review.bib

@book{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate,
	title = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}},
	url = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide},
	author = {{Center for History and New Media}},
	annote = {Welcome to Zotero!View the Quick Start Guide to learn how to begin collecting, managing, citing, and sharing your research sources.Thanks for installing Zotero.}
}

@article{sullivan_dynamics_2009,
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	year = {2009}
}

@article{aiki_thickness-weighted_2012,
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	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
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	year = {2012},
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}

@article{risien_global_2008,
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	language = {en},
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	urldate = {2015-10-11},
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}

@article{chelton_coupled_2010,
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	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	author = {Chelton, Dudley and Xie, Shang-Ping},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {52--69}
}

@article{zikanov_large-eddy_2003,
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	doi = {10.1017/S0022112003006244},
	urldate = {2015-08-22},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Zikanov, Oleg and Slinn, Donald N. and Dhanak, Manhar R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {343--368}
}

@article{wenegrat_wind_2016,
	title = {Wind, {Waves}, and {Fronts}: {Frictional} {Effects} in a {Generalized} {Ekman} {Model}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Wind, {Waves}, and {Fronts}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0162.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0162.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2016-04-04},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Wenegrat, Jacob O. and McPhaden, Michael J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {371--394}
}

@article{huang_derivation_1971,
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	volume = {18},
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	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/001174717190115X},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(71)90115-X},
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	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	author = {Huang, Norden E.},
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	year = {1971},
	pages = {255--259}
}

@article{thompson_ekman_2000,
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	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/1999JC900336},
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	language = {en},
	number = {C3},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
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}

@book{bluman_symmetries_1996,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {Corr. 2nd print},
	series = {Applied mathematical sciences},
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	number = {v. 81},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Bluman, George W. and Kumei, Sukeyuki},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Differential equations, Lie groups, Numerical solutions, Partial}
}

@article{clayson_sensitivity_2002,
	title = {Sensitivity of a {Coupled} {Single}-{Column} {Model} in the {Tropics} to {Treatment} of the {Interfacial} {Parameterizations}},
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	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
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	doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1805:SOACSC>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Clayson, Carol Anne and Chen, Aidong},
	month = jul,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1805--1831}
}

@article{cronin_near-surface_2009,
	title = {Near-{Surface} {Shear} {Flow} in the {Tropical} {Pacific} {Cold} {Tongue} {Front}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2008JPO4064.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2008JPO4064.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Cronin, Meghan F. and Kessler, William S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1200--1215}
}

@article{large_oceanic_1994,
	title = {Oceanic vertical mixing: {A} review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization},
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	issn = {8755-1209},
	shorttitle = {Oceanic vertical mixing},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/94RG01872},
	doi = {10.1029/94RG01872},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
	author = {Large, W. G. and McWilliams, J. C. and Doney, S. C.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {363}
}

@article{grisogono_generalized_1995,
	title = {A generalized {Ekman} layer profile with gradually varying eddy diffusivities},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {00359009, 1477870X},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/qj.49712152211},
	doi = {10.1002/qj.49712152211},
	language = {en},
	number = {522},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	author = {Grisogono, Branko},
	month = jan,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {445--453}
}

@article{hebert_role_1991,
	title = {The role of the turbulent stress divergence in the equatorial {Pacific} zonal momentum balance},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/91JC00271},
	language = {en},
	number = {C4},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Hebert, D. and Moum, J. N. and Paulson, C. A. and Caldwell, D. R. and Chereskin, T. K. and McPhaden, M. J.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {7127}
}

@article{corless_lambert_1996,
	title = {On the {Lambert} {W} function},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1019-7168, 1572-9044},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02124750},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02124750},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-10-15},
	journal = {Advances in Computational Mathematics},
	author = {Corless, R. M. and Gonnet, G. H. and Hare, D. E. G. and Jeffrey, D. J. and Knuth, D. E.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {329--359}
}

@article{roach_detecting_2015,
	title = {Detecting and {Characterizing} {Ekman} {Currents} in the {Southern} {Ocean}},
	volume = {45},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0115.1},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Roach, Christopher J. and Phillips, Helen E. and Bindoff, Nathaniel L. and Rintoul, Stephen R.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1205--1223}
}

@book{stull_introduction_1950,
	title = {An introduction to boundary layer meteorology},
	volume = {13},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BK8P9rl-CB4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=an+introduction+to+boundary+layer+meteorology&ots=ochs9CzkeJ&sig=optDyVadKkal9-tdWsZbO2CXAuI},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media},
	author = {Stull, Roland B.},
	year = {1950}
}

@phdthesis{hummels_variability_2012,
	address = {Kiel, Germany},
	type = {{PhD} {Thesis}},
	title = {On the variability of turbulent mixing within the upper layers of the {Atlantic} cold tongue region},
	school = {Universittsbibliothek Kiel},
	author = {Hummels, Rebecca},
	year = {2012}
}

@article{molemaker_submesoscale_2015,
	title = {Submesoscale {Instability} and {Generation} of {Mesoscale} {Anticyclones} near a {Separation} of the {California} {Undercurrent}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0225.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-13-0225.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Molemaker, M. Jeroen and McWilliams, James C. and Dewar, William K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {613--629}
}

@article{schmidtko_mimoc:_2013,
	title = {{MIMOC}: {A} global monthly isopycnal upper-ocean climatology with mixed layers: {MIMOC}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {21699275},
	shorttitle = {{MIMOC}},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrc.20122},
	doi = {10.1002/jgrc.20122},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-08-19},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Schmidtko, Sunke and Johnson, Gregory C. and Lyman, John M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1658--1672}
}

@article{miles_analytical_1994,
	title = {Analytical solutions for the {Ekman} layer},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0006-8314, 1573-1472},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00705505},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00705505},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Miles, John},
	month = jan,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1--10}
}

@article{obrien_note_1970,
	title = {A {Note} on the {Vertical} {Structure} of the {Eddy} {Exchange} {Coefficient} in the {Planetary} {Boundary} {Layer}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281970%29027%3C1213%3AANOTVS%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1970)027<1213:ANOTVS>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-10-07},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {O'Brien, James J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1970},
	pages = {1213--1215}
}

@article{mcwilliams_oceanic_2013,
	title = {Oceanic wave-balanced surface fronts and filaments},
	volume = {730},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022112013003480},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2013.348},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2015-10-06},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {McWilliams, James C. and Fox-Kemper, Baylor},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {464--490}
}

@article{mcwilliams_langmuir_1997,
	title = {Langmuir turbulence in the ocean},
	volume = {334},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {McWilliams, James C. and Sullivan, Peter P. and Moeng, Chin-Hoh},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1--30}
}

@article{gula_submesoscale_2014,
	title = {Submesoscale {Cold} {Filaments} in the {Gulf} {Stream}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0029.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-14-0029.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Gula, Jonathan and Molemaker, M. Jeroen and McWilliams, James C.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {2617--2643}
}

@article{cronin_diurnal_1999,
	title = {Diurnal cycle of rainfall and surface salinity in the {Western} {Pacific} {Warm} {Pool}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {00948276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/1999GL010504},
	doi = {10.1029/1999GL010504},
	language = {en},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Cronin, Meghan F. and McPhaden, Michael J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {3465--3468}
}

@book{vallis_atmospheric_2006,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Atmospheric and oceanic fluid dynamics: fundamentals and large-scale circulation},
	isbn = {978-0-521-84969-2},
	shorttitle = {Atmospheric and oceanic fluid dynamics},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Vallis, Geoffrey K.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Fluid dynamics, Ocean-atmosphere interaction},
	annote = {OCLC: ocm70671784}
}

@article{mooers_technique_1973,
	title = {A technique for the cross spectrum analysis of pairs of complex-valued time series, with emphasis on properties of polarized components and rotational invariants},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {00117471},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0011747173900272},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(73)90027-2},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2016-04-04},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	author = {Mooers, Christopher N.K.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1973},
	pages = {1129--1141}
}

@article{stuart-menteth_global_2003,
	title = {A global study of diurnal warming using satellite-derived sea surface temperature},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2002JC001534},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JC001534},
	language = {en},
	number = {C5},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Stuart-Menteth, Alice C.},
	year = {2003}
}

@article{stommel_wind-drift_1960,
	title = {Wind-drift near the equator},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {01466313},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0146631359900887},
	doi = {10.1016/0146-6313(59)90088-7},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research (1953)},
	author = {Stommel, Henry},
	year = {1960},
	pages = {298--302}
}

@article{thorpe_marginal_2009,
	title = {Marginal {Instability}?},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2009JPO4153.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2009JPO4153.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Thorpe, S. A. and Liu, Zhiyu},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2373--2381}
}

@article{dewey_enhancement_1990,
	title = {Enhancement of fronts by vertical mixing},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC095iC06p09433},
	doi = {10.1029/JC095iC06p09433},
	language = {en},
	number = {C6},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Dewey, Richard K. and Moum, James N.},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {9433}
}

@article{pawlowicz_classical_2002,
	title = {Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in {MATLAB} using {T}\_TIDE},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {00983004},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0098300402000134},
	doi = {10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00013-4},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Computers \& Geosciences},
	author = {Pawlowicz, Rich and Beardsley, Bob and Lentz, Steve},
	month = oct,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {929--937}
}

@article{fairall_bulk_2003,
	title = {Bulk {Parameterization} of {Air}{\textendash}{Sea} {Fluxes}: {Updates} and {Verification} for the {COARE} {Algorithm}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	shorttitle = {Bulk {Parameterization} of {Air}{\textendash}{Sea} {Fluxes}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442%282003%29016%3C0571%3ABPOASF%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Fairall, C. W. and Bradley, E. F. and Hare, J. E. and Grachev, A. A. and Edson, J. B.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {571--591}
}

@book{wilcox_fundamentals_2010,
	title = {Fundamentals of modern statistical methods: {Substantially} improving power and accuracy},
	shorttitle = {Fundamentals of modern statistical methods},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uUNGzhdxk0kC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Fundamentals+of+Modern+Statistical+Methods:+Substantially+Improving+Power+and+Accuracy&ots=ZTkXEghIhG&sig=_U7NFBIp4L55WW40VXRn73PFahc},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media},
	author = {Wilcox, Rand R.},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{tan_approximate_2001,
	title = {An {Approximate} {Analytical} {Solution} {For} {The} {Baroclinic} {And} {Variable} {Eddy} {Diffusivity} {Semi}-{Geostrophic} {Ekman} {Boundary} {Layer}},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {0006-8314, 1573-1472},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1018708726112},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1018708726112},
	abstract = {The WKB method has been used to develop an approximate solutionof the semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary layer with height-dependenteddy viscosity and a baroclinic pressure field. The approximate solutionretains the same simple form as the classical Ekman solution. Behavioursof the approximate solution are discussed for different eddy viscosityand the pressure systems. These features show that wind structure inthe semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary layer depends on the interactionbetween the inertial acceleration, variable eddy viscosity and baroclinicpressure gradient. Anticyclonic shear has an acceleration effect on theair motion in the boundary layer, while cyclonic shear has a decelerationeffect. Decreasing pressure gradient with height results in a super-geostrophicpeak in the wind speed profile, however the increasing pressure gradient withheight may remove the peak. Anticyclonic shear and decreasing the variableeddy viscosity with height has an enhanced effect on the peak. Variable eddy viscosity and inertial acceleration has an important role in thedivergence and vorticity in the boundary layer and the vertical motion at the top of the boundary layer that is called Ekman pumping. Compared to the constanteddy viscosity case, the variable eddy diffusivity reduces the absolute value ofEkman pumping, especially in the case of eddy viscosity initially increasing with height. The difference in the Ekman pumping produced by different eddy diffusivity assumptions is intensified in anticyclonic flow and reduced in cyclonic flow.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Tan, Zhe-Min},
	month = mar,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Baroclinity, Boundary-layer wind, Ekman pumping, emi-geostrophic dynamics, Meteorology/Climatology, Variable eddy viscosity},
	pages = {361--385}
}

@article{chu_ekman_2015,
	title = {Ekman {Spiral} in a {Horizontally} {Inhomogeneous} {Ocean} with {Varying} {Eddy} {Viscosity}},
	issn = {0033-4553, 1420-9136},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00024-015-1063-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s00024-015-1063-4},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2015-08-24},
	journal = {Pure and Applied Geophysics},
	author = {Chu, Peter C.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015}
}

@article{kawai_diurnal_2007,
	title = {Diurnal sea surface temperature variation and its impact on the atmosphere and ocean: {A} review},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0916-8370, 1573-868X},
	shorttitle = {Diurnal sea surface temperature variation and its impact on the atmosphere and ocean},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10872-007-0063-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s10872-007-0063-0},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-11-07},
	journal = {Journal of Oceanography},
	author = {Kawai, Yoshimi and Wada, Akiyoshi},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {721--744}
}

@article{wijffels_direct_1994,
	title = {Direct {Observations} of the {Ekman} {Balance} at 10{\textdegree}{N} in the {Pacific}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281994%29024%3C1666%3ADOOTEB%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1666:DOOTEB>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Wijffels, Susan and Firing, Eric and Bryden, Harry},
	month = jul,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1666--1679}
}

@article{chereskin_direct_1995,
	title = {Direct evidence for an {Ekman} balance in the {California} {Current}},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/95JC02182},
	doi = {10.1029/95JC02182},
	language = {en},
	number = {C9},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Chereskin, T. K.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {18261}
}

@article{caldwell_laboratory_1972,
	title = {A laboratory study of the turbulent {Ekman} layer},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {0016-7991},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03091927208236078},
	doi = {10.1080/03091927208236078},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Geophysical Fluid Dynamics},
	author = {Caldwell, D. R. and Van Atta, C. W. and Helland, K. N.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1972},
	pages = {125--160}
}

@article{foltz_abrupt_2010,
	title = {Abrupt equatorial wave-induced cooling of the {Atlantic} cold tongue in 2009},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {00948276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2010GL045522},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GL045522},
	language = {en},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Foltz, Gregory R. and McPhaden, Michael J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {n/a--n/a}
}

@article{schneider_sensitivity_1994,
	title = {Sensitivity of the {Surface} {Equatorial} {Ocean} to the {Parameterization} of {Vertical} {Mixing}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1623:SOTSEO>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Schneider, Niklas and M{\"u}ller, Peter},
	month = jul,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1623--1640}
}

@article{bunin_[influence_1975,
	title = {[{The} influence of isoglaucon on the hydrodynamics and haemodynamics of the eye (author's transl)]},
	volume = {167},
	issn = {0023-2165},
	abstract = {By animal experiments and clinically we could prove that isoglaucon instillation caused the decrease in IOP due to both increase in outflow and reduction of humor secretion; the IOP decrease and changes in hydrodynamics being manifested more markedly in the fellow-eye. As reoophthalmography demonstrated "Isoglaucon" produced lumen narrowing in the anterior portion of the uveal tract. "Isoglaucon" was prescribed to 20 patients having open-angle-glaucoma, Two hours after instillation the 23 decreased in 26 eyes (of 28) by 9.3 +/- 1.0 mm Hg. When prescribed regularly "Isoglaucon" raised the outflow facility coefficient from 0.10 +/- 0.01 to 0.20 +/-0.02. The secretion decreased from 2.0 +/- 0.2 to 0.9 +/- 0.15. Thus, IOP decrease after "Isoglaucon" is accounted for by both improved outflow and reduction of aqueous humor secretion. The "isoglucon" instillation produced a rather moderate decrease in the total arterial pressure, though no expected parallelism in arterial and intraocular pressure was marked.},
	language = {ger},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Klinische Monatsbl{\"a}tter F{\"u}r Augenheilkunde},
	author = {Bunin, A. J. and Jakovlev, A. A. and Jermakova, V. N. and Konde, L. A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1975},
	pmid = {1573},
	keywords = {Animals, Aqueous Humor, Blood Pressure, Clonidine, Glaucoma, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Intraocular Pressure, Ophthalmic Artery, Ophthalmic Solutions, Rabbits},
	pages = {542--549}
}

@article{schudlich_observations_1998,
	title = {Observations of {Seasonal} {Variation} in the {Ekman} {Layer}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281998%29028%3C1187%3AOOSVIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1187:OOSVIT>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Schudlich, Rebecca R. and Price, James F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1187--1204}
}

@article{fairall_bulk_2003-1,
	title = {Bulk {Parameterization} of {Air}{\textendash}{Sea} {Fluxes}: {Updates} and {Verification} for the {COARE} {Algorithm}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	shorttitle = {Bulk {Parameterization} of {Air}{\textendash}{Sea} {Fluxes}},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Fairall, C. W. and Bradley, E. F. and Hare, J. E. and Grachev, A. A. and Edson, J. B.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {571--591}
}

@book{temme_special_1996,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Special functions: an introduction to the classical functions of mathematical physics},
	isbn = {978-0-471-11313-3},
	shorttitle = {Special functions},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Temme, Nico M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Boundary value problems, Functions, Mathematical physics, Special}
}

@article{foltz_seasonal_2003,
	title = {Seasonal mixed layer heat budget of the tropical {Atlantic} {Ocean}},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2002JC001584},
	doi = {10.1029/2002JC001584},
	language = {en},
	number = {C5},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Foltz, Gregory R.},
	year = {2003}
}

@article{smyth_local_1996,
	title = {Local ocean response to a multiphase westerly wind burst: 1. {Dynamic} response},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	shorttitle = {Local ocean response to a multiphase westerly wind burst},
	doi = {10.1029/96JC02005},
	language = {en},
	number = {C10},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Smyth, W. D. and Hebert, D. and Moum, J. N.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {22495}
}

@book{noauthor_notitle_nodate,
	url = {about:blank},
	urldate = {2016-07-02}
}

@article{brainerd_surface_1995,
	title = {Surface mixed and mixing layer depths},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {09670637},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/096706379500068H},
	doi = {10.1016/0967-0637(95)00068-H},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	author = {Brainerd, Keith E. and Gregg, Michael C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {1521--1543}
}

@article{pollard_vorticity_1992,
	title = {Vorticity and {Vertical} {Circulation} at an {Ocean} {Front}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281992%29022%3C0609%3AVAVCAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1992)022<0609:VAVCAA>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Pollard, R. T. and Regier, L. A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {609--625}
}

@article{thomas_destruction_2005,
	title = {Destruction of {Potential} {Vorticity} by {Winds}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO2830.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO2830.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Thomas, Leif N.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2457--2466}
}

@book{gill_atmosphere-ocean_1982,
	address = {New York},
	series = {International geophysics series},
	title = {Atmosphere-ocean dynamics},
	isbn = {978-0-12-283522-3},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Gill, Adrian E.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {Ocean-atmosphere interaction}
}

@article{berger_baroclinic_1998,
	title = {The baroclinic, variable eddy viscosity {Ekman} layer},
	volume = {87},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1001076030166},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Berger, Bradford W. and Grisogono, Branko},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {363--380}
}

@book{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate-1,
	title = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}},
	url = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide},
	author = {{Center for History and New Media}}
}

@article{donlon_operational_2012,
	series = {Advanced {Along} {Track} {Scanning} {Radiometer}({AATSR}) {Special} {Issue}},
	title = {The {Operational} {Sea} {Surface} {Temperature} and {Sea} {Ice} {Analysis} ({OSTIA}) system},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0034-4257},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425711002197},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2010.10.017},
	abstract = {This paper describes a new Sea surface temperature (SST) analysis that is produced with global coverage on a daily basis at the Met Office called the Operational SST and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) system. OSTIA uses satellite SST data provided by international agencies via the Group for High Resolution SST (GHRSST) Regional/Global Task Sharing (R/GTS) framework. GHRSST products include data from microwave and infrared satellite instruments with accompanying uncertainty estimates. The system also uses in situ SST data available over the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) and a sea-ice concentration product from the EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Applications Facility (OSI-SAF). The SST analysis is a multi-scale optimal interpolation that is designed for applications in numerical weather prediction and ocean forecasting systems. The background error covariance matrix is specified using ocean model data and the analysis uses correlation length scales of 10 km and 100 km. The OSTIA system produces a foundation SST estimate (SSTfnd, which is the SST free of diurnal variability) at an output grid resolution of 1/20{\textdegree} ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextasciitilde 6 km) although the smallest analysis feature resolution is based on the correlation length scale of 10 km. All satellite SST data are adjusted for bias errors based on a combination of ENVISAT Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) SST data and in situ SST measurements from drifting buoys. Data are filtered (based on surface wind speed data) to remove diurnal variability and AATSR data are adjusted to represent the SST at the same depth as drifting buoy measurements (0.2{\textendash}1 m) before bias adjustments are made. Global coverage outputs are provided each day in GHRSST L4 netCDF format. A variety of secondary products are also provided including weekly and monthly mean data sets. OSTIA products are continuously monitored and validation/verification activities demonstrate that SST products have zero mean bias and an accuracy of {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextasciitilde 0.57 K compared to in situ measurements. OSTIA is now used operationally as a boundary condition for all weather forecast models at the Met Office and at European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF). OSTIA is produced by the Met Office as part of the European Union Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) MyOcean project.},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	author = {Donlon, Craig J. and Martin, Matthew and Stark, John and Roberts-Jones, Jonah and Fiedler, Emma and Wimmer, Werenfrid},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Sea ice, Sea surface temperature, SST},
	pages = {140--158}
}

@article{thomas_intensification_2005,
	title = {Intensification of {Ocean} {Fronts} by {Down}-{Front} {Winds}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO2737.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO2737.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Thomas, Leif N. and Lee, Craig M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1086--1102}
}

@article{stern_interaction_1965,
	title = {Interaction of a uniform wind stress with a geostrophic vortex},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {00117471},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0011747165900070},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(65)90007-0},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	author = {Stern, Melvin E.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1965},
	pages = {355--367}
}

@incollection{boyer_world_2013,
	address = {Silver Spring, MD},
	title = {World {Ocean} {Database} 2013},
	booktitle = {{NOAA} {Atlas} {NESDIS} 72},
	publisher = {National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration},
	author = {Boyer, T.P.},
	year = {2013}
}

@article{polton_role_2005,
	title = {The role of wave-induced {Coriolis}-{Stokes} forcing on the wind-driven mixed layer},
	volume = {35},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO2701.1},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Polton, Jeff A. and Lewis, David M. and Belcher, Stephen E.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {444--457}
}

@article{schmidtko_mimoc:_2013-1,
	title = {{MIMOC}: {A} global monthly isopycnal upper-ocean climatology with mixed layers: {MIMOC}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {21699275},
	shorttitle = {{MIMOC}},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrc.20122},
	doi = {10.1002/jgrc.20122},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Schmidtko, Sunke and Johnson, Gregory C. and Lyman, John M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1658--1672}
}

@article{smyth_diurnal_2013,
	title = {Diurnal {Shear} {Instability}, the {Descent} of the {Surface} {Shear} {Layer}, and the {Deep} {Cycle} of {Equatorial} {Turbulence}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-13-089.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-13-089.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Smyth, W. D. and Moum, J. N. and Li, L. and Thorpe, S. A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2432--2455}
}

@article{danabasoglu_diurnal_2006,
	title = {Diurnal {Coupling} in the {Tropical} {Oceans} of {CCSM3}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI3739.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI3739.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Danabasoglu, Gokhan and Large, William G. and Tribbia, Joseph J. and Gent, Peter R. and Briegleb, Bruce P. and McWilliams, James C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2347--2365}
}

@article{cribari-neto_asymptotic_2004,
	title = {Asymptotic inference under heteroskedasticity of unknown form},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {01679473},
	doi = {10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00366-3},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Computational Statistics \& Data Analysis},
	author = {Cribari-Neto, Francisco},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {215--233}
}

@article{schmoldt_digitoxin_1975,
	title = {Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0006-2952},
	language = {eng},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Biochemical Pharmacology},
	author = {Schmoldt, A. and Benthe, H. F. and Haberland, G.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1975},
	pmid = {10},
	keywords = {Animals, Chromatography, Digitoxigenin, Digitoxin, Hydroxylation, In Vitro Techniques, Liver, Male, Microsomes, NADP, Rats, Thin Layer, Time Factors},
	pages = {1639--1641}
}

@article{pollard_interpretation_1973,
	title = {Interpretation of near-surface current meter observations},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {00117471},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0011747173900156},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(73)90015-6},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	author = {Pollard, Raymond},
	month = mar,
	year = {1973},
	pages = {261--268}
}

@article{bernie_impact_2007,
	title = {Impact of resolving the diurnal cycle in an ocean{\textendash}atmosphere {GCM}. {Part} 1: a diurnally forced {OGCM}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894},
	shorttitle = {Impact of resolving the diurnal cycle in an ocean{\textendash}atmosphere {GCM}. {Part} 1},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-007-0249-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s00382-007-0249-6},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	author = {Bernie, D. J. and Guilyardi, E. and Madec, G. and Slingo, J. M. and Woolnough, S. J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {575--590}
}

@book{bender_advanced_1978,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Advanced mathematical methods for scientists and engineers},
	isbn = {978-0-387-98931-0},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Bender, Carl M. and Orszag, Steven A.},
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {Differential equations, Numerical solutions, Difference equations, Engineering mathematics, Mathematics, Science}
}

@article{polton_can_2013,
	title = {Can {Drake} {Passage} {Observations} {Match} {Ekman}'s {Classic} {Theory}?},
	volume = {43},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-13-034.1},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Polton, Jeff A. and Lenn, Yueng-Djern and Elipot, Shane and Chereskin, Teresa K. and Sprintall, Janet},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1733--1740}
}

@article{sheih_theoretical_1972,
	title = {A {Theoretical} {Study} of the {Diurnal} {Wind} {Variations} in the {Planetary} {Boundary} {Layer}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281972%29029%3C0995%3AATSOTD%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0995:ATSOTD>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-11-07},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Sheih, C. M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1972},
	pages = {995--998}
}

@inproceedings{thomas_dynamical_2007,
	title = {Dynamical constraints on the extreme low values of the potential vorticity in the ocean},
	url = {https://pangea.stanford.edu/ leift/Thomas_Aha_2007.pdf},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	booktitle = {Proc. 15th {\textquoteleft}{Aha} {Huliko} {\textquoteleft}a {Hawaiian} {Winter} {Workshop}},
	author = {Thomas, L. N.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {117--124}
}

@article{kunze_observations_1990,
	title = {Observations of shear and vertical stability from a neutrally buoyant float},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC095iC10p18127},
	doi = {10.1029/JC095iC10p18127},
	language = {en},
	number = {C10},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Kunze, Eric and Williams, A. J. and Briscoe, Melbourne G.},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {18127}
}

@article{rascle_drift_2009,
	title = {Drift and mixing under the ocean surface revisited: {Stratified} conditions and model-data comparisons},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	shorttitle = {Drift and mixing under the ocean surface revisited},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007JC004466},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JC004466},
	language = {en},
	number = {C2},
	urldate = {2015-08-20},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Rascle, Nicolas and Ardhuin, Fabrice},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009}
}

@article{chow_studies_1975,
	title = {Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0006-291X},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications},
	author = {Chow, Y. W. and Pietranico, R. and Mukerji, A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1975},
	pmid = {6},
	keywords = {Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mathematics, Binding Sites, Cobalt, Hemoglobins, Iron, Ligands, Oxygen, Oxyhemoglobins, Protein Binding, Spectrum Analysis},
	pages = {1424--1431}
}

