diff --git a/amaranth/lib/data.py b/amaranth/lib/data.py
index 8c77cc2cf..69ca86cf5 100644
--- a/amaranth/lib/data.py
+++ b/amaranth/lib/data.py
@@ -219,12 +219,16 @@ def const(self, init):
         elif isinstance(init, Sequence):
             iterator = enumerate(init)
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Layout constant initializer must be a mapping or a sequence, not {!r}"
-                            .format(init))
+            raise TypeError(f"Layout constant initializer must be a mapping or a sequence, not "
+                            f"{init!r}")
 
         int_value = 0
         for key, key_value in iterator:
-            field = self[key]
+            try:
+                field = self[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ValueError(f"Layout constant initializer refers to key {key!r}, which is not "
+                                 f"a part of the layout")
             cast_field_shape = Shape.cast(field.shape)
             if isinstance(field.shape, ShapeCastable):
                 key_value = hdl.Const.cast(hdl.Const(key_value, field.shape))
@@ -1079,9 +1083,18 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
         elif isinstance(other, Const) and self.__layout == other.__layout:
             return self.__target == other.__target
         else:
+            cause = None
+            if isinstance(other, (dict, list)):
+                try:
+                    other_as_const = self.__layout.const(other)
+                except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
+                    cause = exc
+                else:
+                    return self == other_as_const
             raise TypeError(
-                f"Constant with layout {self.__layout!r} can only be compared to another view or "
-                f"constant with the same layout, not {other!r}")
+                f"Constant with layout {self.__layout!r} can only be compared to another view, "
+                f"a constant with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted "
+                f"to a constant with the same layout, not {other!r}") from cause
 
     def __ne__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, View) and self.__layout == other._View__layout:
@@ -1089,9 +1102,18 @@ def __ne__(self, other):
         elif isinstance(other, Const) and self.__layout == other.__layout:
             return self.__target != other.__target
         else:
+            cause = None
+            if isinstance(other, (dict, list)):
+                try:
+                    other_as_const = self.__layout.const(other)
+                except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
+                    cause = exc
+                else:
+                    return self != other_as_const
             raise TypeError(
-                f"Constant with layout {self.__layout!r} can only be compared to another view or "
-                f"constant with the same layout, not {other!r}")
+                f"Constant with layout {self.__layout!r} can only be compared to another view, "
+                f"a constant with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted "
+                f"to a constant with the same layout, not {other!r}") from cause
 
     def __add__(self, other):
         raise TypeError("Cannot perform arithmetic operations on a lib.data.Const")
diff --git a/tests/test_lib_data.py b/tests/test_lib_data.py
index ceafd638b..86a75c1da 100644
--- a/tests/test_lib_data.py
+++ b/tests/test_lib_data.py
@@ -477,6 +477,10 @@ def test_const_wrong(self):
                 r"^Layout constant initializer must be a mapping or a sequence, not "
                 r"<.+?object.+?>$"):
             sl.const(object())
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
+                r"^Layout constant initializer refers to key 'g', which is not a part "
+                r"of the layout$"):
+            sl.const({"g": 1})
         sl2 = data.StructLayout({"f": unsigned(2)})
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
                 r"^Const layout StructLayout.* differs from shape layout StructLayout.*$"):
@@ -740,7 +744,7 @@ def test_bug_837_array_layout_getattr(self):
                 r"^View with an array layout does not have fields$"):
             Signal(data.ArrayLayout(unsigned(1), 1), init=[0]).init
 
-    def test_eq(self):
+    def test_compare(self):
         s1 = Signal(data.StructLayout({"a": unsigned(2)}))
         s2 = Signal(data.StructLayout({"a": unsigned(2)}))
         s3 = Signal(data.StructLayout({"a": unsigned(1), "b": unsigned(1)}))
@@ -969,11 +973,12 @@ def test_bug_837_array_layout_getattr(self):
                 r"^Constant with an array layout does not have fields$"):
             data.Const(data.ArrayLayout(unsigned(1), 1), 0).init
 
-    def test_eq(self):
+    def test_compare(self):
         c1 = data.Const(data.StructLayout({"a": unsigned(2)}), 1)
         c2 = data.Const(data.StructLayout({"a": unsigned(2)}), 1)
         c3 = data.Const(data.StructLayout({"a": unsigned(2)}), 2)
         c4 = data.Const(data.StructLayout({"a": unsigned(1), "b": unsigned(1)}), 2)
+        c5 = data.Const(data.ArrayLayout(2, 4), 0b11100100)
         s1 = Signal(data.StructLayout({"a": unsigned(2)}))
         self.assertTrue(c1 == c2)
         self.assertFalse(c1 != c2)
@@ -983,13 +988,23 @@ def test_eq(self):
         self.assertRepr(c1 != s1, "(!= (const 2'd1) (sig s1))")
         self.assertRepr(s1 == c1, "(== (sig s1) (const 2'd1))")
         self.assertRepr(s1 != c1, "(!= (sig s1) (const 2'd1))")
+        self.assertTrue(c1 == {"a": 1})
+        self.assertFalse(c1 == {"a": 2})
+        self.assertFalse(c1 != {"a": 1})
+        self.assertTrue(c1 != {"a": 2})
+        self.assertTrue(c5 == [0,1,2,3])
+        self.assertFalse(c5 == [0,1,3,3])
+        self.assertFalse(c5 != [0,1,2,3])
+        self.assertTrue(c5 != [0,1,3,3])
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
-                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view or constant with "
-                r"the same layout, not .*$"):
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
             c1 == c4
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
-                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view or constant with "
-                r"the same layout, not .*$"):
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
             c1 != c4
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
                 r"^View with layout .* can only be compared to another view or constant with "
@@ -1000,21 +1015,45 @@ def test_eq(self):
                 r"the same layout, not .*$"):
             s1 != c4
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
-                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view or constant with "
-                r"the same layout, not .*$"):
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
             c4 == s1
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
-                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view or constant with "
-                r"the same layout, not .*$"):
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
             c4 != s1
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
-                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view or constant with "
-                r"the same layout, not .*$"):
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
             c1 == Const(0, 2)
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
-                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view or constant with "
-                r"the same layout, not .*$"):
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
             c1 != Const(0, 2)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
+            c1 == {"b": 1}
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
+            c1 != {"b": 1}
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
+            c5 == [0,1,2,3,4]
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r"^Constant with layout .* can only be compared to another view, a constant "
+                r"with the same layout, or a dictionary or a list that can be converted to "
+                r"a constant with the same layout, not .*$"):
+            c5 != [0,1,2,3,4]
 
     def test_operator(self):
         s1 = data.Const(data.StructLayout({"a": unsigned(2)}), 2)