Add support for shot vectors to other measurement processes

[joeycarter]

Catalyst recently added support for specifying shot-vectors when used with qml.sample measurements on the lightning.qubit device (#1051). However, other measurement types, such as expval and probs, currently do not support shot-vectors. We should add support for these other measurement processes. Moreover, it should be efficient, meaning that there should only be one circuit execution.

This issue was prompted by @josh146's comment here: #1239 (comment).