@book{soloviev_near-surface_2014,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	edition = {2nd},
	series = {Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library},
	title = {The near-surface layer of the ocean: structure, dynamics and applications},
	volume = {48},
	isbn = {978-94-007-7621-0 978-94-007-7620-3},
	shorttitle = {The near-surface layer of the ocean},
	abstract = {The rationale for publishing a second edition of this monograph is that this area of research continues to show remarkable advancement. The new generation of synthetic aperture radar satellites provided unprecedented spatial resolution of the sea surface features. In addition, satellites to measure sea surface salinity have been launched. Computational fluid dynamic models open new opportunities in understanding the processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean and their visibility from space. Passive acoustic methods for monitoring short surface waves have significantly progressed. Estimation of the errors in satellite measurements of long-term global sea surface temperature trends due to processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean has become important for climate research. Due to growing applications of the results, it is anticipated that more students are going to be trained in this area of research. Therefore this second edition of the monograph is closer to a textbook format},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Soloviev, Alexander and Lukas, Roger},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Ocean-atmosphere interaction, Chemical oceanography, Electronic books, Hydrodynamics, Ocean temperature, Ocean waves}
}

@article{csanady_evolution_1980,
	title = {The evolution of a turbulent {Ekman} layer},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC085iC03p01537},
	doi = {10.1029/JC085iC03p01537},
	language = {en},
	number = {C3},
	urldate = {2015-11-07},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Csanady, G. T. and Shaw, P. T.},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1537}
}

@article{lenn_observations_2009,
	title = {Observations of {Ekman} {Currents} in the {Southern} {Ocean}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2008JPO3943.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2008JPO3943.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-01-10},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Lenn, Yueng-Djern and Chereskin, Teresa K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {768--779}
}

@article{gonella_rotary-component_1972,
	title = {A rotary-component method for analysing meteorological and oceanographic vector time series},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {00117471},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0011747172900022},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(72)90002-2},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2015-11-07},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	author = {Gonella, Joseph},
	month = dec,
	year = {1972},
	pages = {833--846}
}

@article{korelitz_responses_1975,
	title = {Responses to drug therapy in ulcerative colitis. {Evaluation} by rectal biopsy and histopathological changes},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0002-9270},
	abstract = {To evaluate responses to medical therapy in ulcerative colitis, rectal biopsies of patients with active untreated disease, individuals with positive and negative sigmoidoscopic findings treated with salicylazosulfapyridine, prednisone and 6-mercaptopurine, alone and in combinations and noncolitis controls were compared histologically. Predominant histological observations were analyzed statistically. There were fewer crypt abscesses but more mucosal edema after all forms of therapy. Quantitative histopathological analysis failed to demonstrate that the response to one drug was significantly different from another.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {The American Journal of Gastroenterology},
	author = {Korelitz, B. I. and Sommers, S. C.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1975},
	pmid = {2008},
	keywords = {Humans, 6-Mercaptopurine, Biopsy, Clinical Trials as Topic, Colitis, Combination, Drug Evaluation, Drug Therapy, Intestinal Mucosa, Prednisone, Rectum, Remission, Sigmoidoscopy, Spontaneous, Sulfasalazine, Ulcerative},
	pages = {365--370}
}

@article{large_validation_1999,
	title = {Validation of {Vertical} {Mixing} in an {Equatorial} {Ocean} {Model} {Using} {Large} {Eddy} {Simulations} and {Observations}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281999%29029%3C0449%3AVOVMIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0449:VOVMIA>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-11-07},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Large, William G. and Gent, Peter R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {449--464}
}

@article{zebiak_air-sea_1993,
	title = {Air-{Sea} {Interaction} in the {Equatorial} {Atlantic} {Region}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442%281993%29006%3C1567%3AAIITEA%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1567:AIITEA>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Zebiak, Stephen E.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1567--1586}
}

@article{mcphaden_continuously_1981,
	title = {Continuously {Stratified} {Models} of the {Steady}-{State} {Equatorial} {Ocean}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281981%29011%3C0337%3ACSMOTS%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0337:CSMOTS>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-08-10},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {McPhaden, Michael J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1981},
	pages = {337--354}
}

@book{noauthor_notitle_nodate-1
}

@article{lumpkin_global_2013,
	title = {Global ocean surface velocities from drifters: {Mean}, variance, {El} {Nino}-{Southern} {Oscillation} response, and seasonal cycle: {Global} {Ocean} {Surface} {Velocities}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {21699275},
	shorttitle = {Global ocean surface velocities from drifters},
	doi = {10.1002/jgrc.20210},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Lumpkin, Rick and Johnson, Gregory C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2992--3006}
}

@article{jenkins_theory_1986,
	title = {A {Theory} for {Steady} and {Variable} {Wind}-and {Wave}-{Induced} {Currents}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281986%29016%3C1370%3AATFSAV%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<1370:ATFSAV>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Jenkins, Alastair D.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1370--1377}
}

@inproceedings{cronin_ekman_2015,
	address = {Phoenix, AZ},
	title = {Ekman ocean response to wind forcing in extratropical frontal regions},
	url = {https://ams.confex.com/ams/95Annual/webprogram/Paper267544.html},
	booktitle = {19th {Conference} on {Air}-{Sea} {Interaction}},
	author = {Cronin, Meghan F. and Tozuka, T.},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{hummels_diapycnal_2014,
	title = {Diapycnal heat flux and mixed layer heat budget within the {Atlantic} {Cold} {Tongue}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-014-2339-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s00382-014-2339-6},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	author = {Hummels, Rebecca and Dengler, Marcus and Brandt, Peter and Schlundt, Michael},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3179--3199}
}

@inproceedings{noauthor_notitle_nodate-2
}

@article{price_diurnal_1986,
	title = {Diurnal cycling: {Observations} and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind mixing},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	shorttitle = {Diurnal cycling},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC091iC07p08411},
	doi = {10.1029/JC091iC07p08411},
	language = {en},
	number = {C7},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Price, James F. and Weller, Robert A. and Pinkel, Robert},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {8411}
}

@article{schmoldt_digitoxin_1975-1,
	title = {Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0006-2952},
	language = {eng},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Biochemical Pharmacology},
	author = {Schmoldt, A. and Benthe, H. F. and Haberland, G.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1975},
	pmid = {10},
	keywords = {Animals, Chromatography, Digitoxigenin, Digitoxin, Hydroxylation, In Vitro Techniques, Liver, Male, Microsomes, NADP, Rats, Thin Layer, Time Factors},
	pages = {1639--1641}
}

@article{rascle_global_2013,
	title = {A global wave parameter database for geophysical applications. {Part} 2: {Model} validation with improved source term parameterization},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {14635003},
	shorttitle = {A global wave parameter database for geophysical applications. {Part} 2},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500312001709},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.12.001},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2015-08-19},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Rascle, Nicolas and Ardhuin, Fabrice},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {174--188}
}

@article{xie_tropical_2004,
	title = {Tropical {Atlantic} variability: {Patterns}, mechanisms, and impacts},
	volume = {147},
	shorttitle = {Tropical {Atlantic} variability},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.64.9722&rep=rep1&type=pdf},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr},
	author = {Xie, Shang-Ping and Carton, James A.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {121--142}
}

@article{peters_parameterization_1988,
	title = {On the parameterization of equatorial turbulence},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC093iC02p01199},
	doi = {10.1029/JC093iC02p01199},
	language = {en},
	number = {C2},
	urldate = {2015-10-07},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Peters, H. and Gregg, M. C. and Toole, J. M.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {1199}
}

@article{skeel_method_1990,
	title = {A {Method} for the {Spatial} {Discretization} of {Parabolic} {Equations} in {One} {Space} {Variable}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0196-5204, 2168-3417},
	url = {http://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/0911001},
	doi = {10.1137/0911001},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-11-03},
	journal = {SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing},
	author = {Skeel, Robert D. and Berzins, Martin},
	month = jan,
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1--32}
}

@article{xu_wave-and_1994,
	title = {Wave-and wind-driven flow in water of finite depth},
	volume = {24},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024%3C1850:WAWDFI%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of physical oceanography},
	author = {Xu, Zhigang and Bowen, A. J.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1850--1866}
}

@article{lupini_re-examination_1975,
	title = {A re-examination of the classical formulation of turbulent {Ekman} boundary layer flow},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1826-9877},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02724758},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02724758},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento B Series 11},
	author = {Lupini, R. and Speranza, A. and Trevisan, A.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1975},
	pages = {871--881}
}

@book{noauthor_introduction_nodate,
	title = {An introduction to the bootstrap}
}

@article{niiler_ekman_1969,
	title = {On the {Ekman} divergence in an oceanic jet},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {01480227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC074i028p07048},
	doi = {10.1029/JC074i028p07048},
	language = {en},
	number = {28},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Niiler, Pearn P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1969},
	pages = {7048--7052}
}

@article{peterson_model_1974,
	title = {A model of the low-level jet with variable eddy viscosity},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {00402826, 21533490},
	url = {http://tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/9861},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01633.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2016-01-27},
	journal = {Tellus},
	author = {Peterson, Richard E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1974},
	pages = {560--564}
}

@article{smyth_marginal_2013,
	title = {Marginal instability and deep cycle turbulence in the eastern equatorial {Pacific} {Ocean}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {00948276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2013GL058403},
	doi = {10.1002/2013GL058403},
	language = {en},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Smyth, W. D. and Moum, J. N.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {6181--6185}
}

@book{bloomfield_fourier_1976,
	address = {New York, NY},
	title = {Fourier {Decomposition} of {Time} {Series}: {An} {Introduction}},
	publisher = {John Wiley},
	author = {Bloomfield, P.},
	year = {1976}
}

@article{zhang_diurnal_2002,
	title = {The diurnal wind variation in a variable eddy viscosity semi-geostrophic {Ekman} boundary-layer model: {Analytical} study},
	volume = {81},
	shorttitle = {The diurnal wind variation in a variable eddy viscosity semi-geostrophic {Ekman} boundary-layer model},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00703-001-0542-6},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2015-11-07},
	journal = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
	author = {Zhang, Yi and Tan, Zhe-Min},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {207--217}
}

@article{wenegrat_dynamics_2015,
	title = {Dynamics of the surface layer diurnal cycle in the equatorial {Atlantic} {Ocean} (0{\textdegree}, 23{\textdegree}{W})},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {21699275},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014JC010504},
	doi = {10.1002/2014JC010504},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Wenegrat, Jacob O. and McPhaden, Michael J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {563--581}
}

@article{servain_simple_1991,
	title = {Simple climatic indices for the tropical {Atlantic} {Ocean} and some applications},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/91JC01046},
	doi = {10.1029/91JC01046},
	language = {en},
	number = {C8},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Servain, Jacques},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {15137}
}

@article{schwabbauer_use_1975,
	title = {Use of the latent image technique to develop and evaluate problem-solving skills},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0002-9335},
	abstract = {This project involved designing, developing and evaluating a simulation module, utilizing the latent image technique. The general topic chosen for this simulation was the laboratory characterization of anemias. Target learner populations included medical technology students, physician assistant students, and pathology residents. Members of all three groups participated in the evaluation of the module and responded to its use in varied settings.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {12},
	journal = {The American Journal of Medical Technology},
	author = {Schwabbauer, M. L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1975},
	pmid = {2010},
	keywords = {Humans, Anemia, Hematuria, Iowa, Medical Laboratory Science, Models, Physician Assistants, Problem Solving, Psychological, Teaching, Teaching Materials},
	pages = {457--462}
}

@article{smyth_diurnal_2013-1,
	title = {Diurnal {Shear} {Instability}, the {Descent} of the {Surface} {Shear} {Layer}, and the {Deep} {Cycle} of {Equatorial} {Turbulence}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-13-089.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-13-089.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Smyth, W. D. and Moum, J. N. and Li, L. and Thorpe, S. A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2432--2455}
}

@article{welander_wind_1957,
	title = {Wind {Action} on a {Shallow} {Sea}: {Some} {Generalizations} of {Ekman}'s {Theory}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {00402826, 21533490},
	shorttitle = {Wind {Action} on a {Shallow} {Sea}},
	url = {http://tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/9070},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01852.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Tellus},
	author = {Welander, Pierre},
	month = feb,
	year = {1957},
	pages = {45--52}
}

@article{wade_one-dimensional_2011,
	title = {A one-dimensional modeling study of the diurnal cycle in the equatorial {Atlantic} at the {PIRATA} buoys during the {EGEE}-3 campaign},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {1616-7341, 1616-7228},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10236-010-0337-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10236-010-0337-8},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Ocean Dynamics},
	author = {Wade, Malick and Caniaux, Guy and duPenhoat, Yves and Dengler, Marcus and Giordani, Herv{\'e} and Hummels, Rebecca},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1--20}
}

@article{crawford_microstructure_1979,
	title = {Microstructure measurements in the {Atlantic} equatorial undercurrent during {GATE}},
	volume = {26},
	number = {suppl. 2},
	journal = {Deep Sea Res., Part A},
	author = {Crawford, W.R. and Osborn, T.R.},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {285--308}
}

@article{richman_measurements_1987,
	title = {Measurements of near-surface shear in the ocean},
	volume = {92},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JC092iC03p02851/full},
	number = {C3},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978{\textendash}2012)},
	author = {Richman, J. G. and de Szoeke, R. A. and Davis, R. E.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {2851--2858}
}

@article{desforges_genetic_1976,
	title = {Genetic implications of {G}-6-{PD} deficiency},
	volume = {294},
	issn = {0028-4793},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJM197606242942607},
	language = {eng},
	number = {26},
	journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine},
	author = {Desforges, J. F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1976},
	pmid = {5670},
	keywords = {Humans, Male, NADP, Hemoglobins, Anemia, African Continental Ancestry Group, Female, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Hemolytic, Heterozygote, Homozygote, Oxidation-Reduction, Primaquine, Sex Factors},
	pages = {1438--1440}
}

@article{waliser_satellite-derived_1993,
	title = {A {Satellite}-derived {Climatology} of the {ITCZ}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442%281993%29006%3C2162%3AASDCOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<2162:ASDCOT>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Waliser, Duane E. and Gautier, Catherine},
	month = nov,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2162--2174}
}

@article{mangat_prediction_1994,
	title = {Prediction of long term chloride concentration in concrete},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0025-5432, 1871-6873},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02473426},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02473426},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-11-01},
	journal = {Materials and Structures},
	author = {Mangat, P. S. and Molloy, B. T.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {338--346}
}

@article{mcwilliams_wavy_2012,
	title = {The {Wavy} {Ekman} {Layer}: {Langmuir} {Circulations}, {Breaking} {Waves}, and {Reynolds} {Stress}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {The {Wavy} {Ekman} {Layer}},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-12-07.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {McWilliams, James C. and Huckle, Edward and Liang, Jun-Hong and Sullivan, Peter P.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1793--1816}
}

@article{chelton_geographical_1998,
	title = {Geographical {Variability} of the {First} {Baroclinic} {Rossby} {Radius} of {Deformation}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281998%29028%3C0433%3AGVOTFB%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0433:GVOTFB>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-10-08},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Chelton, Dudley B. and de Szoeke, Roland A. and Schlax, Michael G. and El Naggar, Karim and Siwertz, Nicolas},
	month = mar,
	year = {1998},
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	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/93JC02297},
	doi = {10.1029/93JC02297},
	language = {en},
	number = {C12},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Brainerd, K. E. and Gregg, M. C.},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {22645}
}

@incollection{flato_evaluation_2013,
	address = {Cambridge, U.K.},
	title = {Evaluation of climate models},
	booktitle = {Climate {Change} 2013: {The} {Physical} {Science} {Basis}. {Contribution} of {Working} {Group} {I} to the {Fifth} {Assessment} {Report} of the {Intergovernmental} {Panel} on {Climate} {Change}},
	publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
	author = {Flato, G. and al, et},
	editor = {Stocker, T.F.},
	year = {2013}
}

@article{mcwilliams_ekman_2006,
	title = {Ekman {Layer} {Rectification}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO2912.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO2912.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-11-07},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {McWilliams, James C. and Huckle, Edward},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1646--1659}
}

@article{ralph_wind-driven_1999-1,
	title = {Wind-{Driven} {Currents} in the {Tropical} {Pacific}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<2121:WDCITT>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Ralph, Elise A. and Niiler, Pearn P.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {2121--2129}
}

@article{mcwilliams_filament_2015,
	title = {Filament {Frontogenesis} by {Boundary} {Layer} {Turbulence}},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0211.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-14-0211.1},
	abstract = {AbstractA submesoscale filament of dense water in the oceanic surface layer can undergo frontogenesis with a secondary circulation that has a surface horizontal convergence and downwelling in its center. This occurs either due to mesoscale straining deformation or due to the surface boundary layer turbulence that causes vertical eddy momentum flux divergence or, more briefly, vertical momentum mixing. In the latter case the circulation approximately has a linear horizontal momentum balance among the baroclinic pressure gradient, Coriolis force, and vertical momentum mixing, i.e., a turbulent thermal wind. The frontogenetic evolution induced by the turbulent mixing sharpens the transverse gradient of the longitudinal velocity (i.e., it increases the vertical vorticity) through convergent advection by the secondary circulation. In an approximate model based on the turbulent thermal wind, the central vorticity approaches a finite-time singularity, and in a more general hydrostatic model the central vorticity and horizontal convergence are amplified by shrinking the transverse scale to near the model{\textquoteright}s resolution limit within a short advectve period on the order of a day.},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {McWilliams, James C. and Gula, Jonathan and Molemaker, M. Jeroen and Renault, Lionel and Shchepetkin, Alexander F.},
	month = may,
	year = {2015}
}

@article{weber_steady_1983,
	title = {Steady {Wind}- and {Wave}-{Induced} {Currents} in the {Open} {Ocean}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281983%29013%3C0524%3ASWAWIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<0524:SWAWIC>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Weber, Jan Erik},
	month = mar,
	year = {1983},
	pages = {524--530}
}

@article{davis_variability_1981,
	title = {Variability in the upper ocean during {MILE}. {Part} {II}: {Modeling} the mixed layer response},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {01980149},
	shorttitle = {Variability in the upper ocean during {MILE}. {Part} {II}},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0198014981900923},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-0149(81)90092-3},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2015-11-07},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers},
	author = {Davis, R.E. and de Szoeke, R. and Niiler, P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1981},
	pages = {1453--1475}
}

@article{sun_dynamic_1998,
	title = {Dynamic instability of stratified shear flow in the upper equatorial {Pacific}},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/98JC00191},
	doi = {10.1029/98JC00191},
	language = {en},
	number = {C5},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Sun, Chaojiao and Smyth, William D. and Moum, James N.},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {10323}
}

@article{dillon_zonal_1989,
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	volume = {19},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281989%29019%3C0561%3AZMBATE%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1989)019<0561:ZMBATE>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-10-07},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Dillon, T. M. and Moum, J. N. and Chereskin, T. K. and Caldwell, D. R.},
	month = may,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {561--570}
}

@book{lilly_jlab:_2015,
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	year = {2015}
}

@article{lister_time-dependent_1996,
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	volume = {317},
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	url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022112096000754},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112096000754},
	language = {en},
	number = {-1},
	urldate = {2015-10-31},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Lister, J. R. and Stone, H. A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {275}
}

@article{mahadevan_analysis_2006,
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	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500306000540},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.05.006},
	language = {en},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
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	pages = {241--256}
}

@article{clayson_variability_2007,
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	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI3999.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI3999.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Clayson, Carol Anne and Weitlich, Derrick},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {334--352}
}

@article{foltz_strong_2012,
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	volume = {25},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	shorttitle = {A {Strong} {Atlantic} {Meridional} {Mode} {Event} in 2009},
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	doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00150.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Foltz, Gregory R. and McPhaden, Michael J. and Lumpkin, Rick},
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	year = {2012},
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}

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	url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.76.7.3051},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.76.7.3051},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Stommel, H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1979},
	pages = {3051--3055}
}

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	language = {en},
	number = {C6},
	urldate = {2015-08-03},
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	year = {1993},
	pages = {10195}
}

@article{moum_seasonal_2013,
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	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Nature},
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	year = {2013},
	pages = {64--67}
}

@article{drushka_diurnal_2014,
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	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014JC009924},
	doi = {10.1002/2014JC009924},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Drushka, Kyla and Gille, Sarah T. and Sprintall, Janet},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5874--5890}
}

@article{mahadevan_analysis_2006-1,
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	issn = {14635003},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500306000540},
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	language = {en},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2016-08-30},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Mahadevan, Amala and Tandon, Amit},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {241--256}
}

@article{gaube_satellite_2015,
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	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0032.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-14-0032.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2016-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Gaube, Peter and Chelton, Dudley B. and Samelson, Roger M. and Schlax, Michael G. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, Larry W.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {104--132}
}

@article{mahadevan_comment_2008,
	title = {Comment on "{Eddy}/{Wind} {Interactions} {Stimulate} {Extraordinary} {Mid}-{Ocean} {Plankton} {Blooms}"},
	volume = {320},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1152111},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1152111},
	language = {en},
	number = {5875},
	urldate = {2016-08-30},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Mahadevan, A. and Thomas, L. N. and Tandon, A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {448b--448b}
}

@book{holton_introduction_2004,
	address = {Burlington, MA},
	edition = {4th ed},
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	title = {An introduction to dynamic meteorology},
	isbn = {978-0-12-354015-7 978-0-12-354016-4},
	number = {v. 88},
	publisher = {Elsevier Academic Press},
	author = {Holton, James R.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Dynamic meteorology},
	annote = {OCLC: 54400282}
}

@article{bleck_tendency_1991,
	title = {Tendency {Equations} for {Shear} and {Curvature} {Vorticity} in {Coordinate}-independent {Vector} {Notation}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281991%29048%3C1124%3ATEFSAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1124:TEFSAC>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2016-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Bleck, Rainer},
	month = apr,
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1124--1127}
}

@article{chelton_global_2011,
	title = {Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {00796611},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079661111000036},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2016-08-30},
	journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
	author = {Chelton, Dudley B. and Schlax, Michael G. and Samelson, Roger M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {167--216}
}

@article{viudez_shear_1996,
	title = {On the {Shear} and {Curvature} {Vorticity} {Equations}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281996%29053%3C3384%3AOTSACV%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<3384:OTSACV>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2016-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Vi{\'u}dez, {\'A}lvaro and Haney, Robert L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {3384--3394}
}

@book{landau_mechanics_1960,
	address = {Oxford, U.K.},
	title = {Mechanics},
	volume = {1},
	publisher = {Pergamon Press},
	author = {Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M.},
	year = {1960}
}

@article{bell_note_1957,
	title = {A note on {Mathieu} functions},
	volume = {3},
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	url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S204061850003358X},
	doi = {10.1017/S204061850003358X},
	language = {en},
	number = {03},
	urldate = {2016-08-31},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Glasgow Mathematical Association},
	author = {Bell, M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1957},
	pages = {132}
}

@article{sverdrup_wind-driven_1947,
	title = {Wind-driven currents in a baroclinic ocean; with application to the equatorial currents of the eastern {Pacific}},
	volume = {33},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/33/11/318.short},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2016-08-31},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Sverdrup, Harald Ulrich},
	year = {1947},
	pages = {318--326}
}

@article{stommel_abyssal_1960,
	title = {On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean{\textemdash}{I}. {Stationary} planetary flow patterns on a sphere},
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	urldate = {2016-08-31},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research (1953)},
	author = {Stommel, Henry and Arons, A. B.},
	year = {1960},
	pages = {140--154}
}

@book{grimshaw_nonlinear_1993,
	address = {Boca Raton, Fla.},
	series = {Applied mathematics and engineering science texts},
	title = {Nonlinear ordinary differential equations},
	isbn = {978-0-8493-8607-7},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	author = {Grimshaw, Roger},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Differential equations, Nonlinear},
	annote = {OCLC: 28275539}
}

@article{shakespeare_curved_2016,
	title = {Curved density fronts: cyclogeostrophic adjustment and frontogenesis},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Curved density fronts},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0137.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-16-0137.1},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2016-09-01},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Shakespeare, Callum J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016}
}

@article{pedlosky_weakly_2008,
	title = {On the {Weakly} {Nonlinear} {Ekman} {Layer}: {Thickness} and {Flux}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {On the {Weakly} {Nonlinear} {Ekman} {Layer}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2007JPO3830.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2007JPO3830.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2016-09-01},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Pedlosky, Joseph},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1334--1339}
}

@article{chew_turning_1974,
	title = {The {Turning} {Process} in {Meandering} {Currents}: {A} {Case} {Study}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {The {Turning} {Process} in {Meandering} {Currents}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281974%29004%3C0027%3ATTPIMC%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1974)004<0027:TTPIMC>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2016-09-01},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Chew, Frank},
	month = jan,
	year = {1974},
	pages = {27--57}
}

@article{viudez_relative_1997,
	title = {On the {Relative} {Vorticity} of the {Atlantic} {Jet} in the {Alboran} {Sea}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281997%29027%3C0175%3AOTRVOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0175:OTRVOT>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2016-09-01},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Vi{\'u}dez, {\'A}lvaro and Haney, Robert L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {175--185}
}

@article{schubert_inertial_1982,
	title = {Inertial {Stability} and {Tropical} {Cyclone} {Development}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281982%29039%3C1687%3AISATCD%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1687:ISATCD>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2016-09-08},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Schubert, Wayne H. and Hack, James J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1982},
	pages = {1687--1697}
}

@article{smyth_instability_1998,
	title = {Instability of an {Axisymmetric} {Vortex} in a {Stably} {Stratified}, {Rotating} {Environment}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0935-4964, 1432-2250},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s001620050095},
	doi = {10.1007/s001620050095},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2016-09-08},
	journal = {Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics},
	author = {Smyth, W.D. and McWilliams, J.C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {305--322}
}

@article{klein_mesoscale_1988,
	title = {Mesoscale heterogeneity of the wind-driven mixed layer: {Influence} of a quasigeostrophic flow},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {00222402, 15439542},
	shorttitle = {Mesoscale heterogeneity of the wind-driven mixed layer},
	url = {http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=0022-2402&volume=46&issue=3&spage=495},
	doi = {10.1357/002224088785113568},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-09-12},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	author = {Klein, Patrice and Hua, Bach Lien},
	month = aug,
	year = {1988},
	pages = {495--525}
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@article{bell_shear_1993,
	title = {Shear and {Curvature} vorticity and {Potential}-{Vorticity} {Interchanges}: {Interpretation} and {Application} to a {Cutoff} {Cyclone} {Event}},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {0027-0644, 1520-0493},
	shorttitle = {Shear and {Curvature} vorticity and {Potential}-{Vorticity} {Interchanges}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0493%281993%29121%3C0076%3ASACVAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0076:SACVAP>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2016-09-16},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	author = {Bell, Gerald D. and Keyser, Daniel},
	month = jan,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {76--102}
}

@article{finnigan_streamline_1983,
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	volume = {130},
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	url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S002211208300107X},
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	title = {Symmetric {Instability}, {Inertial} {Oscillations}, and {Turbulence} at the {Gulf} {Stream} {Front}},
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	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0008.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0008.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2017-06-15},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Thomas, Leif N. and Taylor, John R. and D?Asaro, Eric A. and Lee, Craig M. and Klymak, Jody M. and Shcherbina, Andrey},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {197--217}
}

