the citizens of the nation, not just a chosen few. While far from perfect, many view the Federation as the beginning of a road that will lead in the end to real equality. Others just see it as a return to imperialism, as South Africans are called to fight overseas in the Exiles' war to regain their Home Isles. Only time will tell.;;;;;;;;;;x
 U53_DESC;The Socialist Republic of Persia is the newest nation-state to rise from a revolution against the Sublime State of Persia, who are ruled by the Qajar dynasty. The civil war's conception was contributed by decades of corruption, mismanagement, and lack of civil rights that the Constitutional Revolution upheld nearly 30 years ago. The revolution is guided by Mirza Kuchik Khan, a revolutionary leader of the Jangal Movement, who sought for establishing socialist ideas into Persia. He, and many at the Revolutionary Council are at odds at one another as both have different interpretations of Syndicalism, and how to put it to practice in Persia. Despite this, they put aside their differences to fight their immediate foe, the Sublime State of Persia, who can still put down this revolution with their professional army. The future of syndicalism in the middle east lies on the success of the Socialist Republic of Persia.;;;;;;;;;;x,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
 U51_DESC;The Darkest Hour of the United States of America, at last, came in the form of its Second Civil War, which many foreign powers seized upon to plunder American possessions, some even crawling their way into the mainland of the United States. Mexico took part in this great mutilation of America by sending an invasion force across the border and illegally occupying the Southwestern states, in a show of 'Reconquista' that their ancestors in Spain had accomplished many centuries before. However, Mexican territorial ambitions were cut short when the people of Texas rebelled against Latino oppression by way of arms, similar to what their predecessors had done, and established the Second Republic of Texas along with many other compatriots in the Southwest. Though the largest among the 48 states, can the southern Lone Star take on the Mexican behemoth and protect its borders until the United States is whole once more?;;;;;;;;;;x
-U52_DESC;Micheal Collins's dream of a reunified Ireland finally came into being after the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland collapsed in on itself by way of civil war between the Royalist government and the TUC. Seizing on this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, Collins's forces along with IRA insurgent cells took over key installations in the latter part of the UK in a matter of days, reunifying Ireland under the Republican banner. For the first decade or so, Dublin carefully maneuvered its way around Ulster, leaving its business to its own and respecting the old structure of governance. That is until the Anglo interests in Ireland once again skyrocketed. The threat of socialist and monarchist agitation in Ulster was too much for Dublin to ignore, and as a result, lead to new 'security laws' in Northern Ireland, which Dublin utilized to repress dissent and activists. However, this move by Sinn Fein finally broke the uneasy balance between the Unionists in Ulster and the Republican government, leading to an all-out revolt against Republican oppression. Only time will tell whether the Northern Irish succeeds in their struggle for freedom or perish under the Catholic jackboot;;;;;;;;;;x
+U52_DESC;Micheal Collins's dream of a reunified Ireland finally came into being after the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland collapsed in on itself by way of civil war between the Royalist government and the TUC. Seizing on this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, Collins's forces along with IRA insurgent cells took over key installations in the latter part of the UK in a matter of days, reunifying Ireland under the Republican banner. For the first decade or so, Dublin carefully manoeuvred its way around Ulster, leaving its business to its own and respecting the old structure of governance. That is until the Anglo interests in Ireland once again skyrocketed. The threat of socialist and monarchist agitation in Ulster was too much for Dublin to ignore, and as a result, lead to new 'security laws' in Northern Ireland, which Dublin utilized to repress dissent and activists. However, this move by Sinn Fein finally broke the uneasy balance between the Unionists in Ulster and the Republican government, leading to an all-out revolt against Republican oppression. Only time will tell whether the Northern Irish succeeds in their struggle for freedom or perish under the Catholic jackboot;;;;;;;;;;x
 U54_DESC;The chaos that has overtaken the Indian subcontinent has found Jammu and Kashmir seeking its own independence. The predominantly Muslim region (though with a powerful Hindu minority) will have to fend for itself against neighbours circling like hawks over the strategic region.;;;;;;;;;;x
 UIR_DESC;The chaos in India after the 1925 Revolution and the subsequent civil war affirmed to the All India Muslim League of the necessity of a separate Pakistan. With the subcontinent now secure, a few strokes of the pen have now carved out this new state for India's Muslims, to be theirs forever more.;;;;;;;;;;x
 MEN_DESC;The final collapse of the Qing Dynasty has led to the rise of a new regime in Northern China. Invoking the legacy of the Republican government in Beijing, this National government calls on seasoned politicians, old Beiyang generals, and younger political radicals to unfurl the five coloured flag once more and restore order and prosperity to China after so many years of chaos.;;;;;;;;;;x
 CCW16_NAME;German Intervention in China;;;;;;;;;;x
 GER26_DESC;"Following the end of the Weltkrieg, Germany was quick in securing the former colonial holdings of Britain and France in Asia, thus confirming its position as a major player in the Eastern Hemisphere. The chaotic situation in China posed a threat to further expansion of German influence, however, until Sun Yat-sen's Kuonmintang Party started to seek our recognition from Berlin. German meddling on the KMT's internal affairs peaked after Sun's death, with the election of Xu Shichang as President, in 1925. By the end of the year, Xu launched his ""Call to the Mighty German Empire"", officially asking for German military support on a campaign for the reunification of China and restoration of the monarchy under Pu-Yi. The call touched German public opinion and convinced the Kaiser and Grossadmiral von Tirpitz's government of the need of a military intervention in order to secure the Reich's interests in Asia, while also putting Japanese expansionism in check.";;;;;;;;;;x
-CHI26_DESC;"The National Government of the Republic of China was founded by the Kuonmintang Party led by Sun Yat-sen. During the chaotic petty wars of the early 1920s, the Party has approached German representatives to help on their cause of reuniting their country. After the death of Sun in 1925, the new, German-backed president Xu Shichang assumed a more pro-monarchy stance, officially ending all partnerships with another rival Republican government, the Guonminjun. By the end of the year, pleading to restore the great Qing Empire under Emperor Pu-yi, Xu issued his ""Call to the Mighty German Empire"", officially starting the German Intervention in China. Despite having the support of the most powerfull Empire on Earth, things are not so certain for the Kouonmintang: What if the Guonminjun and other rival factions are stronger then they seem? There are also internal issues on the Party itself to be dealt with, such as the Syndicalist-inclined clique led by General Chiang Kai-Shek, who may simply be waiting just the right moment to make their move and overthrow Xu's faction.";;;;;;;;;;x
+CHI26_DESC;"The National Government of the Republic of China was founded by the Kuonmintang Party led by Sun Yat-sen. During the chaotic petty wars of the early 1920s, the Party has approached German representatives to help on their cause of reuniting their country. After the death of Sun in 1925, the new, German-backed president Xu Shichang assumed a more pro-monarchy stance, officially ending all partnerships with another rival Republican government, the Guonminjun. By the end of the year, pleading to restore the great Qing Empire under Emperor Pu-yi, Xu issued his ""Call to the Mighty German Empire"", officially starting the German Intervention in China. Despite having the support of the most powerful Empire on Earth, things are not so certain for the Kouonmintang: What if the Guonminjun and other rival factions are stronger then they seem? There are also internal issues on the Party itself to be dealt with, such as the Syndicalist-inclined clique led by General Chiang Kai-Shek, who may simply be waiting just the right moment to make their move and overthrow Xu's faction.";;;;;;;;;;x
