-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathindex.html
More file actions
7281 lines (7239 loc) · 239 KB
/
Copy pathindex.html
File metadata and controls
7281 lines (7239 loc) · 239 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Dosis:wght@200..800&family=Lugrasimo&family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,300..800;1,300..800&family=Roboto:ital,wght@0,100;0,300;0,400;0,500;0,700;0,900;1,100;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,700;1,900&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="UQ7-gyWV0R9vspC5BBHdYpg5-Kun94-1ZeYOlYL1R5E" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AI Emissions Research</title>
<style>
body, html {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
overflow-x: hidden; /* Prevent scrolling initially */
background-color: #ddd;
}
hr.thicc {
height: 5px;
background-color: #5b5b5b;
margin: 3em 0;
}
.arrow {
border: solid white;
border-width: 0 3px 3px 0;
display: inline-block;
padding: 3px;
margin-bottom: 3px;
transform: rotate(45deg);
-webkit-transform: rotate(45deg);
}
hr {
margin: 3em 0;
}
.full-screen:nth-of-type(n+5) > :first-child {
color: rgb(0, 68, 84);
margin: 0.67em 1em;
}
.overlay {
display: none;
position: fixed;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
z-index: 1000;
}
.overlay img {
max-height: 90%;
max-width: 90%;
box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
border-radius: 5px;
}
.navbar {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
background-color: #b4dbe1;
position: fixed;
z-index: 4;
width: 100%;
padding: 0;
}
.navbar2 {
list-style-type: none;
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
justify-content: flex-end;
margin-right: 1em;
padding-left: 30px;
}
.menu-toggle {
display: none;
}
.menu-toggle > a {
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 1.5em;
}
/* Responsive styling */
@media (max-width: 875px) {
.navbar2 {
display: none;
flex-direction: column;
position: absolute;
top: 100%;
right: 0;
background-color: #b4dbe1;
width: 100%;
z-index: 1000;
align-items: center;
margin: 0;
}
.navbar2.active {
display: flex;
}
.menu-toggle {
display: block;
font-size: 24px;
padding: 14px 16px;
}
}
.navbar li {
padding: 0px 0.4vw;
height: 73px;
font-size: 14px;
align-content: center;
font-weight: bold;
}
@media (max-width: 1307px) and (min-width: 876px) {
.navbar li:not(.navbar2 *) {
height: 146px;
}
}
.navbar a {
float: right;
display: block;
text-align: center;
padding: 14px 16px;
text-decoration: none;
background: rgb(0, 105, 132);
color: white;
border-radius: 10px;
}
.navbar a:hover {
background-color: #111;
}
#home {
background: url('assets/bg_earth.avif') no-repeat center center fixed;
background-size: cover;
position: relative;
justify-content: flex-start;
height: 100vh;
}
.full-screen {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
height: auto;
background-color: white;
margin: 25px 0;
scroll-margin-top: 73px;
width: 100%;
flex-direction: column;
}
.title {
font-size: max(1.8em, 3vw);
margin-bottom: 20px;
text-align: center;
color: white;
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
padding: 2vh;
border-radius: 10px;
width: 66%;
position: relative;
z-index: 2;
}
.spacebreak > br {
display: none;
}
@media (max-width: 875px) {
.title {
width: 80%;
}
.title br:first-of-type {
display: none;
}
.title br:first-of-type + span {
display: inline !important;
}
.spacebreak > span {
display: none;
}
.spacebreak > br {
display: inline;
}
}
.number-box {
font-size: 4.5em;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.scrollDown {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
color: white;
border: white solid 5px;
padding: 10px 20px;
border-radius: 50px;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: calc(max(1.8em, 3vw) * 6 / 11);
z-index: 3;
transition: opacity 1s ease-in;
margin-block-start: 1vh;
}
.photobanner {
display: flex;
margin-bottom: 0;
margin-top: 30px;
padding: 2vh;
width: 100%;
animation: scroll 20s linear infinite;
}
@keyframes scroll {
from {
transform: translateX(0);
}
to {
transform: translateX(calc(-192vh - 320px));
}
}
.photobanner img {
border-radius: 20px;
display: inline-block;
width: 24vh;
margin: 10px 20px;
object-fit: cover;
transition: all .5ms ease;
}
#overview {
background: url('assets/bg_trees.png') no-repeat center calc(100% + 150px);
background-size: cover;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #b4dbe1;
background-color: rgba(180,219,225);
}
.placeholder {
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
border-radius: 10px;
width: 80%;
