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AgERA5 v2.0 (#382)
* scripts and README * some updates
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‎data_preparation/DATA-SOURCES-SELECTION.md‎

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# Data sources selection
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## Weather variables and moisture indicators
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| Source | Considered variables | Temporal frequency | Spatial resolution | Caveats |
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|--------|----------------------|--------------------|--------------------|---------|
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| **[AgERA5](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/sis-agrometeorological-indicators?tab=overview)** | temp\_2m, prec, rad, wspd\_10m, relh\_2m | Daily | 0.1° | |
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| **[FAO-AQUASTAT](https://data.apps.fao.org/static/data/index.html?prefix=static%2Fdata%2Fc3s%2FAGERA5_ET0)** | et0 | Daily | 0.1° | Not bias-corrected |
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|**[GLDAS](https://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/gldas/model-output)** | ssm, rsm | Daily | 0.25° | Latency of 2 to 6 months |
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| [ERA5](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels) | temp\_2m, prec, rad, wspd\_10m, relh\_2m | Hourly | 0.25° | Not bias-corrected |
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| [ERA5-land](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview) | temp\_2m, prec, rad, wspd\_10m, relh\_2m | Hourly | 0.1° | Not bias-corrected |
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| [W5E5](https://www.isimip.org/gettingstarted/input-data-bias-adjustment/details/114/) | temp\_2m, prec, rad, wspd\_10m, relh\_2m | Daily | 0.5° | Not operational; low spatial resolution |
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| [CPC](https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpc.globaltemp.html) | prec, temp | Daily | 0.5° | Limited number of variables; low spatial resolution |
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| [GLEAM](https://www.gleam.eu/) | et0, rsm | Daily | 0.1° | Latency of up to 1 year |
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| [MSWEP](https://www.gloh2o.org/mswep/) | prec | 3-hourly | 0.1° | Single variable product |
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| [ESA CCI SM](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/portfolio/dataset/satellite-soil-moisture) | ssm | Daily | 0.25° | Single variable product |
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We selected data from the [AgERA5](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/sis-agrometeorological-indicators?tab=overview) project, which provides daily weather variables at a 0.1° spatial resolution, directly relevant to crop yields, including temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation flux. Furthermore, we selected reference evapotranspiration from the FAO dataset, which relies on the FAO Penman - Monteith method and takes input variables from the AgERA5 dataset. AgERA5 offers agrometeorological indicators from 1979 to the present, derived from ERA5 reanalysis and tailored for agricultural studies. Its key advantage is the high-quality, operational input for numerous variables essential for crop yield forecasting, and it is freely available and well-documented on the Copernicus Climate Data Store [CDS](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/home).
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|--------|--------------------|------------------|------------------|---------|
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| **[AgERA5](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/sis-agrometeorological-indicators?tab=overview)** | temp_2m, prec, rad, wspd_10m, relh_2m, et0, vpd | Daily | 0.1° | — |
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| **[GLDAS](https://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/gldas/model-output)** | ssm, rsm | Daily | 0.25° | Latency of 2–6 months |
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| [FAO-AQUASTAT](https://data.apps.fao.org/static/data/index.html?prefix=static%2Fdata%2Fc3s%2FMAPSET%2FAGERA5-ET0-D) | et0 | Daily | 0.1° | Not bias-corrected |
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| [ERA5](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels) | temp_2m, prec, rad, wspd_10m, relh_2m | Hourly | 0.25° | Not bias-corrected |
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| [ERA5-Land](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview) | temp_2m, prec, rad, wspd_10m, relh_2m | Hourly | 0.1° | Not bias-corrected |
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| [W5E5](https://www.isimip.org/gettingstarted/input-data-bias-adjustment/details/114/) | temp_2m, prec, rad, wspd_10m, relh_2m | Daily | 0.5° | Low spatial resolution; not operational |
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| [CPC](https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpc.globaltemp.html) | prec, temp | Daily | 0.5° | Limited variables; low spatial resolution |
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| [GLEAM](https://www.gleam.eu/) | et0, rsm | Daily | 0.1° | Latency up to 1 year |
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| [MSWEP](https://www.gloh2o.org/mswep/) | prec | 3-hourly | 0.1° | Single-variable product |
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| [ESA CCI SM](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/portfolio/dataset/satellite-soil-moisture) | ssm | Daily | 0.25° | Single-variable product |
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We selected data from the [AgERA5](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/sis-agrometeorological-indicators?tab=overview) project, which provides daily weather variables at a 0.1° spatial resolution, directly relevant to crop yields, including temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation flux. AgERA5 offers agrometeorological indicators from 1979 to the present, derived from ERA5 reanalysis and tailored for agricultural studies. Its key advantage is the high-quality, operational input for numerous variables essential for crop yield forecasting, and it is freely available and well-documented on the Copernicus Climate Data Store [CDS](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/home).