@article{thorpe_current_1987,
	title = {Current and {Temperature} {Variability} on the {Continental} {Slope}},
	volume = {323},
	issn = {00804614},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/38149},
	abstract = {Observations of temperature and currents have been made in the lower part of the water column on the western slope of the Porcupine Bank southwest of Ireland where the water depth is about 3500 m. Moored and lowered instruments were used to study the processes that may lead to mixing and diapycnal transfer. A poleward Eulerian mean flow of about 2.5 cm s-1 is found in the bottom 250 m, with current direction rotating anticlockwise as the bottom is approached. The shear between 30 and 90 m off the bottom is, on average, geostrophic and the temperature variation at a point averaged over several tidal cycles is dominated by along-slope advection. There is, however, considerable variability, with strong semidiurnal oscillations in both current and temperature. There is a downward phase propagation in temperature at these frequencies indicating the presence of baroclinic M2 waves. It is possible that these are responsible for the apparent along and off-slope fluxes of heat that are observed. Fluctuations with periods of 5-6 days appear to propagate polewards along slope with phase speeds of about 13 cm s-1, but have constant phase lines lying roughly north-south at an acute angle to the mean contours of the slope. Profiles of potential temperature obtained by using a lowered conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) instrument show the presence of frequent inversions in the lower 150 m, sometimes exceeding 30 m in height. A moored array of platinum resistance thermometers sampling at 10 s intervals indicates that the inversions are associated with the semidiurnal variability in temperature, the most frequent inversions occurring when the temperature 10 m off the bottom is greatest and when the temperature is falling at higher levels with a component of the current directed upslope. Indirect estimates of the vertical diffusivity and turbulent dissipation are derived from the observed scales of inversions and the overall stratification. These are subject to considerable uncertainty but suggest that the contribution to turbulence in the boundary layer from the inversions may exceed that supplied by the shear stress on the sea bed. Sources in instability are discussed, and one is examined analytically. An exact steady or time-dependent solution of flow of a stratified fluid parallel to a sloping boundary is derived. Solutions in which the density remains statically stable are possible only when a rather delicate balance exists between flow, stratification and diffusion.},
	number = {1574},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences},
	author = {Thorpe, S. A.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {471--517}
}

@article{munk_abyssal_1966,
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	issn = {00117471},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0011747166906024},
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	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-06-21},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	author = {Munk, Walter H.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1966},
	pages = {707--730}
}

@article{phillips_flows_1970,
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	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-06-21},
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	author = {Phillips, O.M.},
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	year = {1970},
	pages = {435--443}
}

@article{wunsch_oceanic_1970,
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	volume = {17},
	issn = {00117471},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0011747170900227},
	doi = {10.1016/0011-7471(70)90022-7},
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	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-06-21},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts},
	author = {Wunsch, Carl},
	month = apr,
	year = {1970},
	pages = {293--301}
}

@article{moum_convectively_2004,
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@article{umlauf_energetics_2015,
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@article{garrett_role_1990,
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	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC095iC03p03181},
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@article{ruan_bottom_2016,
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	year = {2016},
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@article{mcdougall_abyssal_2017,
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	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-06-21},
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@article{umlauf_dynamics_2009,
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	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2009JPO4159.1},
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	language = {en},
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	year = {2009},
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}

@article{voet_pathways_2015,
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	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-06-21},
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	year = {2015},
	pages = {562--588}
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@article{voet_warming_2016,
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	number = {8},
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@article{phillips_experiment_1986,
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	author = {Phillips, O. M. and Shyu, Jinn-Hwa and Salmun, Haydee},
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	year = {1986},
	pages = {473}
}

@article{umlauf_dynamics_2009-1,
	title = {Dynamics of {Rotating} {Shallow} {Gravity} {Currents} {Passing} through a {Channel}. {Part} {II}: {Analysis}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Dynamics of {Rotating} {Shallow} {Gravity} {Currents} {Passing} through a {Channel}. {Part} {II}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2009JPO4164.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2009JPO4164.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2017-08-01},
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	year = {2009},
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@article{clement_turbulent_2017,
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	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-16-0264.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2017-08-01},
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@article{st._laurent_buoyancy_2001,
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@article{durski_vertical_2004,
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	year = {2004}
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@article{de_szoeke_baroclinic_1983,
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@article{nikurashin_overturning_2013,
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@article{benthuysen_rapid_2015,
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@article{shakespeare_new_2017,
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@article{thomas_new_2015,
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@incollection{hanawa_chapter_2001,
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@article{shcherbina_statistics_2013,
	title = {Statistics of vertical vorticity, divergence, and strain in a developed submesoscale turbulence field: {SUBMESOSCALE} {TURBULENCE} {STATISTICS}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Statistics of vertical vorticity, divergence, and strain in a developed submesoscale turbulence field},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/grl.50919},
	doi = {10.1002/grl.50919},
	language = {en},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Shcherbina, Andrey Y. and D'Asaro, Eric A. and Lee, Craig M. and Klymak, Jody M. and Molemaker, M. Jeroen and McWilliams, James C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {4706--4711}
}

@article{yu_variational_1991,
	title = {Variational {Estimation} of the {Wind} {Stress} {Drag} {Coefficient} and the {Oceanic} {Eddy} {Viscosity} {Profile}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281991%29021%3C0709%3AVEOTWS%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<0709:VEOTWS>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2017-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Yu, Lisan and O'Brien, James J.},
	month = may,
	year = {1991},
	pages = {709--719}
}

@article{kirincich_time-varying_2009,
	title = {Time-{Varying} {Across}-{Shelf} {Ekman} {Transport} and {Vertical} {Eddy} {Viscosity} on the {Inner} {Shelf}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2008JPO3969.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2008JPO3969.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Kirincich, Anthony R. and Barth, John A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {602--620}
}

@article{mccartney_subtropical_1982,
	title = {The subtropical recirculation of mode waters},
	volume = {40},
	url = {http://www.whoi.edu/science/PO/people/mmccartney/pdfs/McCartney82.pdf},
	number = {436},
	urldate = {2017-08-31},
	journal = {J. Mar. Res},
	author = {McCartney, Michael S.},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {427--464}
}

@article{maze_diagnosing_2011,
	title = {Diagnosing the {Observed} {Seasonal} {Cycle} of {Atlantic} {Subtropical} {Mode} {Water} {Using} {Potential} {Vorticity} and {Its} {Attendant} {Theorems}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2011JPO4576.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2011JPO4576.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2017-08-31},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Maze, Guillaume and Marshall, John},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1986--1999}
}

@article{mcwilliams_submesoscale_2017,
	title = {Submesoscale surface fronts and filaments: secondary circulation, buoyancy flux, and frontogenesis},
	volume = {823},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	shorttitle = {Submesoscale surface fronts and filaments},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022112017002944/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2017.294},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-09-22},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {McWilliams, James C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {391--432}
}

@article{levy_modifications_2010,
	title = {Modifications of gyre circulation by sub-mesoscale physics},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {14635003},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500310000582},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.001},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2017-09-28},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {L{\'e}vy, M. and Klein, P. and Tr{\'e}guier, A.-M. and Iovino, D. and Madec, G. and Masson, S. and Takahashi, K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1--15}
}

@article{levy_large-scale_2012,
	title = {Large-scale impacts of submesoscale dynamics on phytoplankton: {Local} and remote effects},
	volume = {43-44},
	issn = {14635003},
	shorttitle = {Large-scale impacts of submesoscale dynamics on phytoplankton},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500311002009},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.12.003},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-09-28},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {L{\'e}vy, M. and Iovino, D. and Resplandy, L. and Klein, P. and Madec, G. and Tr{\'e}guier, A.-M. and Masson, S. and Takahashi, K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {77--93}
}

@article{iudicone_formation_2016,
	title = {The formation of the ocean{\textquoteright}s anthropogenic carbon reservoir},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep35473},
	doi = {10.1038/srep35473},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2017-09-28},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Iudicone, Daniele and Rodgers, Keith B. and Plancherel, Yves and Aumont, Olivier and Ito, Takamitsu and Key, Robert M. and Madec, Gurvan and Ishii, Masao},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016}
}

@article{levy_bringing_2012,
	title = {Bringing physics to life at the submesoscale},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Bringing physics to life at the submesoscale},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012GL052756},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GL052756},
	language = {en},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2017-09-28},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {L{\'e}vy, Marina and Ferrari, Raffaele and Franks, Peter J. S. and Martin, Adrian P. and Rivi{\`e}re, Pascal},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {n/a--n/a}
}

@article{bates_variable_2002,
	title = {A variable sink for atmospheric {CO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ in subtropical mode water of the {North} {Atlantic} {Ocean}.},
	volume = {420},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bates, N. R. and Pequignet, A. C. and Johnson, R. J. and Gruber, N.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {489--493}
}

@article{tsuchiya_pacific_1998,
	title = {A {Pacific} hydrographic section at 88\${\textasciicircum}{\textbackslash}textrm{\textbackslash}textbackslashcirc\$\${W}: {Water}-property distribution.},
	volume = {103},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	author = {Tsuchiya, M. and Talley, L.},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {12899--12918}
}

@article{nurser_relationship_1991,
	title = {On the relationship between subduction rates and diabatic forcing of the mixed layer},
	volume = {21},
	journal = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
	author = {Nurser, A. J. G. and Marshall, J. C.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1793--1802}
}

@article{qiu_observations_2006,
	title = {Observations of the subtropical mode water evolution from the {Kuroshio} {Extension}},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
	author = {Qiu, B. and Hacker, P. and Chen, S. and Donohue, K. and Watts, D. and Mitsudera, H. and Hogg, N. and Jayne, S.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {457--473}
}

@article{billheimer_annual_2016,
	title = {Annual cycle and destruction of {Eighteen} {Degree} {Water}},
	volume = {121},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	author = {Billheimer, S. and Talley, L. D.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {6604--6617}
}

@article{haynes_evolution_1987-1,
	title = {On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces.},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	author = {Haynes, P. H. and McIntyre, M. E.},
	year = {1987}
}

@article{thorpe_nonlinear_1989,
	title = {Nonlinear {Aspects} of {Symmetric} {Instability}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281989%29046%3C1285%3ANAOSI%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<1285:NAOSI>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2017-10-04},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Thorpe, A. S. and Rotunno, R.},
	month = may,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1285--1299}
}

@article{wong_south_2003,
	title = {South {Pacific} {Eastern} {Subtropical} {Mode} {Water}*},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%282003%29033%3C1493%3ASPESMW%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1493:SPESMW>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2017-10-04},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Wong, Annie P. S. and Johnson, Gregory C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1493--1509}
}

@article{forget_estimated_2011,
	title = {Estimated {Seasonal} {Cycle} of {North} {Atlantic} {Eighteen} {Degree} {Water} {Volume}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010JPO4257.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2010JPO4257.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-10-04},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Forget, Ga{\"e}l and Maze, Guillaume and Buckley, Martha and Marshall, John},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {269--286}
}

@article{ardhuin_small-scale_2017,
	title = {Small-scale open ocean currents have large effects on wind wave heights: {SMALL}-{SCALE} {CURRENTS} {AND} {WAVE} {HEIGHTS}},
	volume = {122},
	issn = {21699275},
	shorttitle = {Small-scale open ocean currents have large effects on wind wave heights},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2016JC012413},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JC012413},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2017-10-04},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Ardhuin, Fabrice and Gille, Sarah T. and Menemenlis, Dimitris and Rocha, Cesar B. and Rascle, Nicolas and Chapron, Bertrand and Gula, Jonathan and Molemaker, Jeroen},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {4500--4517}
}

@article{kwon_north_2004,
	title = {North {Atlantic} {Subtropical} {Mode} {Water}: {A} history of ocean-atmosphere interaction 1961{\textendash}2000},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	shorttitle = {North {Atlantic} {Subtropical} {Mode} {Water}},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2004GL021116},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GL021116},
	language = {en},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2017-10-06},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Kwon, Young-Oh and Riser, Stephen C.},
	year = {2004}
}

@article{deremble_volume_2013,
	title = {Volume and {Potential} {Vorticity} {Budgets} of {Eighteen} {Degree} {Water}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-13-052.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-13-052.1},
	abstract = {Mode waters are a distinctive baroclinic feature of the World Ocean characterized by relatively weak vertical stratification. They correspond dynamically to low potential vorticity (PV). In the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, the mode waters have become known as Eighteen Degree Water. Their dynamics involves air{\textendash}sea interaction, diapycnal and isopycnal mixing, and subduction. Understanding mode water dynamics is therefore both challenging and important since it connects several aspects of the ocean circulation. Mass and PV budget of the mode water's core, evaluated in a realistic primitive equation North Atlantic model, are used to characterize mode water maintenance. It is shown that the surface PV flux has very little impact on mode water; the surface buoyancy flux in combination with eddy mass flux is the most important control on mode water structure. A mean PV formalism is used to show that the PV and water-mass formation budgets are intrinsically linked. A decomposition of the budget demonstrates the role of the mean PV field in permitting the eddy mass flux to discharge the net formation to the surrounding fluid.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2017-10-22},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Deremble, Bruno and Dewar, W. K.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2309--2321}
}

@article{eady_long_1949,
	title = {Long {Waves} and {Cyclone} {Waves}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {00402826, 21533490},
	url = {http://tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/8507},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2153-3490.1949.tb01265.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-10-30},
	journal = {Tellus},
	author = {Eady, E. T.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1949},
	pages = {33--52}
}

@article{burns_dedalus:_2016,
	title = {Dedalus: {Flexible} framework for spectrally solving differential equations},
	shorttitle = {Dedalus},
	url = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ascl.soft03015B},
	abstract = {Dedalus solves differential equations using spectral methods. It implements flexible algorithms to solve initial-value, boundary-value, and eigenvalue problems with broad ranges of custom equations and spectral domains. Its primary features include symbolic equation entry, multidimensional parallelization, implicit-explicit timestepping, and flexible analysis with HDF5. The code is written primarily in Python and features an easy-to-use interface. The numerical algorithm produces highly sparse systems for many equations which are efficiently solved using compiled libraries and MPI.},
	urldate = {2017-10-30},
	journal = {Astrophysics Source Code Library},
	author = {Burns, Keaton J. and Vasil, Geoffrey M. and Oishi, Jeffrey S. and Lecoanet, Daniel and Brown, Benjamin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Software},
	pages = {ascl:1603.015}
}

@article{mechoso_baroclinic_1980,
	title = {Baroclinic {Instability} of {Flows} {Along} {Sloping} {Boundaries}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281980%29037%3C1393%3ABIOFAS%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1393:BIOFAS>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2017-10-30},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Mechoso, Carlos R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1980},
	pages = {1393--1399}
}

@article{stone_non-geostrophic_1966,
	title = {On {Non}-{Geostrophic} {Baroclinic} {Stability}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281966%29023%3C0390%3AONGBS%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0390:ONGBS>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-11-01},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Stone, Peter H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1966},
	pages = {390--400}
}

@article{lentz_importance_2004,
	title = {The {Importance} of {Nonlinear} {Cross}-{Shelf} {Momentum} {Flux} during {Wind}-{Driven} {Coastal} {Upwelling}*},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO2644.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO2644.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2017-11-02},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Lentz, Steven J. and Chapman, David C.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {2444--2457}
}

@article{ledwell_evidence_2000,
	title = {Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean},
	volume = {403},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/35003164},
	doi = {10.1038/35003164},
	number = {6766},
	urldate = {2017-11-06},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Ledwell, J. R. and Montgomery, E. T. and Polzin, K. L. and St. Laurent, L. C. and Schmitt, R. W. and Toole, J. M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {179--182}
}

@article{brink_buoyancy_2010,
	title = {Buoyancy {Arrest} and {Bottom} {Ekman} {Transport}. {Part} {I}: {Steady} {Flow}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Buoyancy {Arrest} and {Bottom} {Ekman} {Transport}. {Part} {I}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2009JPO4266.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2009JPO4266.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-11-10},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Brink, K. H. and Lentz, S. J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {621--635}
}

@article{haine_gravitational_1998,
	title = {Gravitational, {Symmetric}, and {Baroclinic} {Instability} of the {Ocean} {Mixed} {Layer}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281998%29028%3C0634%3AGSABIO%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0634:GSABIO>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-11-13},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Haine, Thomas W. N. and Marshall, John},
	month = apr,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {634--658}
}

@article{brink_continental_2016,
	title = {Continental {Shelf} {Baroclinic} {Instability}. {Part} {I}: {Relaxation} from {Upwelling} or {Downwelling}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Continental {Shelf} {Baroclinic} {Instability}. {Part} {I}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0047.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0047.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-11-13},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Brink, K. H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {551--568}
}

@article{thomas_symmetric_2013,
	title = {Symmetric instability in the {Gulf} {Stream}},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {09670645},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967064513000829},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.025},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-11-13},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	author = {Thomas, Leif N. and Taylor, John R. and Ferrari, Raffaele and Joyce, Terrence M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {96--110}
}

@article{hoskins_role_1974,
	title = {The role of potential vorticity in symmetric stability and instability},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {00359009, 1477870X},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/qj.49710042520},
	doi = {10.1002/qj.49710042520},
	language = {en},
	number = {425},
	urldate = {2017-11-14},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	author = {Hoskins, B. J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1974},
	pages = {480--482}
}

@article{dewar_centrifugal_2015,
	title = {Centrifugal {Instability} and {Mixing} in the {California} {Undercurrent}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0269.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-13-0269.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2017-11-14},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Dewar, W. K. and McWilliams, J. C. and Molemaker, M. J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1224--1241}
}

@book{noauthor_notitle_nodate-4
}

@techreport{umlauf_gotm_2005,
	title = {{GOTM} - {Scientific} documentation. {Version} 3.2.},
	url = {www.gotm.net},
	number = {Marine Science Rep. 63},
	institution = {Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research},
	author = {Umlauf, Lars and Burchard, Hans and Bolding, Karsten},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {274}
}

@article{umlauf_diapycnal_2011,
	title = {Diapycnal {Transport} and {Mixing} {Efficiency} in {Stratified} {Boundary} {Layers} near {Sloping} {Topography}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010JPO4438.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2010JPO4438.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-11-22},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Umlauf, Lars and Burchard, Hans},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {329--345}
}

@article{rhines_waves_1975,
	title = {Waves and turbulence on a beta-plane},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/waves-and-turbulence-on-a-beta-plane/888854B51E3622BBF8D0AFC6367037D8},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112075001504},
	abstract = {Two-dimensional eddies in a homogeneous fluid at large Reynolds number, if closely packed, are known to evolve towards larger scales. In the presence of a restoring force, the geophysical beta-effect, this cascade produces a field of waves without loss of energy, and the turbulent migration of the dominant scale nearly ceases at a wavenumber k$\beta$ = ($\beta$/2U){\textonehalf} independent of the initial conditions other than U, the r.m.s. particle speed, and $\beta$, the northward gradient of the Coriolis frequency.The conversion of turbulence into waves yields, in addition, more narrowly peaked wavenumber spectra and less fine-structure in the spatial maps, while smoothly distributing the energy about physical space.The theory is discussed, using known integral constraints and similarity solutions, model equations, weak-interaction wave theory (which provides the terminus for the cascade) and other linearized instability theory. Computer experiments with both finite-difference and spectral codes are reported. The central quantity is the cascade rate, defined as {\textbackslash}textbackslash[ T = 2{\textbackslash}textbackslashint\_0{\textasciicircum}\{{\textbackslash}textbackslashinfty\} kF(k)dk/U{\textasciicircum}3{\textbackslash}textbackslashlangle k{\textbackslash}textbackslashrangle , {\textbackslash}textbackslash] where F is the nonlinear transfer spectrum and ?k? the mean wavenumber of the energy spectrum. (In unforced inviscid flow T is simply U-1d?k?-1/dt, or the rate at which the dominant scale expands in time t.) T is shown to have a mean value of 3{\textperiodcentered}0 {\texttimes} 10-2 for pure two-dimensional turbulence, but this decreases by a factor of five at the transition to wave motion. We infer from weak-interaction theory even smaller values for k [Lt ] k$\beta$.After passing through a state of propagating waves, the homogeneous cascade tends towards a flow of alternating zonal jets which, we suggest, are almost perfectly steady. When the energy is intermittent in space, however, model equations show that the cascade is halted simply by the spreading of energy about space, and then the end state of a zonal flow is probably not achieved.The geophysical application is that the cascade of pure turbulence to large scales is defeated by wave propagation, helping to explain why the energy-containing eddies in the ocean and atmosphere, though significantly nonlinear, fail to reach the size of their respective domains, and are much smaller. For typical ocean flows, \$k\_\{{\textbackslash}textbackslashbeta\}{\textasciicircum}\{-1\} = 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash,\{{\textbackslash}textbackslashrm km\} \$, while for the atmosphere, \$k\_\{{\textbackslash}textbackslashbeta\}{\textasciicircum}\{-1\} = 1000{\textbackslash}textbackslash,\{{\textbackslash}textbackslashrm km\}\$. In addition the cascade generates, by itself, zonal flow (or more generally, flow along geostrophic contours).},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-11-28},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Rhines, Peter B.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1975},
	pages = {417--443}
}

@article{solodoch_baroclinic_2016,
	title = {Baroclinic instability of axially symmetric flow over sloping bathymetry},
	volume = {799},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022112016003761},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2016.376},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-11-28},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Solodoch, Aviv and Stewart, Andrew L. and McWilliams, James C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {265--296}
}

@article{ripa_validity_1999,
	title = {On the validity of layered models of ocean dynamics and thermodynamics with reduced vertical resolution},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0377-0265},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377026598000566},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-0265(98)00056-6},
	abstract = {With the purpose of studying the upper part of the ocean, the shallow water equations (in a `reduced gravity' setting) have been extended in the last decades by allowing for horizontal and temporal variations of the buoyancy field $\vartheta$, while keeping it as well as the velocity field u as depth-independent. In spite of the widespread use of this `slab' model, there has been neither a discussion on the range of validity of the system nor an explanation of points such as the existence of peculiar zero-frequency normal modes, the nature of the instability of a uniform u flow, and the lack of explicit vertical shear associated with horizontal density gradients. These questions are addressed here through the development of a subinertial model with more vertical resolution, i.e., one where the buoyancy $\vartheta$ varies linearly with depth. This model describes satisfactorily the problem of baroclinic instability with a free boundary, even for short perturbations and large interface slopes. An enhancement of the instability is found when the planetary $\beta$ effect is compensated with the topographic one, due to the slope of the free boundary, allowing for a `resonance' of the equivalent barotropic and first baroclinic modes. Other low-frequency models, for which buoyancy stratification does not play a dynamical role, are invalid for short perturbations and have spurious terms in their energy-like integral of motion.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2017-11-29},
	journal = {Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans},
	author = {Ripa, P.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Ocean dynamics, Thermodynamics, Vertical resolution},
	pages = {1--40}
}

@article{ripa_waves_2001,
	title = {Waves and resonance in free-boundary baroclinic instability},
	volume = {428},
	issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/waves-and-resonance-in-free-boundary-baroclinic-instability/38E26B5BC0D3E6A30765E12CA8215B59},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112000002731},
	abstract = {Eady's model of baroclinic instability has been generalized by including $\beta$ (the meridional gradient of planetary potential vorticity) while assuming that total potential vorticity is uniform. Moreover, the problems of Eady and of Phillips have been enriched by including a fixed topography or a free boundary (which implies a flow-dependent geostrophic topography). The most general cases (with $\beta$, fixed topography and a free boundary) of both problems are shown to have nearly identical stability properties, mainly determined by two Charney numbers: the planetary one and a topographic one. The question of whether this generalized baroclinic instability problem can be described by wave resonance or component {\textquoteleft}resonance{\textquoteright} is addressed. By waves are meant physical modes, which could freely propagate by themselves but are effectively coupled by an independent basic shear, producing the instability. Components, on the other hand, are mathematical modes for which the shear is also crucial for their existence, not just for their coupling, hence the quotation marks around {\textquoteleft}resonance{\textquoteright}. In this paper it is shown that both scenarios, components {\textquoteleft}resonance{\textquoteright} and waves resonance, cast light on the free-boundary baroclinic instability problem by providing explanations of the instability onset (at minimum shear) and maximum growth rate cases, respectively. The importance of the mode pseudomomentum for the fulfillment of both mechanisms is also stressed.},
	urldate = {2017-11-29},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Ripa, P.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {387--408}
}

@article{isachsen_baroclinic_2011,
	title = {Baroclinic instability and eddy tracer transport across sloping bottom topography: {How} well does a modified {Eady} model do in primitive equation simulations?},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {14635003},
	shorttitle = {Baroclinic instability and eddy tracer transport across sloping bottom topography},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500310001460},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.09.007},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2017-11-29},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Isachsen, P{\r a}l Erik},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {183--199}
}

@article{spall_boundary_2004,
	title = {Boundary {Currents} and {Watermass} {Transformation} in {Marginal} {Seas}*},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%282004%29034%3C1197%3ABCAWTI%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1197:BCAWTI>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2017-11-29},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Spall, Michael A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1197--1213}
}

@article{costello_surface_2010,
	title = {Surface {Area} and the {Seabed} {Area}, {Volume}, {Depth}, {Slope}, and {Topographic} {Variation} for the {World}{\textquoteright}s {Seas}, {Oceans}, and {Countries}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es1012752},
	doi = {10.1021/es1012752},
	language = {en},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2017-11-29},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Costello, Mark John and Cheung, Alan and De Hauwere, Nathalie},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {8821--8828}
}

@article{garrett_marginal_1991,
	title = {Marginal mixing theories},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0705-5900, 1480-9214},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07055900.1991.9649407},
	doi = {10.1080/07055900.1991.9649407},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-12-01},
	journal = {Atmosphere-Ocean},
	author = {Garrett, Chris},
	month = jun,
	year = {1991},
	pages = {313--339}
}

@article{brink_baroclinic_2012,
	title = {Baroclinic instability of an idealized tidal mixing front},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {00222402, 15439542},
	url = {http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=0022-2402&volume=70&issue=4&spage=661},
	doi = {10.1357/002224012805262716},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-12-02},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	author = {Brink, K. H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {661--688}
}

@article{brink_instability_2013,
	title = {Instability of a tidal mixing front in the presence of realistic tides and mixing},
	volume = {71},
	doi = {10.1357/002224013807719473},
	abstract = {Instability and lateral eddy fluxes associated with a tidal mixing front are studied using idealized primitive equation numerical model runs. The front itself develops as a result of turbulence associated with imposed tidal currents over a sloping bottom. Thus, the model includes realistic levels of turbulence and time-dependence in the base-state conditions. In all of the 21 configurations considered, the front is unstable to fluctuations that usually draw energy primarily from the potential energy pool. Scalings are developed to parameterize a) the location of the tidal mixing front; b) the eddy kinetic energy; and c) the lateral eddy coefficients. In all cases, baroclinic instability enhances the lateral mixing relative to the two-dimensional case, but the extent of enhancement varies with the input parameters. Preliminary model runs that include a simple nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus biological model do not suggest any substantial ecological effect of the baroclinic instabilities. The lack of a strong biological effect, despite the enhanced eddy transports, occurs because of the near cancelation of oppositely directed cross-isobath eddy fluxes in the upper and lower parts of the water column. Similarly, shallow and deep cross-frontal eddy heat fluxes also nearly balance: this cancelation appears to help explain how the classical one-dimensional potential energy criterion for frontal location can work so well in a complex ocean.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	author = {Brink, K.H.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {227--251}
}

@book{noauthor_instability_nodate,
	title = {Instability of an idealized tidal mixing front: {Symmetric} instabi...: {Ingenta} {Connect}},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jmr/jmr/2013/00000071/00000006/art00003},
	urldate = {2017-12-02}
}

@article{brink_instability_2013-1,
	title = {Instability of an idealized tidal mixing front: {Symmetric} instabilities and frictional effects},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {00222402, 15439542},
	shorttitle = {Instability of an idealized tidal mixing front},
	url = {http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=0022-2402&volume=71&issue=6&spage=425},
	doi = {10.1357/002224013812587582},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2017-12-02},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	author = {Brink, K. H. and Cherian, Deepak A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {425--450}
}