max-width: 1200px;
padding: 20px;
text-align: left;
margin: 50px 0;
}
@media (max-width: 875px) {
.placeholder {
width: unset;
}
.placeholder > * {
width: unset !important;
margin: 1em 0 !important;
display: block !important;
}
:has(> .easy-button2) > * {
width: unset !important;
margin: 1em 0 !important;
}
#calculator {
padding: 0 !important;
}
.button-container {
display: grid !important;
grid-template-columns: 50% 50%;
}
.button-container button {
width: calc(100% - 60px)
}
#calculator > b, #calculator > i {
margin: 0 1em;
}
#calculate {
width: unset !important;
}
}
.placeholder-header {
font-size: 1em;
margin: 0 0 0.3em 0;
}
.bullet-points {
list-style: disc;
font-size: min(24px,2vw);
margin-bottom: 10px;
position: relative;
}
.details {
background: #f1f1f1;
padding: 10px;
border-radius: 15px;
border: 2px solid #00592f;
margin: 10px 0;
font-size: 22px;
}
.details > p {
margin: 12px 0 0 0;
font-size: 20px;
}
.details2 {
background: white;
border-radius: 15px;
border: 2px solid #00592f;
margin: 10px 0;
font-size: 20px;
padding: 22px;
}
.details2 li {
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.special {
width: 80%;
font-size: 1.1em;
margin: 25px 50px 0 50px;
max-width: 1200px;
padding: 0 16px;
line-height: 1.5em;
background-color: rgb(232, 232, 232);
}
.special > * {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#recommendations li {
line-height: 1.5em;
}
.placeholder span:not(.nowrap) {
width: 50px;
height: 50px;
margin: 20px;
font-size: 2em;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
color: white;
line-height: 50px;
font-weight: bold;
border-radius: 50%;
background-color: #00592f;
}
@media (max-width: 875px) {
.placeholder span:not(.nowrap) {
width: 30px;
height: 30px;
font-size: 1em;
line-height: 30px;
}
}
.nowrap {
white-space: nowrap;
}
.easy-button2 {
font-size: 1.5em;
padding: 10px 20px 30px;
background-color: #4CAF50;
color: white;
border: none;
border-radius: 5px;
margin-left: 20px;
width: 60%;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
height: min-content;
flex-direction: column;
}
#model {
display: block;
padding: 20px; /* Padding around the content for better spacing */
box-sizing: border-box; /* Include padding and border in the element's total width and height */
margin: 0;
}
.topHalf > img {
height: 31px;
margin-right: 8px;
}
.topHalf > span {
font-size: 1.6em;
margin-top: 0.83em;
margin-left: 0;
margin-right: 0;
font-weight: bold;
}
.topHalf {
display: flex;
}
.grid-img {
width: min(14vw,165px);
height: auto; /* Adjust height automatically */
}
.modelimgs img, .modelimgs > p {
padding: 5px;
font-size: min(1.1em, 3vw);
width: calc(100% - 10px);
}
.modelimgs > * {
width: 100%;
}
.modelimgs div:has(h2), .modelimgs div:has(h3) {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
}
.modelimgs div, .modelimgs > p {
margin: 0;
border: 1px solid black;
}
.modelimgs p:not(.modelimgs > p) {
font-size: min(3vw, 1.2em);
margin: 5px;
text-align: center;
}
.modelimgs h2, .modelimgs h3 {
text-align: center;
margin: auto;
}
.modelimgs2 > p {
grid-column: span 5;
}
@media (max-width: 875px) {
.modelimgs {
display: none !important;
}
.modelimgs2 {
display: grid !important;
}
}
.details ul {
margin-block-start: 0;
}
.smaller > li {
font-size: 0.9em;
line-height: 1.5em;
}
.smaller b {
font-size: 1.1em;
}
.infoPanel {
padding: 10px;
box-sizing: border-box;
border: 1px #ccc;
height: 100%;
}
div.infoPanel:nth-child(odd) {
border-style: solid none solid solid ;
}
div.infoPanel:nth-child(even) {
border-style: solid solid solid none;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
.infoPanel p {
padding: 20px;
font-size: 0.9em;
line-height: 1.8em;
}
.infoPanel img:not(.topHalf img) {
width: 65%;
}
div {
font-family: "Roboto", sans-serif;
font-weight: 400;
font-style: normal;
}
.aops {
background-color: #cdeef1;
padding: 8px 16px;
color: rgb(0, 68, 84);
border-radius: 10px;
width: fit-content;
}
.details2 u {
font-size: 1.1em;
font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
color: rgb(0, 68, 84);
text-decoration: none;
}
#summary p, #recommendations p {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
/* Enlarge button styling */
.enlarge-button {
position: absolute;
bottom: 10px;
right: 10px;
background: url('assets/enlarge.png') no-repeat center;
background-size: contain; /* Ensures the background image fits within the button */
border: none;
width: 20px; /* Adjust size as needed */
height: 20px; /* Adjust size as needed */
cursor: pointer;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
transition: background 0.3s;
