[FLINK-38844][pipeline-connector][postgres]Add metadata column support

This commit adds metadata column support for the PostgreSQL Pipeline Connector,
enabling users to access metadata information in their data pipelines.

Changes:
- Add OpTsMetadataColumn for operation timestamp
- Add DatabaseNameMetadataColumn for database name
- Add SchemaNameMetadataColumn for schema name
- Add TableNameMetadataColumn for table name
- Update PostgresDataSource to support metadata columns
- Add comprehensive E2E test testAllMetadataColumns()
- Update documentation (English and Chinese)

Author: tchivs

docs/content.zh/docs/connectors/pipeline-connectors/postgres.md

@@ -253,10 +253,10 @@ pipeline:
     <tr>
       <td>metadata.list</td>
       <td>optional</td>
-      <td style="word-wrap: break-word;">false</td>
+      <td style="word-wrap: break-word;">(none)</td>
       <td>String</td>
       <td>
-        源记录中可读取的元数据列表，将传递给下游并在转换模块中使用，各字段以逗号分隔。可用的可读元数据包括：op_ts。
+        源记录中可读取的元数据列表，将传递给下游并在转换模块中使用，各字段以逗号分隔。可用的可读元数据包括：op_ts、table_name、database_name、schema_name。详见<a href="#支持的元数据列">支持的元数据列</a>。
       </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
@@ -304,6 +304,74 @@ pipeline:
 注意:
 1. Group 名称是 `namespace.schema.table`，这里的 `namespace` 是实际的数据库名称， `schema` 是实际的 schema 名称， `table` 是实际的表名称。
 
+## 支持的元数据列
+
+PostgreSQL CDC 连接器支持从源记录中读取元数据列。这些元数据列可以在转换操作中使用或传递给下游 Sink。
+
+要启用元数据列，请使用逗号分隔的元数据列名称列表配置 `metadata.list` 选项：
+
+```yaml
+source:
+  type: postgres
+  # ... 其他配置
+  metadata.list: op_ts,table_name,database_name,schema_name
+```
+
+支持以下元数据列：
+
+<div class="wy-table-responsive">
+<table class="colwidths-auto docutils">
+    <thead>
+      <tr>
+        <th class="text-left" style="width: 20%">元数据列</th>
+        <th class="text-left" style="width: 15%">数据类型</th>
+        <th class="text-left" style="width: 65%">描述</th>
+      </tr>
+    </thead>
+    <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td>op_ts</td>
+      <td>BIGINT NOT NULL</td>
+      <td>数据变更事件在数据库中发生的时间戳（自纪元以来的毫秒数）。对于快照记录，此值为 0。</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>table_name</td>
+      <td>STRING NOT NULL</td>
+      <td>包含变更行的表名称。</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>database_name</td>
+      <td>STRING NOT NULL</td>
+      <td>包含变更行的数据库名称。</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>schema_name</td>
+      <td>STRING NOT NULL</td>
+      <td>包含变更行的 Schema 名称。这是 PostgreSQL 特有的。</td>
+    </tr>
+    </tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+**使用示例：**
+
+```yaml
+source:
+  type: postgres
+  hostname: localhost
+  port: 5432
+  username: postgres
+  password: postgres
+  tables: mydb.public.orders
+  slot.name: flink_slot
+  metadata.list: op_ts,table_name,schema_name
+
+transform:
+  - source-table: mydb.public.orders
+    projection: order_id, customer_id, op_ts, table_name, schema_name
+    description: 在输出中包含元数据列
+```
+
 ## 数据类型映射
 
 <div class="wy-table-responsive">

docs/content/docs/connectors/pipeline-connectors/postgres.md

@@ -245,10 +245,10 @@ pipeline:
     <tr>
       <td>metadata.list</td>
       <td>optional</td>
-      <td style="word-wrap: break-word;">false</td>
+      <td style="word-wrap: break-word;">(none)</td>
       <td>String</td>
       <td>
-        List of readable metadata from SourceRecord to be passed to downstream and could be used in transform module, split by `,`. Available readable metadata are: op_ts.
+        List of readable metadata from SourceRecord to be passed to downstream and could be used in transform module, split by `,`. Available readable metadata are: op_ts, table_name, database_name, schema_name. See <a href="#supported-metadata-columns">Supported Metadata Columns</a> for more details.
       </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
@@ -299,6 +299,74 @@ Metrics can help understand the progress of assignments, and the following are t
 Notice:
 1. The group name is `namespace.schema.table`, where `namespace` is the actual database name, `schema` is the actual schema name, and `table` is the actual table name.
 
