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ARCHITECTURE.md

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Architecture

This document describes the internal architecture of the Kernels system.

Overview

Kernels is structured as a layered system with clear separation between components. Each layer has explicit responsibilities and interfaces.

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        KERNEL VARIANTS                          │
│     StrictKernel | PermissiveKernel | EvidenceFirst | DualChannel│
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              │
                              ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        BASE KERNEL                              │
│                    (kernels/variants/base.py)                   │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              │
          ┌───────────────────┼───────────────────┐
          ▼                   ▼                   ▼
┌─────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐
│  STATE MACHINE  │ │  JURISDICTION   │ │     AUDIT       │
│ (kernels/state) │ │(kernels/juris.) │ │ (kernels/audit) │
└─────────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ └─────────────────┘
          │                   │                   │
          └───────────────────┼───────────────────┘
                              ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        EXECUTION                                │
│                  (kernels/execution)                            │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              │
                              ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        COMMON                                   │
│              Types | Errors | Hashing | Codec                   │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Component Responsibilities

Common Layer

The common layer provides foundational types and utilities used throughout the system.

Module Responsibility
types.py Core data types: KernelState, KernelRequest, etc.
errors.py Exception hierarchy with fail-closed semantics
hashing.py Deterministic hashing functions
codec.py Deterministic serialization
validate.py Request validation and ambiguity detection
time.py Virtual clock for deterministic time

State Machine

The state machine enforces the kernel lifecycle through explicit state transitions.

States:

State Entry Condition Exit Condition
BOOTING Kernel instantiation Configuration loaded
IDLE Boot complete or audit done Request received
VALIDATING Request submitted Validation complete
ARBITRATING Validation passed Decision made
EXECUTING Decision is ALLOW + tool Tool execution complete
AUDITING Execution or decision done Audit entry written
HALTED Halt command or fatal error Never (terminal)

Transition Rules:

The state machine enforces that only defined transitions occur. Any attempt to perform an undefined transition raises StateError.

Jurisdiction

The jurisdiction layer evaluates whether requests are permitted under the current policy.

Policy Components:

Component Purpose
allowed_actors Set of actors permitted to submit requests
allowed_tools Set of tools permitted for invocation
allowed_states States in which requests are accepted
required_fields Fields that must be present in requests
max_param_bytes Maximum serialized size of parameters
max_intent_length Maximum length of intent string

Rule Evaluation:

Rules are evaluated in sequence. Any rule violation results in denial. The evaluation produces a PolicyResult containing all violations.

Audit

The audit layer maintains an append-only ledger of all kernel operations.

Ledger Properties:

Property Description
Append-only Entries cannot be modified or deleted
Hash-chained Each entry includes hash of previous entry
Deterministic Same inputs produce same hashes
Exportable Full ledger can be exported as evidence bundle
Verifiable External parties can replay and verify chain

Entry Schema:

Each audit entry contains:

Field Type Description
prev_hash string Hash of previous entry
entry_hash string Hash of this entry
ts_ms integer Timestamp in milliseconds
request_id string Request identifier
actor string Actor who submitted request
intent string Intent of the request
decision Decision ALLOW, DENY, or HALT
state_from KernelState State before transition
state_to KernelState State after transition
tool_name string? Tool invoked, if any
params_hash string? Hash of parameters, if any
evidence_hash string? Hash of evidence, if any
error string? Error message, if any

Execution

The execution layer handles tool invocation through a registry-based dispatcher.

Tool Registry:

Tools must be explicitly registered before use. The registry does not perform dynamic discovery or import-by-name.

Built-in Tools:

Tool Parameters Return Type Description
echo text: str str Returns input unchanged
add a: int, b: int int Returns sum of inputs

Dispatcher:

The dispatcher validates tool calls before execution and captures results or errors.

Kernel Variants

Variants implement the Kernel protocol with different enforcement postures.

Variant Key Characteristic
Strict Maximum enforcement, strict ambiguity
Permissive Relaxed thresholds, intent-only allowed
Evidence-First Requires evidence field for ALLOW
Dual-Channel Requires constraints dict in params

Data Flow

Request Processing

1. Request arrives at kernel.submit()
2. State: IDLE → VALIDATING
3. Validate request structure
4. Check ambiguity heuristics
5. State: VALIDATING → ARBITRATING
6. Evaluate jurisdiction policy
7. Check variant requirements
8. Make decision: ALLOW | DENY | HALT
9. If ALLOW and tool_call present:
   a. State: ARBITRATING → EXECUTING
   b. Dispatch tool call
   c. Capture result
10. State: → AUDITING
11. Create audit entry
12. Compute entry hash
13. Append to ledger
14. State: AUDITING → IDLE
15. Return receipt

Evidence Export

1. Caller invokes kernel.export_evidence()
2. Ledger entries collected
3. Root hash computed (last entry hash)
4. EvidenceBundle constructed
5. Bundle returned to caller

Replay Verification

1. Verifier receives evidence bundle
2. Initialize prev_hash to genesis
3. For each entry:
   a. Verify entry.prev_hash == prev_hash
   b. Recompute entry hash from fields
   c. Verify computed == entry.entry_hash
   d. Update prev_hash = entry.entry_hash
4. Verify final prev_hash == root_hash
5. Report validation result

Invariant Enforcement

Each component enforces specific invariants:

Component Invariants Enforced
StateMachine INV-STATE, INV-TRANSITION
Jurisdiction INV-JURISDICTION, INV-FAIL-CLOSED
AuditLedger INV-AUDIT, INV-HASH-CHAIN, INV-EVIDENCE
Dispatcher INV-DETERMINISM, INV-NO-IMPLICIT-ALLOW
BaseKernel INV-HALT (halt always available)

Extension Points

The architecture supports extension through:

  1. New Variants: Implement Kernel protocol, extend BaseKernel
  2. New Tools: Register with ToolRegistry
  3. Custom Policies: Create JurisdictionPolicy instances
  4. Custom Rules: Add rule functions to jurisdiction evaluation

Extensions must not violate core invariants.