 CSX26_DESC;The Guonminjun was one of the several Republican warlord states that emerged in China following the end of the Empire. For years, they have been allies of Sun Yat-sen's Kuonmintang. Following the election of Xu Shichang as president of the National Government and his pledge to restore the Qing Empire, the Guonminjun officially broke their partnership and established an alliance with the Yunnan warlords and the Japanese-sponsored Fengtien Clique. As the KMT started their crusade for the reunification of China with German blessing and support, grim times lay ahead for the Guonminjun.;;;;;;;;;;x
 MAN26_DESC;The Fengtien Clique is an alliance of several warlords centred in Manchuria under the leadership of Zhang Zuelin. As the Kuonmintang launched their campaign for the reunification of China, the Fengtien clique formed an alliance with the Yunnan warlords and the Guonminjun Republican Government. Manchuria, however, falls within Japan's proposed sphere of influence in China. Tokyo has already sent a number of advisors to Zhang's cabinet in Mukden. However, any Japanese help - if further help even comes - will come at a price which might be too high for China to afford.;;;;;;;;;;x
 CYN26_DESC;The Yunnan Clique was established in the Yunnan province of south-west China during the Warlord Era. Cai E is regarded as the founder of the clique when at the request of Liang Qichao in 1915, he declared Yunnan's opposition to Yuan Shikai's monarchy, the so-called Empire of China. Cai died in November 1916 from natural causes, shortly after defeating Yuan Shikai in the successful National Protection War. After his death his chief lieutenant, Tang Jiyao, took over Yunnan, unifying it under it rule. As the Kuonmintang launched their campaign for the reunification of China, the Yunnan Clique formed an alliance with the Fengtiang warlords and the Guonminjun Republican Government.;;;;;;;;;;x
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ RvsJ_JAP;Currently headed by a military cabinet with the Showa Emperor as a figu
 RvsJ_PRI;The Republic of Primorsk, also known to foreigners as Transamur, is a relic of the Russian Civil War, established by retreating white admiral Kolchak under Japanese sponsorship, as Tokyo attempted to establish their influence into the Russian Far East. Following the Romanov restoration in Moscow and the Russian campaigns in Central Asia and Mongolia, however, Primorsk may well be the next target of Tsarist expansion. Will Vladivostok follow the plans of their Japanese masters and aid in their conquest of Siberia - perhaps even grabbing some of the land for themselves - or will they fold to the might of Russian arms ?;;;;;;;;;;x
 RvsJ_MAN;The successful 1937 uprising of the Shangqing fanatics resulted in the end of the Qing Dynasty. Japan, too busy with their own colonial revolts in Korea and Formosa to properly intervene, could only seize Beijing before the new Shangtian Empire was established by the rebels. Tokyo, however, had their own plans for the Last Emperor: Pu-Yi was transferred, together with his court, to Harbin, capital of the Japanese-backed Fengtien Clique in Manchuria. There, a new Manchu Empire was established, pledged to completely reunite China under the Mandate of Heaven, even if under Japanese patronage. As the Shangtian Empire also claims to be the only rightful government of all China, a conflict may lie just ahead, specially if the fanatics - even if not completely prepared - use the opportunity of a Russian-Japanese war to attack Manchuria.;;;;;;;;;;x
 GO19_NAME;Kaiserschlacht;;;;;;;;;;x
-CON_SSFA;After nearly a year of attrition and desperation, our defenses along the Rhine finally broke against the pressure of the Communard Summer Offensive. Though the situation seemed grave, we would have been able to turn the situation around, had our 'allies' in Vienna came to our aid. Instead, the Austrians turned their backs on us, which helped sparked the Bavarian Uprising, and along with it, the collapse of our forces in Europe. Kicked out of Europe, our government had barely settled into Darussalam before more bad news arrived. Photographic evidence shows that French forces are amassing in the Guinea, while the now Anglo-aligned South Africans ready themselves with the Portuguese down South. Many exiles became despondent because of these rumors and are calling for provisional chancellor von Lettow-Vorbeck to concede to the Entente's territorial demands. Yet, with the spirits of 1914 once again arising in him, the Lion of Africa refused any concessions and promised the exile government that either we triumph against the Anglo-French vultures, or accept the de-facto end of our Empire. The Battle for Africa begins.;;;;;;;;;;x
+CON_SSFA;After nearly a year of attrition and desperation, our defences along the Rhine finally broke against the pressure of the Communard Summer Offensive. Though the situation seemed grave, we would have been able to turn the situation around, had our 'allies' in Vienna came to our aid. Instead, the Austrians turned their backs on us, which helped sparked the Bavarian Uprising, and along with it, the collapse of our forces in Europe. Kicked out of Europe, our government had barely settled into Darussalam before more bad news arrived. Photographic evidence shows that French forces are amassing in the Guinea, while the now Anglo-aligned South Africans ready themselves with the Portuguese down South. Many exiles became despondent because of these rumours and are calling for provisional chancellor von Lettow-Vorbeck to concede to the Entente's territorial demands. Yet, with the spirits of 1914 once again arising in him, the Lion of Africa refused any concessions and promised the exile government that either we triumph against the Anglo-French vultures, or accept the de-facto end of our Empire. The Battle for Africa begins.;;;;;;;;;;x
 U49_SSFA;Our victory against the Boer Government was a costly one. Though we enjoyed more support from the native and coloured population of South Africa, the Boers had received extensive funds and supplies from Darussalam. One of the most infamous examples of German support for the Boers is the Kronenkranich Legion, which included many 'volunteers' who were in fact elite Askaris and Imperial German officers. Their intervention prolonged the war for many months and caused untold destruction to our nation. But soon, South Africa will have its revenge against Germany. Now armed and trained by Canadian advisors, our forces will soon cross the border into German Africa and reclaim his Majesty's rightful territories that Germans had occupied in 1927. Long live the Empire!, Long live South Africa!. ;;;;;;;;;;x
 VIC_SSFA;The Germans have been defeated and chased out of Mainland Europe by the Communards. A fitting fate for the Huns perhaps, but too lenient is what we think of the situation so far. Running like rats to Tanganyika, the Germans are now at their most vulnerable since the days of the Treaty of Tilsit, when Napoleon divided and toyed with the Germans states like his personal playthings. And we will render onto them the same punishment for nearly two decades of humiliation and exile. The best and brightest, most elite among our forces from all across Sub-Saharan Africa are amassing to the border, waiting to strike. We will break the Kaiser and minions here, once and for all. Vive le France!;;;;;;;;;;x
 CAN_SSFA;The Germans have been beaten and chased out of Mainland Europe by the Communards. A fitting fate for the Huns perhaps, but too lenient is what we think of the situation so far. Their false polity, the 'Freistaat Mittelafrika' still controls many of His Majesty's rightful lands in Africa under the guise of 'protection'. But after the Liberation of London, the Germans showed their true nature and refused to hand over our former colonies back to us. This betrayal will be their last, as our forces are amassing to take back these crown lands. To the South, the South Africans will re-take Rhodesia, to the west the Indian Marines will land on the shores of Tanganyika and Kenya, and from the East, our Mobile Corps will take back the Gold Coast and Nigeria from the Huns. The end is near for the Kaiser and his lackeys.;;;;;;;;;;x
diff --git a/config/text_old.csv b/config/text_old.csv
index a642d34f4..440e94995 100644
--- a/config/text_old.csv
+++ b/config/text_old.csv
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ DPERSONALITY_NONE;none;Aucun;nessuna;ninguna;nichts;Brak ;;;;;X,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