@article{brink_instability_2013-2,
	title = {Instability of a tidal mixing front in the presence of realistic tides and mixing},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {00222402, 15439542},
	url = {http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=0022-2402&volume=71&issue=3&spage=227},
	doi = {10.1357/002224013807719473},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-12-02},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	author = {Brink, K.H.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {227--251}
}

@article{brink_continental_2016-1,
	title = {Continental {Shelf} {Baroclinic} {Instability}. {Part} {I}: {Relaxation} from {Upwelling} or {Downwelling}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Continental {Shelf} {Baroclinic} {Instability}. {Part} {I}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0047.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0047.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-12-02},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Brink, K. H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {551--568}
}

@article{brink_continental_2016-2,
	title = {Continental {Shelf} {Baroclinic} {Instability}. {Part} {II}: {Oscillating} {Wind} {Forcing}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Continental {Shelf} {Baroclinic} {Instability}. {Part} {II}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0048.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0048.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-12-02},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Brink, K. H. and Seo, H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {569--582}
}

@article{stone_baroclinic_1971,
	title = {Baroclinic stability under non-hydrostatic conditions},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/div-classtitlebaroclinic-stability-under-non-hydrostatic-conditionsdiv/B524523F6D3F876A378E6C9986A8C32C},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112071000260},
	abstract = {Eady's model for the stability of a thermal wind in an inviscid, stratified, rotating system is modified to allow for deviations from hydrostatic equilibrium. The stability properties of the flow are uniquely determined by two parameters: the Richardson number Ri, and the ratio of the aspect ratio to the Rossby number $\delta$. The latter parameter may be taken as a measure of the deviations from hydrostatic equilibrium ($\delta$ = 0 in Eady's model). It is found that such deviations decrease the growth rates of all three kinds of instability which can occur in this problem: {\textquoteleft}geostrophic{\textquoteright} baroclinic instability, symmetric instability, and Kelvin{\textendash}Helmholtz instability. The unstable wavelengths for {\textquoteleft}geostrophic{\textquoteright} and Kelvin{\textendash}Helmholtz instability are increased for finite values of $\delta$, while the unstable wavelengths for symmetric instability are unaffected. The {\textquoteleft}non-hydrostatic{\textquoteright} effects ($\delta$ /= 0) are significant for symmetric and Kelvin{\textendash}Helmholtz instability when $\delta$ [gsim ] 1, but not for {\textquoteleft}geostrophic{\textquoteright} instability unless $\delta$ [Gt ] 1. Consequently, the first two types of instability tend to be suppressed relative to {\textquoteleft}geostrophic{\textquoteright} instability by {\textquoteleft}non-hydrostatic{\textquoteright} conditions. Figure 3 summarizes the different instability r{\'e}gimes that can occur. In laboratory experiments symmetric instability can be studied best when $\delta$ [lsim ] 1, while Kelvin{\textendash}Helmholtz instability can be studied best when $\delta$ [Lt ] 1.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-12-03},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Stone, Peter H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1971},
	pages = {659--671}
}

@article{gula_topographic_2015,
	title = {Topographic vorticity generation, submesoscale instability and vortex street formation in the {Gulf} {Stream}: {TOPOGRAPHIC} {VORTICITY} {GENERATION}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Topographic vorticity generation, submesoscale instability and vortex street formation in the {Gulf} {Stream}},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2015GL063731},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL063731},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2017-12-03},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Gula, J. and Molemaker, M. J. and McWilliams, J. C.},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {4054--4062}
}

@article{gula_topographic_2015-1,
	title = {Topographic vorticity generation, submesoscale instability and vortex street formation in the {Gulf} {Stream}: {TOPOGRAPHIC} {VORTICITY} {GENERATION}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Topographic vorticity generation, submesoscale instability and vortex street formation in the {Gulf} {Stream}},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2015GL063731},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL063731},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2017-12-03},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Gula, J. and Molemaker, M. J. and McWilliams, J. C.},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {4054--4062}
}

@article{johnson_global_2016,
	title = {Global {Estimates} of {Lateral} {Springtime} {Restratification}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0163.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0163.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2017-12-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Johnson, Leah and Lee, Craig M. and D{\textquoteright}Asaro, Eric A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1555--1573}
}

@article{ruan_contribution_2017,
	title = {Contribution of topographically generated submesoscale turbulence to {Southern} {Ocean} overturning},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1752-0894, 1752-0908},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo3053},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo3053},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2017-12-03},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	author = {Ruan, Xiaozhou and Thompson, Andrew F. and Flexas, Mar M. and Sprintall, Janet},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {840--845}
}

@article{callies_role_2016,
	title = {The role of mixed-layer instabilities in submesoscale turbulence},
	volume = {788},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022112015007004},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2015.700},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-12-05},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Callies, J{\"o}rn and Flierl, Glenn and Ferrari, Raffaele and Fox-Kemper, Baylor},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {5--41}
}

@article{sasaki_impact_2014,
	title = {Impact of oceanic-scale interactions on the seasonal modulation of ocean dynamics by the atmosphere},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncomms6636},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms6636},
	urldate = {2017-12-05},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Sasaki, Hideharu and Klein, Patrice and Qiu, Bo and Sasai, Yoshikazu},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5636}
}

@article{callies_what_nodate,
	title = {What keeps the stratified mixing layer stratified?},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Callies, J{\"o}rn}
}

@article{armi_bottom_1976,
	title = {The bottom boundary layer of the deep ocean},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {01480227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC081i027p04983},
	doi = {10.1029/JC081i027p04983},
	language = {en},
	number = {27},
	urldate = {2017-12-13},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Armi, Laurence and Millard, Robert C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1976},
	pages = {4983--4990}
}

@article{stahr_transport_1999,
	title = {Transport and bottom boundary layerobservations of the {North} {Atlantic} {Deep} {Western} {Boundary} {Current} at the {Blake} {Outer} {Ridge}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {09670645},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967064598001015},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00101-5},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2017-12-14},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	author = {Stahr, Frederick R. and Sanford, Thomas B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {205--243}
}

@article{marshall_entry_2001,
	title = {Entry, {Flux}, and {Exit} of {Potential} {Vorticity} in {Ocean} {Circulation}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%282001%29031%3C0777%3AEFAEOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<0777:EFAEOP>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {The flux form of the potential vorticity (PV) equation is employed to derive simple expressions for the boundary and interior flux of PV in ocean circulation using Bernoulli functions. The formulas are discussed and physically interpreted and used to map the flux of PV through a model of ocean circulation.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-01-05},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Marshall, John and Jamous, Daniel and Nilsson, Johan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {777--789}
}

@article{keyser_formation_1990,
	title = {On the {Formation} of {Potential}-{Vorticity} {Anomalies} in {Upper}-{Level} {Jet}-{Front} {Systems}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0027-0644, 1520-0493},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0493%281990%29118%3C1914%3AOTFOPV%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1914:OTFOPV>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2018-01-10},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	author = {Keyser, Daniel and Rotunno, Richard},
	month = sep,
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1914--1921}
}

@article{giordani_modeling_2000,
	title = {Modeling and {Analysis} of {Ageostrophic} {Circulation} over the {Azores} {Oceanic} {Front} during the {SEMAPHORE} {Experiment}},
	volume = {128},
	issn = {0027-0644, 1520-0493},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0493%282000%29128%3C2270%3AMAAOAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2270:MAAOAC>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2018-01-24},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	author = {Giordani, Herv{\'e} and Planton, Serge},
	month = jul,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {2270--2287}
}

@article{young_subinertial_1994,
	title = {The {Subinertial} {Mixed} {Layer} {Approximation}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281994%29024%3C1812%3ATSMLA%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1812:TSMLA>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2018-01-24},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Young, W. R.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1812--1826}
}

@article{qiu_effect_2007,
	title = {Effect of {Mesoscale} {Eddies} on {Subtropical} {Mode} {Water} {Variability} from the {Kuroshio} {Extension} {System} {Study} ({KESS})},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO3097.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO3097.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-01-26},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Qiu, Bo and Chen, Shuiming and Hacker, Peter},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {982--1000}
}

@article{toole_transport_2011,
	title = {Transport of the {North} {Atlantic} {Deep} {Western} {Boundary} {Current} about 39{\textdegree}{N}, 70{\textdegree}{W}: 2004{\textendash}2008},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {09670645},
	shorttitle = {Transport of the {North} {Atlantic} {Deep} {Western} {Boundary} {Current} about 39{\textdegree}{N}, 70{\textdegree}{W}},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096706451100021X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.058},
	language = {en},
	number = {17-18},
	urldate = {2018-03-13},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	author = {Toole, J.M. and Curry, R.G. and Joyce, T.M. and McCartney, M. and Pe{\~n}a-Molino, B.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1768--1780}
}

@article{su_ocean_2018,
	title = {Ocean submesoscales as a key component of the global heat budget},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-02983-w},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-02983-w},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-13},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Su, Zhan and Wang, Jinbo and Klein, Patrice and Thompson, Andrew F. and Menemenlis, Dimitris},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018}
}

@article{mcdougall_abyssal_2017-1,
	title = {Abyssal {Upwelling} and {Downwelling} {Driven} by {Near}-{Boundary} {Mixing}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0082.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-16-0082.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-03-15},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {McDougall, Trevor J. and Ferrari, Raffaele},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {261--283}
}

@article{vanneste_kelvin-helmholtz_1993,
	title = {The {Kelvin}-{Helmholtz} instability in a non-geostrophic baroclinic unstable flow},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {08957177},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/089571779390099K},
	doi = {10.1016/0895-7177(93)90099-K},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-19},
	journal = {Mathematical and Computer Modelling},
	author = {Vanneste, Jacques},
	month = jan,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {149--154}
}

@article{soufflet_effective_2016,
	title = {On effective resolution in ocean models},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {14635003},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500315002401},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.12.004},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-04-25},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Soufflet, Yves and Marchesiello, Patrick and Lemari{\'e}, Florian and Jouanno, Julien and Capet, Xavier and Debreu, Laurent and Benshila, Rachid},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {36--50}
}

@article{lozier_influence_2005,
	title = {The {Influence} of {Topography} on the {Stability} of {Shelfbreak} {Fronts}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO2717.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO2717.1},
	abstract = {In an attempt to understand the degree to which the stability of a shelfbreak front, characterized by continuous horizontal and vertical shear, is affected by topography, a linear stability analysis was conducted for a range of frontal jets and bottom-slope configurations. Three-dimensional perturbations superposed on a continuously stratified shelfbreak front were investigated using linearized, hydrostatic primitive equations. For all model runs in the study, the frontal instability mode, which is the fastest-growing mode for a baroclinic flow, was not influenced by the bottom: Retrograde, prograde, and flat-bottom jets all share the same stability characteristics. In contrast, weakly baroclinic jets are strongly influenced by bottom topography. The presence of a bottom slope stabilizes prograde jets and destabilizes retrograde jets, a difference attributed to the orientation of the isopycnals relative to the bottom slope. Temporal and/or downstream changes in the bottom slope and/or background stratification are shown to produce sizeable changes in the instability of a weakly baroclinic jet.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2018-04-25},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Lozier, M. Susan and Reed, Mark S. C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1023--1036}
}

@incollection{veronis_large_1973,
	title = {Large {Scale} {Ocean} {Circulation}},
	volume = {13},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065215608701431},
	abstract = {Theoretical picture of large-scale ocean circulation has grown mostly out of the development of simple models, which isolate the particular phenomenon to be analyzed. This chapter discusses some of the simple theoretical models together with an attempt to extend a few of them to take into account additional features that are not normally included in the models. First, a simple model for deriving the ellipticity of the earth is presented. It is followed by the derivation of the equations of fluid motion in elliptical coordinates and the approximation involved in the use of a spherical coordinate system to analyze oceanographic motions. The approximations encountered in theoretical studies of large-scale flows are then discussed. Next, simple geostrophic flows and their significance are presented. The chapter presents the study of Ekman layers and the role that they play in large-scale circulation and also discusses turbulent transport. The chapter concludes with discussion on laboratory modeling of ocean circulation.},
	urldate = {2018-05-31},
	booktitle = {Advances in {Applied} {Mechanics}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Veronis, George},
	editor = {Yih, Chia-Shun},
	month = jan,
	year = {1973},
	doi = {10.1016/S0065-2156(08)70143-1},
	pages = {1--92}
}

@article{sullivan_frontogenesis_2018,
	title = {Frontogenesis and frontal arrest of a dense filament in the oceanic surface boundary layer},
	volume = {837},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022112017008333/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2017.833},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-05-31},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Sullivan, Peter P. and McWilliams, James C.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {341--380}
}

@article{skyllingstad_baroclinic_2017,
	title = {Baroclinic {Frontal} {Instabilities} and {Turbulent} {Mixing} in the {Surface} {Boundary} {Layer}. {Part} {II}: {Forced} {Simulations}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Baroclinic {Frontal} {Instabilities} and {Turbulent} {Mixing} in the {Surface} {Boundary} {Layer}. {Part} {II}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0179.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-16-0179.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2018-05-31},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Skyllingstad, Eric D. and Duncombe, Jenessa and Samelson, Roger M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {2429--2454}
}

@article{small_airsea_2008,
	title = {Air{\textendash}sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {03770265},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377026508000341},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.01.001},
	language = {en},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2018-07-24},
	journal = {Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans},
	author = {Small, R.J. and deSzoeke, S.P. and Xie, S.P. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, L. and Seo, H. and Song, Q. and Cornillon, P. and Spall, M. and Minobe, S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {274--319}
}

@article{palter_supply_2011,
	title = {The supply of excess phosphate across the {Gulf} {Stream} and the maintenance of subtropical nitrogen fixation},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {08866236},
	shorttitle = {The supply of excess phosphate across the {Gulf} {Stream} and the maintenance of subtropical nitrogen fixation},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2010GB003955},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GB003955},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-08-22},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	author = {Palter, Jaime B. and Lozier, M. Susan and Sarmiento, Jorge L. and Williams, Richard G.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {n/a--n/a}
}

@article{cole_eddy_2015,
	title = {Eddy stirring and horizontal diffusivity from {Argo} float observations: {Geographic} and depth variability: {ARGO} {EDDY} {STIRRING} {AND} {DIFFUSIVITY}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Eddy stirring and horizontal diffusivity from {Argo} float observations},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2015GL063827},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL063827},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2018-09-05},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Cole, Sylvia T. and Wortham, Cimarron and Kunze, Eric and Owens, W. Brechner},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3989--3997}
}

@article{rypina_eddy-induced_2012,
	title = {Eddy-{Induced} {Particle} {Dispersion} in the {Near}-{Surface} {North} {Atlantic}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-11-0191.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-11-0191.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2018-09-05},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Rypina, Irina I. and Kamenkovich, Igor and Berloff, Pavel and Pratt, Lawrence J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2206--2228}
}

@article{bower_gulf_1985,
	title = {The {Gulf} {Stream}{\textemdash}{Barrier} or {Blender}?},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485%281985%29015%3C0024%3ATGSOB%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0024:TGSOB>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-05},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Bower, A. S. and Rossby, H. T. and Lillibridge, J. L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1985},
	pages = {24--32}
}

@article{sundermeyer_lateral_2001,
	title = {Lateral dispersion over the continental shelf: {Analysis} of dye release experiments},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {01480227},
	shorttitle = {Lateral dispersion over the continental shelf},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2000JC900138},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JC900138},
	language = {en},
	number = {C5},
	urldate = {2018-09-05},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Sundermeyer, Miles A. and Ledwell, James R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {9603--9621}
}

@article{byrne_mesoscale_2016,
	title = {Mesoscale atmosphere ocean coupling enhances the transfer of wind energy into the ocean},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncomms11867},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms11867},
	urldate = {2018-10-05},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Byrne, D. and M{\"u}nnich, M. and Frenger, I. and Gruber, N.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {ncomms11867}
}

@article{kilpatrick_boundary_2014,
	title = {Boundary {Layer} {Convergence} {Induced} by {Strong} {Winds} across a {Midlatitude} {SST} {Front}*},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00101.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00101.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-10-05},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Kilpatrick, Thomas and Schneider, Niklas and Qiu, Bo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1698--1718}
}

@article{skyllingstad_effects_2007,
	title = {Effects of mesoscale sea-surface temperature fronts on the marine atmospheric boundary layer},
	volume = {123},
	issn = {0006-8314, 1573-1472},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10546-006-9127-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10546-006-9127-8},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-10-05},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Skyllingstad, Eric D. and Vickers, Dean and Mahrt, Larry and Samelson, Roger},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {219--237}
}

@article{schneider_atmospheric_2015,
	title = {The {Atmospheric} {Response} to {Weak} {Sea} {Surface} {Temperature} {Fronts}*},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0212.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-14-0212.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2018-10-05},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Schneider, Niklas and Qiu, Bo},
	month = sep,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3356--3377}
}

@article{mirocha_implementation_2010,
	title = {Implementation of a {Nonlinear} {Subfilter} {Turbulence} {Stress} {Model} for {Large}-{Eddy} {Simulation} in the {Advanced} {Research} {WRF} {Model}},
	volume = {138},
	issn = {0027-0644, 1520-0493},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010MWR3286.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2010MWR3286.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2018-10-05},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	author = {Mirocha, J. D. and Lundquist, J. K. and Kosovi{\'c}, B.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {4212--4228}
}

@book{skamarock_description_2008,
	title = {A description of the {Advanced} {Research} {WRF} version 3. {NCAR} {Technical} note -475+{STR}},
	abstract = {The Technical Note series provides an outlet for a variety of NCAR manuscripts that contribute in specialized ways to the body of scientific knowledge but which are not suitable for journal, monograph, or book publication. Reports in this series are issued by the NCAR Scientific Di-visions; copies may be obtained on request from the Publications Office of NCAR. Designation symbols for the series include: EDD: Engineering, Design, or Development Reports Equipment descriptions, test results, instrumentation, and operating and maintenance manuals. IA: Instructional Aids Instruction manuals, bibliographies, film supplements, and other research or instructional aids. PPR: Program Progress Reports Field program reports, interim and working reports, survey reports, and plans for experiments. PROC: Proceedings Documentation of symposia, colloquia, conferences, workshops, and lectures. (Distribution may be limited to attendees.)},
	author = {Skamarock, William C. and Klemp, Joseph B. and Dudhia, Jimy and Gill, David O. and Barker, Dale M. and Wang, Wei and Powers, Jordan G.},
	year = {2008}
}

@article{wallace_influence_1989,
	title = {The {Influence} of {Sea}-{Surface} {Temperature} on {Surface} {Wind} in the {Eastern} {Equatorial} {Pacific}: {Seasonal} and {Interannual} {Variability}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	shorttitle = {The {Influence} of {Sea}-{Surface} {Temperature} on {Surface} {Wind} in the {Eastern} {Equatorial} {Pacific}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442%281989%29002%3C1492%3ATIOSST%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1492:TIOSST>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2018-10-12},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Wallace, J. M. and Mitchell, T. P. and Deser, C.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1492--1499}
}

@article{hayes_influence_1989,
	title = {The {Influence} of {Sea}-{Surface} {Temperature} on {Surface} {Wind} in the {Eastern} {Equatorial} {Pacific}: {Weekly} to {Monthly} {Variability}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	shorttitle = {The {Influence} of {Sea}-{Surface} {Temperature} on {Surface} {Wind} in the {Eastern} {Equatorial} {Pacific}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442%281989%29002%3C1500%3ATIOSST%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1500:TIOSST>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2018-10-12},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Hayes, S. P. and McPhaden, M. J. and Wallace, J. M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1500--1506}
}

@article{oneill_covariability_2012,
	title = {Covariability of {Surface} {Wind} and {Stress} {Responses} to {Sea} {Surface} {Temperature} {Fronts}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00230.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00230.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2018-10-12},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, Larry W. and Chelton, Dudley B. and Esbensen, Steven K.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {5916--5942}
}

@article{emanuel_inertial_1979,
	title = {Inertial {Instability} and {Mesoscale} {Convective} {Systems}. {Part} {I}: {Linear} {Theory} of {Inertial} {Instability} in {Rotating} {Viscous} {Fluids}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	shorttitle = {Inertial {Instability} and {Mesoscale} {Convective} {Systems}. {Part} {I}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281979%29036%3C2425%3AIIAMCS%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<2425:IIAMCS>2.0.CO;2},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2018-10-12},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Emanuel, Kerry A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1979},
	pages = {2425--2449}
}

@article{jiao_energetics_2015,
	title = {The {Energetics} of {Centrifugal} {Instability}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0064.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-14-0064.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2018-10-12},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Jiao, Yang and Dewar, W. K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1554--1573}
}

@article{whitt_resonant_2015,
	title = {Resonant {Generation} and {Energetics} of {Wind}-{Forced} {Near}-{Inertial} {Motions} in a {Geostrophic} {Flow}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0168.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-14-0168.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-12},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Whitt, Daniel B. and Thomas, Leif N.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {181--208}
}

@article{kudryavtsev_observations_1996,
	title = {Observations of atmospheric boundary layer evolution above the {Gulf} {Stream} frontal zone},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {0006-8314, 1573-1472},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00120075},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00120075},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2018-10-12},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Kudryavtsev, V. N. and Grodsky, S. A. and Dulov, V. A. and Malinovsky, V. V.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {51--82}
}

@article{jensen_submesoscale_2018,
	title = {Submesoscale features and their interaction with fronts and internal tides in a high-resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave model of the {Bay} of {Bengal}},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {1616-7341, 1616-7228},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10236-018-1136-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10236-018-1136-x},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-10-12},
	journal = {Ocean Dynamics},
	author = {Jensen, Tommy G. and Shulman, Igor and Wijesekera, Hemantha W. and Anderson, Stephanie and Ladner, Sherwin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {391--410}
}

@article{hogg_effects_2009,
	title = {The {Effects} of {Mesoscale} {Ocean}{\textendash}{Atmosphere} {Coupling} on the {Large}-{Scale} {Ocean} {Circulation}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2009JCLI2629.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2009JCLI2629.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2018-10-12},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Hogg, Andrew Mc C. and Dewar, William K. and Berloff, Pavel and Kravtsov, Sergey and Hutchinson, David K.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {4066--4082}
}

@article{bishop_scale_2017,
	title = {Scale {Dependence} of {Midlatitude} {Air}{\textendash}{Sea} {Interaction}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0159.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0159.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {20},
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	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	author = {Letscher, Robert T. and Primeau, Fran{\c c}ois and Moore, J. Keith},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {815--819}
}

@article{shcherbina_latmix_2015,
	title = {The {LatMix} {Summer} {Campaign}: {Submesoscale} {Stirring} in the {Upper} {Ocean}},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {0003-0007, 1520-0477},
	shorttitle = {The {LatMix} {Summer} {Campaign}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00015.1},
	doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00015.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	author = {Shcherbina, Andrey Y. and Sundermeyer, Miles A. and Kunze, Eric and D{\textquoteright}Asaro, Eric and Badin, Gualtiero and Birch, Daniel and Brunner-Suzuki, Anne-Marie E. G. and Callies, J{\"o}rn and Kuebel Cervantes, Brandy T. and Claret, Mariona and Concannon, Brian and Early, Jeffrey and Ferrari, Raffaele and Goodman, Louis and Harcourt, Ramsey R. and Klymak, Jody M. and Lee, Craig M. and Lelong, M.-Pascale and Levine, Murray D. and Lien, Ren-Chieh and Mahadevan, Amala and McWilliams, James C. and Molemaker, M. Jeroen and Mukherjee, Sonaljit and Nash, Jonathan D. and {\"O}zg{\"o}kmen, Tamay and Pierce, Stephen D. and Ramachandran, Sanjiv and Samelson, Roger M. and Sanford, Thomas B. and Shearman, R. Kipp and Skyllingstad, Eric D. and Smith, K. Shafer and Tandon, Amit and Taylor, John R. and Terray, Eugene A. and Thomas, Leif N. and Ledwell, James R.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1257--1279}
}

@article{wenegrat_submesoscale_2018,
	title = {Submesoscale {Baroclinic} {Instability} in the {Bottom} {Boundary} {Layer}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0264.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-17-0264.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-05-21},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Wenegrat, Jacob O. and Callies, J{\"o}rn and Thomas, Leif N.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2571--2592}
}

@article{thompson_open-ocean_2016,
	title = {Open-{Ocean} {Submesoscale} {Motions}: {A} {Full} {Seasonal} {Cycle} of {Mixed} {Layer} {Instabilities} from {Gliders}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Open-{Ocean} {Submesoscale} {Motions}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0170.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0170.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-22},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Thompson, Andrew F. and Lazar, Ayah and Buckingham, Christian and Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. and Damerell, Gillian M. and Heywood, Karen J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1285--1307}
}

@article{naveira_garabato_rapid_2019,
	title = {Rapid mixing and exchange of deep-ocean waters in an abyssal boundary current},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1904087116},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1904087116},
	abstract = {The overturning circulation of the global ocean is critically shaped by deep-ocean mixing, which transforms cold waters sinking at high latitudes into warmer, shallower waters. The effectiveness of mixing in driving this transformation is jointly set by two factors: the intensity of turbulence near topography and the rate at which well-mixed boundary waters are exchanged with the stratified ocean interior. Here, we use innovative observations of a major branch of the overturning circulation{\textemdash}an abyssal boundary current in the Southern Ocean{\textemdash}to identify a previously undocumented mixing mechanism, by which deep-ocean waters are efficiently laundered through intensified near-boundary turbulence and boundary{\textendash}interior exchange. The linchpin of the mechanism is the generation of submesoscale dynamical instabilities by the flow of deep-ocean waters along a steep topographic boundary. As the conditions conducive to this mode of mixing are common to many abyssal boundary currents, our findings highlight an imperative for its representation in models of oceanic overturning.},
	language = {en},
	number = {27},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. and Frajka-Williams, Eleanor E. and Spingys, Carl P. and Legg, Sonya and Polzin, Kurt L. and Forryan, Alexander and Abrahamsen, E. Povl and Buckingham, Christian E. and Griffies, Stephen M. and McPhail, Stephen D. and Nicholls, Keith W. and Thomas, Leif N. and Meredith, Michael P.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {13233--13238},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/CIG3DSS3/Naveira Garabato et al. - 2019 - Rapid mixing and exchange of deep-ocean waters in .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{scott_update_2009,
	title = {An update on the wind power input to the surface geostrophic flow of the {World} {Ocean}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {09670637},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967063708001994},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.09.010},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	author = {Scott, Robert B. and Xu, Yongsheng},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {295--304}
}

@article{zhai_significant_2010,
	title = {Significant sink of ocean-eddy energy near western boundaries},
	volume = {3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo943},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	author = {Zhai, Xiaoming and Johnson, Helen L. and Marshall, David P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {608}
}

@article{wright_lee_2014,
	title = {Lee wave generation rates in the deep ocean},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {00948276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2013GL059087},
	doi = {10.1002/2013GL059087},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Wright, Corwin J. and Scott, Robert B. and Ailliot, Pierre and Furnival, Darran},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {2434--2440},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/4MAFXW68/Wright et al. - 2014 - Lee wave generation rates in the deep ocean.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{scott_global_2011,
	title = {Global rate and spectral characteristics of internal gravity wave generation by geostrophic flow over topography},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2011JC007005},
	doi = {10.1029/2011JC007005},
	language = {en},
	number = {C9},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Scott, R. B. and Goff, J. A. and Naveira Garabato, A. C. and Nurser, A. J. G.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {C09029}
}