background-color: white;
}
.enlarge-button:hover {
background-color: rgba(200, 200, 200, 0.5); /* Add a hover effect */
}
.imggrid > span, .imggrid > div {
border: 1px #ccc;
width: calc(100% - 40px);
height: calc(100% - 40px);
padding: 20px;
font-size: 0.9em;
line-height: 1.8em;
}
.imggrid img {
margin: 0.5em;
max-width: 100%;
max-height: 100%;
}
.imggrid > div {
border-style: solid none solid solid;
}
.imggrid > span {
border-style: solid solid solid none;
}
.imggrid {
font-size:1.3em;
display:grid;
grid-template-columns:50% 50%;
width:95%
}
/* Media query for smaller screens */
@media (max-width: 875px) {
.imggridcore, .imggrid {
display: block !important;
}
.infoPanel img:not(.topHalf img) {
width: 100%;
}
.imggrid > span, .imggrid > div {
display: inline-block;
}
.imggrid > span {
border-style: none solid solid solid;
}
.imggrid > div {
border-style: solid solid none solid;
}
}
/* Styles for the calculator UI */
.button-container {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
flex-wrap: wrap;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.button-container h2 {
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 0;
color: rgb(0, 109, 133);
}
.button-container span {
margin: 0 auto;
}
.button-container button {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: center;
background-color: #004454;
color: white;
border: none;
padding: 15px 10px 15px 25px;
margin: 15px 30px 30px 30px;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 1.1em;
border-radius: 5px;
font-family: "Roboto", sans-serif;
}
.button-container button:hover {
background-color: #003040;
}
#result {
font-size: 1.5em;
margin-block-end: 0;
text-align: center;
}
#additional-info {
font-size: 1em;
text-align: center;
margin-top: 10px;
}
/* Overlay styles */
.overlay-option {
position: fixed;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
z-index: 1000;
}
.options-container {
background: white;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 10px;
text-align: center;
max-width: 90%;
max-height: 80%;
overflow-y: auto;
}
.options-container h2 {
margin-top: 0;
}
.options-container button {
display: block;
margin: 10px auto;
padding: 10px 20px;
font-size: 1em;
width: 80%;
max-width: 400px;
background-color: #004454;
color: white;
border: none;
border-radius: 5px;
cursor: pointer;
}
.options-container button:hover {
background-color: #003040;
}
/* General styling for the form */
#feedback-form {
max-width: 600px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 20px;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
/* Styling for input and textarea fields */
#feedback-form input,
#feedback-form textarea {
width: 100%;
padding: 15px;
border: 1px solid black;
font-family: arial;
border-radius: 10px; /* Rounded corners */
background-color: #f7f7f7; /* Light gray background */
font-size: 14px;
color: #333;
box-sizing: border-box;
margin-bottom: 15px; /* Spacing between elements */
}
#feedback-form input::placeholder,
#feedback-form textarea::placeholder {
color: #aaa; /* Light gray placeholder text */
font-style: italic; /* Optional */
}
/* Styling for the first name and last name row */
#feedback-form .form-row {
display: flex;
gap: 20px; /* Space between the two inputs */
}
#feedback-form .form-group {
flex: 1; /* Ensure equal width for inputs */
}
/* Button styling */
#feedback-form button {
display: block;
width: 100%;
padding: 15px;
background-color: #96f1ff;
border: none;
border-radius: 10px; /* Rounded corners */
font-size: 1.2em;
cursor: pointer;
text-align: center;
}
#feedback-form button:hover {
background-color: #0056b3;
}
@keyframes fadeIn {
from { opacity: 0; }
to { opacity: 1; }
}
@keyframes fadeOut {
from { opacity: 1; }
to { opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; }
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<ul class="navbar">
<li style="float: left;"><a href="#home" style="all: unset; cursor:pointer;"><img src="assets/header.png" style="height: 56px;"></a></li>
<li class="menu-toggle">
<a href="#" onclick="toggleMenu()">☰</a>
</li>
<li style="height:0;">
<ul class="navbar2">
<li><a href="#overview" onclick="toggleMenu()">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#model" onclick="toggleMenu()">Model / GPU Choice</a></li>
<li><a href="#spatial" onclick="toggleMenu()">Spatial Shifting</a></li>
<li><a href="#temporal" onclick="toggleMenu()">Temporal Shifting</a></li>
<li><a href="#summary" onclick="toggleMenu()">Summary</a></li>
<li><a href="#recommendations" onclick="toggleMenu()">Recommendations</a></li>