 DPERSONALITY_BIASED_INTELLECTUAL;The Biased Intellectual is a refined academic intellectual, whose scholarly work has biased his judgement of other countries and people. The Biased Intellectual is often arrogant and witty about those he dislikes but fawning and ingratiating towards those he likes.;L�intellectuel � pr�jug�s est un universitaire tr�s cultiv� dont les travaux l'ont conduit � adopter une opinion d�daigneuse sur les nations et les peuples voisins. Il se comporte g�n�ralement de mani�re arrogante et vaniteuse avec les personnes qui lui sont antipathiques et adopte, au contraire, une attitude particuli�rement servile et mielleuse avec celles qui lui sont agr�ables.;Quest'uomo � un raffinato accademico, i cui studi hanno generato in lui una serie di pregiudizi sulle altre nazioni e i popoli che le abitano. Spesso � arrogante e sarcastico con coloro che non apprezza, mentre � fin troppo ossequioso e sottomesso con le persone di cui ha stima.;Es un intelectual acad�mico cuyos estudios le han hecho tomar partido en su juicio de los restantes pa�ses y pueblos. El intelectual partidista suele mostrarse arrogante y ocurrente con los que desde�a, y adulador y congraciador con los que aprecia.;Der Voreingenommene Intellektuelle ist ein raffinierter Akademiker, dessen Gelehrtent�tigkeit seine Urteilkraft gegen�ber anderen L�ndern und Menschen beeintr�chtigt hat. Der Voreingenommene Intellektuelle verh�lt sich gegen�ber Menschen, die er nicht mag so wie es ihm passt.;Stronniczy intelektualista jest �wietnie wykszta�cony, jednak  akademicka praca wypaczy�a jego spojrzenie na �wiat. Cz�owiek ten cz�sto nadmiernie faworyzuje ludzi, kt�rych lubi i jest arogancki wobec os�b, do kt�rych �ywi niech��.;;;;;X,,,,,,,,,,,,,
 DPERSONALITY_IDEOLOGICAL_CRUSADER;The Ideological Crusader views himself as a devoted proponent of his political system, but to others he is an extremist. If a Fascist, he judges all non-Fascists as weak and decadent. If a Democrat, he would rather lose a war than comply with any demands from a non-Democrat. If a Communist, he views Democrats as evil capitalists and Fascists as evil pseudo-capitalists. When it comes to ideology it is impossible to argue with him since he has already found his salvation.;Le crois� id�ologique se consid�re comme un fervent d�fenseur du syst�me politique auquel il appartient mais semble plut�t un extr�miste aux yeux de ses concitoyens. S�il est de tendance fasciste, il consid�re que tous les anti-fascistes sont faibles ou d�cadents. S�il est au contraire d�mocrate, il pr�f�re encore perdre une guerre que de se conformer aux d�sirs d�un anti-d�mocrate. Quant au crois� id�ologique communiste, il estime que les d�mocrates sont des capitalistes malfaisants et les fascistes des pseudo capitalistes malfaisants. Il est impossible de d�battre avec cet homme puisqu�il est certain d�avoir d�j� trouv� la voie du salut.;Quest'uomo vede se stesso come un devoto sostenitore del proprio sistema politico. Se � un fascista, giudica tutti gli altri come deboli e decadenti. Se democratico, preferir� perdere una guerra piuttosto che accontentare un regime. Se comunista, vede i democratici come malvagi capitalisti e i fascisti come... malvagi pseudo-capitalisti! Non � possibile discutere con lui di ideologia, poich� � convinto di aver gi� trovato il sistema politico perfetto.;Se ve a s� mismo como un partidario devoto de su sistema pol�tico, pero los dem�s lo ven como un extremista. Si es un fascista, acusar� a todos los que no lo sean de d�biles y decadentes. Si es un dem�crata, antes perder�a una guerra que plegarse a las exigencias de cualquiera que no lo sea. Si es un comunista, ver� a los dem�cratas como malvados capitalistas y a los fascistas como malvados pseudocapitalistas. En cuestiones de ideolog�a es imposible discutir con �l, ya que ha visto la luz.;Der Ideologische Kreuzritter sieht sich selbst als ein leidenschaftlicher Anh�nger seines politischen Systems,  erscheint aber in den Augen anderer als Extremist. Als Faschist sieht er alle Nicht-Faschisten als schwach und dekadent an. Als Demokrat w�rde er eher den Krieg verlieren als mit irgendwelchen Forderungen eines Nicht-Demokraten �bereinstimmen. Als Kommunist w�rde er die Demokraten als �ble Kapitalisten und die Faschisten als b�se Pseudo-Kapitalisten ansehen. Was die Ideologie betrifft argumentiert man besser nicht mit ihm, da er seine Rettung bereits gefunden hat.;Ideologiczny krzy�owiec widzi siebie jako oddanego zwolennika swojego kraju, jednak dla innych jest ekstremist�. Je�eli jest faszyst�, reszta �wiata jest s�aba i dekadencka, je�eli demokrat� � raczej przegra wojn� ni� zgodzi si� na niedemokratyczne procedury, je�eli jest komunist�, postrzega innych jako krwio�erczych kapitalist�w. Nie mo�na dyskutowa� z nim o ideologii, on ju� znalaz� jedyn� s�uszn� drog�.;;;;;X
 DPERSONALITY_APOLOGETIC_CLERK;The Apologetic Clerk is often a brilliant man, but either lacks inner strength or is so filled with doubt over the political system of his own country that he can seldom stay consistent. An Apologetic Clerk might also be a man who truly believes in the righteousness of his political system, but unfortunately also believes that the other side will win the war.;Le fonctionnaire irr�solu est g�n�ralement un homme brillant mais d�une grande inconsistance r�sultant de son manque de confiance en lui ou dans le syst�me politique de son pays. Si tel n�est pas le cas, il peut �galement �tre tout � fait certain de la justesse du syst�me politique de son pays tout en �tant convaincu que le camp adverse est celui qui va remporter la guerre.;Quest'uomo � spesso brillante, ma privo di forza interiore, oppure � talmente dubbioso sul proprio sistema politico da non riuscire a essere coerente. Potrebbe anche credere sinceramente alla giustezza del proprio sistema, ma, sfortunatamente, � altrettanto convinto che la guerra sar� vinta dalla fazione opposta.;Suele ser un hombre brillante, pero bien es que carece de la suficiente fuerza interior o bien es que est� tan lleno de dudas sobre el sistema pol�tico de su propio pa�s que es excesivamente inconsecuente. Un funcionario indeciso tambi�n puede ser el que cree firmemente en la justicia de su sistema pol�tico, pero desgraciadamente tambi�n cree que ser� el otro bando el que ganar� la guerra.;Der zaghafte Angestellte ist oft ein brillanter Mann. Da es ihm jedoch an innerer St�rke fehlt oder er voller Zweifel �ber das politische System seines eigenen Landes ist, bleiben seine Handlungen selten konsequent. Ein zaghafter Angestellter kann ebenfalls der Ansicht sein, dass sein politisches System das einzig wahre ist aber leider auch glauben, dass die andere Seite den Krieg gewinnen kann.;Pokorny urz�dnik to cz�sto cz�owiek b�yskotliwy, ale nie posiadaj�cy  wymaganej pewno�ci siebie,  pe�en w�tpliwo�ci, nie potrafi�cy utrzyma� sta�ego kierunku. Mo�liwe , �e g��boko wierzy w s�uszno�� ustroju swojego pa�stwa, lecz nie  jest pewien mo�liwo�ci odniesienia wojennego triumfu.;;;;;X,,,,,,
-DPERSONALITY_IRON_FISTED_BRUTE;The Iron-Fisted Brute is a simple man who has risen throught the ranks of the military or the party. He views the world in black and white: those who eat and those who are eaten. Often brutish and sometimes a sociopath, the Iron-Fisted Brute makes policies without remorse.;La brute est un homme plut�t simple qui doit son ascension sociale � ses exploits militaires ou � ses actions au sein du parti politique auquel il appartient. Il voit le monde en noir et blanc: ceux qui mangent et ceux qui se font manger ! Il est brutal, se montre parfois socialement inadapt� et prend ses d�cisions politiques sans aucun remord.;Questo � un uomo semplice, che ha fatto carriera grazie all'esercito o al partito. Divide le persone in due sole categorie: coloro che mangiano e coloro che sono mangiati. Spesso brutale (e a volte sociopatico), � privo di rimorsi.;Es un hombre sencillo que ha ido subiendo en escalafones, ya sea gracias a la jerarqu�a militar o a la del partido. Ve el mundo en blanco y negro: est�n los que comen y los que son comidos. Casi siempre brutal y a veces soci�pata, el bestia con el pu�o de hierro hace pol�tica sin el menor remordimiento.;Der Brutale Eisenfresser ist ein einfacher Mann, der seinen Aufstieg entweder dem Milit�r oder der Partei zu verdanken hat. Er sieht die Welt in schwarzwei�: Fressen und gefressen werden ist sein Motto. Oft sehr r�de und manchmal soziopathisch veranlagt, ist der Brutale Eisenfresser ein gewissenloser Politiker.;Okrutnik to prosty cz�owiek, kt�ry awansowa� dzi�ki swojej partii, lub pomocy wojska. Widzi �wiat w czerni i bieli, wyznaje zasad� 'po�erasz albo b�dziesz po�arty'. Cz�sto jest brutalnym socjopat�, polityk� uprawia bez �adnych wyrzut�w sumienia.;;;;;X,,,,,,,,,,,,
+DPERSONALITY_IRON_FISTED_BRUTE;The Iron-Fisted Brute is a simple man who has risen through the ranks of the military or the party. He views the world in black and white: those who eat and those who are eaten. Often brutish and sometimes a sociopath, the Iron-Fisted Brute makes policies without remorse.;La brute est un homme plut�t simple qui doit son ascension sociale � ses exploits militaires ou � ses actions au sein du parti politique auquel il appartient. Il voit le monde en noir et blanc: ceux qui mangent et ceux qui se font manger ! Il est brutal, se montre parfois socialement inadapt� et prend ses d�cisions politiques sans aucun remord.;Questo � un uomo semplice, che ha fatto carriera grazie all'esercito o al partito. Divide le persone in due sole categorie: coloro che mangiano e coloro che sono mangiati. Spesso brutale (e a volte sociopatico), � privo di rimorsi.;Es un hombre sencillo que ha ido subiendo en escalafones, ya sea gracias a la jerarqu�a militar o a la del partido. Ve el mundo en blanco y negro: est�n los que comen y los que son comidos. Casi siempre brutal y a veces soci�pata, el bestia con el pu�o de hierro hace pol�tica sin el menor remordimiento.;Der Brutale Eisenfresser ist ein einfacher Mann, der seinen Aufstieg entweder dem Milit�r oder der Partei zu verdanken hat. Er sieht die Welt in schwarzwei�: Fressen und gefressen werden ist sein Motto. Oft sehr r�de und manchmal soziopathisch veranlagt, ist der Brutale Eisenfresser ein gewissenloser Politiker.;Okrutnik to prosty cz�owiek, kt�ry awansowa� dzi�ki swojej partii, lub pomocy wojska. Widzi �wiat w czerni i bieli, wyznaje zasad� 'po�erasz albo b�dziesz po�arty'. Cz�sto jest brutalnym socjopat�, polityk� uprawia bez �adnych wyrzut�w sumienia.;;;;;X,,,,,,,,,,,,