@article{nikurashin_global_2011,
	title = {Global energy conversion rate from geostrophic flows into internal lee waves in the deep ocean: {INTERNAL} {LEE} {WAVES} {IN} {THE} {OCEAN}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Global energy conversion rate from geostrophic flows into internal lee waves in the deep ocean},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2011GL046576},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GL046576},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Nikurashin, Maxim and Ferrari, Raffaele},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/6GBFP3NA/Nikurashin and Ferrari - 2011 - Global energy conversion rate from geostrophic flo.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{arbic_estimates_2009,
	title = {Estimates of bottom flows and bottom boundary layer dissipation of the oceanic general circulation from global high-resolution models},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2008JC005072},
	doi = {10.1029/2008JC005072},
	language = {en},
	number = {C2},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Arbic, Brian K. and Shriver, Jay F. and Hogan, Patrick J. and Hurlburt, Harley E. and McClean, Julie L. and Metzger, E. Joseph and Scott, Robert B. and Sen, Ayon and Smedstad, Ole Martin and Wallcraft, Alan J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {C02024},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/ZZVT3285/Arbic et al. - 2009 - Estimates of bottom flows and bottom boundary laye.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wunsch_vertical_2004,
	title = {Vertical {Mixing}, {Energy}, and the {General} {Circulation} of the {Oceans}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0066-4189, 1545-4479},
	url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146%2Fannurev.fluid.36.050802.122121},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122121},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Wunsch, Carl and Ferrari, Raffaele},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {281--314},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/GGYDH255/Wunsch and Ferrari - 2004 - VERTICAL MIXING, ENERGY, AND THE GENERAL CIRCULATI.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ferrari_ocean_2009,
	title = {Ocean {Circulation} {Kinetic} {Energy}: {Reservoirs}, {Sources}, and {Sinks}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0066-4189, 1545-4479},
	shorttitle = {Ocean {Circulation} {Kinetic} {Energy}},
	url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102139},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102139},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Ferrari, Raffaele and Wunsch, Carl},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {253--282}
}

@article{srinivasan_submesoscale_2019,
	title = {Submesoscale {Vortical} {Wakes} in the {Lee} of {Topography}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0042.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-18-0042.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Srinivasan, Kaushik and McWilliams, James C. and Molemaker, M. Jeroen and Barkan, Roy},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1949--1971}
}

@article{von_storch_wind-generated_2007,
	title = {Wind-{Generated} {Power} {Input} to the {Deep} {Ocean}: {An} {Estimate} {Using} a 1/10{\textdegree} {General} {Circulation} {Model}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Wind-{Generated} {Power} {Input} to the {Deep} {Ocean}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO3001.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO3001.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {von Storch, Jin-Song and Sasaki, Hideharu and Marotzke, Jochem},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {657--672}
}

@article{wunsch_work_1998,
	title = {The {Work} {Done} by the {Wind} on the {Oceanic} {General} {Circulation}},
	volume = {28},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2332:TWDBTW>2.0.CO;2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2332:TWDBTW>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {Abstract A new estimate is made using altimeter data of the rate at which the wind works on the oceanic general circulation. The value of about 1 TW is lower than previously estimated and is dominated by the work done by the mean zonal wind in the Southern Ocean. The meridional component of the mean wind contributes primarily in the eastern upwelling regions of the ocean. Fluctuating component contributions are small. A comparison with the results of a numerical model produces both the same total work as well as the same general geographical patterns but with detailed differences. Both observations and model show that the subtropical gyres are regions where the atmosphere is braking the ocean circulation. The input of wind energy is shown to be qualitatively consistent with estimates of the rates of decay of barotropic and baroclinic mesoscale variability. If most of the energy input into the Southern Ocean is dissipated there, this region could be a dominant factor in mixing the global ocean.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Wunsch, Carl},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {2332--2340}
}

@article{ruan_evolution_2019,
	title = {The {Evolution} and {Arrest} of a {Turbulent} {Stratified} {Oceanic} {Bottom} {Boundary} {Layer} over a {Slope}: {Downslope} {Regime}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {The {Evolution} and {Arrest} of a {Turbulent} {Stratified} {Oceanic} {Bottom} {Boundary} {Layer} over a {Slope}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0079.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-18-0079.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Ruan, Xiaozhou and Thompson, Andrew F. and Taylor, John R.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {469--487}
}

@article{wright_global_2013,
	title = {Global {Observations} of {Ocean}-{Bottom} {Subinertial} {Current} {Dissipation}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-12-082.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-12-082.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-07-22},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Wright, Corwin J. and Scott, Robert B. and Furnival, Darran and Ailliot, Pierre and Vermet, Franck},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {402--417}
}

@article{callies_restratification_2018,
	title = {Restratification of {Abyssal} {Mixing} {Layers} by {Submesoscale} {Baroclinic} {Eddies}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0082.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-18-0082.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2019-07-22},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Callies, J{\"o}rn},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1995--2010}
}

@article{sen_global_2008,
	title = {Global energy dissipation rate of deep-ocean low-frequency flows by quadratic bottom boundary layer drag: {Computations} from current-meter data},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	shorttitle = {Global energy dissipation rate of deep-ocean low-frequency flows by quadratic bottom boundary layer drag},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2008GL033407},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GL033407},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2019-07-28},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Sen, Ayon and Scott, Robert B. and Arbic, Brian K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {L09606}
}

@article{taylor_stratification_2008,
	title = {Stratification {Effects} in a {Bottom} {Ekman} {Layer}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2008JPO3942.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2008JPO3942.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-07-29},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Taylor, John R. and Sarkar, Sutanu},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2535--2555}
}

@article{mason_procedures_2010,
	title = {Procedures for offline grid nesting in regional ocean models},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {14635003},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S146350031000082X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.05.007},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2019-07-29},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Mason, Evan and Molemaker, Jeroen and Shchepetkin, Alexander F. and Colas, Francois and McWilliams, James C. and Sangr{\`a}, Pablo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1--15}
}

@article{wenegrat_enhanced_2020,
	title = {Enhanced mixing across the gyre boundary at the {Gulf} {Stream} front},
	volume = {in press},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Wenegrat, Jacob O. and Thomas, L. N. and Sundermeyer, Miles A. and Taylor, J. R. and D'Asaro, E. A. and Lee, C. and Klymak, Jody M. and Shearman, R. Kipp},
	year = {2020}
}

@article{skyllingstad_baroclinic_2017-1,
	title = {Baroclinic {Frontal} {Instabilities} and {Turbulent} {Mixing} in the {Surface} {Boundary} {Layer}. {Part} {II}: {Forced} {Simulations}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Baroclinic {Frontal} {Instabilities} and {Turbulent} {Mixing} in the {Surface} {Boundary} {Layer}. {Part} {II}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0179.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-16-0179.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2019-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Skyllingstad, Eric D. and Duncombe, Jenessa and Samelson, Roger M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {2429--2454}
}

@article{skyllingstad_baroclinic_2012,
	title = {Baroclinic {Frontal} {Instabilities} and {Turbulent} {Mixing} in the {Surface} {Boundary} {Layer}. {Part} {I}: {Unforced} {Simulations}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Baroclinic {Frontal} {Instabilities} and {Turbulent} {Mixing} in the {Surface} {Boundary} {Layer}. {Part} {I}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-10-05016.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-10-05016.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2019-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Skyllingstad, Eric D. and Samelson, R. M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1701--1716}
}

@article{taylor_turbulent_2016-1,
	title = {Turbulent mixing, restratification, and phytoplankton growth at a submesoscale eddy: {SUBMESOSCALES}, {TURBULENCE}, {AND} {PHYTOPLANKTON} {GROWTH}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Turbulent mixing, restratification, and phytoplankton growth at a submesoscale eddy},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2016GL069106},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL069106},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-08-03},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Taylor, J. R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {5784--5792},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/F7N6BCKI/Taylor - 2016 - Turbulent mixing, restratification, and phytoplank.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{armi_evidence_1978,
	title = {Some evidence for boundary mixing in the deep {Ocean}},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC083iC04p01971},
	doi = {10.1029/JC083iC04p01971},
	language = {en},
	number = {C4},
	urldate = {2019-08-06},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Armi, Laurence},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {1971},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/7337MARX/Armi - 1978 - Some evidence for boundary mixing in the deep Ocea.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{armi_effects_1979,
	title = {Effects of variations in eddy diffusivity on property distributions in the oceans},
	volume = {37},
	url = {https://hdl.handle.net/1912/10336},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/10336},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-08-06},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	author = {Armi, Laurence},
	year = {1979},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/MASLGNZY/Armi - 1979 - Effects of variations in eddy diffusivity on prope.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vreugdenhil_stratification_2019,
	title = {Stratification {Effects} in the {Turbulent} {Boundary} {Layer} beneath a {Melting} {Ice} {Shelf}: {Insights} from {Resolved} {Large}-{Eddy} {Simulations}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Stratification {Effects} in the {Turbulent} {Boundary} {Layer} beneath a {Melting} {Ice} {Shelf}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0252.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-18-0252.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2019-08-07},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Vreugdenhil, Catherine A. and Taylor, John R.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1905--1925}
}

@article{bachman_mesoscale_2017,
	title = {Mesoscale and {Submesoscale} {Effects} on {Mixed} {Layer} {Depth} in the {Southern} {Ocean}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0034.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-17-0034.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Bachman, S. D. and Taylor, J. R. and Adams, K. A. and Hosegood, P. J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {2173--2188},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/JB5QSJGT/Bachman et al. - 2017 - Mesoscale and Submesoscale Effects on Mixed Layer .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dasaro_generation_1988,
	title = {Generation of submesoscale vortices: {A} new mechanism},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	shorttitle = {Generation of submesoscale vortices},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC093iC06p06685},
	doi = {10.1029/JC093iC06p06685},
	language = {en},
	number = {C6},
	urldate = {2019-08-29},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {D'Asaro, Eric A.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {6685}
}

@article{the_climode_group:_climode_2009,
	title = {The {Climode} {Field} {Campaign}: {Observing} the {Cycle} of {Convection} and {Restratification} over the {Gulf} {Stream}},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0003-0007, 1520-0477},
	shorttitle = {The {Climode} {Field} {Campaign}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2009BAMS2706.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2009BAMS2706.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2019-08-30},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	author = {{The Climode Group:} and Marshall, J. and Ferrari, R. and Forget, G. and Maze, G. and Andersson, A. and Bates, N. and Dewar, W. and Doney, S. and Fratantoni, D. and Joyce, T. and Straneo, F. and Toole, J. and Weller, R. and Edson, J. and Gregg, M. and Kelly, K. and Lozier, S. and Palter, J. and Lumpkin, R. and Samelson, R. and Skyllingstad, E. and Silverthorne, K. and Talley, L. and Thomas, L.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1337--1350}
}

@article{lumpkin_surface_2010,
	title = {Surface drifter pair spreading in the {North} {Atlantic}},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2010JC006338},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JC006338},
	language = {en},
	number = {C12},
	urldate = {2019-08-31},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {Lumpkin, Rick and Elipot, Shane},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {C12017},
	file = {Accepted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/HAZVZLLE/Lumpkin and Elipot - 2010 - Surface drifter pair spreading in the North Atlant.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{uchida_contribution_2019,
	title = {The contribution of submesoscale over mesoscale eddy iron transport in the open {Southern} {Ocean}},
	issn = {1942-2466, 1942-2466},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019MS001805},
	doi = {10.1029/2019MS001805},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-15},
	journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
	author = {Uchida, Takaya and Balwada, Dhruv and Abernathey, Ryan and McKinley, Galen and Smith, Shafer and L{\'e}vy, Marina},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2019MS001805},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/HT2TVYEM/Uchida et al. - 2019 - The contribution of submesoscale over mesoscale ed.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{uchida_contribution_2019-1,
	title = {The contribution of submesoscale over mesoscale eddy iron transport in the open {Southern} {Ocean}},
	issn = {1942-2466, 1942-2466},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019MS001805},
	doi = {10.1029/2019MS001805},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-15},
	journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
	author = {Uchida, Takaya and Balwada, Dhruv and Abernathey, Ryan and McKinley, Galen and Smith, Shafer and L{\'e}vy, Marina},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2019MS001805},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/LGQLR2W4/Uchida et al. - 2019 - The contribution of submesoscale over mesoscale ed.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{deardorff_laboratory_1969,
	title = {Laboratory investigation of non-steady penetrative convection},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022112069000942/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112069000942},
	abstract = {Laboratory experiments of non-steady penetrative convection in water are performed that closely simulate the lifting of an atmospheric inversion above heated ground. Vertical profiles of horizontally averaged temperature and heat flux are measured and interpreted. The rate at which kinetic energy is destroyed by the downward heat flux in the vicinity of the inversion base is found to be a very small fraction of the rate at which it is generated in the lower convective region. The interface separating the convective region from the stable region is examined and its rate of rise explained.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-11-21},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Deardorff, J. W. and Willis, G. E. and Lilly, D. K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1969},
	pages = {7--31}
}

@article{shao_variability_2019,
	title = {The {Variability} of {Winds} and {Fluxes} {Observed} {Near} {Submesoscale} {Fronts}},
	issn = {2169-9275, 2169-9291},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019JC015236},
	doi = {10.1029/2019JC015236},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-26},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Shao, Mingming and Ortiz-Suslow, David G. and Haus, Brian K. and Lund, Bj{\"o}rn and Williams, Neil J. and {\"O}zg{\"o}kmen, Tamay M. and Laxague, Nathan J. M. and Horstmann, Jochen and Klymak, Jody M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2019JC015236}
}

@article{yu_windforced_2019,
	title = {Wind-{Forced} {Symmetric} {Instability} at a {Transient} {Mid}-{Ocean} {Front}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0094-8276, 1944-8007},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL084309},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL084309},
	language = {en},
	number = {20},
	urldate = {2019-12-05},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Yu, Xiaolong and Naveira~Garabato, Alberto C. and Martin, Adrian P. and Gwyn Evans, D. and Su, Zhan},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {11281--11291},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/J2CCTI3V/Yu et al. - 2019 - Wind-Forced Symmetric Instability at a Transient M.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{savelyev_aerial_2018,
	title = {Aerial {Observations} of {Symmetric} {Instability} at the {North} {Wall} of the {Gulf} {Stream}: {OBSERVATIONS} {OF} {SYMMETRIC} {INSTABILITY}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Aerial {Observations} of {Symmetric} {Instability} at the {North} {Wall} of the {Gulf} {Stream}},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2017GL075735},
	doi = {10.1002/2017GL075735},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-12-05},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Savelyev, I. and Thomas, L. N. and Smith, G. B. and Wang, Q. and Shearman, R. K. and Haack, T. and Christman, A. J. and Blomquist, B. and Sletten, M. and Miller, W. D. and Fernando, H. J. S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {236--244},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/BKEZW7ME/Savelyev et al. - 2018 - Aerial Observations of Symmetric Instability at th.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{allen_downwelling_1993,
	title = {Downwelling {Circulation} on the {Oregon} {Continental} {Shelf}. {Part} {I}: {Response} to {Idealized} {Forcing}},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<2011:DCOTOC>2.0.CO;2},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Allen, J. S. and Newberger, P. A.},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {2011--2035}
}

@article{yankovsky_symmetric_2019,
	title = {Symmetric and {Baroclinic} {Instability} in {Dense} {Shelf} {Overflows}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0072.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-18-0072.1},
	abstract = {In this study, we revisit the problem of rotating dense overflow dynamics by performing nonhydrostatic numerical simulations, resolving submesoscale variability. Thermohaline stratification and buoyancy forcing are based on data from the Eurasian basin of the Arctic Ocean, where overflows are particularly crucial to the exchange of dense water between shelves and deep basins, yet have been studied relatively little. A nonlinear equation of state is used, allowing proper representation of thermohaline structure and mixing. We examine three increasingly complex scenarios: nonrotating 2D, rotating 2D, and rotating 3D. The nonrotating 2D case behaves according to known theory: the gravity current descends alongslope until reaching a relatively shallow neutral buoyancy level. However, in the rotating cases, we have identified novel dynamics: in both 2D and 3D, the submesoscale range is dominated by symmetric instability (SI). Rotation leads to geostrophic adjustment, causing dense water to be confined within the forcing region longer and attain a greater density anomaly. In the 2D case, Ekman drainage leads to descent of the geostrophic jet, forming a highly dense alongslope front. Beams of negative Ertel potential vorticity develop parallel to the slope, initiating SI and vigorous mixing in the overflow. In 3D, baroclinic eddies are responsible for cross-isobath dense water transport, but SI again develops along the slope and at eddy edges. Remarkably, through two different dynamics, the 2D SI-dominated case and 3D eddy-dominated case attain roughly the same final water mass distribution, highlighting the potential role of SI in driving mixing within certain regimes of dense overflows.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-12-05},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Yankovsky, Elizabeth and Legg, Sonya},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {39--61}
}

@article{burns_dedalus_2019,
	title = {Dedalus: {A} {Flexible} {Framework} for {Numerical} {Simulations} with {Spectral} {Methods}},
	shorttitle = {Dedalus},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10388},
	abstract = {Numerical solutions of partial differential equations enable a broad range of scientific research. The Dedalus Project is a flexible, open-source, parallelized computational framework for solving general partial differential equations using spectral methods. Dedalus translates plain-text strings describing partial differential equations into efficient solvers. This paper details the numerical method that enables this translation, describes the design and implementation of the codebase, and illustrates its capabilities with a variety of example problems. The numerical method is a first-order generalized tau formulation that discretizes equations into banded matrices. This method is implemented with an object-oriented design. Classes for spectral bases and domains manage the discretization and automatic parallel distribution of variables. Discretized fields and mathematical operators are symbolically manipulated with a basic computer algebra system. Initial value, boundary value, and eigenvalue problems are efficiently solved using high-performance linear algebra, transform, and parallel communication libraries. Custom analysis outputs can also be specified in plain text and stored in self-describing portable formats. The performance of the code is evaluated with a parallel scaling benchmark and a comparison to a finite-volume code. The features and flexibility of the codebase are illustrated by solving several examples: the nonlinear Schrodinger equation on a graph, a supersonic magnetohydrodynamic vortex, quasigeostrophic flow, Stokes flow in a cylindrical annulus, normal modes of a radiative atmosphere, and diamagnetic levitation. The Dedalus code and the example problems are available online at http://dedalus-project.org/.},
	urldate = {2020-01-02},
	journal = {arXiv:1905.10388 [astro-ph, physics:physics]},
	author = {Burns, Keaton J. and Vasil, Geoffrey M. and Oishi, Jeffrey S. and Lecoanet, Daniel and Brown, Benjamin P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	note = {arXiv: 1905.10388},
	keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Computational Physics, Physics - Fluid Dynamics},
	annote = {Comment: 40 pages, 18 figures. Accepted to Physical Review Research},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/VJ9RU6ZR/Burns et al. - 2019 - Dedalus A Flexible Framework for Numerical Simula.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/P72HRHYW/1905.html:text/html}
}

@article{grisouard_extraction_2018,
	title = {Extraction of {Potential} {Energy} from {Geostrophic} {Fronts} by {Inertial}{\textendash}{Symmetric} {Instabilities}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0160.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-17-0160.1},
	abstract = {Submesoscale oceanic density fronts are structures in geostrophic and hydrostatic balance, which are prone to inertial and/or symmetric instabilities. We argue in this article that drainage of potential energy from the geostrophic flow is a significant source of their growth. We illustrate our point with two-dimensional Boussinesq numerical simulations of oceanic density fronts on the f plane. A set of two-dimensional initial conditions covers the submesoscale portion of a three-dimensional parameter space consisting of the Richardson and Rossby numbers and a measure of stratification or latitude. Because we let the lateral density gradient decay with depth, the parameter space map is nontrivial, excluding low-Rossby, low-Richardson combinations. Dissipation and the presence of boundaries select a growing mode of inertial{\textendash}symmetric instability consisting of flow cells that disturb isopycnal contours. Systematically, these isopycnal displacements correspond to a drainage of potential energy from the geostrophic fronts to the ageostrophic perturbations. In the majority of our experiments, this energy drainage is at least as important as the drainage of kinetic energy from the front. Various constraints, some physical, some numerical, make the energetics in our experiments more related to inertial rather than symmetric instabilities. Our results depend very weakly on the Richardson number and more on the Rossby number and relative stratification.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-01-24},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Grisouard, Nicolas},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1033--1051},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/QGHE6MZS/Grisouard - 2018 - Extraction of Potential Energy from Geostrophic Fr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{thomas_formation_2008,
	title = {Formation of intrathermocline eddies at ocean fronts by wind-driven destruction of potential vorticity},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {03770265},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377026508000353},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.02.002},
	language = {en},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2020-01-29},
	journal = {Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans},
	author = {Thomas, Leif N.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {252--273},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/SEYTEVUU/Thomas - 2008 - Formation of intrathermocline eddies at ocean fron.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tandon_mixed_1994,
	title = {Mixed layer restratification due to a horizontal density gradient},
	volume = {24},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Tandon, Amit and Garrett, Chris},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1419--1424}
}

@article{haller_material_2018,
	title = {Material barriers to diffusive and stochastic transport},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1720177115},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1720177115},
	abstract = {We seek transport barriers and transport enhancers as material surfaces across which the transport of diffusive tracers is minimal or maximal in a general, unsteady flow. We find that such surfaces are extremizers of a universal, nondimensional transport functional whose leading-order term in the diffusivity can be computed directly from the flow velocity. The most observable (uniform) transport extremizers are explicitly computable as null surfaces of an objective transport tensor. Even in the limit of vanishing diffusivity, these surfaces differ from all previously identified coherent structures for purely advective fluid transport. Our results extend directly to stochastic velocity fields and hence enable transport barrier and enhancer detection under uncertainties.},
	language = {en},
	number = {37},
	urldate = {2020-03-10},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Haller, George and Karrasch, Daniel and Kogelbauer, Florian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {9074--9079},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/TZZM9RAY/Haller et al. - 2018 - Material barriers to diffusive and stochastic tran.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pham_seasonality_2017,
	title = {Seasonality of {Deep} {Cycle} {Turbulence} in the {Eastern} {Equatorial} {Pacific}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0008.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-17-0008.1},
	abstract = {The seasonal cycles of the various oceanic and atmospheric factors influencing the deep cycle of turbulence in the eastern Pacific cold tongue are explored. Moored observations at 140{\textdegree}W have shown seasonal variability in the stratification, velocity shear, and turbulence above the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). In boreal spring, the thermocline and EUC shoal and turbulence decreases. Marginal instability (clustering of the local gradient Richardson number around the critical value of 1/4), evident throughout the rest of the year, has not been detected during spring. While the daily averaged turbulent energy dissipation in the EUC is weakest during the spring, it is not clear whether the diurnal fluctuations that define the deep cycle cease. Large-eddy simulations are performed using climatological initial and boundary conditions representative of January, April, July, and October. Deep cycle turbulence is evident in all cases; the mechanism remains the same, and the maximum turbulence levels are similar. In the April simulation, however, the deep cycle is confined to the uppermost {\textasciitilde}30 m, explaining why it has not been detected in moored microstructure observations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2020-04-22},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Pham, Hieu T. and Smyth, William D. and Sarkar, Sutanu and Moum, James N.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {2189--2209},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/S9QM4B4J/Pham et al. - 2017 - Seasonality of Deep Cycle Turbulence in the Easter.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{chen_density_1995,
	title = {Density compensated thermohaline gradients and diapycnal fluxes in the mixed layer},
	volume = {25},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Chen, Lianggui and Young, W. R.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {3064--3075}
}

@article{johnson_restratification_2020,
	title = {Restratification at a {California} {Current} {Upwelling} {Front}. {Part} {II}: {Dynamics}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Restratification at a {California} {Current} {Upwelling} {Front}. {Part} {II}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0204.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-19-0204.1},
	abstract = {A coordinated multiplatform campaign collected detailed measurements of a restratifying surface intensified upwelling front within the California Current System. A companion paper outlined the evolution of the front, revealing the importance of lateral advection at tilting isopycnals and increasing stratification in the surface boundary layer with a buoyancy flux equivalent to 2000 W m
              -2
              . Here, observations were compared with idealized models to explore the dynamics contributing to the stratification. A 2D model combined with a reduced form of the horizontal momentum equations highlight the importance of transient Ekman dynamics, turbulence, and thermal wind imbalance at modulating shear in the boundary layer. Specifically, unsteady frictional adjustment to the rapid decrease in wind stress created vertically sheared currents that advected horizontal gradients to increase vertical stratification on superinertial time scales. The magnitude of stratification depended on the strength of the horizontal buoyancy gradient. This enhanced stratification due to horizontal advection inhibited nighttime mixing that would have otherwise eroded stratification from the diurnal warm layer. This underscores the importance of near-surface lateral restratification for the upper ocean buoyancy budget on diel time scales.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-05-27},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Johnson, Leah and Lee, Craig M. and D{\textquoteright}Asaro, Eric A. and Wenegrat, Jacob O. and Thomas, Leif N.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1473--1487}
}

@article{rodriguez_estimating_2018,
	title = {Estimating {Ocean} {Vector} {Winds} and {Currents} {Using} a {Ka}-{Band} {Pencil}-{Beam} {Doppler} {Scatterometer}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/4/576},
	doi = {10.3390/rs10040576},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-05-27},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Rodr{\'i}guez, Ernesto and Wineteer, Alexander and Perkovic-Martin, Dragana and G{\'a}l, Tam{\'a}s and Stiles, Bryan and Niamsuwan, Noppasin and Monje, Raquel},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {576},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/B8G3ZTJ7/Rodr{\'i}guez et al. - 2018 - Estimating Ocean Vector Winds and Currents Using a.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ortizsuslow_interactions_2019,
	title = {Interactions {Between} {Nonlinear} {Internal} {Ocean} {Waves} and the {Atmosphere}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0094-8276, 1944-8007},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL083374},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL083374},
	language = {en},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2020-05-27},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Ortiz-Suslow, David G. and Wang, Qing and Kalogiros, John and Yamaguchi, Ryan and Paolo, Tony and Terrill, Eric and Shearman, R. Kipp and Welch, Pat and Savelyev, Ivan},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {9291--9299},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/VE6AP9FE/Ortiz-Suslow et al. - 2019 - Interactions Between Nonlinear Internal Ocean Wave.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{rodriguez_ka-band_2020,
	title = {Ka-band {Doppler} {Scatterometry} over a {Loop} {Current} {Eddy}},
	volume = {in review},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Rodr{\'i}guez, Ernesto and Wineteer, Alexander and Perkovic-Martin, Dragana and G{\'a}l, Tam{\'a}s and Anderson, Steven and Zuckerman, Seth and Stear, James and Yang, Xiufeng},
	year = {2020}
}

@article{strobach_threesixday_2020,
	title = {Three-to-{Six}-{Day} {Air}{\textendash}{Sea} {Oscillation} in {Models} and {Observations}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0094-8276, 1944-8007},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL085837},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL085837},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2020-06-12},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Strobach, Ehud and Molod, Andrea and Trayanov, Atanas and Forget, Gael and Campin, Jean-Michel and Hill, Chris and Menemenlis, Dimitris},
	month = may,
	year = {2020}
}

@article{renault_satellite_2017,
	title = {Satellite {Observations} of {Imprint} of {Oceanic} {Current} on {Wind} {Stress} by {Air}-{Sea} {Coupling}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17939-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-17939-1},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-12},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Renault, Lionel and McWilliams, James C. and Masson, Sebastien},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {17747},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/HCHJIHQB/Renault et al. - 2017 - Satellite Observations of Imprint of Oceanic Curre.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{digiacomo_satellite_2001,
	title = {Satellite observations of small coastal ocean eddies in the {Southern} {California} {Bight}},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {01480227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2000JC000728},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JC000728},
	language = {en},
	number = {C10},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {DiGiacomo, Paul M. and Holt, Benjamin},
	month = oct,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {22521--22543}
}

