Merge branch 'master' into copilot/fix-ce559a90-530f-4e16-88c4-98cf0f0e3cf1

Author: mvadari

XLS-0023-lite-accounts/README.md

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+<pre>
+    XLS: XLS-23d
+    Title: 0023 XLS-23d: Lite Accounts (lower reserve, less features)
+    Author: Wietse Wind (WietseWind)
+    Created: 2021-08-27
+    Status: Stagnant
+    Category: Amendment
+</pre>
+# LiteAccounts Amendment
+
+By @RichardAH, @WietseWind
+
+## Introduction
+
+The XRP Ledger is a fast consensus-based blockchain which, unlike competing chains, maintains its user's balances as persistent state rather than as a graph of unspent transaction outputs. This imposes unique per-account storage costs on the network. These costs are passed on to the user.
+
+The cost of creating an account on the ledger is, at time of writing, `5 XRP` with an additional lockup of `15 XRP` (which is redeemable if the account is later deleted). Collectively this is known as the Account Reserve. It has been argued the Account Reserve acts as a barrier to entry for new users and remains a major impedement to the expansion of the ecosystem.
+
+The `AccountRoot` ledger object represents the authoritative state of an XRPL account. 
+
+It contains the following fields:
+
+Field | Type | Bytes | Required | Lite Account
+-- | -- | -- | -- | --
+sfLedgerEntryType | UInt16 | 3 | ✅ | ✅ 
+sfFlags | UInt32 | 5 | ✅ | ✅ 
+sfAccount | AccountID | 22 | ✅ | ✅ 
+sfSequence | UInt32 | 5 | ✅ | ✅ 
+sfBalance | Amount | 9 | ✅ | ✅ 
+sfOwnerCount | UInt32 | 5 | ✅ | ✅ 
+sfPreviousTxnID | UInt256 | 33 | ✅ | ✅ 
+sfPreviousTxnLgrSeq | UInt32 | 5 | ✅ | ✅ 
+sfAccountTxnID | UInt256 | 33 |   |  
+sfRegularKey | AccountID | 22 |   |  
+sfEmailHash | UInt128 | 17 |   |  
+sfWalletLocator | UInt256 | 33 |   |  
+sfWalletSize | UInt32 | 5 |   |  
+sfMessageKey | Blob | 33 |   |  
+sfTransferRate | UInt32 | 5 |   |  
+sfDomain | Blob | at most 256 |   |  
+sfTickSize | UInt8 | 4 |   |  
+sfTicketCount | UInt32 | 6 |   |  
+sfSponsor^^ | AccountID | 22 |   | ✅ 
+
+^^ Part of this proposal
+
+An XRPL Account which owns no on-ledger objects (i.e: does not have any trustlines, escrows, offers, etc.), does not specify a `regular key` and does not set any of its other optional fields has a serialized size of `87 bytes` (excluding storage overhead.)
+
+We propose that any such *minimal* account root imposes such a small burden on the ledger that it should be able to be treated differently to *full* account roots.
+
+## Lite Accounts
+
+We propose that a **lite account** is an XRPL Account with:
+
+- a *minimal* account root
+- the *new* `asfLiteAccount` account flag set, and,
+- (optionally) the *new* `sfSponsor` field set.
+
+#### Lite accounts have an Account Reserve of `1/5th` the ledger's object reserve (i.e. `1 XRP` at time of writing.)
+
+## ⚠️ Restrictions
+
+A lite account **cannot**:
+
+- Own on-ledger objects, and thus cannot:
+    - Hold or create Trustline balances
+    - Have non-default limits on incoming trustlines
+    - Create Offers
+    - Create Escrows
+    - Create Checks
+    - Create Payment Channels
+    - Create or install Hooks (pending amendment)
+    - Set or use a Signer List
+    - Create Tickets
+    - Require or use Deposit Authorizations
+    - Set or use a Regular Key
+- Become a sponsor for another lite account
+- Perform `AccountSet` on any fields except `sfSponsor` and `sfFlags`
+
+## New Fields and Flags
+
+The following changes are made to fields and flags. 
+
+1. `sfSponsor` — a new optional *AccountID* field on the acount root which indicates that another account owns the reserve for the account root.
+2. `tfSponsor` — a new transaction flag that indicates the intent of the sender to create and sponsor a new lite account.
+3. `asfLiteAccount` — a new account flag that can be set and unset subject to certain conditions, which indicates that the account is a lite account and subject to the restrictions of a lite account.
+