 DPERSONALITY_GREAT_COMPROMISER;The Great Compromiser is an easy-going and amiable fellow liked by most. Often he is a sage-like old man and a professional diplomat with many years of service, tactful and experienced. He has the ability to forge lasting friendships and to bind the wills of many into one, striving towards the same goal.;L�as du compromis est un personnage aimable et facile � vivre, estim� de la plupart de ses concitoyens. C�est g�n�ralement un homme aux allures de vieux sage, un diplomate avec de nombreuses ann�es de m�tier � son actif, d�o� son tact et sa grande exp�rience du monde politique. Il est capable de tisser des liens amicaux durables et de faire converger les volont�s de plusieurs individus en une pens�e directrice commune.;Quest'uomo � garbato e accomodante, benvoluto da tutti. � un anziano saggio, con molti anni di servizio diplomatico alle spalle, pieno di tatto ed esperienza. Possiede l'abilit� di costruire amicizie durature e convogliare la volont� di molti su una persona, facendoli agire all'unisono per uno scopo comune.;Es un tipo afable y comprensivo al que todos aprecian. Con frecuencia es un anciano con aspecto de sabio y un diplom�tico de carrera, con muchos a�os de servicio a sus espaldas, prudente y experimentado. Tiene la habilidad de forjar amistades duraderas y encauzar las voluntades de muchos en una para alcanzar el mismo objetivo.;Der gro�e Kompromissler ist eine unbek�mmerte und liebensw�rdige Person und ist fast �berall beliebt. Oft ist er ein weiser, alter Mann und professioneller, taktvoller Diplomat mit langj�hriger Erfahrung. Er hat die F�higkeit, dauerhafte Freundschaften zu kn�pfen und verschiedene  Meinungen in eine gemeinsame Richtung zu lenken. ;Cz�owiek kompromisu to mi�y i sympatyczny go�� lubiany przez wszystkich. Cz�sto jest profesjonalnym dyplomat�, po wielu latach pracy, pe�nym taktu, do�wiadczonym. Umie stworzy� trwa�e przyja�nie, skierowa� wol� wielu ludzi ku jednemu, wsp�lnemu celowi.;;;;;X,,,,,
 DPERSONALITY_GENERAL_STAFFER;The General Staffer is a former military man, perhaps a former teacher of strategy in the General Staff. He has now resettled in the field of Foreign Affairs, a subject that was always his 'hobby'. The General Staffer most likely follows his old military notion of politics and is focused on diplomacy through military might. However, by doing that, the General Staffer is often deemed a simple-minded man, lacking in imagination and boring.;Le g�n�ral dirigiste est un ancien militaire ou professeur de l'�cole militaire qui s'est recycl� dans les affaires �trang�res, son passe-temps favori. Sa vision de la politique ob�it g�n�ralement � des concepts militaires un peu d�suets se fondant sur une diplomatie impos�e par les forces arm�es. En agissant de la sorte, le g�n�ral dirigiste passe souvent pour un homme simple d�esprit d�pourvu d'imagination et terriblement ennuyeux.;Quest'uomo � un ex militare, un insegnante di strategia dello staff. Ora si � riciclato nel campo degli affari esteri, che sono sempre stati un suo 'hobby'. Molto probabilmente in politica far� riferimento alle sue vecchie nozioni militari e gestir� le questioni diplomatiche ricorrendo spesso alla forza militare. Agendo in questo modo, si creer� la reputazione di persona inquadrata, prevedibile ed estremamente noiosa.;Un antiguo soldado o profesor en la academia militar, este personaje se ha reciclado en el campo de los asuntos exteriores, una materia que siempre hab�a sido su 'hobby'. Es m�s que probable que el general de carrera siga con su antigua noci�n de la pol�tica y aborde el tema de la diplomacia desde el poder�o militar. Sin embargo, al hacer eso suele ser tildado de paleto, carente de imaginaci�n y extremadamente aburrido.;Der Generalstabler ist ein ehemaliger Soldat, vielleicht sogar ein ehemaliger Strategielehrer des Generalstabs. Er ist nun ins Au�enministerium gewechselt, einen Bereich, der schon immer sein 'Hobby' war. Der Generalstabler folgt in der Politik h�chstwahrscheinlich seiner alten Milit�rauffassung und sieht die Diplomatie durch seine milit�rische Brille. Der Generalstabler ist ein einfach gesinnter Mann, dem es an Vorstellungskraft fehlt und der deswegen extrem langweilig ist. ;Dawny szef sztabu to by�y wojskowy, by� mo�e nauczyciel strategii w sztabie generalnym. Teraz przeni�s� si� na teren spraw zagranicznych, kt�re zawsze go pasjonowa�y. Najprawdopodobniej jego dawna wizja polityki nie uleg�a zmianie i wci�� wierzy on w dyplomacj� opart� na sile wojska. Przez to dawny szef sztabu jest uwa�any za prostaka, pozbawionego wyobra�ni i  potwornie nudnego.;;;;;x,,
 DPERSONALITY_THE_CLOAK_N_DAGGER_SCHEMER;The Cloak-and-Dagger Schemer is a secretive person. He prefers unorthodox plans and constantly seeks weaknesses to exploit among his slower victims. Often the Cloak-and-Dagger Schemer has a background in the Secret Service and that experience makes him sly and uninformative. Basically the Cloak-and-Dagger Schemer is not a great diplomat but he is so unpredictable that in the end he often gets what he wants.;Le conspirateur est un personnage particuli�rement cachottier. Il a un penchant pour la politique peu orthodoxe et cherche constamment � d�celer et � exploiter les failles de ses ennemis les plus lents. Le conspirateur est issu des services secrets, d�o� son caract�re rus� et discret. Il ne poss�de pas les qualit�s persuasives d�un diplomate mais se r�v�le souvent impr�visible au point d�obtenir ce qu�il veut de ses interlocuteurs.;Quest'uomo � molto riservato. Preferisce i piani non ortodossi e cerca costantemente i punti deboli delle proprie vittime. Ha un passato nei servizi segreti, quindi � circospetto e reticente a rivelare informazioni. Non � un buon diplomatico, ma � talmente imprevedibile che alla fine ottiene sempre ci� che vuole.;Es una persona muy reservada. Prefiere los planes poco ortodoxos y siempre busca debilidades que explotar entre sus v�ctimas. Con frecuencia, el maquiav�lico en la sombra ha pertenecido al Servicio Secreto y esa experiencia le ha hecho artero y poco amigo de hablar. B�sicamente, no es un gran diplom�tico, pero es tan impredecible que al final siempre consigue lo que quiere.;Der Mantel-und-Degen-Planer ist eine sehr verschlossene Person. Er bevorzugt unorthodoxe Pl�ne und sucht bei schwerf�lligen Opfern stets nach ausbeutbaren Schw�chen. Oftmals hat der Mantel-und-Degen-Planer eine Vergangenheit beim Geheimdienst, weswegen ihn diese Erfahrung listig und wenig mitteilsam macht. ;Spiskowiec to bardzo skryta osoba. Woli nieschematyczne dzia�anie i ci�gle szuka s�abych punkt�w swoich przeciwnik�w. Zwykle pracowa� wcze�niej w tajnych s�u�bach i zawdzi�cza tej pracy spryt i skryto��. Nie jest on �wietnym dyplomat�, ale jego nieprzewidywalne dzia�ania cz�sto zapewniaj� mu osi�gni�cie celu.;;;;;X,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
diff --git a/config/world_names.csv b/config/world_names.csv
index 007b9784c..e585aaba9 100644
--- a/config/world_names.csv
+++ b/config/world_names.csv
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ DEPRECATED_AREA_FAROES_GAP;Faroes Gap;Dtroit des les Fro;Canale delle Faroe;Estr
 DEPRECATED_AREA_NORTH_ATLANTIC;North Atlantic;Atlantique nord;Atlantico settentrionale;Atlntico Norte;Nordatlantik;P�nocny Atlantyk;;;;;x
 DEPRECATED_AREA_BAY_OF_BISCAY;Bay of Biscay;Golfe de Gascogne;Golfo di Biscaglia;Golfo de Vizcaya;Bucht von Biskaya;Zatoka Biskajska;;;;;x
 DEPRECATED_AREA_AZORES;Azores;Aores;Azzorre;Las Azores;Azoren;Azory;;;;;x
-DEPRECATED_AREA_PORTUGESE_COAST;Portugese Coast;Cte portugaise;Costa del Portogallo;Costa de Portugal;Portugiesische Kste;Wybrze�e Portugalii;;;;;x
+DEPRECATED_AREA_PORTUGESE_COAST;Portuguese Coast;Cte portugaise;Costa del Portogallo;Costa de Portugal;Portugiesische Kste;Wybrze�e Portugalii;;;;;x
 DEPRECATED_AREA_CAP_ST_VINCENT;Cap St Vincent;Cap St Vincent;Cap St. Vincent;Cabo de San Vicente;St. Vincent Kap;Saint Vincent;;;;;x
 DEPRECATED_AREA_COAST_OF_BRAZIL;Coast of Brazil;Cte du Brsil;Costa del Brasile;Costa de Brasil;Kste Brasiliens;Wybrze�e Brazylii;;;;;x
 DEPRECATED_AREA_CAP_VERDE;Cap Verde ;Cap-Vert;Capo Verde ;Cabo Verde;Kap Verde;Zielony Przyl�dek;;;;;x
diff --git a/db/events/Africa/South Africa.txt b/db/events/Africa/South Africa.txt
index a52d5bc8a..be2e3c99d 100644
--- a/db/events/Africa/South Africa.txt	
+++ b/db/events/Africa/South Africa.txt	
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ style = 2
 trigger = { ai = no }
 
