Create Vector, Matrix types and operations to enable linear algebra API

[kennknowles]

Survey of existing linear algebra libraries within mahout (samsara), spark (sparkML) and flink (flinkML) shows that they all expose local vector, matrix (sparse, dense) and distributed matrix types and operations. We should define these data types and operations within Beam and add this to the BeamML document https://docs.google.com/document/d/17cRZk_yqHm3C0fljivjN66MbLkeKS1yjo4PBECHb-xA/edit#heading=h.n51rhya8bv4f

Imported from Jira BEAM-478. Original Jira may contain additional context.
Reported by: Kam Kasravi.
Subtask of issue #18006