diff --git a/r/adbcdrivermanager/R/async.R b/r/adbcdrivermanager/R/async.R
index ff54f5cb37..81eaa8b872 100644
--- a/r/adbcdrivermanager/R/async.R
+++ b/r/adbcdrivermanager/R/async.R
@@ -27,23 +27,35 @@ adbc_async_task_status <- function(task) {
   .Call(RAdbcAsyncTaskWaitFor, task, 0)
 }
 
-adbc_async_task_set_callback <- function(task, callback, loop = later::current_loop()) {
+adbc_async_task_set_callback <- function(task, resolve, reject = NULL,
+                                         loop = later::current_loop()) {
   # If the task is completed, run the callback (or else the callback
   # will not run)
   if (adbc_async_task_status(task) == "ready") {
-    result <- adbc_async_task_result(task)
-    callback(result)
+    adbc_async_task_run_callback(task, resolve, reject)
   } else {
-    .Call(RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback, task, callback, loop$id)
+    .Call(RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback, task, resolve, reject, loop$id)
   }
 
   invisible(task)
 }
 
-adbc_async_task_run_callback <- function(task) {
-  callback <- task$callback
-  result <- adbc_async_task_result(task)
-  callback(result)
+adbc_async_task_run_callback <- function(task, resolve = task$resolve,
+                                         reject = task$reject) {
+  tryCatch({
+      result <- adbc_async_task_result(task)
+      resolve(result)
+    },
+    error = function(e) {
+      if (is.null(reject)) {
+        stop(e)
+      } else {
+        reject(e)
+      }
+    }
+  )
+
+  invisible(task)
 }
 
 adbc_async_task_wait_non_cancellable <- function(task, resolution = 0.05) {
@@ -63,36 +75,10 @@ adbc_async_task_wait <- function(task, resolution = 0.05) {
   adbc_async_task_result(task)
 }
 
-later_loop_schedule_task_callback <- function(task, resolve, reject,
-                                              loop = later::current_loop(),
-                                              delay = 0) {
-  force(task)
-  force(resolve)
-  force(reject)
-
-  later::later(function() {
-    status <- adbc_async_task_status(task)
-    if (status == "timeout") {
-      later_loop_schedule_task_callback(
-        task,
-        resolve,
-        reject,
-        loop = loop,
-        delay = delay
-      )
-    } else {
-      tryCatch(
-        resolve(adbc_async_task_result(task)),
-        error = function(e) reject(e)
-      )
-    }
-  }, delay = delay, loop = loop)
-}
-
 as.promise.adbc_async_task <- function(task) {
   force(task)
   promises::promise(function(resolve, reject) {
-    later_loop_schedule_task_callback(task, resolve, reject)
+    adbc_async_task_set_callback(task, resolve, reject)
   })
 }
 
diff --git a/r/adbcdrivermanager/src/async.cc b/r/adbcdrivermanager/src/async.cc
index 19379d2b7e..c32afee4ef 100644
--- a/r/adbcdrivermanager/src/async.cc
+++ b/r/adbcdrivermanager/src/async.cc
@@ -99,7 +99,8 @@ static void error_for_started_task(RAdbcAsyncTask* task) {
 }
 
 extern "C" SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskNew(SEXP error_xptr) {
-  const char* names[] = {"error_xptr", "return_code", "user_data", "callback", ""};
+  const char* names[] = {"error_xptr", "return_code", "user_data",
+                         "resolve",    "reject",      ""};
   SEXP task_prot = PROTECT(Rf_mkNamed(VECSXP, names));
 
   SET_VECTOR_ELT(task_prot, 0, error_xptr);
@@ -125,13 +126,14 @@ extern "C" SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskNew(SEXP error_xptr) {
   return task_xptr;
 }
 
-extern "C" SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback(SEXP task_xptr, SEXP callback_sexp,
-                                          SEXP loop_id_sexp) {
+extern "C" SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback(SEXP task_xptr, SEXP callback_resolve_sexp,
+                                          SEXP callback_reject_sexp, SEXP loop_id_sexp) {
   auto task = adbc_from_xptr<RAdbcAsyncTask>(task_xptr);
   SEXP task_prot = R_ExternalPtrProtected(task_xptr);
   int loop_id = adbc_as_int(loop_id_sexp);
 
-  SET_VECTOR_ELT(task_prot, 3, callback_sexp);
+  SET_VECTOR_ELT(task_prot, 3, callback_resolve_sexp);
+  SET_VECTOR_ELT(task_prot, 4, callback_reject_sexp);
   task->SetCallback(task_xptr, loop_id);
   return R_NilValue;
 }
diff --git a/r/adbcdrivermanager/src/init.c b/r/adbcdrivermanager/src/init.c
index a2e5a59ac5..1ae9ab30d3 100644
--- a/r/adbcdrivermanager/src/init.c
+++ b/r/adbcdrivermanager/src/init.c
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
 
 /* generated by tools/make-callentries.R */
 SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskNew(SEXP error_xptr);
-SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback(SEXP task_xptr, SEXP callback_sexp, SEXP loop_id_sexp);
+SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback(SEXP task_xptr, SEXP callback_resolve_sexp,
+                               SEXP callback_reject_sexp, SEXP loop_id_sexp);
 SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskData(SEXP task_xptr);
 SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskWaitFor(SEXP task_xptr, SEXP duration_ms_sexp);
 SEXP RAdbcAsyncTaskLaunchSleep(SEXP task_xptr, SEXP duration_ms_sexp);
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ SEXP RAdbcXptrSetProtected(SEXP xptr, SEXP prot);
 
 static const R_CallMethodDef CallEntries[] = {
     {"RAdbcAsyncTaskNew", (DL_FUNC)&RAdbcAsyncTaskNew, 1},
-    {"RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback", (DL_FUNC)&RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback, 3},
+    {"RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback", (DL_FUNC)&RAdbcAsyncTaskSetCallback, 4},
     {"RAdbcAsyncTaskData", (DL_FUNC)&RAdbcAsyncTaskData, 1},
     {"RAdbcAsyncTaskWaitFor", (DL_FUNC)&RAdbcAsyncTaskWaitFor, 2},
     {"RAdbcAsyncTaskLaunchSleep", (DL_FUNC)&RAdbcAsyncTaskLaunchSleep, 2},
diff --git a/r/adbcdrivermanager/tests/testthat/test-async.R b/r/adbcdrivermanager/tests/testthat/test-async.R
index 60b22f82db..1a48fe90bf 100644
--- a/r/adbcdrivermanager/tests/testthat/test-async.R
+++ b/r/adbcdrivermanager/tests/testthat/test-async.R
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ test_that("async tasks can be created and inspected", {
 
   expect_identical(
     names(task),
-    c("error_xptr", "return_code", "user_data", "callback")
+    c("error_xptr", "return_code", "user_data", "resolve", "reject")
   )
 
   expect_s3_class(task$error_xptr, "adbc_error")
@@ -90,6 +90,17 @@ test_that("async tasks can set an R callback", {
   adbc_async_task_set_callback(sleep_task, function(x) { async_called <<- TRUE })
   Sys.sleep(0.1)
   expect_true(async_called)
+
+  # Ensure this also works on error
+  async_called <- FALSE
+  sleep_task <- adbc_async_sleep(0, error_message = "some error")
+  adbc_async_task_set_callback(
+    sleep_task,
+    resolve = function(x) NULL,
+    reject = function(x) { async_called <<- TRUE }
+  )
+  Sys.sleep(0.1)
+  expect_true(async_called)
 })
 
 test_that("async task can be converted to a promise", {