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Other datasets have limitations such as fewer variables, lower spatial resolution, or shorter temporal coverage. For instance, [MSWEP](https://www.gloh2o.org/mswep/) is a high-quality dataset but only includes precipitation. [CPC](https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpc.globaltemp.html) relies on station observations but has coarser spatial resolution. [W5E5](https://www.isimip.org/gettingstarted/input-data-bias-adjustment/details/114/) is bias-adjusted based on ERA5 but lacks real-time temporal coverage.
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‎data_preparation/global_AgERA5/README.md‎

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# Agrometeorological indicators from 1979 to present derived from reanalysis
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## Short description
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This dataset provides daily surface meteorological data for the period from 1979 to present as input for agriculture and agro-ecological studies.This dataset is based on the hourly ECMWF ERA5 data at surface level and is referred to as AgERA5.
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This dataset provides daily surface meteorological data for the period from 1979 to present as input for agriculture and agro-ecological studies. This dataset is based on the hourly ECMWF ERA5 data at surface level and is referred to as AgERA5.
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## Link
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https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6c68c9bb
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| Temporal resolution | Daily |
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| File format | NetCDF-4 |
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| Conventions | Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Convention v1.7 |
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| Versions | 1.0, 1.1 |
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| Update frequency | Monthly |
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| Versions | 1.1, 2.0 |
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| Update frequency | Daily |
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## Main variables
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| Name | Units | Description |
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|--------------------------------------|---------------|-------------|
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| 10m wind speed | m s-1 | Mean wind speed at a height of 10 metres above the surface over the period 00h-24h local time. |
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| 2m dewpoint temperature | K | Mean dewpoint temperature at a height of 2 metres above the surface over the period 00h-24h local time. The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor. In combination with the air temperature, it is used to assess relative humidity. |
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| 2m relative humidity | % | Relative humidity at 06h, 09h, 12h. 15h, 18h (local time) at a height of 2 metres above the surface. This variable describes the amount of water vapour present in air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature. |
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| 2m temperature | K | Air temperature at a height of 2 metres above the surface. |
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| Cloud cover | Dimensionless | The number of hours with clouds over the period 00h-24h local time divided by 24 hours. |
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| Liquid precipitation duration fraction | Dimensionless | The number of hours with precipitation over the period 00h-24h local time divided by 24 hours and per unit of area. Liquid precipitation is equivalent to the height of the layer of water that would have formed from precipitation had the water not penetrated the soil, run off, or evaporated. |
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| Precipitation flux | mm day-1 | Total volume of liquid water (mm³) precipitated over the period 00h-24h local time per unit of area (mm²), per day. |
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| Snow thickness | cm | Mean snow depth over the period 00h-24h local time measured as volume of snow (cm³) per unit area (cm²). |
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| Snow thickness LWE | cm | Mean snow depth liquid water equivalent (LWE) over the period 00h-24h local time measured as volume of snow (cm³) per unit area (cm²) if all the snow had melted and had not penetrated the soil, runoff, or evaporated. |
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| Solar radiation flux | J m-2 day-1 | Total amount of energy provided by solar radiation at the surface over the period 00-24h local time per unit area and time. |
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| Solid precipitation duration fraction | Dimensionless | The number of hours with solid precipitation (freezing rain, snow, wet snow, mixture of rain and snow, and ice pellets) over the period 00h-24h local time divided by 24 hours and per unit of area. |
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| Vapour pressure | hPa | Contribution to the total atmospheric pressure provided by the water vapour over the period 00-24h local time per unit of time. |
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| Name | Units | Description |
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|--------------------------------------------|---------------|-------------|
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| 10m wind speed | m s⁻¹ | Mean wind speed at a height of 10 metres above the surface over the period 00h–24h local time. |