<li><a href="#calculator" onclick="toggleMenu()" style="padding: 7px 16px;">Carbon<br>Calculator</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="overlay" id="overlay">
<img id="overlay-image" alt="Enlarged">
</div>
<div class="full-screen" id="home">
<div class="photobanner">
<img src="assets/photobanner1.png" alt="">
<img src="assets/photobanner2.png" alt="">
<img src="assets/photobanner3.png" alt="">
<img src="3/5.png" alt="">
<img src="3/2.png" alt="">
<img src="2/10.png" alt="">
<img src="2/9.png" alt="">
<img src="2/4.png" alt="">
<img src="assets/photobanner1.png" alt="">
<img src="assets/photobanner2.png" alt="">
<img src="assets/photobanner3.png" alt="">
<img src="3/5.png" alt="">
<img src="3/2.png" alt="">
<img src="2/10.png" alt="">
<img src="2/9.png" alt="">
<img src="2/4.png" alt="">
</div>
<div class="title">
<span>Approximately 34 million AI-generated images are created <span style="color:#fcd94c;">every day</u></span>, </span>
<span>releasing over<br><span style="display:none;"> </span><span style="color:#fcd94c; font-family: 'Lugrasimo', cursive;">120,000</span> pounds of CO<sub style="font-size:min(24px,3.43vw);">2</sub><br><p class="info" style="font-size: 14px; color: lightgrey; margin: 0;">Data from Hugging Face and CMU research</p></span>
<span style="color:#adff9d">BUT, we can take action to reduce that</span>
</div>
<p class="scrollDown">Scroll Down to Learn More</p>
</div>
<div class="full-screen" id="overview" style="scroll-padding-top:234324px; margin-bottom: 0;">
<div class="placeholder" style="padding-top: 0;">
<p style="font-size: 1.5em; width:80%; margin:0 50px; max-width:1200px; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgb(33, 176, 192), rgb(0, 68, 84)); color:white;" class="aops"><i>Hi! My name is Alvin Chen. I created this website to share my research on <b>"Reducing Carbon Emissions in AI Image Generation at the Inference Stage."</b></i></p>
<div class="details2 special">
<p>AI image generation is a groundbreaking technology that produces stunning visuals and drives innovation. However, it comes with a hidden cost: its environmental impact. With approximately 34 million AI-generated images created daily, the energy required results in substantial carbon emissions—about 120,000 pounds of CO₂ every day. This is equivalent to about 54 metric tons daily!</p>
<p>While much attention has been given to the energy demands of training AI models, most of the carbon footprint actually occurs during the inference stage—the process of generating images. Surprisingly, this area remains underexplored in research. My goal was to address this gap by evaluating strategies to reduce emissions without sacrificing performance.</p>
<p>In my research, I focused on the following key factors:</p>
<ol>
<li><b>Model Choice:</b> Smaller models like DreamShaper were far more energy-efficient, consuming up to 95% less energy compared to larger models.</li>
<li><b>GPU Optimization:</b> Using newer, power-efficient GPUs like the NVIDIA H100 reduced energy usage by up to 18%.</li>
<li><b>Spatial and Temporal Shifting:</b> By shifting computational tasks to regions or times with lower carbon intensity, emissions were reduced significantly—up to 97% with global shifting and 77% with temporal shifting in places like California.</li>
</ol>
<p>To achieve this, I tested five open-source models, ran simulations with real-world data patterns, and calculated emissions using regional carbon intensity metrics. My findings offer actionable insights for both individuals and companies generating AI images.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="full-screen" id="overview" style="scroll-padding-top:234324px; margin: 0;">
<div class="placeholder">
<h2 style="margin-top:0.4em; font-size: 1.4em; padding-left: 30px;">What key factors influence carbon emissions from AI image generation models?</h2>
<div style="display:grid; grid-template-columns: 80px 79%;">
<span>1</span><div class="details"><b>Model</b><p>The model used to generate the image affects the number of operations necessary to complete the image generation. Along with the GPU choice, the model choice determines how much energy is consumed during generation.</p></div>
<span>2</span><div class="details"><b>GPU</b><p>The GPU used to generate the image affects the speed at which the operations are processed as well as the power usage. Along with the model choice, the GPU choice determines how much energy is consumed during generation.</p></div>