 name = EVT_17000_NAME # The Union of South Africa
-desc = EVT_17000_DESC # Formed in 1910 as a merger of the various British possessions in South Africa, the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and the Orange Free State -  the Union of South Africa is currently a parliamentary Republic having seceded from the British Empire during the crisis of 1925. The British Revolution gave the anti-British coalition of the National and Labour Parties the opportunity to break free from British influence that they had been under since the end of the 2nd Boer War (1899-1902). The first President of South Africa, James Hertzog, used the chaos to annex the neighboring British protectorates of South Rhodesia, Bechuanaland, Basotuland and Swaziland while leaving the remainder of Britain's African colonies to fall into the hands of the German Freistaat.
+desc = EVT_17000_DESC # Formed in 1910 as a merger of the various British possessions in South Africa, the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and the Orange Free State -  the Union of South Africa is currently a parliamentary Republic having seceded from the British Empire during the crisis of 1925. The British Revolution gave the anti-British coalition of the National and Labour Parties the opportunity to break free from British influence that they had been under since the end of the 2nd Boer War (1899-1902). The first President of South Africa, James Hertzog, used the chaos to annex the neighbouring British protectorates of South Rhodesia, Bechuanaland, Basotuland and Swaziland while leaving the remainder of Britain's African colonies to fall into the hands of the German Freistaat.
 picture = "Southern Africa"
 