@techreport{kozlov_mesoscale_2020,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Mesoscale and submesoscale dynamics of marginal ice zone from sequential {SAR} observations},
	shorttitle = {Brief {Communication}},
	url = {https://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/tc-2020-126/},
	abstract = {Abstract. New possibility for horizontal current retrieval over marginal ice zone (MIZ) from sequential Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is demonstrated. Daily overlapping SAR acquisitions made within 70{\textendash}85{\textdegree} of latitude at time intervals},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	institution = {Sea ice/Remote Sensing},
	author = {Kozlov, Igor E. and Plotnikov, Evgeny V. and Manucharyan, Georgy E.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.5194/tc-2020-126},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/RIT95QUF/Kozlov et al. - 2020 - Brief Communication Mesoscale and submesoscale dy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{zheng_satellite_2017,
	address = {New Jersey ; London},
	series = {Advanced series on ocean engineering},
	title = {Satellite {SAR} detection of sub-mesoscale ocean dynamic processes},
	isbn = {978-981-4749-00-8},
	number = {volume 44},
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	author = {Zheng, Quanan},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: ocn934505050},
	keywords = {Oceanography, Remote sensing, Synthetic aperture radar}
}

@misc{monaldo_noaa_2016,
	title = {{NOAA} high resolution sea surface winds data from {Synthetic} {Aperture} {Radar} ({SAR}) on the {Sentinel}-1 satellites},
	url = {https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/SAR-WINDS-S1},
	abstract = {This data set consists of high resolution sea surface winds data produced from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on board Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites. This product utilizes the CoastWatch product format and the basic archive file is a NetCDF-4 file containing SAR wind, land mask, and time and earth location information. Also archived are maps of the SAR winds in GeoTIFF format. The product covers the geographic extent of the SAR image frame from which it was derived. These SAR-derived high resolution wind products are calculated from high resolution SAR images of normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of the Earth's surface. Backscattered microwave radar returns from the ocean surface are strongly dependent on wind speed and direction. When no wind is present, the surface of the water is smooth, almost glass-like. Radar energy will largely be reflected away and the radar cross section will be low. As the wind begins to blow, the surface roughens and surface waves begin to develop. As the wind continues to blow more strongly, the amplitude of the wave increases, thus, roughening the surface more. As the surface roughness increases, more energy is backscattered and NRCS increases. Moreover, careful examination of the wind-generated waves reveals that these surface wave crests are generally aligned perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, suggesting a dependence of backscatter on the relative direction between the incident radar energy and the wind direction.},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	publisher = {NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information},
	author = {Monaldo, Francis M. and NOAA/NESDIS/STAR and Jackson, Christopher R. and NOAA/NESDIS/STAR and Li, Xiaofeng and NOAA/NESDIS/STAR and Pichel, William G. and NOAA/NESDIS/STAR and Sapper, John and NOAA/NESDIS/OSPO and Hatteberg, Rachel and NOAA/NESDIS/OSPO},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.7289/V54Q7S2N},
	note = {type: dataset}
}

@article{bourassa_remotely_2019,
	title = {Remotely {Sensed} {Winds} and {Wind} {Stresses} for {Marine} {Forecasting} and {Ocean} {Modeling}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00443/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00443},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	author = {Bourassa, Mark A. and Meissner, Thomas and Cerovecki, Ivana and Chang, Paul S. and Dong, Xiaolong and De Chiara, Giovanna and Donlon, Craig and Dukhovskoy, Dmitry S. and Elya, Jocelyn and Fore, Alexander and Fewings, Melanie R. and Foster, Ralph C. and Gille, Sarah T. and Haus, Brian K. and Hristova-Veleva, Svetla and Holbach, Heather M. and Jelenak, Zorana and Knaff, John A. and Kranz, Sven A. and Manaster, Andrew and Mazloff, Matthew and Mears, Carl and Mouche, Alexis and Portabella, Marcos and Reul, Nicolas and Ricciardulli, Lucrezia and Rodriguez, Ernesto and Sampson, Charles and Solis, Daniel and Stoffelen, Ad and Stukel, Michael R. and Stiles, Bryan and Weissman, David and Wentz, Frank},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {443},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/HHRLHBK7/Bourassa et al. - 2019 - Remotely Sensed Winds and Wind Stresses for Marine.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{monaldo_early_2015,
	address = {Milan, Italy},
	title = {Early validation of operational {SAR} wind retrievals from {Sentinel}-{1A}},
	isbn = {978-1-4799-7929-5},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7325993/},
	doi = {10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7325993},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	booktitle = {2015 {IEEE} {International} {Geoscience} and {Remote} {Sensing} {Symposium} ({IGARSS})},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Monaldo, Francis and Jackson, Christopher and Pichel, William and Li, Xiaofeng},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1223--1226},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/IDX744ZK/Monaldo et al. - 2015 - Early validation of operational SAR wind retrieval.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{jones_measurement_2016,
	title = {Measurement and modeling of oil slick transport: {MEASUREMENT} {AND} {MODELING} {OIL} {SLICK} {TRANSPORT}},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {21699275},
	shorttitle = {Measurement and modeling of oil slick transport},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2016JC012113},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JC012113},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Jones, Cathleen E. and Dagestad, Knut-Frode and Breivik, {\O}yvind and Holt, Benjamin and R{\"o}hrs, Johannes and Christensen, Kai H{\r a}kon and Espeseth, Martine and Brekke, Camilla and Skrunes, Stine},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {7759--7775}
}

@article{xie_gulf_2010,
	title = {Gulf {Stream} thermal fronts detected by synthetic aperture radar: {GULF} {STREAM} {THERMAL} {FRONTS} {FROM} {SAR}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Gulf {Stream} thermal fronts detected by synthetic aperture radar},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2009GL041972},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GL041972},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Xie, Tao and Perrie, William and Chen, Wei},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {n/a--n/a}
}

@article{gaube_satellite_2019,
	title = {Satellite {Observations} of {SST}-{Induced} {Wind} {Speed} {Perturbation} at the {Oceanic} {Submesoscale}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0094-8276, 1944-8007},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080807},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL080807},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Gaube, P. and Chickadel, C. C. and Branch, R. and Jessup, A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2690--2695}
}

@article{kelly_comparisons_2005,
	title = {Comparisons of {Scatterometer} and {TAO} {Winds} {Reveal} {Time}-{Varying} {Surface} {Currents} for the {Tropical} {Pacific} {Ocean}*},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1520-0426, 0739-0572},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jtech/article/22/6/735/2768/Comparisons-of-Scatterometer-and-TAO-Winds-Reveal},
	doi = {10.1175/JTECH1738.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The differences between Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) anemometer and QuikSCAT scatterometer winds are analyzed over a period of 3 yr. Systematic differences are expected owing to ocean currents because the anemometer measures absolute air motion, whereas a radar measures the motion of the air relative to the ocean. Monthly averaged collocated wind differences (CWDs) are compared with available near-surface current data at 15-m depth from drifters, at 25-m depth from acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), and at 10-m depth from current meters and with geostrophic currents at the surface from the TOPEX/Poseidon radar altimeter. Because direct current observations are so sparse, comparisons are also made with climatological currents from these same sources. Zonal CWDs are in good agreement with the zonal current observations, particularly from 2{\textdegree}S to 2{\textdegree}N where there are strong currents and a robust seasonal cycle, with the altimeter-derived anomalous currents giving the best match. At higher latitudes there is qualitative agreement at buoys with relatively large currents. The overall variance of the zonal component of the CWDs is reduced by approximately 25\% by subtracting an estimate of the zonal currents. The meridional CWDs are nearly as large as the zonal CWDs but are unpredictable. The mean CWDs show a robust divergence pattern about the equator, which is suggestive of Ekman currents, but with unexpectedly large magnitudes.
            Coefficients for estimating climatological zonal surface currents from the altimeter at the TAO buoys are tabulated: the amplitudes and phases for the annual and semiannual harmonics, and a linear regression against the Southern Oscillation index, are combined with the mean from the drifter currents. Examples are shown of the application of these estimators to data from SeaWinds on the Midori satellite. These estimators are also useful for deriving air{\textendash}sea fluxes from TAO winds.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology},
	author = {Kelly, Kathryn A. and Dickinson, Suzanne and Johnson, Gregory C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {735--745},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/XYEMF9AM/Kelly et al. - 2005 - Comparisons of Scatterometer and TAO Winds Reveal .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{nakamura_seasonal_2004,
	title = {Seasonal {Variations} in the {Southern} {Hemisphere} {Storm} {Tracks} and {Jet} {Streams} as {Revealed} in a {Reanalysis} {Dataset}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0894-8755},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1828:SVITSH>2.0.CO;2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1828:SVITSH>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {Regional characteristics of the climatological seasonal variations in Southern Hemisphere (SH) storm tracks are examined based on a reanalysis dataset. When differences in vertical structure between the subpolar and subtropical jet streams (SPJ and STJ, respectively) are considered, the regional characteristics can be interpreted reasonably well from a potential vorticity perspective of baroclinic eddy growth and downstream development of a baroclinic wave packet.Eddy activity in the upper and lower tropospheres is strongest in the core region of the SPJ over the eastern South Atlantic and Indian Ocean throughout the year, even in austral winter when the intense STJ forms over the Indian Ocean and South Pacific. Showing its eddy-driven nature, the SPJ accompanies the strong surface westerlies along a well-defined baroclinic zone above an intense oceanic frontal zone. In this core region of the storm track, low-level eddy activity is strongly correlated with the local near-surface baroclinicity, with its late- winter maximum and summer minimum, while upper-level eddy activity also depends on the incoming wave activity from upstream.Over the South Pacific, storm track activity depends critically on the formation of the STJ. In the absence of the intense STJ in summer and autumn, a single well-defined circumpolar storm track forms along the SPJ. During winter and spring, in contrast, wave activity accumulated in the core region is dispersed mainly toward the STJ, along which vigorous baroclinic eddy growth is unlikely to occur. The South Pacific storm track in the upper troposphere thus bifurcates into two branches along the STJ and SPJ, while at lower levels the storm track forms only along the enhanced baroclinic zone along the SPJ. Thus, under the trapping effect of the intense STJ, the storm track activity over the South Pacific is suppressed in winter, despite the enhanced low-level baroclinicity.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Nakamura, Hisashi and Shimpo, Akihiko},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1828--1844}
}

@article{kwon_role_2010,
	title = {Role of the {Gulf} {Stream} and {Kuroshio}{\textendash}{Oyashio} {Systems} in {Large}-{Scale} {Atmosphere}{\textendash}{Ocean} {Interaction}: {A} {Review}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	shorttitle = {Role of the {Gulf} {Stream} and {Kuroshio}{\textendash}{Oyashio} {Systems} in {Large}-{Scale} {Atmosphere}{\textendash}{Ocean} {Interaction}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/2010JCLI3343.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2010JCLI3343.1},
	abstract = {Ocean{\textendash}atmosphere interaction over the Northern Hemisphere western boundary current (WBC) regions (i.e., the Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, Oyashio, and their extensions) is reviewed with an emphasis on their role in basin-scale climate variability. SST anomalies exhibit considerable variance on interannual to decadal time scales in these regions. Low-frequency SST variability is primarily driven by basin-scale wind stress curl variability via the oceanic Rossby wave adjustment of the gyre-scale circulation that modulates the latitude and strength of the WBC-related oceanic fronts. Rectification of the variability by mesoscale eddies, reemergence of the anomalies from the preceding winter, and tropical remote forcing also play important roles in driving and maintaining the low-frequency variability in these regions. In the Gulf Stream region, interaction with the deep western boundary current also likely influences the low-frequency variability. Surface heat fluxes damp the low-frequency SST anomalies over the WBC regions; thus, heat fluxes originate with heat anomalies in the ocean and have the potential to drive the overlying atmospheric circulation. While recent observational studies demonstrate a local atmospheric boundary layer response to WBC changes, the latter{\textquoteright}s influence on the large-scale atmospheric circulation is still unclear. Nevertheless, heat and moisture fluxes from the WBCs into the atmosphere influence the mean state of the atmospheric circulation, including anchoring the latitude of the storm tracks to the WBCs. Furthermore, many climate models suggest that the large-scale atmospheric response to SST anomalies driven by ocean dynamics in WBC regions can be important in generating decadal climate variability. As a step toward bridging climate model results and observations, the degree of realism of the WBC in current climate model simulations is assessed. Finally, outstanding issues concerning ocean{\textendash}atmosphere interaction in WBC regions and its impact on climate variability are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Kwon, Young-Oh and Alexander, Michael A. and Bond, Nicholas A. and Frankignoul, Claude and Nakamura, Hisashi and Qiu, Bo and Thompson, Lu Anne},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {3249--3281},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/TZZSGBFI/Kwon et al. - 2010 - Role of the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio{\textendash}Oyashio Syste.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cornillon_warm_2001,
	title = {Warm core ring velocities inferred from {NSCAT}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {00948276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2000GL011487},
	doi = {10.1029/2000GL011487},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Cornillon, Peter and Park, Kyung-Ae},
	month = feb,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {575--578}
}

@article{dewar_effects_1987,
	title = {Some {Effects} of the {Wind} on {Rings}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<1653:SEOTWO>2.0.CO;2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<1653:SEOTWO>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {Some simple air-sea momentum transfer models, which include sea surface velocity and temperature, are considered for their effects on Gulf Stream rings. Perturbing the stress calculation with sea surface velocity results in a {\textquotedblleft}top drag{\textquotedblright}, which causes interior motions to decay. Numerical experiments with equivalent barotropic quasi-geostrophic dynamics and reasonable estimates for the top drag suggest that this mechanism can amount for a significant fraction of observed isotherm subsidence rates in rings. Perturbing the stress calculation with a temperature sensitive drag coefficient produces a dipolar Ekman pumping field over a ring. For an eastward directed wind, the result is a tendency for the ring to self-propagate to the south. Integral constraints can be used to estimate the meridional propagation rate precisely, and for reasonable stress and thermal anomaly values, the estimate compares well with observations.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Dewar, William K. and Flierl, Glenn R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1653--1667}
}

@article{renault_control_2016,
	title = {Control and {Stabilization} of the {Gulf} {Stream} by {Oceanic} {Current} {Interaction} with the {Atmosphere}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0115.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-16-0115.1},
	abstract = {The Gulf Stream (GS) is known to have a strong influence on climate, for example, by transporting heat from the tropics to higher latitudes. Although the GS transport intensity presents a clear interannual variability, satellite observations reveal its mean path is stable. Numerical models can simulate some characteristics of the mean GS path, but persistent biases keep the GS separation and postseparation unstable and therefore unrealistic. This study investigates how the integration of ocean surface currents into the ocean{\textendash}atmosphere coupling interface of numerical models impacts the GS. The authors show for the first time that the current feedback, through its eddy killing effect, stabilizes the GS separation and postseparation, resolving long-lasting biases in modeled GS path, at least for the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). This key process should therefore be taken into account in oceanic numerical models. Using a set of oceanic and atmospheric coupled and uncoupled simulations, this study shows that the current feedback, by modulating the energy transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean, has two main effects on the ocean. On one hand, by reducing the mean surface stress and thus weakening the mean geostrophic wind work by 30\%, the current feedback slows down the whole North Atlantic oceanic gyre, making the GS narrower and its transport weaker. Yet, on the other hand, the current feedback acts as an oceanic eddy killer, reducing the surface eddy kinetic energy by 27\%. By inducing a surface stress curl opposite to the current vorticity, it deflects energy from the geostrophic current into the atmosphere and dampens eddies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Renault, Lionel and Molemaker, M. Jeroen and Gula, Jonathan and Masson, Sebastien and McWilliams, James C.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3439--3453},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/3L5UZJYL/Renault et al. - 2016 - Control and Stabilization of the Gulf Stream by Oc.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{renault_remarkable_2019,
	title = {Remarkable {Control} of {Western} {Boundary} {Currents} by \textit{{Eddy} {Killing}} , a {Mechanical} {Air}-{Sea} {Coupling} {Process}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0094-8276, 1944-8007},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL081211},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL081211},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Renault, L. and Marchesiello, P. and Masson, S. and McWilliams, J. C.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2743--2751},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/5EQCZ3LW/Renault et al. - 2019 - Remarkable Control of Western Boundary Currents by.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{chelton_satellite_2004,
	title = {Satellite {Measurements} {Reveal} {Persistent} {Small}-{Scale} {Features} in {Ocean} {Winds}},
	volume = {303},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1091901},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1091901},
	language = {en},
	number = {5660},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Chelton, D. B.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {978--983},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/PEAPBL2Y/Chelton - 2004 - Satellite Measurements Reveal Persistent Small-Sca.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{oneill_effects_2010,
	title = {The {Effects} of {SST}-{Induced} {Surface} {Wind} {Speed} and {Direction} {Gradients} on {Midlatitude} {Surface} {Vorticity} and {Divergence}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/2009JCLI2613.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2009JCLI2613.1},
	abstract = {The effects of surface wind speed and direction gradients on midlatitude surface vorticity and divergence fields associated with mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) variability having spatial scales of 100{\textendash}1000 km are investigated using vector wind observations from the SeaWinds scatterometer on the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite and SST from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) Aqua satellite. The wind{\textendash}SST coupling is analyzed over the period June 2002{\textendash}August 2008, corresponding to the first 6+ years of the AMSR-E mission. Previous studies have shown that strong wind speed gradients develop in response to persistent mesoscale SST features associated with the Kuroshio Extension, Gulf Stream, South Atlantic, and Agulhas Return Current regions. Midlatitude SST fronts also significantly modify surface wind direction; the surface wind speed and direction responses to typical SST differences of about 2{\textdegree}{\textendash}4{\textdegree}C are, on average, about 1{\textendash}2 m s
              -1
              and 4{\textdegree}{\textendash}8{\textdegree}, respectively, over all four regions. Wind speed perturbations are positively correlated and very nearly collocated spatially with the SST perturbations. Wind direction perturbations, however, are displaced meridionally from the SST perturbations, with cyclonic flow poleward of warm SST and anticyclonic flow poleward of cool SST.
            
            Previous observational analyses have shown that small-scale perturbations in the surface vorticity and divergence fields are related linearly to the crosswind and downwind components of the SST gradient, respectively. When the vorticity and divergence fields are analyzed in curvilinear natural coordinates, the wind speed contributions to the SST-induced vorticity and divergence depend equally on the crosswind and downwind SST gradients, respectively. SST-induced wind direction gradients also significantly modify the vorticity and divergence fields, weakening the vorticity response to crosswind SST gradients while enhancing the divergence response to downwind SST gradients.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, Larry W. and Chelton, Dudley B. and Esbensen, Steven K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {255--281},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/73AB4GUP/O{\textquoteright}Neill et al. - 2010 - The Effects of SST-Induced Surface Wind Speed and .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ferrari_thermohaline_2000,
	title = {Thermohaline variability in the upper ocean},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {01480227},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2000JC900057},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JC900057},
	language = {en},
	number = {C7},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Ferrari, Raffaele and Rudnick, Daniel L.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {16857--16883},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/8BJ4Y7V7/Ferrari and Rudnick - 2000 - Thermohaline variability in the upper ocean.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{chelton_prospects_2019,
	title = {Prospects for future satellite estimation of small-scale variability of ocean surface velocity and vorticity},
	volume = {173},
	issn = {00796611},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079661117303610},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2018.10.012},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
	author = {Chelton, Dudley B. and Schlax, Michael G. and Samelson, Roger M. and Farrar, J. Thomas and Molemaker, M. Jeroen and McWilliams, James C. and Gula, Jonathan},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {256--350},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/DWCG4AW9/Chelton et al. - 2019 - Prospects for future satellite estimation of small.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{callies_interpreting_2013,
	title = {Interpreting {Energy} and {Tracer} {Spectra} of {Upper}-{Ocean} {Turbulence} in the {Submesoscale} {Range} (1{\textendash}200 km)},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JPO-D-13-063.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-13-063.1},
	abstract = {Submesoscale (1{\textendash}200 km) wavenumber spectra of kinetic and potential energy and tracer variance are obtained from in situ observations in the Gulf Stream region and in the eastern subtropical North Pacific. In the Gulf Stream region, steep kinetic energy spectra at scales between 200 and 20 km are consistent with predictions of interior quasigeostrophic{\textendash}turbulence theory, both in the mixed layer and in the thermocline. At scales below 20 km, the spectra flatten out, consistent with a growing contribution of internal-wave energy at small scales. In the subtropical North Pacific, the energy spectra are flatter and inconsistent with predictions of interior quasigeostrophic{\textendash}turbulence theory. The observed spectra and their dependence on depth are also inconsistent with predictions of surface quasigeostrophic{\textendash}turbulence theory for the observed ocean stratification. It appears that unbalanced motions, most likely internal tides at large scales and the internal-wave continuum at small scales, dominate the energy spectrum throughout the submesoscale range. Spectra of temperature variance along density surfaces, which are not affected by internal tides, are also inconsistent with predictions of geostrophic-turbulence theories. Reasons for this inconsistency could be the injection of energy in the submesoscale range by small-scale baroclinic instabilities or modifications of the spectra by coupling between surface and interior dynamics or by ageostrophic frontal effects.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2020-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Callies, J{\"o}rn and Ferrari, Raffaele},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2456--2474},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/FT5P644G/Callies and Ferrari - 2013 - Interpreting Energy and Tracer Spectra of Upper-Oc.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@incollection{bye_large-scale_1985,
	title = {Large-{Scale} {Momentum} {Exchange} in the {Coupled} {Atmosphere}-{Ocean}},
	volume = {40},
	isbn = {978-0-444-42486-0},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0422989408707025},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-14},
	booktitle = {Elsevier {Oceanography} {Series}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Bye, John A.T.},
	year = {1985},
	doi = {10.1016/S0422-9894(08)70702-5},
	pages = {51--61}
}

@article{noauthor_historical_1687,
	title = {An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the {Tropicks}, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0261-0523, 2053-9223},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026},
	doi = {10.1098/rstl.1686.0026},
	abstract = {An exact relation of the constant and periodical winds, observable in several Tracts of the ocean, is a part of natural history not less desireable and useful, than it is difficult to obtain, and it's ph{\ae}nomena hard to explicate},
	language = {en},
	number = {183},
	urldate = {2020-06-18},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London},
	month = dec,
	year = {1687},
	pages = {153--168}
}

@book{reclus_ocean_1874,
	title = {Ocean, {Atmosphere}, {And} {Life}: {Being} the second series of a descriptive history of the life of ... the globe.},
	isbn = {978-1-331-91149-4 978-1-333-07750-1},
	shorttitle = {{OCEAN}, {ATMOSPHERE}, {AND} {LIFE}},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {FORGOTTEN Books},
	author = {Reclus, {\'E}lis{\'e}e},
	year = {1874},
	note = {OCLC: 975473134}
}

@book{smyth_sailors_1867,
	address = {London},
	title = {Sailor's {Word} {Book}: {A} {Dictionary} of {Nautical} {Terms}},
	publisher = {Blackie and Sons},
	author = {Smyth, W.H. and Belcher, Edward},
	year = {1867}
}

@article{lindzen_role_1987,
	title = {On the {Role} of {Sea} {Surface} {Temperature} {Gradients} in {Forcing} {Low}-{Level} {Winds} and {Convergence} in the {Tropics}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0022-4928},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2418:OTROSS>2.0.CO;2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2418:OTROSS>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {We examine the importance of pressure gradients due to surface temperature gradients to low-level (p >= 700 mb) flow and convergence in the tropics over time scales ? 1 month. The latter plays a crucial role in determining the distribution of cumulonimbus convection and rainfall.Our approach is to consider a simple one-layer model of the trade cumulus boundary layer wherein surface temperature gradients are mixed vertically{\textemdash}consistent with ECMWF analyzed data. The top of the layer is taken at 700 mb. The influence from higher levels is intentionally suppressed by setting horizontal pressure gradients and frictional stresses to zero at the top of the layer. Horizontal convergence within the layer is taken up by cumulonimbus mass flux. However, the development of the cumulonimbus mass flux is associated with a short relaxation time [O({\textonehalf} hr)] (roughly the development time for such convection). During this short time, horizontal convergence acts to redistribute mass so as to reduce horizontal pressure gradients. This effect proves important in the immediate neighborhood of the equator.Our results show that flows forced directly by surface temperature are often comparable to observed low-level flows in both magnitude and distribution.},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2020-06-19},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Lindzen, Richard S. and Nigam, Sumant},
	month = sep,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {2418--2436}
}

@article{schneider_scale_2020,
	title = {Scale and {Rossby} {Number} dependence of observed wind responses to ocean-mesoscale sea surface temperatures},
	issn = {0022-4928},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0154.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-20-0154.1},
	abstract = {The horizontal scale dependences of in-phase and lagged imprints of ocean-mesoscale sea surface temperatures on surface winds are investigated using daily AMSR-E radiometer and QuikSCAT scatterometer observations in the Southern Ocean. Spectral transfer functions separate underlying processes dependent on large-scale winds, horizontal wavenumbers and corresponding Rossby numbers. For Rossby numbers smaller than one, winds reflect modulations of the Ekman layer by sea surface temperature induced changes of hydrostatic pressure. Rossby numbers large compared to one suggest a balance of advection and modulations of vertical mixing. Impulse response functions reveal Southern Hemisphere, Doppler-shifted, near-inertial lee waves excited by warm ocean-mesoscale sea surface temperatures. On the right (left) flank of the downwind wake of warm air and low atmospheric pressure, winds are enhanced (diminished) due to constructive (destructive) interference of inertial turning, pressure gradient forces and vertical mixing. Wind convergence over the warm wake is stronger compared to the upwind divergence. Time averaging smooths the response, and degrades the lee-wave.},
	urldate = {2020-06-20},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Schneider, Niklas},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020}
}