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| 2m dewpoint temperature | K | Mean dewpoint temperature at a height of 2 metres above the surface over the period 00h–24h local time. The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor. In combination with the air temperature it is used to assess relative humidity. |
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| 2m relative humidity | % | Relative humidity at 06h, 09h, 12h, 15h, 18h (local time) at a height of 2 metres above the surface. This variable describes the amount of water vapour present in air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature. |
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| 2m relative humidity derived | % | Derived relative humidity provides the daily minimum and maximum relative humidity at 2 meters above the surface. These layers are derived from the AgERA5 daily mean vapour pressure and temperature layers as a post-processing step rather than the original ERA5 inputs. |
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| 2m temperature | K | Air temperature at a height of 2 metres above the surface. |
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| Cloud cover | Dimensionless | The number of hours with clouds over the period 00h–24h local time divided by 24 hours. |
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| Liquid precipitation duration fraction | Dimensionless | The number of hours with precipitation over the period 00h–24h local time divided by 24 hours and per unit of area. Liquid precipitation is equivalent to the height of water that would accumulate if there were no infiltration, runoff, or evaporation. It is calculated using the ERA5 variable *ptype* by determining the fraction of the day during which precipitation occurs in liquid form. |
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| Precipitation duration fraction | Dimensionless | The fraction of a day during which precipitation occurs. It is calculated using the ERA5 variable *tp* by determining the number of hours of the day (00h–24h local time) where the precipitation rate is greater than 0.1 mm/hr divided by 24 hours and per unit of area. |
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| Precipitation flux | mm day⁻¹ | Total volume of liquid water (mm³) precipitated over the period 00h–24h local time per unit of area (mm²), per day. |
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| Reference evapotranspiration | mm day⁻¹ | Calculated using the Penman-Monteith method as described by the FAO56 guidelines, it represents the rate at which a well-watered reference crop loses water to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration and transpiration. |
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| Snow thickness | cm | Mean snow depth over the period 00h–24h local time measured as volume of snow (cm³) per unit area (cm²). |
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| Snow thickness LWE | cm | Mean snow depth liquid water equivalent (LWE) over the period 00h–24h local time measured as volume of snow (cm³) per unit area (cm²) if all the snow had melted and had not penetrated the soil, runoff, or evaporated. |
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| Solar radiation flux | J m⁻² day⁻¹ | Total amount of energy provided by solar radiation at the surface over the period 00–24h local time per unit area and time. |
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| Solid precipitation duration fraction | Dimensionless | The number of hours with solid precipitation (freezing rain, snow, wet snow, mixture of rain and snow, and ice pellets) over the period 00h–24h local time divided by 24 hours and per unit of area. It is calculated using the ERA5 variable *ptype* by determining the fraction of the day during which precipitation occurs in solid form. |
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| Vapour pressure | hPa | Contribution to the total atmospheric pressure provided by the water vapour over the period 00–24h local time per unit of time. |
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| Vapour pressure deficit at daily max temp. | hPa | The difference between the amount of moisture in the air and the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold when it is saturated. It is calculated using the highest temperature recorded in a day, which usually corresponds to the afternoon when evaporation and transpiration rates are highest. |
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## Provenance
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[Documentation](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/10.24381/cds.6c68c9bb?tab=doc) includes
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[Documentation](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/sis-agrometeorological-indicators?tab=documentation) includes
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* [product user guide and specification](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/x/3FmaE)
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* [algorithm theoretical basis](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/x/yFmaE)
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* [downscaling and bias correction](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/x/4lmaE)
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## License
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[License to use Copernicus Products](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api/v2/terms/static/licence-to-use-copernicus-products.pdf)
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CC-BY
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## How to cite
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Cite the dataset as follows:

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