 date = { day = 6 month = january year = 1936 }
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ command = { type = relation which = POR value = -50 }
 #trigger = { event 11018 }
 #
 #name = EVT_17014_NAME # Status of Mozambique
-#desc = EVT_17014_DESC # Portugal has agreed to sell Angola to the Germans and begun a general withdrawl from the west coast of Africa, however they retain their eastern colony - Mozambique. This could be an excellent opportunity to expand our power in the region by purchasing the Portugese territory.
+#desc = EVT_17014_DESC # Portugal has agreed to sell Angola to the Germans and begun a general withdrawal from the west coast of Africa, however they retain their eastern colony - Mozambique. This could be an excellent opportunity to expand our power in the region by purchasing the Portuguese territory.
 #picture = "Japanese-Russian Meeting"
 #
 #
@@ -2229,7 +2229,7 @@ country = SAF
 style = 2
 
 name = EVT_17072_NAME # Inauguration of the Voortrekker Monument
-desc = EVT_17072_DESC # The reenactment of the Great Trek that left Cape Town 2 weeks ago has finally arrived in Pretoria. President Hertzog addressed the crowd, saying that the Afrikaner nation must stand together to preserve its way of life and that he would never surrender the Union of South Africa to either the Briton or the native. The ceremony was an extravagent affair, with tens of thousands attending. Pretoria and Johannesburg have been gripped in a nationalist frenzy, with incidents of violence being committed against British and native residents.
+desc = EVT_17072_DESC # The reenactment of the Great Trek that left Cape Town 2 weeks ago has finally arrived in Pretoria. President Hertzog addressed the crowd, saying that the Afrikaner nation must stand together to preserve its way of life and that he would never surrender the Union of South Africa to either the Briton or the native. The ceremony was an extravagant affair, with tens of thousands attending. Pretoria and Johannesburg have been gripped in a nationalist frenzy, with incidents of violence being committed against British and native residents.
 picture = "Voortrekker Monument3"
 