+## Supported Metadata Columns
+
+PostgreSQL CDC connector supports reading metadata columns from source records. These metadata columns can be used in transform operations or passed to downstream sinks.
+
+To enable metadata columns, configure the `metadata.list` option with a comma-separated list of metadata column names:
+
+```yaml
+source:
+  type: postgres
+  # ... other configurations
+  metadata.list: op_ts,table_name,database_name,schema_name
+```
+
+The following metadata columns are supported:
+
+<div class="wy-table-responsive">
+<table class="colwidths-auto docutils">
+    <thead>
+      <tr>
+        <th class="text-left" style="width: 20%">Metadata Column</th>
+        <th class="text-left" style="width: 15%">Data Type</th>
+        <th class="text-left" style="width: 65%">Description</th>
+      </tr>
+    </thead>
+    <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td>op_ts</td>
+      <td>BIGINT NOT NULL</td>
+      <td>The timestamp (in milliseconds since epoch) when the change event occurred in the database. For snapshot records, this value is 0.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>table_name</td>
+      <td>STRING NOT NULL</td>
+      <td>The name of the table that contains the changed row.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>database_name</td>
+      <td>STRING NOT NULL</td>
+      <td>The name of the database that contains the changed row.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>schema_name</td>
+      <td>STRING NOT NULL</td>
+      <td>The name of the schema that contains the changed row. This is specific to PostgreSQL.</td>
+    </tr>
+    </tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```yaml
+source:
+  type: postgres
+  hostname: localhost
+  port: 5432
+  username: postgres
+  password: postgres
+  tables: mydb.public.orders
+  slot.name: flink_slot
+  metadata.list: op_ts,table_name,schema_name
+
+transform:
+  - source-table: mydb.public.orders
+    projection: order_id, customer_id, op_ts, table_name, schema_name
+    description: Include metadata columns in output
+```
+
 ## Data Type Mapping
 
 <div class="wy-table-responsive">

flink-cdc-connect/flink-cdc-pipeline-connectors/flink-cdc-pipeline-connector-postgres/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/cdc/connectors/postgres/source/DatabaseNameMetadataColumn.java

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.cdc.connectors.postgres.source;
+
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.source.SupportedMetadataColumn;
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.types.DataType;
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.types.DataTypes;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/** A {@link SupportedMetadataColumn} for database_name. */
+public class DatabaseNameMetadataColumn implements SupportedMetadataColumn {
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "database_name";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DataType getType() {
+        return DataTypes.STRING().notNull();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Class<?> getJavaClass() {
+        return String.class;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object read(Map<String, String> metadata) {
+        if (metadata.containsKey(getName())) {
+            return metadata.get(getName());
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "database_name doesn't exist in the metadata: " + metadata);
+    }
+}

flink-cdc-connect/flink-cdc-pipeline-connectors/flink-cdc-pipeline-connector-postgres/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/cdc/connectors/postgres/source/OpTsMetadataColumn.java

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.cdc.connectors.postgres.source;
+
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.source.SupportedMetadataColumn;
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.types.DataType;
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.types.DataTypes;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/** A {@link SupportedMetadataColumn} for op_ts. */
+public class OpTsMetadataColumn implements SupportedMetadataColumn {
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "op_ts";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DataType getType() {
+        return DataTypes.BIGINT().notNull();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Class<?> getJavaClass() {
+        return Long.class;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object read(Map<String, String> metadata) {
+        if (metadata.containsKey(getName())) {
+            return Long.parseLong(metadata.get(getName()));
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("op_ts doesn't exist in the metadata: " + metadata);
+    }
+}

flink-cdc-connect/flink-cdc-pipeline-connectors/flink-cdc-pipeline-connector-postgres/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/cdc/connectors/postgres/source/PostgresDataSource.java

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.source.EventSourceProvider;
 import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.source.FlinkSourceProvider;
 import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.source.MetadataAccessor;
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.source.SupportedMetadataColumn;
 import org.apache.flink.cdc.connectors.base.config.SourceConfig;
 import org.apache.flink.cdc.connectors.base.source.jdbc.JdbcIncrementalSource;
 import org.apache.flink.cdc.connectors.base.source.meta.split.SourceRecords;
@@ -92,6 +93,23 @@ public PostgresSourceConfig getPostgresSourceConfig() {
         return postgresSourceConfig;
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public SupportedMetadataColumn[] supportedMetadataColumns() {
+        return new SupportedMetadataColumn[] {
+            new OpTsMetadataColumn(),
+            new TableNameMetadataColumn(),
+            new DatabaseNameMetadataColumn(),
+            new SchemaNameMetadataColumn()
+        };
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isParallelMetadataSource() {
+        // During incremental stage, PostgreSQL never emits schema change events on different
+        // partitions (since it has one WAL stream only.)
+        return false;
+    }
+
     /** The {@link JdbcIncrementalSource} implementation for Postgres. */
     public static class PostgresPipelineSource<T>
             extends PostgresSourceBuilder.PostgresIncrementalSource<T> {

flink-cdc-connect/flink-cdc-pipeline-connectors/flink-cdc-pipeline-connector-postgres/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/cdc/connectors/postgres/source/SchemaNameMetadataColumn.java

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.cdc.connectors.postgres.source;
+
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.source.SupportedMetadataColumn;
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.types.DataType;
+import org.apache.flink.cdc.common.types.DataTypes;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/** A {@link SupportedMetadataColumn} for schema_name. */
+public class SchemaNameMetadataColumn implements SupportedMetadataColumn {
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "schema_name";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DataType getType() {
+        return DataTypes.STRING().notNull();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Class<?> getJavaClass() {
+        return String.class;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object read(Map<String, String> metadata) {
+        if (metadata.containsKey(getName())) {
+            return metadata.get(getName());
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "schema_name doesn't exist in the metadata: " + metadata);
+    }
+}