@article{zhang_evolution_2018,
	title = {Evolution of {Submesoscale} {Ageostrophic} {Motions} {Through} the {Life} {Cycle} of {Oceanic} {Mesoscale} {Eddies}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {00948276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2018GL080399},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL080399},
	language = {en},
	number = {21},
	urldate = {2020-06-21},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Zhang, Zhengguang and Qiu, Bo},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {11,847--11,855},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/EIUINHTU/Zhang and Qiu - 2018 - Evolution of Submesoscale Ageostrophic Motions Thr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wenegrat_centrifugal_2020,
	title = {Centrifugal and {Symmetric} {Instability} during {Ekman} {Adjustment} of the {Bottom} {Boundary} {Layer}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/50/6/1793/346599/Centrifugal-and-Symmetric-Instability-during-Ekman},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-20-0027.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Flow along isobaths of a sloping lower boundary generates an across-isobath Ekman transport in the bottom boundary layer. When this Ekman transport is down the slope it causes convective mixing{\textemdash}much like a downfront wind in the surface boundary layer{\textemdash}destroying stratification and potential vorticity. In this manuscript we show how this can lead to the development of a forced centrifugal or symmetric instability regime, where the potential vorticity flux generated by friction along the boundary is balanced by submesoscale instabilities that return the boundary layer potential vorticity to zero. This balance provides a strong constraint on the boundary layer evolution, which we use to develop a theory that explains the evolution of the boundary layer thickness, the rate at which the instabilities extract energy from the geostrophic flow field, and the magnitude and vertical structure of the dissipation. Finally, we show using theory and a high-resolution numerical model how the presence of centrifugal or symmetric instabilities alters the time-dependent Ekman adjustment of the boundary layer, delaying Ekman buoyancy arrest and enhancing the total energy removed from the balanced flow field. Submesoscale instabilities of the bottom boundary layer may therefore play an important, largely overlooked, role in the energetics of flow over topography in the ocean.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-06-22},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Wenegrat, Jacob O. and Thomas, Leif N.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1793--1812},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/CDLLNFMH/Wenegrat and Thomas - 2020 - Centrifugal and Symmetric Instability during Ekman.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wenegrat_enhanced_2020-1,
	title = {Enhanced mixing across the gyre boundary at the {Gulf} {Stream} front},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/07/07/2005558117.abstract},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2005558117},
	abstract = {The Gulf Stream front separates the North Atlantic subtropical and subpolar ocean gyres, which have very distinct physical, biological, and chemical properties. Exchange across the front is believed to be important for both ocean circulation and biological productivity; however, the physical mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. Here, we present direct observational evidence of enhanced mixing across the north wall of the Gulf Stream. High-resolution simulations suggest that the presence of the sharp density front, not typically resolved in ocean-circulation models, is central to generating the observed mixing. Interpreting the observations in terms of the flux of freshwater and nutrients across the Gulf Stream north wall suggests an important mechanism of exchange that has not been fully explored.The Gulf Stream front separates the North Atlantic subtropical and subpolar ocean gyres, water masses with distinct physical and biogeochemical properties. Exchange across the front is believed to be necessary to balance the freshwater budget of the subtropical gyre and to support the biological productivity of the region; however, the physical mechanisms responsible have been the subject of long-standing debate. Here, the evolution of a passive dye released within the north wall of the Gulf Stream provides direct observational evidence of enhanced mixing across the Gulf Stream front. Numerical simulations indicate that the observed rapid cross-frontal mixing occurs via shear dispersion, generated by frontal instabilities and episodic vertical mixing. This provides unique direct evidence for the role of submesoscale fronts in generating lateral mixing, a mechanism which has been hypothesized to be of general importance for setting the horizontal structure of the ocean mixed layer. Along the Gulf Stream front in the North Atlantic, these observations further suggest that shear dispersion at sharp fronts may provide a source of freshwater flux large enough to explain much of the freshwater deficit in the subtropical-mode water budget and a flux of nutrients comparable to other mechanisms believed to control primary productivity in the subtropical gyre.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Wenegrat, Jacob O. and Thomas, Leif N. and Sundermeyer, Miles A. and Taylor, John R. and D{\textquoteright}Asaro, Eric A. and Klymak, Jody M. and Shearman, R. Kipp and Lee, Craig M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {202005558}
}

@article{verdy_data_2017,
	title = {A data assimilating model for estimating {Southern} {Ocean} biogeochemistry: {SOUTHERN} {OCEAN} {BIOGEOCHEMISTRY} {ESTIMATE}},
	volume = {122},
	issn = {21699275},
	shorttitle = {A data assimilating model for estimating {Southern} {Ocean} biogeochemistry},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2016JC012650},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JC012650},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Verdy, A. and Mazloff, M. R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {6968--6988},
	file = {Accepted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/SD5MUREB/Verdy and Mazloff - 2017 - A data assimilating model for estimating Southern .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{smith_effects_2016,
	title = {Effects of submesoscale turbulence on ocean tracers},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {2169-9275, 2169-9291},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015JC011089},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JC011089},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-18},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Smith, Katherine M. and Hamlington, Peter E. and Fox-Kemper, Baylor},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {908--933},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/72JQ46RW/Smith et al. - 2016 - Effects of submesoscale turbulence on ocean tracer.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{li_anisotropy_2020,
	title = {Anisotropy of {Langmuir} turbulence and the {Langmuir}-enhanced mixed layer entrainment},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2469-990X},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.013803},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.013803},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-18},
	journal = {Physical Review Fluids},
	author = {Li, Qing and Fox-Kemper, Baylor},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {013803}
}

@article{taylor_accumulation_2018,
	title = {Accumulation and {Subduction} of {Buoyant} {Material} at {Submesoscale} {Fronts}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/48/6/1233/42557/Accumulation-and-Subduction-of-Buoyant-Material-at},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-17-0269.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The influence of submesoscale currents on the distribution and subduction of passive, buoyant tracers in the mixed layer is examined using large-eddy simulations. Submesoscale eddies are generated through an ageostrophic baroclinic instability associated with a background horizontal buoyancy gradient. The simulations also include various levels of surface cooling, which provides an additional source of three-dimensional turbulence. Submesoscales compete against turbulent convection and restratify the mixed layer while generating strong turbulence along a submesoscale front. Buoyant tracers accumulate at the surface along the submesoscale front where they are subducted down into the water column. The presence of submesoscales strongly modifies the vertical tracer flux, even in the presence of strong convective forcing. The correlation between high tracer concentration and strong downwelling enhances the vertical diffusivity for buoyant tracers.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-07-18},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Taylor, John R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1233--1241},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/RUXGCG9P/Taylor - 2018 - Accumulation and Subduction of Buoyant Material at.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{callies_note_2018,
	title = {Note on the {Rate} of {Restratification} in the {Baroclinic} {Spindown} of {Fronts}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/48/7/1543/42490/Note-on-the-Rate-of-Restratification-in-the},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-17-0175.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            This paper revisits how the restratifying buoyancy flux generated by baroclinic mixed layer instabilities depends on environmental conditions. The frontal spindown is shown to produce buoyancy fluxes that increase significantly beyond the previously proposed and widely used scaling (f is the Coriolis parameter, $\Lambda$ is the geostrophic shear, and H is the mixed layer depth), irrespective of whether the initial front is broad or narrow. This increase occurs after the initial phase of the nonlinear evolution, when the baroclinic eddies grow in size and develop velocities significantly in excess of the scaling assumption V {\textasciitilde} $\Lambda$H. Implications for parameterizing the restratification caused by baroclinic mixed layer instabilities in coarse-resolution models are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-07-18},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Callies, J{\"o}rn and Ferrari, Raffaele},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1543--1553},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/QFGVUH8H/Callies and Ferrari - 2018 - Note on the Rate of Restratification in the Barocl.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{haney_symmetric_2015,
	title = {Symmetric and {Geostrophic} {Instabilities} in the {Wave}-{Forced} {Ocean} {Mixed} {Layer}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/45/12/3033/12533/Symmetric-and-Geostrophic-Instabilities-in-the},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0044.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Here, the effects of surface waves on submesoscale instabilities are studied through analytical and linear analyses as well as nonlinear large-eddy simulations of the wave-averaged Boussinesq equations. The wave averaging yields a surface-intensified current (Stokes drift) that advects momentum, adds to the total Coriolis force, and induces a Stokes shear force. The Stokes{\textendash}Coriolis force alters the geostrophically balanced flow by reducing the burden on the Eulerian{\textendash}Coriolis force to prop up the front, thereby potentially inciting an anti-Stokes Eulerian shear, while maintaining the Lagrangian (Eulerian plus Stokes) shear. Since the Lagrangian shear is maintained, the Charney{\textendash}Stern{\textendash}Pedlosky criteria for quasigeostrophic (QG) baroclinic instability are unchanged with the appropriate Lagrangian interpretation of the shear and QG potential vorticity. While the Stokes drift does not directly affect vorticity, the anti-Stokes Eulerian shear contributes to the Ertel potential vorticity (PV). When the Stokes shear and geostrophic shear are aligned (antialigned), the PV is more (less) cyclonic. If the Stokes-modified PV is anticyclonic, the flow is unstable to symmetric instabilities (SI). Stokes drift also weakly impacts SI through the Stokes shear force. When the Stokes and Eulerian shears are the same (opposite) sign, the Stokes shear force does positive (negative) work on the flow associated with SI. Stokes drift also allows SI to extract more potential energy from the front, providing an indirect mechanism for Stokes-induced restratification.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-07-18},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Haney, Sean and Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Julien, Keith and Webb, Adrean},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3033--3056},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/HK9LPGHD/Haney et al. - 2015 - Symmetric and Geostrophic Instabilities in the Wav.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dasaro_ocean_2018,
	title = {Ocean convergence and the dispersion of flotsam},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1718453115},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1718453115},
	abstract = {Floating oil, plastics, and marine organisms are continually redistributed by ocean surface currents. Prediction of their resulting distribution on the surface is a fundamental, long-standing, and practically important problem. The dominant paradigm is dispersion within the dynamical context of a nondivergent flow: objects initially close together will on average spread apart but the area of surface patches of material does not change. Although this paradigm is likely valid at mesoscales, larger than 100 km in horizontal scale, recent theoretical studies of submesoscales (less than \~{}10 km) predict strong surface convergences and downwelling associated with horizontal density fronts and cyclonic vortices. Here we show that such structures can dramatically concentrate floating material. More than half of an array of \~{}200 surface drifters covering \~{}20 {\texttimes} 20 km
              2
              converged into a 60 {\texttimes} 60 m region within a week, a factor of more than 10
              5
              decrease in area, before slowly dispersing. As predicted, the convergence occurred at density fronts and with cyclonic vorticity. A zipperlike structure may play an important role. Cyclonic vorticity and vertical velocity reached 0.001 s
              -1
              and 0.01 ms
              -1
              , respectively, which is much larger than usually inferred. This suggests a paradigm in which nearby objects form submesoscale clusters, and these clusters then spread apart. Together, these effects set both the overall extent and the finescale texture of a patch of floating material. Material concentrated at submesoscale convergences can create unique communities of organisms, amplify impacts of toxic material, and create opportunities to more efficiently recover such material.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-07-18},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {D{\textquoteright}Asaro, Eric A. and Shcherbina, Andrey Y. and Klymak, Jody M. and Molemaker, Jeroen and Novelli, Guillaume and Guigand, C{\'e}dric M. and Haza, Angelique C. and Haus, Brian K. and Ryan, Edward H. and Jacobs, Gregg A. and Huntley, Helga S. and Laxague, Nathan J. M. and Chen, Shuyi and Judt, Falko and McWilliams, James C. and Barkan, Roy and Kirwan, A. D. and Poje, Andrew C. and {\"O}zg{\"o}kmen, Tamay M.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1162--1167},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/JPPZ8KNV/D{\textquoteright}Asaro et al. - 2018 - Ocean convergence and the dispersion of flotsam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{fox-kemper_challenges_2019,
	title = {Challenges and {Prospects} in {Ocean} {Circulation} {Models}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00065/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00065},
	urldate = {2020-07-18},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	author = {Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Adcroft, Alistair and B{\"o}ning, Claus W. and Chassignet, Eric P. and Curchitser, Enrique and Danabasoglu, Gokhan and Eden, Carsten and England, Matthew H. and Gerdes, R{\"u}diger and Greatbatch, Richard J. and Griffies, Stephen M. and Hallberg, Robert W. and Hanert, Emmanuel and Heimbach, Patrick and Hewitt, Helene T. and Hill, Christopher N. and Komuro, Yoshiki and Legg, Sonya and Le Sommer, Julien and Masina, Simona and Marsland, Simon J. and Penny, Stephen G. and Qiao, Fangli and Ringler, Todd D. and Treguier, Anne Marie and Tsujino, Hiroyuki and Uotila, Petteri and Yeager, Stephen G.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {65},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/UPLHC5UN/Fox-Kemper et al. - 2019 - Challenges and Prospects in Ocean Circulation Mode.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{taylor_influence_2020,
	title = {The {Influence} of {Submesoscales} and {Vertical} {Mixing} on the {Export} of {Sinking} {Tracers} in {Large}-{Eddy} {Simulations}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/50/5/1319/345379/The-Influence-of-Submesoscales-and-Vertical-Mixing},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-19-0267.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            We use idealized large-eddy simulations (LES) and a simple analytical theory to study the influence of submesoscales on the concentration and export of sinking particles from the mixed layer. We find that restratification of the mixed layer following the development of submesoscales reduces the rate of vertical mixing which, in turn, enhances the export rate associated with gravitational settling. For a neutral tracer initially confined to the mixed layer, subinertial (submesoscale) motions enhance the downward tracer flux, consistent with previous studies. However, the sign of the advective flux associated with the concentration of sinking particles reverses, indicating reentrainment into the mixed layer. A new theory is developed to model the gravitational settling flux when the particle concentration is nonuniform. The theory broadly agrees with the LES results and allows us to extend the analysis to a wider range of parameters.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-07-18},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Taylor, John R. and Smith, Katherine M. and Vreugdenhil, Catherine A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1319--1339}
}

@article{bachman_tracer-based_2015,
	title = {A tracer-based inversion method for diagnosing eddy-induced diffusivity and advection},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {14635003},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500314001735},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.11.006},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-18},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Bachman, S.D. and Fox-Kemper, B. and Bryan, F.O.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1--14}
}

@article{galbraith_regional_2010,
	title = {Regional impacts of iron-light colimitation in a global biogeochemical model},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1726-4189},
	url = {https://www.biogeosciences.net/7/1043/2010/},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-7-1043-2010},
	abstract = {Abstract. Laboratory and field studies have revealed that iron has multiple roles in phytoplankton physiology, with particular importance for light-harvesting cellular machinery. However, although iron-limitation is explicitly included in numerous biogeochemical/ecosystem models, its implementation varies, and its effect on the efficiency of light harvesting is often ignored. Given the complexity of the ocean environment, it is difficult to predict the consequences of applying different iron limitation schemes. Here we explore the interaction of iron and nutrient cycles in an ocean general circulation model using a new, streamlined model of ocean biogeochemistry. Building on previously published parameterizations of photoadaptation and export production, the Biogeochemistry with Light Iron Nutrients and Gasses (BLING) model is constructed with only four explicit tracers but including macronutrient and micronutrient limitation, light limitation, and an implicit treatment of community structure. The structural simplicity of this computationally-inexpensive model allows us to clearly isolate the global effect that iron availability has on maximum light-saturated photosynthesis rates vs. the effect iron has on photosynthetic efficiency. We find that the effect on light-saturated photosynthesis rates is dominant, negating the importance of photosynthetic efficiency in most regions, especially the cold waters of the Southern Ocean. The primary exceptions to this occur in iron-rich regions of the Northern Hemisphere, where high light-saturated photosynthesis rates allow photosynthetic efficiency to play a more important role. In other words, the ability to efficiently harvest photons has little effect in regions where light-saturated growth rates are low. Additionally, we speculate that the phytoplankton cells dominating iron-limited regions tend to have relatively high photosynthetic efficiency, due to reduced packaging effects. If this speculation is correct, it would imply that natural communities of iron-stressed phytoplankton may tend to harvest photons more efficiently than would be inferred from iron-limitation experiments with other phytoplankton. We suggest that iron limitation of photosynthetic efficiency has a relatively small impact on global biogeochemistry, though it is expected to impact the seasonal cycle of plankton as well as the vertical structure of primary production.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-07-19},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	author = {Galbraith, E. D. and Gnanadesikan, A. and Dunne, J. P. and Hiscock, M. R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1043--1064},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/PS5DLKBK/Galbraith et al. - 2010 - Regional impacts of iron-light colimitation in a g.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{rosso_quantifying_2016,
	title = {Quantifying the influence of sub-mesoscale dynamics on the supply of iron to {Southern} {Ocean} phytoplankton blooms},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {09670637},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967063716300899},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2016.06.009},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-19},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	author = {Rosso, Isabella and Hogg, Andrew McC. and Matear, Richard and Strutton, Peter G.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {199--209},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/RJGRGMTY/Rosso et al. - 2016 - Quantifying the influence of sub-mesoscale dynamic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{rosso_vertical_2014,
	title = {Vertical transport in the ocean due to sub-mesoscale structures: {Impacts} in the {Kerguelen} region},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {14635003},
	shorttitle = {Vertical transport in the ocean due to sub-mesoscale structures},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S146350031400064X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.05.001},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-19},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Rosso, Isabella and Hogg, Andrew McC. and Strutton, Peter G. and Kiss, Andrew E. and Matear, Richard and Klocker, Andreas and van Sebille, Erik},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {10--23}
}

@article{dasaro_ocean_2018-1,
	title = {Ocean convergence and the dispersion of flotsam},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1718453115},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1718453115},
	abstract = {Floating oil, plastics, and marine organisms are continually redistributed by ocean surface currents. Prediction of their resulting distribution on the surface is a fundamental, long-standing, and practically important problem. The dominant paradigm is dispersion within the dynamical context of a nondivergent flow: objects initially close together will on average spread apart but the area of surface patches of material does not change. Although this paradigm is likely valid at mesoscales, larger than 100 km in horizontal scale, recent theoretical studies of submesoscales (less than \~{}10 km) predict strong surface convergences and downwelling associated with horizontal density fronts and cyclonic vortices. Here we show that such structures can dramatically concentrate floating material. More than half of an array of \~{}200 surface drifters covering \~{}20 {\texttimes} 20 km
              2
              converged into a 60 {\texttimes} 60 m region within a week, a factor of more than 10
              5
              decrease in area, before slowly dispersing. As predicted, the convergence occurred at density fronts and with cyclonic vorticity. A zipperlike structure may play an important role. Cyclonic vorticity and vertical velocity reached 0.001 s
              -1
              and 0.01 ms
              -1
              , respectively, which is much larger than usually inferred. This suggests a paradigm in which nearby objects form submesoscale clusters, and these clusters then spread apart. Together, these effects set both the overall extent and the finescale texture of a patch of floating material. Material concentrated at submesoscale convergences can create unique communities of organisms, amplify impacts of toxic material, and create opportunities to more efficiently recover such material.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-07-19},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {D{\textquoteright}Asaro, Eric A. and Shcherbina, Andrey Y. and Klymak, Jody M. and Molemaker, Jeroen and Novelli, Guillaume and Guigand, C{\'e}dric M. and Haza, Angelique C. and Haus, Brian K. and Ryan, Edward H. and Jacobs, Gregg A. and Huntley, Helga S. and Laxague, Nathan J. M. and Chen, Shuyi and Judt, Falko and McWilliams, James C. and Barkan, Roy and Kirwan, A. D. and Poje, Andrew C. and {\"O}zg{\"o}kmen, Tamay M.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1162--1167},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/2EBLX8J5/D{\textquoteright}Asaro et al. - 2018 - Ocean convergence and the dispersion of flotsam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{uchida_vertical_2020,
	title = {Vertical eddy iron fluxes support primary production in the open {Southern} {Ocean}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14955-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-14955-0},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-19},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Uchida, Takaya and Balwada, Dhruv and P. Abernathey, Ryan and A. McKinley, Galen and K. Smith, Shafer and L{\'e}vy, Marina},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1125},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/XTMGTG6S/Uchida et al. - 2020 - Vertical eddy iron fluxes support primary producti.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{callies_baroclinic_2018,
	title = {Baroclinic {Instability} in the {Presence} of {Convection}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/48/1/45/44025/Baroclinic-Instability-in-the-Presence-of},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-17-0028.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Baroclinic mixed-layer instabilities have recently been recognized as an important source of submesoscale energy in deep winter mixed layers. While the focus has so far been on the balanced dynamics of these instabilities, they occur in and depend on an environment shaped by atmospherically forced small-scale turbulence. In this study, idealized numerical simulations are presented that allow the development of both baroclinic instability and convective small-scale turbulence, with simple control over the relative strength. If the convection is only weakly forced, baroclinic instability restratifies the layer and shuts off convection, as expected. With increased forcing, however, it is found that baroclinic instabilities are remarkably resilient to the presence of convection. Even if the instability is too weak to restratify the layer and shut off convection, the instability still grows in the convecting environment and generates baroclinic eddies and fronts. This suggests that despite the vigorous atmospherically forced small-scale turbulence in winter mixed layers, baroclinic instabilities can persistently grow, generate balanced submesoscale turbulence, and modify the bulk properties of the upper ocean.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-19},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Callies, J{\"o}rn and Ferrari, Raffaele},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {45--60},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/R3LPN55F/Callies and Ferrari - 2018 - Baroclinic Instability in the Presence of Convecti.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hamlington_langmuirsubmesoscale_2014,
	title = {Langmuir{\textendash}{Submesoscale} {Interactions}: {Descriptive} {Analysis} of {Multiscale} {Frontal} {Spindown} {Simulations}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	shorttitle = {Langmuir{\textendash}{Submesoscale} {Interactions}},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/44/9/2249/45108/LangmuirSubmesoscale-Interactions-Descriptive},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-13-0139.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The interactions between boundary layer turbulence, including Langmuir turbulence, and submesoscale processes in the oceanic mixed layer are described using large-eddy simulations of the spindown of a temperature front in the presence of submesoscale eddies, winds, and waves. The simulations solve the surface-wave-averaged Boussinesq equations with Stokes drift wave forcing at a resolution that is sufficiently fine to capture small-scale Langmuir turbulence. A simulation without Stokes drift forcing is also performed for comparison. Spatial and spectral properties of temperature, velocity, and vorticity fields are described, and these fields are scale decomposed in order to examine multiscale fluxes of momentum and buoyancy. Buoyancy flux results indicate that Langmuir turbulence counters the restratifying effects of submesoscale eddies, leading to small-scale vertical transport and mixing that is 4 times greater than in the simulations without Stokes drift forcing. The observed fluxes are also shown to be in good agreement with results from an asymptotic analysis of the surface-wave-averaged, or Craik{\textendash}Leibovich, equations. Regions of potential instability in the flow are identified using Richardson and Rossby numbers, and it is found that mixed gravitational/symmetric instabilities are nearly twice as prevalent when Langmuir turbulence is present, in contrast to simulations without Stokes drift forcing, which are dominated by symmetric instabilities. Mixed layer depth calculations based on potential vorticity and temperature show that the mixed layer is up to 2 times deeper in the presence of Langmuir turbulence. Differences between measures of the mixed layer depth based on potential vorticity and temperature are smaller in the simulations with Stokes drift forcing, indicating a reduced incidence of symmetric instabilities in the presence of Langmuir turbulence.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2020-07-19},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Hamlington, Peter E. and Van Roekel, Luke P. and Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Julien, Keith and Chini, Gregory P.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {2249--2272},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/ZKN4ZU9F/Hamlington et al. - 2014 - Langmuir{\textendash}Submesoscale Interactions Descriptive An.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{balwada_submesoscale_2018,
	title = {Submesoscale {Vertical} {Velocities} {Enhance} {Tracer} {Subduction} in an {Idealized} {Antarctic} {Circumpolar} {Current}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {00948276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2018GL079244},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL079244},
	language = {en},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2020-07-21},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Balwada, Dhruv and Smith, K. Shafer and Abernathey, Ryan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {9790--9802},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/U8PHJTGD/Balwada et al. - 2018 - Submesoscale Vertical Velocities Enhance Tracer Su.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{balwada_submesoscale_2018-1,
	title = {Submesoscale {Vertical} {Velocities} {Enhance} {Tracer} {Subduction} in an {Idealized} {Antarctic} {Circumpolar} {Current}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {00948276},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2018GL079244},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL079244},
	language = {en},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2020-07-23},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Balwada, Dhruv and Smith, K. Shafer and Abernathey, Ryan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {9790--9802},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/2JR4VR46/Balwada et al. - 2018 - Submesoscale Vertical Velocities Enhance Tracer Su.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{taylor_submesoscale_2018,
	title = {Submesoscale {Rossby} waves on the {Antarctic} circumpolar current},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aao2824},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aao2824},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-07-23},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Taylor, John R. and Bachman, Scott and Stamper, Megan and Hosegood, Phil and Adams, Katherine and Sallee, Jean-Baptiste and Torres, Ricardo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {eaao2824},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/MBQLBNHT/Taylor et al. - 2018 - Submesoscale Rossby waves on the Antarctic circump.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{brannigan_intense_2016,
	title = {Intense submesoscale upwelling in anticyclonic eddies},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0094-8276, 1944-8007},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2016GL067926},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GL067926},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-07-23},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Brannigan, L.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3360--3369},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/8ZZXKW22/Brannigan - 2016 - Intense submesoscale upwelling in anticyclonic edd.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{suzuki_understanding_2016,
	title = {Understanding {Stokes} forces in the wave-averaged equations},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {2169-9275, 2169-9291},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015JC011566},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JC011566},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-07-23},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Suzuki, Nobuhiro and Fox-Kemper, Baylor},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3579--3596}
}

@article{suzuki_surface_2016,
	title = {Surface waves affect frontogenesis},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {2169-9275, 2169-9291},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015JC011563},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JC011563},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-07-23},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Suzuki, Nobuhiro and Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Hamlington, Peter E. and Van Roekel, Luke P.},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3597--3624},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/QIRVKHNY/Suzuki et al. - 2016 - Surface waves affect frontogenesis.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{reichl_simplified_2018,
	title = {A simplified energetics based planetary boundary layer ({ePBL}) approach for ocean climate simulations.},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {14635003},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500318301069},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.10.004},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Reichl, Brandon G. and Hallberg, Robert},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {112--129},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/JZ8VAFFP/Reichl and Hallberg - 2018 - A simplified energetics based planetary boundary l.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{freilich_decomposition_2019,
	title = {Decomposition of {Vertical} {Velocity} for {Nutrient} {Transport} in the {Upper} {Ocean}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/49/6/1561/344640/Decomposition-of-Vertical-Velocity-for-Nutrient},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-19-0002.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Within the pycnocline, where diapycnal mixing is suppressed, both the vertical movement (uplift) of isopycnal surfaces and upward motion along sloping isopycnals supply nutrients to the euphotic layer, but the relative importance of each of these mechanisms is unknown. We present a method for decomposing vertical velocity w into two components in a Lagrangian frame: vertical velocity along sloping isopycnal surfaces and the adiabatic vertical velocity of isopycnal surfaces . We show that , where is the isopycnal slope and is the geometric aspect ratio of the flow, and that accounts for 10\%{\textendash}25\% of the total vertical velocity w for isopycnal slopes representative of the midlatitude pycnocline. We perform the decomposition of w in a process study model of a midlatitude eddying flow field generated with a range of isopycnal slopes. A spectral decomposition of the velocity components shows that while is the largest contributor to vertical velocity, is of comparable magnitude at horizontal scales less than about 10 km, that is, at submesoscales. Increasing the horizontal grid resolution of models is known to increase vertical velocity; this increase is disproportionately due to better resolution of , as is shown here by comparing 1- and 4-km resolution model runs. Along-isopycnal vertical transport can be an important contributor to the vertical flux of tracers, including oxygen, nutrients, and chlorophyll, although we find weak covariance between vertical velocity and nutrient anomaly in our model.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-07-25},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Freilich, Mara A. and Mahadevan, Amala},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1561--1575},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/YIH9K2J8/Freilich and Mahadevan - 2019 - Decomposition of Vertical Velocity for Nutrient Tr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{brett_competition_2019,
	title = {Competition between chaotic advection and diffusion: stirring and mixing in a 3-{D} eddy model},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1607-7946},
	shorttitle = {Competition between chaotic advection and diffusion},
	url = {https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/26/37/2019/},
	doi = {10.5194/npg-26-37-2019},
	abstract = {Abstract. The importance of chaotic advection relative to turbulent diffusion is
investigated in an idealized model of a 3-D swirling and overturning ocean
eddy. Various measures of stirring and mixing are examined in order to
determine when and where chaotic advection is relevant. Turbulent diffusion
is alternatively represented by (1)~an explicit, observation-based,
scale-dependent diffusivity, (2)~stochastic noise, added to a deterministic
velocity field, or (3)~explicit and implicit diffusion in a spectral numerical
model of the Navier{\textendash}Stokes equations. Lagrangian chaos in our model occurs only
within distinct regions of the eddy, including a large chaotic {\textquotedblleft}sea{\textquotedblright} that
fills much of the volume near the perimeter and central axis of the eddy and
much smaller {\textquotedblleft}resonant{\textquotedblright} bands. The size and distribution of these regions
depend on factors such as the degree of axial asymmetry of the eddy and the
Ekman number. The relative importance of chaotic advection and turbulent
diffusion within the chaotic regions is quantified using three measures: the
Lagrangian Batchelor scale, the rate of dispersal of closely spaced fluid
parcels, and the Nakamura effective diffusivity. The role of chaotic
advection in the stirring of a passive tracer is generally found to be most
important within the larger chaotic seas, at intermediate times, with
small diffusivities, and for eddies with strong asymmetry. In contrast, in
thin chaotic regions, turbulent diffusion at oceanographically relevant rates
is at least as important as chaotic advection. Future work should address
anisotropic and spatially varying representations of turbulent diffusion for
more realistic models.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-07-26},
	journal = {Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics},
	author = {Brett, Genevieve Jay and Pratt, Larry and Rypina, Irina and Wang, Peng},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {37--60},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/LNJHH998/Brett et al. - 2019 - Competition between chaotic advection and diffusio.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@techreport{brett_biological_2020,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Biological {Impacts} of {Physics} through {Idealized} {Tracers}: {Changes} in the seasonal cycle of vertical exchange from early to late 21st century},
	shorttitle = {Biological {Impacts} of {Physics} through {Idealized} {Tracers}},
	url = {http://www.essoar.org/doi/10.1002/essoar.10502629.1},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-26},
	institution = {Oceanography},
	author = {Brett, Genevieve and Richards, Kelvin and Whitt, Daniel and Long, Matthew},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1002/essoar.10502629.1}
}