 action_a = {
diff --git a/db/events/Balkans/Romania.txt b/db/events/Balkans/Romania.txt
index 881478560..b4db33f28 100644
--- a/db/events/Balkans/Romania.txt
+++ b/db/events/Balkans/Romania.txt
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ event = {
 id = 90004
 country = GER
 
-name = "The remilitarization of Oltenia"
+name = "The remilitarisation of Oltenia"
 desc = "The National Populist regime dominating Romania broke their obligations and moved their armed forces into Oltenia, despite the Bucharest treaty of 1918 forbidding them to do so."
 picture = "ReoocuOlt"
 style = 2
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ id = 90007
 country = GER
 
 name = "The Romanians have nationalised the Ploiesti oil fields!"
-desc = "After Romania's defeat in the Weltkrieg, we were promised control over the rich oilfields of Ploiesti. The current dictator, Codreanu, taking advantage of the state of our economy, has just nationalised the oilfields with much fanfare, yet didn't dare stop the oil shipments and also promised to compensate our oil companies. Opposing him at this point would likely frigthen investors even more, potentially killing any chance of stopping our current economic crisis."
+desc = "After Romania's defeat in the Weltkrieg, we were promised control over the rich oilfields of Ploiesti. The current dictator, Codreanu, taking advantage of the state of our economy, has just nationalised the oilfields with much fanfare, yet didn't dare stop the oil shipments and also promised to compensate our oil companies. Opposing him at this point would likely frighten investors even more, potentially killing any chance of stopping our current economic crisis."
 style = 2
 picture = "Industry"
 
diff --git a/db/events/China/AOG.txt b/db/events/China/AOG.txt
index ae740d879..e7b85bdc5 100644
--- a/db/events/China/AOG.txt
+++ b/db/events/China/AOG.txt
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ picture = "urbanwarfare3"
 style = 2
 
 name = "The New Head-Office"
-desc = "The former head office of the Board of Directors is now a smoldering rubble. The man who was responsible was hung but it does not solve the question of where the Board of Directors will hold their meetings."
+desc = "The former head office of the Board of Directors is now a smouldering rubble. The man who was responsible was hung but it does not solve the question of where the Board of Directors will hold their meetings."
 
 date = { day = 5 month = march year = 1936 }
 
diff --git a/db/events/Entente/Australasia.txt b/db/events/Entente/Australasia.txt
index 293e9760f..c5862e1f7 100644
--- a/db/events/Entente/Australasia.txt
+++ b/db/events/Entente/Australasia.txt
@@ -7929,7 +7929,7 @@ country = AST
 style = 2
 
 name = EVT_100604_NAME # Hume Dam finishes construction
-desc = EVT_100604_DESC # The Hume Dam, considered by many to be Australasia's most ambitious engineering project, has just finished after over 17 years of construction. As of right now, this dam is the largest in the Southern Hemisphere, costing the state governments of Victoria and New South Wales nearly 6 million dollars. The dam originated from the need for water conservation after The Federation Drought. In 1903, a royal commission was sent to the River Murray, which then recommended the construction of a dam on the Upper Murray at Cumberoona. The commission also presided over the River Murray Waters Agreement. This agreement formalized the conditions for the dam's construction and water sharing between the three states bordering the river. Construction then began in November 1919. Owing to the scale of the project, a significant amount of land was resumed. This totaled 102,850 acres across Victoria and New South Wales. Many displeased residents and landowners appealed, undertaking legal action to combat construction on their properties, lasting for nearly a decade but did not halt progress. And now that the great work is completed, farming in the Upper Murray basin enters into a new phase. The menace of drought has been removed and whole districts have been placed in a position of safety.
+desc = EVT_100604_DESC # The Hume Dam, considered by many to be Australasia's most ambitious engineering project, has just finished after over 17 years of construction. As of right now, this dam is the largest in the Southern Hemisphere, costing the state governments of Victoria and New South Wales nearly 6 million dollars. The dam originated from the need for water conservation after The Federation Drought. In 1903, a royal commission was sent to the River Murray, which then recommended the construction of a dam on the Upper Murray at Cumberoona. The commission also presided over the River Murray Waters Agreement. This agreement formalised the conditions for the dam's construction and water sharing between the three states bordering the river. Construction then began in November 1919. Owing to the scale of the project, a significant amount of land was resumed. This totaled 102,850 acres across Victoria and New South Wales. Many displeased residents and landowners appealed, undertaking legal action to combat construction on their properties, lasting for nearly a decade but did not halt progress. And now that the great work is completed, farming in the Upper Murray basin enters into a new phase. The menace of drought has been removed and whole districts have been placed in a position of safety.
 picture = "hume_dam"
 
 date = { day = 20 month = november year = 1936 }
diff --git a/db/events/Japan/Japan_Domestic.txt b/db/events/Japan/Japan_Domestic.txt
index 73f7a1ab9..e33b2a3ce 100644
--- a/db/events/Japan/Japan_Domestic.txt
+++ b/db/events/Japan/Japan_Domestic.txt
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ country = JAP
 style = 2
 
 name = EVT_252004_NAME	#Friction Within the Japanese Left
-desc = EVT_252004_DESC	#The shock of the assassination of Katayama Sen initally united the Shakai Taishuto in solidarity against the "white terror", but the unity did not last long. The party was originally structured as a coalition of various social democrat and syndicalist organisations, only united in the goal of 'socialisation of the economic structure with the proletariat at its foundation'. Before his death, Katayama had guided the party away from ideological clashes, but deprived of its leader the party was forced to face the question of its precise ideological position, and infighting soon began. Throughout the spring of 1936, national-syndicalists, called the Nichirokei (Japan-Labour Clique), adopted Totalism and vigorously expanded its membership, not only inside the party at expense of the moderate Shaminkei (Social Democratic Clique) but also outside the party, notably within the Shaminkei-controlled Nihon Rodo Sodomei (Japan General Federation of Labour). Soon an open fight between the two groups broke out. The Nichirokei accused the Sodomei of being run by 'the labour bureaucrat establishment', and in turn the Sodomei and the Shaminkei accused the Nichirokei of hijacking and turning labour organisations into their puppets. The Nichirokei's members were expelled from both the Sodomei and the Taishuto earlier this month, and the group is now operating independently.
+desc = EVT_252004_DESC	#The shock of the assassination of Katayama Sen initially united the Shakai Taishuto in solidarity against the "white terror", but the unity did not last long. The party was originally structured as a coalition of various social democrat and syndicalist organisations, only united in the goal of 'socialisation of the economic structure with the proletariat at its foundation'. Before his death, Katayama had guided the party away from ideological clashes, but deprived of its leader the party was forced to face the question of its precise ideological position, and infighting soon began. Throughout the spring of 1936, national-syndicalists, called the Nichirokei (Japan-Labour Clique), adopted Totalism and vigorously expanded its membership, not only inside the party at expense of the moderate Shaminkei (Social Democratic Clique) but also outside the party, notably within the Shaminkei-controlled Nihon Rodo Sodomei (Japan General Federation of Labour). Soon an open fight between the two groups broke out. The Nichirokei accused the Sodomei of being run by 'the labour bureaucrat establishment', and in turn the Sodomei and the Shaminkei accused the Nichirokei of hijacking and turning labour organisations into their puppets. The Nichirokei's members were expelled from both the Sodomei and the Taishuto earlier this month, and the group is now operating independently.
 picture = "Rodonominto"
 
