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README.md

Aurora DSQL with Psycopg

Overview

This code example demonstrates how to use Psycopg (version 3) with Amazon Aurora SQL (DSQL). The example shows you how to connect to an Aurora DSQL cluster and perform basic database operations.

Aurora DSQL is a distributed SQL database service that provides high availability and scalability for your PostgreSQL-compatible applications. Psycopg is a popular PostgreSQL adapter for Python that allows you to interact with PostgreSQL databases using Python code.

About the code example

The example demonstrates a flexible connection approach that works for both admin and non-admin users:

  • When connecting as an admin user, the example uses the public schema and generates an admin authentication token.
  • When connecting as a non-admin user, the example uses a custom myschema schema and generates a standard authentication token.

The code automatically detects the user type and adjusts its behavior accordingly.

Recommended vs. Alternative

The default examples uses the preferred method leveraging the DSQL Python Connector, but an alternative example that connects by creating boto3 client (not recommended) is provided.

⚠️ Important

  • Running this code might result in charges to your AWS account.
  • We recommend that you grant your code least privilege. At most, grant only the minimum permissions required to perform the task. For more information, see Grant least privilege.
  • This code is not tested in every AWS Region. For more information, see AWS Regional Services.

TLS connection configuration

This example uses direct TLS connections where supported, and verifies the server certificate is trusted. Verified SSL connections should be used where possible to ensure data security during transmission.

  • Driver versions following the release of PostgreSQL 17 support direct TLS connections, bypassing the traditional PostgreSQL connection preamble
  • Direct TLS connections provide improved connection performance and enhanced security
  • Not all PostgreSQL drivers support direct TLS connections yet, or only in recent versions following PostgreSQL 17
  • Ensure your installed driver version supports direct TLS negotiation, or use a version that is at least as recent as the one used in this sample
  • If your driver doesn't support direct TLS connections, you may need to use the traditional preamble connection instead

Run the example

Prerequisites

Download the Amazon root certificate from the official trust store

Download the Amazon root certificate from the official trust store:

wget https://www.amazontrust.com/repository/AmazonRootCA1.pem -O root.pem

Set up environment for examples

  1. Create and activate a Python virtual environment:
python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate  # Linux, macOS
# or
.venv\Scripts\activate     # Windows
  1. Install the required packages for running the examples:
pip install -r requirements.txt

Run the code

What the Examples Do

The example demonstrates the following operations:

  • Opening a connection to an Aurora DSQL cluster
  • Creating a table
  • Inserting and querying data

The example is designed to work with both admin and non-admin users:

  • When run as an admin user, it uses the public schema
  • When run as a non-admin user, it uses the myschema schema

Note: running the example will use actual resources in your AWS account and may incur charges.

The extended examples demonstrate:

  • Creating a connection pool for Aurora DSQL
  • Using async context managers for connection management
  • Performing database operations through the pool
  • Running multiple concurrent database operations
  • Proper resource management with connection pools

Environment Cluster Details

Set environment variables for your cluster details:

# e.g. "admin"
export CLUSTER_USER="<your user>"

# e.g. "foo0bar1baz2quux3quuux4.dsql.us-east-1.on.aws"
export CLUSTER_ENDPOINT="<your endpoint>"

# e.g. "us-east-1"
export REGION="<your region>"

Run the example:

# Run example directly
python src/example.py

# Run example using pytest
pytest ./test/test_example.py

# Run all using pytest
pytest ./test

The examples contain comments explaining the code and the operations being performed.

Additional resources

Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT-0