@techreport{richards_impact_2020,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {The impact of climate change on ocean submesoscale activity},
	url = {http://www.essoar.org/doi/10.1002/essoar.10503524.1},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-26},
	institution = {Oceanography},
	author = {Richards, Kelvin J and Whitt, Daniel Bridger and Brett, Genevieve and Bryan, Frank O. and Feloy, Kate and Long, Matthew C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1002/essoar.10503524.1}
}

@article{moeng_large-eddy-simulation_1984,
	title = {A {Large}-{Eddy}-{Simulation} {Model} for the {Study} of {Planetary} {Boundary}-{Layer} {Turbulence}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0022-4928},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2052:ALESMF>2.0.CO;2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2052:ALESMF>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {A large-eddy-simulation (LFS) model explicitly calculates the large-eddy field and parameterizes the small eddies. The large eddies in the atmospheric boundary layer are believed to be much more important and more flow-dependent than the small eddies. The LES model results are therefore believed to be relatively insensitive to the parameterization scheme for the small eddies.Deardorff first applied this type of numerical model to boundary-layer turbulence. In order to continue his important work, and to take advantage of the fast Fourier transformation algorithm, a new LES model code which uses a mixed pseudospectral finite-difference method was developed. This LES model is described here and tested with a simple vortex flow and with the Wangara day-33 data.This model will be used to systematically investigate fundamental problems in the area of boundary-layer turbulence. It is hoped that three-dimensional simulations will give useful statistical information about turbulence structural and improve the closure assumptions in ensemble-mean turbulence modeling.},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2020-07-27},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Moeng, Chin-Hoh},
	month = jul,
	year = {1984},
	pages = {2052--2062}
}

@article{sullivan_surface_2007,
	title = {Surface gravity wave effects in the oceanic boundary layer: large-eddy simulation with vortex force and stochastic breakers},
	volume = {593},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	shorttitle = {Surface gravity wave effects in the oceanic boundary layer},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S002211200700897X/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S002211200700897X},
	abstract = {The wind-driven stably stratified mid-latitude oceanic surface turbulent boundary layer is computationally simulated in the presence of a specified surface gravity-wave field. The gravity waves have broad wavenumber and frequency spectra typical of measured conditions in near-equilibrium with the mean wind speed. The simulation model is based on (i) an asymptotic theory for the conservative dynamical effects of waves on the wave-averaged boundary-layer currents and (ii) a boundary-layer forcing by a stochastic representation of the impulses and energy fluxes in a field of breaking waves. The wave influences are shown to be profound on both the mean current profile and turbulent statistics compared to a simulation without these wave influences and forced by an equivalent mean surface stress. As expected from previous studies with partial combinations of these wave influences, Langmuir circulations due to the wave-averaged vortex force make vertical eddy fluxes of momentum and material concentration much more efficient and non-local (i.e. with negative eddy viscosity near the surface), and they combine with the breakers to increase the turbulent energy and dissipation rate. They also combine in an unexpected positive feedback in which breaker-generated vorticity seeds the creation of a new Langmuir circulation and instigates a deep strong intermittent downwelling jet that penetrates through the boundary layer and increases the material entrainment rate at the base of the layer. These wave effects on the boundary layer are greater for smaller wave ages and higher mean wind speeds.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-27},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Sullivan, Peter P. and McWILLIAMS, James C. and Melville, W. Kendall},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {405--452},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/XENG4IVT/Sullivan et al. - 2007 - Surface gravity wave effects in the oceanic bounda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{li_assessing_2017,
	title = {Assessing the {Effects} of {Langmuir} {Turbulence} on the {Entrainment} {Buoyancy} {Flux} in the {Ocean} {Surface} {Boundary} {Layer}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/47/12/2863/44948/Assessing-the-Effects-of-Langmuir-Turbulence-on},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-17-0085.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Large-eddy simulations (LESs) with various constant wind, wave, and surface destabilizing surface buoyancy flux forcing are conducted, with a focus on assessing the impact of Langmuir turbulence on the entrainment buoyancy flux at the base of the ocean surface boundary layer. An estimate of the entrainment buoyancy flux scaling is made to best fit the LES results. The presence of Stokes drift forcing and the resulting Langmuir turbulence enhances the entrainment rate significantly under weak surface destabilizing buoyancy flux conditions, that is, weakly convective turbulence. In contrast, Langmuir turbulence effects are moderate when convective turbulence is dominant and appear to be additive rather than multiplicative to the convection-induced mixing. The parameterized unresolved velocity scale in the K-profile parameterization (KPP) is modified to adhere to the new scaling law of the entrainment buoyancy flux and account for the effects of Langmuir turbulence. This modification is targeted on common situations in a climate model where either Langmuir turbulence or convection is important and may overestimate the entrainment when both are weak. Nevertheless, the modified KPP is tested in a global climate model and generally outperforms those tested in previous studies. Improvements in the simulated mixed layer depth are found, especially in the Southern Ocean in austral summer.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-07-27},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Li, Qing and Fox-Kemper, Baylor},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {2863--2886},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/EFZXZ7QF/Li and Fox-Kemper - 2017 - Assessing the Effects of Langmuir Turbulence on th.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mazloff_eddy-permitting_2010,
	title = {An {Eddy}-{Permitting} {Southern} {Ocean} {State} {Estimate}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1520-0485, 0022-3670},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/40/5/880/11286/An-EddyPermitting-Southern-Ocean-State-Estimate},
	doi = {10.1175/2009JPO4236.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            An eddy-permitting general circulation model of the Southern Ocean is fit by constrained least squares to a large observational dataset during 2005{\textendash}06. Data used include Argo float profiles, CTD synoptic sections, Southern Elephant Seals as Oceanographic Samplers (SEaOS) instrument-mounted seal profiles, XBTs, altimetric observations [Envisat, Geosat, Jason-1, and Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon], and infrared and microwave radiometer observed sea surface temperature. An adjoint model is used to determine descent directions in minimizing a misfit function, each of whose elements has been weighted by an estimate of the observational plus model error. The model is brought into near agreement with the data by adjusting its control vector, here consisting of initial and meteorological boundary conditions. Although total consistency has not yet been achieved, the existing solution is in good agreement with the great majority of the 2005 and 2006 Southern Ocean observations and better represents these data than does the World Ocean Atlas 2001 (WOA01) climatological product. The estimate captures the oceanic temporal variability and in this respect represents a major improvement upon earlier static inverse estimates. During the estimation period, the Drake Passage volume transport is 153 {\textpm} 5 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s-1). The Ross and Weddell polar gyre transports are 20 {\textpm} 5 Sv and 40 {\textpm} 8 Sv, respectively. Across 32{\textdegree}S there is a surface meridional overturning cell of 12 {\textpm} 12 Sv, an intermediate cell of 17 {\textpm} 12 Sv, and an abyssal cell of 13 {\textpm} 6 Sv. The northward heat and freshwater anomaly transports across 30{\textdegree}S are -0.3 PW and 0.7 Sv, with estimated uncertainties of 0.5 PW and 0.2 Sv. The net rate of wind work is 2.1 {\textpm} 1.1 TW. Southern Ocean theories involving short temporal- and spatial-scale dynamics may now be tested with a dynamically and thermodynamically realistic general circulation model solution that is known to be compatible with the modern observational datasets.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-07-28},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Mazloff, Matthew R. and Heimbach, Patrick and Wunsch, Carl},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {880--899},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/XDCZU2LE/Mazloff et al. - 2010 - An Eddy-Permitting Southern Ocean State Estimate.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bachman_eddy_2013,
	title = {Eddy parameterization challenge suite {I}: {Eady} spindown},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {14635003},
	shorttitle = {Eddy parameterization challenge suite {I}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1463500312001801},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.12.003},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-28},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Bachman, S. and Fox-Kemper, B.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {12--28}
}

@article{li_comparing_2019,
	title = {Comparing {Ocean} {Surface} {Boundary} {Vertical} {Mixing} {Schemes} {Including} {Langmuir} {Turbulence}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1942-2466, 1942-2466},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019MS001810},
	doi = {10.1029/2019MS001810},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2020-07-30},
	journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
	author = {Li, Qing and Reichl, Brandon G. and Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Adcroft, Alistair J. and Belcher, Stephen E. and Danabasoglu, Gokhan and Grant, Alan L. M. and Griffies, Stephen M. and Hallberg, Robert and Hara, Tetsu and Harcourt, Ramsey R. and Kukulka, Tobias and Large, William G. and McWilliams, James C. and Pearson, Brodie and Sullivan, Peter P. and Van Roekel, Luke and Wang, Peng and Zheng, Zhihua},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {3545--3592},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/FTE9PXKN/Li et al. - 2019 - Comparing Ocean Surface Boundary Vertical Mixing S.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dasaro_quantifying_2014,
	title = {Quantifying upper ocean turbulence driven by surface waves: {QUANTIFYING} {SURFACE} {WAVE} {TURBULENCE}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {00948276},
	shorttitle = {Quantifying upper ocean turbulence driven by surface waves},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2013GL058193},
	doi = {10.1002/2013GL058193},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-08-01},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {D'Asaro, E. A. and Thomson, J. and Shcherbina, A. Y. and Harcourt, R. R. and Cronin, M. F. and Hemer, M. A. and Fox-Kemper, B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {102--107}
}

@article{sullivan_langmuir_2019,
	title = {Langmuir turbulence and filament frontogenesis in the oceanic surface boundary layer},
	volume = {879},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022112019006554/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2019.655},
	abstract = {Submesoscale currents, small-scale turbulence and surface gravity waves co-exist in the upper ocean and interact in complex ways. To expose the couplings, the frontogenetic life cycle of an idealized cold dense submesoscale filament interacting with upper ocean Langmuir turbulence is investigated in large-eddy simulations (LESs) based on the incompressible wave-averaged equations. The simulations utilize large domains and fine meshes with
              
                
                  
                  \$6.4{\textbackslash}times 10{\textasciicircum}\{9\}\$
                
              
              grid points. Case studies are made with surface winds or surface cooling with waves oriented in across-filament (perpendicular) or down-filament (parallel) directions relative to the two-dimensional filament axis. The currents
              
                
                  
                  \$u\$
                
              
              ,
              
                
                  
                  \$v\$
                
              
              and
              
                
                  
                  \$w\$
                
              
              are aligned with the across-filament, down-filament and vertical directions, respectively. Frontogenesis is induced by across-filament Lagrangian secondary circulations in the boundary layer, and it is shown to be strongly impacted by surface waves, in particular the propagation direction relative to the filament axis. In a horizontally heterogeneous boundary layer, surface waves induce both mean and fluctuating Stokes-drift vortex forces that modify a linear, hydrostatic turbulent thermal wind (TTW) approximation for momentum. Down-filament winds and waves are found to be especially impactful, they significantly reduce the peak level of frontogenesis by fragmenting the filament into primary and secondary down-welling sites in a broad frontal zone over a width
              
                
                  
                  \$\{{\textbackslash}sim\}500{\textasciitilde}{\textbackslash}text\{m\}\$
                
              
              . At peak frontogenesis, opposing down-filament jets
              
                
                  
                  \${\textbackslash}langle v{\textbackslash}rangle\$
                
              
              overlie each other resulting in a vigorous vertical shear layer
              
                
                  
                  \${\textbackslash}unicode[STIX]\{x2202\}\_\{z\}{\textbackslash}langle v{\textbackslash}rangle\$
                
              
              with large vertical momentum flux
              
                
                  
                  \${\textbackslash}langle v{\textasciicircum}\{{\textbackslash}prime \}w{\textasciicircum}\{{\textbackslash}prime \}{\textbackslash}rangle\$
                
              
              . Filament arrest is induced by a lateral shear instability that generates horizontal momentum flux
              
                
                  
                  \${\textbackslash}langle u{\textasciicircum}\{{\textbackslash}prime \}v{\textasciicircum}\{{\textbackslash}prime \}{\textbackslash}rangle\$
                
              
              at low wavenumbers. The turbulent vertical velocity patterns, indicative of coherent Langmuir cells, change markedly across the horizontal domain with both across-filament and down-filament winds under the action of submesoscale currents.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-05},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Sullivan, Peter P. and McWilliams, James C.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {512--553}
}

@article{kukulka_rapid_2010,
	title = {Rapid {Mixed} {Layer} {Deepening} by the {Combination} of {Langmuir} and {Shear} {Instabilities}: {A} {Case} {Study}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1520-0485, 0022-3670},
	shorttitle = {Rapid {Mixed} {Layer} {Deepening} by the {Combination} of {Langmuir} and {Shear} {Instabilities}},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jpo/article/40/11/2381/11238/Rapid-Mixed-Layer-Deepening-by-the-Combination-of},
	doi = {10.1175/2010JPO4403.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Langmuir circulation (LC) is a turbulent upper-ocean process driven by wind and surface waves that contributes significantly to the transport of momentum, heat, and mass in the oceanic surface layer. The authors have previously performed a direct comparison of large-eddy simulations and observations of the upper-ocean response to a wind event with rapid mixed layer deepening. The evolution of simulated crosswind velocity variance and spatial scales, as well as mixed layer deepening, was only consistent with observations if LC effects are included in the model. Based on an analysis of these validated simulations, in this study the fundamental differences in mixing between purely shear-driven turbulence and turbulence with LC are identified. In the former case, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production due to shear instabilities is largest near the surface, gradually decreasing to zero near the base of the mixed layer. This stands in contrast to the LC case in which at middepth range TKE production can be dominated by Stokes drift shear. Furthermore, the Eulerian mean vertical shear peaks near the base of the mixed layer so that TKE production by mean shear flow is elevated there. LC transports horizontal momentum efficiently downward leading to an along-wind velocity jet below LC downwelling regions at the base of the mixed layer. Locally enhanced vertical shear instabilities as a result of this jet efficiently erode the thermocline. In turn, enhanced breaking internal waves inject cold deep water into the mixed layer, where LC currents transport temperature perturbation advectively. Thus, LC and locally generated shear instabilities work intimately together to facilitate strongly the mixed layer deepening process.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2020-08-05},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Kukulka, Tobias and Plueddemann, Albert J. and Trowbridge, John H. and Sullivan, Peter P.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2381--2400},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/5PWWHZ2W/Kukulka et al. - 2010 - Rapid Mixed Layer Deepening by the Combination of .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bodner_breakdown_2020,
	title = {A {Breakdown} in {Potential} {Vorticity} {Estimation} {Delineates} the {Submesoscale}-to-{Turbulence} {Boundary} in {Large} {Eddy} {Simulations}},
	issn = {1942-2466, 1942-2466},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2020MS002049},
	doi = {10.1029/2020MS002049},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-11},
	journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
	author = {Bodner, Abigail S. and Fox-Kemper, Baylor},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020}
}

@article{cronin_climate_2009,
	title = {{CLIMATE} {RESEARCH}: {Best} {Practices} {For} {Process} {Studies}},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0003-0007, 1520-0477},
	shorttitle = {{CLIMATE} {RESEARCH}},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2009BAMS2622.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2009BAMS2622.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-08-11},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	author = {Cronin, Meghan F. and Legg, Sonya and Zuidema, Paquita},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {917--918},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/4JLH4MWP/Cronin et al. - 2009 - CLIMATE RESEARCH Best Practices For Process Studi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wunsch_100_2018,
	title = {100 {Years} of the {Ocean} {General} {Circulation}},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0065-9401},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/mono/article/28254/100-Years-of-the-Ocean-General-Circulation},
	doi = {10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0002.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The central change in understanding of the ocean circulation during the past 100 years has been its emergence as an intensely time-dependent, effectively turbulent and wave-dominated, flow. Early technologies for making the difficult observations were adequate only to depict large-scale, quasi-steady flows. With the electronic revolution of the past 50+ years, the emergence of geophysical fluid dynamics, the strongly inhomogeneous time-dependent nature of oceanic circulation physics finally emerged. Mesoscale (balanced), submesoscale oceanic eddies at 100-km horizontal scales and shorter, and internal waves are now known to be central to much of the behavior of the system. Ocean circulation is now recognized to involve both eddies and larger-scale flows with dominant elements and their interactions varying among the classical gyres, the boundary current regions, the Southern Ocean, and the tropics.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
	journal = {Meteorological Monographs},
	author = {Wunsch, Carl and Ferrari, Raffaele},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {7.1--7.32},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/IGTCY459/Wunsch and Ferrari - 2018 - 100 Years of the Ocean General Circulation.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{holbrook_keeping_2020,
	title = {Keeping pace with marine heatwaves},
	issn = {2662-138X},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-020-0068-4},
	doi = {10.1038/s43017-020-0068-4},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Earth \& Environment},
	author = {Holbrook, Neil J. and Sen Gupta, Alex and Oliver, Eric C. J. and Hobday, Alistair J. and Benthuysen, Jessica A. and Scannell, Hillary A. and Smale, Dan A. and Wernberg, Thomas},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020}
}

@article{riser_fifteen_2016,
	title = {Fifteen years of ocean observations with the global {Argo} array},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2872},
	doi = {10.1038/nclimate2872},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Riser, Stephen C. and Freeland, Howard J. and Roemmich, Dean and Wijffels, Susan and Troisi, Ariel and Belb{\'e}och, Mathieu and Gilbert, Denis and Xu, Jianping and Pouliquen, Sylvie and Thresher, Ann and Le Traon, Pierre-Yves and Maze, Guillaume and Klein, Birgit and Ravichandran, M. and Grant, Fiona and Poulain, Pierre-Marie and Suga, Toshio and Lim, Byunghwan and Sterl, Andreas and Sutton, Philip and Mork, Kjell-Arne and V{\'e}lez-Belch{\'i}, Pedro Joaqu{\'i}n and Ansorge, Isabelle and King, Brian and Turton, Jon and Baringer, Molly and Jayne, Steven R.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {145--153},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/AYYA8SBR/Riser et al. - 2016 - Fifteen years of ocean observations with the globa.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cazenave_contemporary_2010,
	title = {Contemporary {Sea} {Level} {Rise}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1941-1405, 1941-0611},
	url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081105},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081105},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
	journal = {Annual Review of Marine Science},
	author = {Cazenave, Anny and Llovel, William},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {145--173},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/PFDVL63T/Cazenave and Llovel - 2010 - Contemporary Sea Level Rise.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{van_sebille_physical_2020,
	title = {The physical oceanography of the transport of floating marine debris},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d7d},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d7d},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {van Sebille, Erik and Aliani, Stefano and Law, Kara Lavender and Maximenko, Nikolai and Alsina, Jos{\'e} M and Bagaev, Andrei and Bergmann, Melanie and Chapron, Bertrand and Chubarenko, Irina and C{\'o}zar, Andr{\'e}s and Delandmeter, Philippe and Egger, Matthias and Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Garaba, Shungudzemwoyo P and Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke and Hardesty, Britta Denise and Hoffman, Matthew J and Isobe, Atsuhiko and Jongedijk, Cleo E and Kaandorp, Mikael L A and Khatmullina, Liliya and Koelmans, Albert A and Kukulka, Tobias and Laufk{\"o}tter, Charlotte and Lebreton, Laurent and Lobelle, Delphine and Maes, Christophe and Martinez-Vicente, Victor and Morales Maqueda, Miguel Angel and Poulain-Zarcos, Marie and Rodr{\'i}guez, Ernesto and Ryan, Peter G and Shanks, Alan L and Shim, Won Joon and Suaria, Giuseppe and Thiel, Martin and van den Bremer, Ton S and Wichmann, David},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {023003},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/NNZUIADB/van Sebille et al. - 2020 - The physical oceanography of the transport of floa.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{marshall_closure_2012,
	title = {Closure of the meridional overturning circulation through {Southern} {Ocean} upwelling},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1752-0894, 1752-0908},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1391},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1391},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	author = {Marshall, John and Speer, Kevin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {171--180},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/BJ7SQ8JP/Marshall and Speer - 2012 - Closure of the meridional overturning circulation .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{frajka-williams_atlantic_2019,
	title = {Atlantic {Meridional} {Overturning} {Circulation}: {Observed} {Transport} and {Variability}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	shorttitle = {Atlantic {Meridional} {Overturning} {Circulation}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00260},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	author = {Frajka-Williams, Eleanor and Ansorge, Isabelle J. and Baehr, Johanna and Bryden, Harry L. and Chidichimo, Maria Paz and Cunningham, Stuart A. and Danabasoglu, Gokhan and Dong, Shenfu and Donohue, Kathleen A. and Elipot, Shane and Heimbach, Patrick and Holliday, N. Penny and Hummels, Rebecca and Jackson, Laura C. and Karstensen, Johannes and Lankhorst, Matthias and Le Bras, Isabela A. and Lozier, M. Susan and McDonagh, Elaine L. and Meinen, Christopher S. and Mercier, Herl{\'e} and Moat, Bengamin I. and Perez, Renellys C. and Piecuch, Christopher G. and Rhein, Monika and Srokosz, Meric A. and Trenberth, Kevin E. and Bacon, Sheldon and Forget, Gael and Goni, Gustavo and Kieke, Dagmar and Koelling, Jannes and Lamont, Tarron and McCarthy, Gerard D. and Mertens, Christian and Send, Uwe and Smeed, David A. and Speich, Sabrina and van den Berg, Marcel and Volkov, Denis and Wilson, Chris},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {260},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/KTPTCIAE/Frajka-Williams et al. - 2019 - Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Obser.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mackinnon_climate_2017,
	title = {Climate {Process} {Team} on {Internal} {Wave}{\textendash}{Driven} {Ocean} {Mixing}},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {0003-0007, 1520-0477},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article/98/11/2429/216009/Climate-Process-Team-on-Internal-WaveDriven-Ocean},
	doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0030.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Diapycnal mixing plays a primary role in the thermodynamic balance of the ocean and, consequently, in oceanic heat and carbon uptake and storage. Though observed mixing rates are on average consistent with values required by inverse models, recent attention has focused on the dramatic spatial variability, spanning several orders of magnitude, of mixing rates in both the upper and deep ocean. Away from ocean boundaries, the spatiotemporal patterns of mixing are largely driven by the geography of generation, propagation, and dissipation of internal waves, which supply much of the power for turbulent mixing. Over the last 5 years and under the auspices of U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability Program (CLIVAR), a National Science Foundation (NSF)- and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-supported Climate Process Team has been engaged in developing, implementing, and testing dynamics-based parameterizations for internal wave{\textendash}driven turbulent mixing in global ocean models. The work has primarily focused on turbulence 1) near sites of internal tide generation, 2) in the upper ocean related to wind-generated near inertial motions, 3) due to internal lee waves generated by low-frequency mesoscale flows over topography, and 4) at ocean margins. Here, we review recent progress, describe the tools developed, and discuss future directions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	author = {MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and Zhao, Zhongxiang and Whalen, Caitlin B. and Waterhouse, Amy F. and Trossman, David S. and Sun, Oliver M. and St. Laurent, Louis C. and Simmons, Harper L. and Polzin, Kurt and Pinkel, Robert and Pickering, Andrew and Norton, Nancy J. and Nash, Jonathan D. and Musgrave, Ruth and Merchant, Lynne M. and Melet, Angelique V. and Mater, Benjamin and Legg, Sonya and Large, William G. and Kunze, Eric and Klymak, Jody M. and Jochum, Markus and Jayne, Steven R. and Hallberg, Robert W. and Griffies, Stephen M. and Diggs, Steve and Danabasoglu, Gokhan and Chassignet, Eric P. and Buijsman, Maarten C. and Bryan, Frank O. and Briegleb, Bruce P. and Barna, Andrew and Arbic, Brian K. and Ansong, Joseph K. and Alford, Matthew H.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {2429--2454},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/2QVGQMJV/MacKinnon et al. - 2017 - Climate Process Team on Internal Wave{\textendash}Driven Ocean.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{straneo_dynamics_2015,
	title = {The {Dynamics} of {Greenland}'s {Glacial} {Fjords} and {Their} {Role} in {Climate}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1941-1405, 1941-0611},
	url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135133},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135133},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
	journal = {Annual Review of Marine Science},
	author = {Straneo, Fiamma and Cenedese, Claudia},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {89--112}
}

@article{gebbie_little_2019,
	title = {The {Little} {Ice} {Age} and 20th-century deep {Pacific} cooling},
	volume = {363},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aar8413},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aar8413},
	abstract = {Proxy records show that before the onset of modern anthropogenic warming, globally coherent cooling occurred from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. The long memory of the ocean suggests that these historical surface anomalies are associated with ongoing deep-ocean temperature adjustments. Combining an ocean model with modern and paleoceanographic data leads to a prediction that the deep Pacific is still adjusting to the cooling going into the Little Ice Age, whereas temperature trends in the surface ocean and deep Atlantic reflect modern warming. This prediction is corroborated by temperature changes identified between the HMS Challenger expedition of the 1870s and modern hydrography. The implied heat loss in the deep ocean since 1750 CE offsets one-fourth of the global heat gain in the upper ocean.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6422},
	urldate = {2020-08-19},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Gebbie, G. and Huybers, P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {70--74},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/CM5UUMDF/Gebbie and Huybers - 2019 - The Little Ice Age and 20th-century deep Pacific c.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{naveira_garabato_perspective_2012,
	title = {A perspective on the future of physical oceanography},
	volume = {370},
	issn = {1364-503X, 1471-2962},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2012.0400},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.2012.0400},
	language = {en},
	number = {1980},
	urldate = {2020-08-19},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	author = {Naveira Garabato, Alberto C.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {5480--5511},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/jwenegrat/Zotero/storage/ARBX2NCG/Naveira Garabato - 2012 - A perspective on the future of physical oceanograp.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{joughin_ice-sheet_2012,
	title = {Ice-{Sheet} {Response} to {Oceanic} {Forcing}},
	volume = {338},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1226481},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1226481},
	language = {en},
	number = {6111},
	urldate = {2020-08-19},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Joughin, I. and Alley, R. B. and Holland, D. M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1172--1176}
}