<span>3</span><div class="details"><b>Location</b><p>The carbon intensity is defined as the amount of greenouse gas emissions per unit of energy consumed. The location where the image is generated affects the carbon intensity of image generation since some regions have an energy mix containing more clean energy sources than others.</p></div>
<span>4</span><div class="details"><b>Time</b><p>The time when the image is generated also affects the carbon intensity of image generation due to the inherent variability of renewable energy caused by the unpredictability of weather conditions. For example, when it's cloudy, carbon intensity increases since less solar energy would be produced and more fossil fuels would have to be burned.</p></div>
</div>
<hr>
<div style="display:flex;justify-content:center">
<div style="width:70%">
<p style="font-size: 25px; margin: 0 0 1.5vh 0">To calculate the carbon emissions from AI image generation, use this formula:</p>
<b style="font-size:25px">Power Consumption x Time x Carbon Intensity</b>
<ul style="font-size: 20px; margin-top:1.5vh">
<li>Power consumption is measured in watts. Different GPUs consume different amounts of power. For example, the A10 GPU consumes up to 150 watts of power, while the H100 GPU consumes up to 700 watts of power.</li>
<br><li>Time is the number of seconds it takes to generate the image. The longer it takes, the more energy it consumes, and the higher the emissions are.</li>
<br><li>Carbon intensity is measured in grams of CO<sub style="vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 15px">2</sub>-equivalent per kilowatt-hour. Areas using renewable energy like wind and solar have lower carbon intensity, while those relying on fossil fuels have higher values.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="easy-button2">
<p class="placeholder-header">Here's a short video with a more in-depth explanation of the formula.</p>
<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wZchqgCU868" height="350vh" width="100%"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="model" class="full-screen">
<h2 style="text-align: center; margin-block-start: 0;">Comparison of Five Popular Open-source Image Generation Models</h2>
<p class="aops spacebreak" style="font-size:1.2em">Image Scoring Criteria:<span> </span><br>1 - Unacceptable<span> </span><br>2 - Needs improvement<span> </span><br>3 - Acceptable<span> </span><br>4 - Good quality<span> </span><br>5 - Accurate to the prompt, high quality</p>
<div class="modelimgs" style="display:grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(6, calc(100% / 6))">
<div><h2>Model</h2></div>
<div><h3>DeepFloyd / <span class="nowrap">IF-I-XL-v1.0</span></h3></div>
<div><h3>Black Forest Labs / FLUX.1 [dev]</h3></div>
<div><h3>StabilityAI / <span class="nowrap">SD-XL 1.0-base</span></h3></div>
<div><h3>StabilityAI / Stable Diffusion 3 Medium</h3></div>
<div><h3>Lykon / DreamShaper</h3></div>
<p>Prompt 1:<br>A bustling medieval marketplace with people in period clothing, merchants selling goods from wooden stalls, and a castle looming in the background.</p>
<div><img src="4/3.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="1/3.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/3.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/3.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/3.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 2:<br>A mystical forest with glowing mushrooms, towering ancient trees, and a crystal-clear stream running through it. The sky is filled with vibrant auroras.</p>
<div><img src="4/1.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="1/1.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/1.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="3/1.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/1.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 3:<br>A futuristic city with towering skyscrapers made of glass and metal, flying cars zooming by, and a vibrant, bustling marketplace filled with alien creatures.</p>
<div><img src="4/2.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<div><img src="1/2.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="0/2.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="3/2.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/2.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 4:<br>A colorful, swirling pattern of geometric shapes and lines, with a focus on bright blues, reds, and yellows, evoking a sense of motion and energy.</p>