+These are explained in further detail below.
+
+## Sponsorship
+
+Lite accounts may be *sponsored*. Sponsorship provides that another account pays the account reserve and, subject to conditions, is entitled to recover the entire account reserve should the lite account be later deleted. *Full* accounts cannot be sponsored, only accounts with `asfLiteAccount` flag can be sponsored.
+
+To sponsor a new account creation:
+A `ttPAYMENT` transaction is created and successfully submitted, which:
+
+1. Specifies an unfunded destination account,
+2. Specifies the (new) `tfSponsor` flag, and
+3. Sends at least as much `XRP` as the lite account reserve.
+
+There is no way for an already established XRPL account (full or lite) to subsequently become a sponsored account. Sponsorship can only occur through account creation.
+
+## Reclamation
+
+A **sponsor** is entitled to *reclaim* the Account Reserve on a lite account (for which they are the sponsor) subject to certain conditions:
+
+### Scenario 1: AccountDelete
+
+If a sponsored lite account:
+
+- contains less than two times the lite account reserve, and
+- does not sign and submit any transaction that results in a `tesSUCCESS` on a validated ledger for more than `1 million` ledgers,
+
+Then the account's sponsor may recover the Account Reserve via an `AccountDelete` transaction. The spsonsor also receives the remaining balance in the lite account.
+
+The `AccountDelete` transaction specifies the lite account as the `sfAccount` field but is signed by the sponsor.
+
+### Scenario 2: AccountSet
+
+If a sponsored lite account, at any time:
+
+- contains at least two times the lite account reserve
+
+Then the account's `sponsor` may recover the Account Reserve via an `AccountSet` transaction that *clears* the `sfSponsor` field.
+
+The `AccountSet` transaction specifies the lite account as the `sfAccount` field but is signed by the sponsor and can only be used to delete the `sfSponsor` field.
+
+Doing so results in a balance mutation on both the lite account and the sponsor account to reflect the return of the lite Account Reserve.
+
+## Upgrading
+
+The owner of a lite account can upgrade their account twice:
+
+### Scenario 1: Removal of Sponsor
+
+The owner of a lite account may unilaterally unsponsor his or her own account by:
+
+- ensuring the account contains at least twice the lite Account Reserve, and
+- creating and successfully submitting an `AccountSet` transaction that *clears* the `sfSponsor` field.
+
+Doing so results in a balance mutation on both the lite account and the sponsor account to reflect the return of the lite Account Reserve.
+
+### Scenario 2: Full Account
+
+The owner of an unsponsored lite account may upgrade the account to a *full* account by:
+
+- ensuring the account contains at least the Full Account Reserve (at time of writing `20 XRP`)
+- creating and successfully submitting an `AccountSet` transaction that *clears* the `asfLiteAccount` flag.
+
+## Downgrading
+
+The owner of a *full* account may opt to downgrade their account to a lite account by:
+
+- creating and successfully submitting an `AccountSet` transaction that *sets* the `asfLiteAccount` flag. This action frees up the difference between the full Account Reserve and the lite Account Reserve.
+
+## Deletion of Lite Accounts
+
+The owner of a lite account may delete their account subject to certain conditions:
+
+### Scenario 1: Send all to Sponsor
+
+If the lite account is sponsored then the owner of the lite account may:
+
+- create and successfully submit an `AccountDelete` transaction, which
+- specifies the account `sponsor` as the `Destination` field
+
+### Scenario 2: Upgrade and Delete
+
+If the lite account is sponsored then the owner of the lite account may upgrade their account to an unsponsored account.
+Once the lite account is unspsonsored, the user may proceed with a normal `AccountDelete` operation (with the proceeds going to any desired `Destination`).