This project implements a Vending Machine Controller using Verilog HDL, designed to operate in both configuration and operational modes. The controller supports up to 1024 items and accepts currency denominations up to ₹100, making it scalable and suitable for real-world embedded vending applications.
This image explains the block diagram of vending machine
- ✅ FSM-Based Control: Finite State Machine manages reset, configuration, and operation modes.
- 🛠️ APB Interface: Supports configuration via APB protocol (using a 10 MHz clock).
- 🕒 Clock Domain Crossing (CDC): Safely handles asynchronous currency inputs across clock domains.
- 💵 Smart Currency Logic: Validates currency and dispenses items or returns appropriate change.
- 📊 Register Mapping: Each item stores price, available stock, and number of items dispensed.
- 📈 Scalable Design: Parametrized for up to 1024 items and ₹100 denominations.
- 🔍 Synthesizable RTL: Fully synthesizable and simulation-ready in Vivado or ModelSim.
vending_machine.v: Main controller integrating FSM, APB interface, and operation logic.testbench.v: Verification module for simulating different scenarios.- Optional helper modules (e.g., FSM, currency_decoder) can be added as needed.
- Vivado – for synthesis and behavioral simulation
The vending machine controller was rigorously validated through 7 test cases covering normal operation and error scenarios. Simulation waveforms confirm correct functionality. shows successful transactions (Items 2-5) with proper change calculation, while next wave demonstrates error handling for invalid inputs (Tests 1,4,6,7). All tests passed with 100% coverage - the design correctly processes valid transactions (updating inventory counts as shown in output), rejects invalid currency/items, and maintains financial integrity across 10KHz-50MHz input speeds. Waveform analysis proves the controller meets all timing constraints, with consistent sub-10-cycle latency from currency input to dispense/output as visible in the timing diagrams.
TEST CASES
This design can be used for:
- FPGA-based vending systems
- Educational labs on digital design and embedded systems
- RTL-level prototyping of real-time controllers
- Designed with industry-level structure
- Implements real-time event handling and change-return mechanism
- Ensures glitch-free operation across different clock domains
The vending machine controller project was successfully implemented. The design achieved efficient real-time dispensing, correct management of item stock and change, and safe handling of asynchronous currency inputs. By providing a flexible configuration mode and robust FSM design, the controller is ready for integration into real-world vending machine systems, meeting the design and performance criteria specified.