<div><img src="4/4.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="1/4.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="0/4.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/4.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/4.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 5:<br>A detailed, realistic portrait of a young woman with curly hair, wearing a vintage dress, sitting by a window with soft sunlight illuminating her face.</p>
<div><img src="4/5.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="1/5.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/5.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/5.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/5.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<p>Prompt 6:<br>A serene lakeside scene at dawn, with mist rising from the water, a family of ducks swimming by, and a fisherman in a small boat casting his line.</p>
<div><img src="4/6.png"><p>Score: 1</p></div>
<div><img src="1/6.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/6.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/6.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/6.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 7:<br>A gritty city street with vibrant graffiti covering the walls, a breakdancer performing in the foreground, and bystanders watching and taking pictures.</p>
<div><img src="4/7.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<div><img src="1/7.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/7.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="3/7.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="2/7.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<p>Prompt 8:<br>A majestic dragon with shimmering scales, large wings, and piercing eyes, perched on a mountain peak with a stormy sky in the background.</p>
<div><img src="4/8.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<div><img src="1/8.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="0/8.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/8.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/8.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 9:<br>A dream-like scene with floating islands, a giant clock melting over a tree branch, and a man in a suit with a fishbowl for a head walking on a checkerboard path.</p>
<div><img src="4/9.png"><p>Score: 1</p></div>
<div><img src="1/9.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="0/9.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<div><img src="3/9.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="2/9.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 10:<br>A dynamic action scene with a superhero in a colorful costume flying through the air, about to clash with a menacing villain, with bold lines and vibrant colors.</p>
<div><img src="4/10.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="1/10.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/10.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/10.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="2/10.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
</div>
<div class="modelimgs modelimgs2" style="display:none;grid-template-columns: repeat(5, calc(100% / 5))">
<div><h3>Deep<br>Floyd</h3></div>
<div><h3>FLUX.1<br>[dev]</h3></div>
<div><h3>SD-XL<br>1.0</h3></div>
<div><h3>SD3<br>Medium</h3></div>
<div><h3>Dream<br>Shaper</h3></div>
<p>Prompt 1:<br>A bustling medieval marketplace with people in period clothing, merchants selling goods from wooden stalls, and a castle looming in the background.</p>
<div><img src="4/3.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="1/3.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/3.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/3.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/3.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 2:<br>A mystical forest with glowing mushrooms, towering ancient trees, and a crystal-clear stream running through it. The sky is filled with vibrant auroras.</p>
<div><img src="4/1.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="1/1.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/1.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="3/1.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/1.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 3:<br>A futuristic city with towering skyscrapers made of glass and metal, flying cars zooming by, and a vibrant, bustling marketplace filled with alien creatures.</p>
