README.md

Integer Types in Java

Overview

In Java, integer types are used to store whole numbers of varying sizes and ranges. These types are efficient for different needs, from small byte-sized values to large long-sized values.

Integer Types in Java:

1. byte: 8-bit signed integer
2. short: 16-bit signed integer
3. int: 32-bit signed integer (default type for integers)
4. long: 64-bit signed integer

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Comparison Table

Type	Size (bits)	Range	Default Value
byte	8	-128 to 127	0
short	16	-32,768 to 32,767	0
int	32	-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647	0
long	64	-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807	0L

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Operations on Integer Types

Arithmetic Operations

Operation	Symbol	Example
Addition	+	intValue + byteValue
Subtraction	-	shortValue - byteValue
Multiplication	*	intValue * shortValue
Division	/	longValue / intValue
Modulo	%	shortValue % byteValue

Relational Operations

Operation	Symbol	Example
Equal to	==	intValue == longValue
Not equal to	!=	intValue != longValue
Greater than	>	intValue > longValue
Less than	<	intValue < longValue
Greater than or equal to	>=	intValue >= longValue
Less than or equal to	<=	intValue <= longValue

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Type Casting

Implicit Casting (Widening)

• Automatically converts smaller types to larger types.
  • Example:

    byte byteValue = 10;
    int intValue = byteValue;  // No explicit cast needed

Explicit Casting (Narrowing)

• Converts larger types to smaller types explicitly.
  • Example:

    int intValue = 1000;
    byte byteValue = (byte) intValue;  // May lead to data loss

Overflow and Underflow

When calculations exceed the range of the data type:

• Overflow: Value wraps around to the minimum value.

• Underflow: Value wraps around to the maximum value.

  • Example:

    byte overflowExample = (byte) (Byte.MAX_VALUE + 1);
    System.out.println("Overflow: " + overflowExample);  // Output: -128
    
    byte underflowExample = (byte) (Byte.MIN_VALUE - 1);
    System.out.println("Underflow: " + underflowExample);  // Output: 127

Example Code

public class IntExamples {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Initialize variables
        int a = 100;
        long b = 100000L;

        // Arithmetic Operations
        long sum = a + b;
        System.out.println("Sum: " + sum);

        // Relational Operations
        boolean isEqual = (a == b);
        System.out.println("Is Equal: " + isEqual);

        // Type Casting
        // Implicit casting (int to long)
        long implicitCast = a;
        System.out.println("Implicit cast from int to long: " + implicitCast);

        // Explicit casting (long to int)
        int explicitCast = (int) b;
        System.out.println("Explicit cast from long to int: " + explicitCast);

        // Overflow Example
        byte maxByte = Byte.MAX_VALUE; // 127
        byte overflow = (byte) (maxByte + 1); // Overflow to -128
        System.out.println("Overflow Example (127 + 1): " + overflow);
    }
}

For more: IntDataTypes.java