 date = { day = 10 month = april year = 1936 }
diff --git a/db/events/Japan/Japan_ExpRus.txt b/db/events/Japan/Japan_ExpRus.txt
index 17e10c67d..0e8dd3f1f 100644
--- a/db/events/Japan/Japan_ExpRus.txt
+++ b/db/events/Japan/Japan_ExpRus.txt
@@ -4388,7 +4388,7 @@ style = 2
 picture = "Russian_tanks"
 
 name = "Defeat of Transamur"
-desc = "Kolchak realized that further resistance of his pseudo-state against us is hopeless. He was left no other choice, but to sign unconditional surrender of his rebellious state."
+desc = "Kolchak realised that further resistance of his pseudo-state against us is hopeless. He was left no other choice, but to sign unconditional surrender of his rebellious state."
 
 action_a = {
 ai_chance = 5
@@ -4511,7 +4511,7 @@ offset = 5
 deathdate = { day = 29 month = december year = 1963 }
 
 name = "Fading Sun"
-desc = "We have lost the control of our continental provinces. Now our homeland is directly threatend. Maybe we could appease the Russians with offering Korea, Port Arthur, Sachalin and Kuril Islands."
+desc = "We have lost the control of our continental provinces. Now our homeland is directly threatened. Maybe we could appease the Russians with offering Korea, Port Arthur, Sachalin and Kuril Islands."
 
 action_a = {
 ai_chance = 95
@@ -4574,7 +4574,7 @@ style = 2
 picture = "japsun"
 
 name = "Second Treaty of Port Arthur"
-desc = "Now it is time to fulfill our conditions."
+desc = "Now it is time to fulfil our conditions."
 
 action_a = {
 name = "Transfer territories"
diff --git a/db/events/Mitteleuropa/AUSGLEICH.txt b/db/events/Mitteleuropa/AUSGLEICH.txt
index 05fa604cd..1deb11c5e 100644
--- a/db/events/Mitteleuropa/AUSGLEICH.txt
+++ b/db/events/Mitteleuropa/AUSGLEICH.txt
@@ -9795,7 +9795,7 @@ country = U24
 style = 2
 
 name = "Germans propose a non-aggression pact"
-desc = "German government is probably too proud or too stupid to accept our offert, but they want to sign a non-aggression pact. What we will tell them?"
+desc = "German government is probably too proud or too stupid to accept our offer, but they want to sign a non-aggression pact. What we will tell them?"
 picture = "diplomatic_campaign"
 
 action_a = {
@@ -9819,7 +9819,7 @@ country = U25
 style = 2
 
 name = "Germans propose a non-aggression pact"
-desc = "German government is probably too proud or too stupid to accept our offert, but they want to sign a non-aggression pact. What we will tell them?"
+desc = "German government is probably too proud or too stupid to accept our offer, but they want to sign a non-aggression pact. What we will tell them?"
 picture = "diplomatic_campaign"
 
 action_a = {
diff --git a/db/events/Neutral Europe/Iceland.txt b/db/events/Neutral Europe/Iceland.txt
index 8bd2f6147..2d65a714a 100644
--- a/db/events/Neutral Europe/Iceland.txt	
+++ b/db/events/Neutral Europe/Iceland.txt	
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ random = no
 country = CAN
 
 name = "The Icelandic Government Falls"
-desc = "With our troops off the island there was nothing to stop the protestors. They have taken the island and are forming a socialist government."
+desc = "With our troops off the island there was nothing to stop the protesters. They have taken the island and are forming a socialist government."
 style = 2
 picture = "FORA"
 
@@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@ event = 380029
 }
 
 name = "Canadian Forces Fail"
-desc = "Government of Iceland has been defeated by protesters supported by parts of the Union forces despite our continuous support and are being forced to retreat. We must either avenge this humiliation or helplesly watch as another country fall to syndicalist scum."
+desc = "Government of Iceland has been defeated by protesters supported by parts of the Union forces despite our continuous support and are being forced to retreat. We must either avenge this humiliation or helplessly watch as another country falls to syndicalist scum."
 style = 2
 picture = "urbanwarfare5"
 
diff --git a/db/events/Russia/Soviet Domestic Policy.txt b/db/events/Russia/Soviet Domestic Policy.txt
index 4bfa25016..e73206d4a 100644
--- a/db/events/Russia/Soviet Domestic Policy.txt	
+++ b/db/events/Russia/Soviet Domestic Policy.txt	
@@ -1928,7 +1928,7 @@ NOT = { ispuppet = SOV }
 }
 
 name = "XII congress of VKP(B)"
-desc = "SOVNARKOM has announced that the XII congress of the VKP(b) will take place in 1948. Our party doesn`t have a real leader so the VKP(b) has split into 2 factions. Each of them has plans on how to reform the existing political and economic system of the Soviet Union."
+desc = "SOVNARKOM has announced that the XII congress of the VKP(b) will take place in 1948. Our party doesn't have a real leader so the VKP(b) has split into 2 factions. Each of them has plans on how to reform the existing political and economic system of the Soviet Union."
 style = 2
 picture = "SOV48"
 
@@ -1981,7 +1981,7 @@ NOT = { ispuppet = SOV }
 }
 
 name = "The fraction of New-leninism"
-desc = "Since the birth of the Soviet Union the VKP(b) hasn`t changed its political program. Leonid Brezhnev wants to enact minor economical changes and transfer parts of federal power from the centre to the individual Soviet republics. Will he succeed?"
+desc = "Since the birth of the Soviet Union the VKP(b) hasn't changed its political program. Leonid Brezhnev wants to enact minor economical changes and transfer parts of federal power from the centre to the individual Soviet republics. Will he succeed?"
 style = 2
 picture = "SOV48"