<div><img src="4/2.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<div><img src="1/2.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="0/2.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="3/2.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/2.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 4:<br>A colorful, swirling pattern of geometric shapes and lines, with a focus on bright blues, reds, and yellows, evoking a sense of motion and energy.</p>
<div><img src="4/4.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="1/4.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="0/4.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/4.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/4.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 5:<br>A detailed, realistic portrait of a young woman with curly hair, wearing a vintage dress, sitting by a window with soft sunlight illuminating her face.</p>
<div><img src="4/5.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="1/5.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/5.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="3/5.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/5.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<p>Prompt 6:<br>A serene lakeside scene at dawn, with mist rising from the water, a family of ducks swimming by, and a fisherman in a small boat casting his line.</p>
<div><img src="4/6.png"><p>Score: 1</p></div>
<div><img src="1/6.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/6.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/6.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/6.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 7:<br>A gritty city street with vibrant graffiti covering the walls, a breakdancer performing in the foreground, and bystanders watching and taking pictures.</p>
<div><img src="4/7.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<div><img src="1/7.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/7.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="3/7.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="2/7.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<p>Prompt 8:<br>A majestic dragon with shimmering scales, large wings, and piercing eyes, perched on a mountain peak with a stormy sky in the background.</p>
<div><img src="4/8.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<div><img src="1/8.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="0/8.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/8.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="2/8.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 9:<br>A dream-like scene with floating islands, a giant clock melting over a tree branch, and a man in a suit with a fishbowl for a head walking on a checkerboard path.</p>
<div><img src="4/9.png"><p>Score: 1</p></div>
<div><img src="1/9.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="0/9.png"><p>Score: 2</p></div>
<div><img src="3/9.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="2/9.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<p>Prompt 10:<br>A dynamic action scene with a superhero in a colorful costume flying through the air, about to clash with a menacing villain, with bold lines and vibrant colors.</p>
<div><img src="4/10.png"><p>Score: 3</p></div>
<div><img src="1/10.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
<div><img src="0/10.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="3/10.png"><p>Score: 4</p></div>
<div><img src="2/10.png"><p>Score: 5</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="full-screen" style="margin-top: 0;">
<div style="width:95%">
<p class="aops" style="font-size:1.4em;">To evaluate the impact of model choice on carbon emissions, let's analyze the properties of these AI image generation models.</p>
</div>
<div style="display: grid;grid-template-columns: min(50vw,800px) min(45vw,650px);" class="imggridcore">
<div class="infoPanel">
<div class="topHalf">
<img src="assets/logofloyd.png" class="model-icon">
<span id="modelHeader" style="margin-block-start: 0em;">DeepFloyd / <span class="nowrap">IF-I-XL-v1.0</span></span>
</div>
<br><br>
<img src="assets/radarchartfloyd.png">
</div>
<div class="infoPanel">
<p><span class="nowrap">IF-I-XL-v1.0</span>, developed by the AI research lab DeepFloyd, is the largest and most carbon-intensive model among the five. Despite its scale, it generates low quality images and is not recommended for use.</p>
</div>
<div class="infoPanel">
<div class="topHalf">
<img src="assets/logoflux.png" class="model-icon" >
<span id="modelHeader" style="margin-block-start: 0em;">Black Forest Labs / FLUX.1 [dev]</span>
</div>
<br><br>
<img src="assets/radarchartflux.png">
</div>
<div class="infoPanel">
<p>FLUX.1 [dev], developed by Black Forest Labs, is their most advanced open-source model. While it delivers high quality images, its large model size results in significant emissions and slower response times.</p>
</div>
<div class="infoPanel">
<div class="topHalf">
<img src="assets/logosd.png" class="model-icon">
<span id="modelHeader" style="margin-block-start: 0em;">StabilityAI / <span class="nowrap">SD-XL 1.0-base</span></span>
</div>
<br><br>
<img src="assets/radarchartsdxl.png">
</div>
<div class="infoPanel">
<p><span class="nowrap">SD-XL 1.0-base</span> is one of the latest Stable Diffusion models. With a medium-sized architecture, it delivers good quality images at a reasonable speed. However, it has a high carbon footprint and performs slightly worse than Stable Diffusion 3 Medium across all metrics.</p>
</div>
<div class="infoPanel">
<div class="topHalf">
<img src="assets/logosd.png" class="model-icon">
<span id="modelHeader" style="margin-block-start: 0em;">StabilityAI / Stable Diffusion 3 Medium</soan>
</div>
<br><br>
<img src="assets/radarchartsd3m.png">
</div>
<div class="infoPanel">
<p>Stable Diffusion 3 Medium is another one of the latest Stable Diffusion models. It offers high image quality with decent speed, although its carbon emissions remain relatively high.</p>
</div>
<div class="infoPanel">
<div class="topHalf">
<img src="assets/logodreamshaper.webp" class="model-icon">
<span id="modelHeader" style="margin-block-start: 0em;">Lykon / DreamShaper</span>
</div>
<br><br>
<img src="assets/radarchartdreamshaper.png">
</div>
<div class="infoPanel">
<p>DreamShaper is an improved and fine-tuned version of Stable Diffusion models. As the smallest in model size, it is highly carbon-efficient, producing images quickly with good quality. This model is strongly recommended for all users.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p style="width:95%; margin: 50px 0 30px;"><span class="aops" style="font-size:1.5em; display:inline-block">Data Collection and Results Table:</span></p>
<div class="imggrid">
<div>
<b>Flowchart for Model and GPU Choice Evaluation</b>
<img src="assets/Flowchart 1.png">
</div>
<span><br>This flowchart outlines the data collection process for evaluating the impact of GPU and model choice. It begins with setting up an A100 GPU instance on Lambda Cloud and importing necessary Python libraries. Models are loaded sequentially, and each is tested for energy and power usage during image generation. If no prior dataset exists, a new file, "emissions.csv," is created to store data. After testing, energy consumption and time are logged, and results are saved in the “emissions.csv” file. The process repeats for all models, with a similar approach for testing across different GPU instances like H100.</span>
<div>
<b>Emissions Data for <span class="nowrap">SD-XL 1.0-base</span></b>
<img src="assets/EmissionsDataforSDXL1base.png">
</div>
<span><br>This screenshot displays part of the emissions.csv file, which was used to collect data from different models. Specifically, the image shows all the data collected for one model, <span class="nowrap">SD-XL 1.0-base</span>.</span>
<div>
<b>Example of Data Collected</b>
<img src="assets/ExampleofDataCollected.png">
</div>
<span><br>The screenshot displays all the data collected per image generated, including the average power consumption, the number of seconds the image took to generate, the carbon intensity of the server used, the zone of the server used, the time the image was generated, and finally the emissions from the image generation.</span>
<div>
<b>Results Data Table</b>
<img src="assets/ResultsDataTable.png">
</div>
<span><br>This data table contains the final results for each model, which illustrates the impact of model and GPU choice on energy consumption. The three columns highlighted in green demonstrate a clear positive correlation between model size and energy consumption. The two green columns labeled "Energy" show that the H100 GPU has lower emissions compared to the A100.</span>
<div>
<b>Model Size vs Energy Consumption Line Chart</b>
<img style="width:80%" src="assets/model size vs energy consumption.png">
</div>
<span><br>This line chart illustrates how energy consumption increases with model size for both NVIDIA A100 and H100 GPUs. Larger models require more computational resources and, consequently, more energy. </span>
<div>
<b>Energy Consumption Comparison Bar Chart</b>
<img style="width:80%" src="assets/a100 vs h100.png">