executor.rs

use crate::backend::Backend;
use crate::core::utils::{U256_ZERO, U64_MAX};
use crate::core::{ExitFatal, InterpreterHandler, Machine};
use crate::executor::stack::precompile::{
    PrecompileFailure, PrecompileHandle, PrecompileOutput, PrecompileSet,
};
use crate::executor::stack::tagged_runtime::{RuntimeKind, TaggedRuntime};
use crate::gasometer::{self, Gasometer, StorageTarget};
use crate::maybe_borrowed::MaybeBorrowed;
use crate::prelude::*;
use crate::runtime::Resolve;
use crate::{
    Capture, Config, Context, CreateScheme, ExitError, ExitReason, Handler, Opcode, Runtime,
    Transfer,
};
use core::{cmp::min, convert::Infallible};
use primitive_types::{H160, H256, U256};
use sha3::{Digest, Keccak256};
use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};

macro_rules! emit_exit {
    ($reason:expr) => {{
        let reason = $reason;
        event!(Exit {
            reason: &reason,
            return_value: &Vec::new(),
        });
        reason
    }};
    ($reason:expr, $return_value:expr) => {{
        let reason = $reason;
        let return_value = $return_value;
        event!(Exit {
            reason: &reason,
            return_value: &return_value,
        });
        (reason, return_value)
    }};
}
macro_rules! try_or_fail {
    ( $e:expr ) => {
        match $e {
            Ok(v) => v,
            Err(e) => return Capture::Exit((e.into(), Vec::new())),
        }
    };
}

const DEFAULT_CALL_STACK_CAPACITY: usize = 4;

const fn l64(gas: u64) -> u64 {
    gas - gas / 64
}

pub enum StackExitKind {
    Succeeded,
    Reverted,
    Failed,
}

/// `Authorization` contains already prepared data for EIP-7702.
/// - `authority`is `ecrecovered` authority address.
/// - `address` is delegation destination address.
/// - `nonce` is the `nonce` value which `authority.nonce` should be equal.
/// - `is_valid` is the flag that indicates the validity of the authorization. It is used to
///   charge gas for each authorization item, but if it's invalid exclude from EVM `authority_list` flow.
#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct Authorization {
    pub authority: H160,
    pub address: H160,
    pub nonce: u64,
    pub is_valid: bool,
}

impl Authorization {
    /// Create a new `Authorization` with given `authority`, `address`, and `nonce`.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn new(authority: H160, address: H160, nonce: u64, is_valid: bool) -> Self {
        Self {
            authority,
            address,
            nonce,
            is_valid,
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if `authority` is delegated to `address`.
    /// `0xef0100 ++ address`, and it is always 23 bytes.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_delegated(code: &[u8]) -> bool {
        code.len() == 23 && code.starts_with(&[0xEF, 0x01, 0x00])
    }

    /// Get `authority` delegated `address`.
    /// It checks, is it delegation designation (EIP-7702).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn get_delegated_address(code: &[u8]) -> Option<H160> {
        if Self::is_delegated(code) {
            // `code` size is always 23 bytes.
            Some(H160::from_slice(&code[3..]))
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Returns the delegation code as composing: `0xef0100 ++ address`.
    /// Result code is always 23 bytes.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn delegation_code(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut code = Vec::with_capacity(23);
        code.extend(&[0xEF, 0x01, 0x00]);
        code.extend(self.address.as_bytes());
        code
    }
}

#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Accessed {
    pub accessed_addresses: BTreeSet<H160>,
    pub accessed_storage: BTreeSet<(H160, H256)>,
    pub authority: BTreeMap<H160, H160>,
}

impl Accessed {
    pub fn access_address(&mut self, address: H160) {
        self.accessed_addresses.insert(address);
    }

    pub fn access_addresses<I>(&mut self, addresses: I)
    where
        I: Iterator<Item = H160>,
    {
        self.accessed_addresses.extend(addresses);
    }

    pub fn access_storages<I>(&mut self, storages: I)
    where
        I: Iterator<Item = (H160, H256)>,
    {
        for storage in storages {
            self.accessed_storage.insert((storage.0, storage.1));
        }
    }

    /// Add authority to the accessed authority list (EIP-7702).
    pub fn add_authority(&mut self, authority: H160, address: H160) {
        self.authority.insert(authority, address);
    }

    /// Remove authority from the accessed authority list (EIP-7702).
    pub fn remove_authority(&mut self, authority: H160) {
        self.authority.remove(&authority);
    }

    /// Get authority from the accessed authority list (EIP-7702).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn get_authority_target(&self, authority: H160) -> Option<H160> {
        self.authority.get(&authority).copied()
    }

    /// Check if authority is in the accessed authority list (EIP-7702).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_authority(&self, authority: H160) -> bool {
        self.authority.contains_key(&authority)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct StackSubstateMetadata<'config> {
    gasometer: Gasometer<'config>,
    is_static: bool,
    depth: Option<usize>,
    accessed: Option<Accessed>,
}

impl<'config> StackSubstateMetadata<'config> {
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new(gas_limit: u64, config: &'config Config) -> Self {
        let accessed = if config.increase_state_access_gas {
            Some(Accessed::default())
        } else {
            None
        };
        Self {
            gasometer: Gasometer::new(gas_limit, config),
            is_static: false,
            depth: None,
            accessed,
        }
    }

    /// Swallow commit implements part of logic for `exit_commit`:
    /// - Record opcode stipend.
    /// - Record an explicit refund.
    /// - Merge warmed accounts and storages
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError` that is thrown by gasometer gas calculation errors.
    pub fn swallow_commit(&mut self, other: Self) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        self.gasometer.record_stipend(other.gasometer.gas())?;
        self.gasometer
            .record_refund(other.gasometer.refunded_gas())?;

        // Merge warmed accounts and storages
        if let (Some(mut other_accessed), Some(self_accessed)) =
            (other.accessed, self.accessed.as_mut())
        {
            self_accessed
                .accessed_addresses
                .append(&mut other_accessed.accessed_addresses);
            self_accessed
                .accessed_storage
                .append(&mut other_accessed.accessed_storage);
            self_accessed
                .authority
                .append(&mut other_accessed.authority);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Swallow revert implements part of logic for `exit_commit`:
    /// - Record opcode stipend.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError` that is thrown by gasometer gas calculation errors.
    pub fn swallow_revert(&mut self, other: &Self) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        self.gasometer.record_stipend(other.gasometer.gas())
    }

    /// Swallow revert implements part of logic for `exit_commit`:
    /// At the moment, it does nothing.
    pub const fn swallow_discard(&self, _other: &Self) {}

    #[must_use]
    pub fn spit_child(&self, gas_limit: u64, is_static: bool) -> Self {
        Self {
            gasometer: Gasometer::new(gas_limit, self.gasometer.config()),
            is_static: is_static || self.is_static,
            depth: self.depth.map_or(Some(0), |n| Some(n + 1)),
            accessed: self.accessed.as_ref().map(|_| Accessed::default()),
        }
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub const fn gasometer(&self) -> &Gasometer<'config> {
        &self.gasometer
    }

    pub fn gasometer_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Gasometer<'config> {
        &mut self.gasometer
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub const fn is_static(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_static
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub const fn depth(&self) -> Option<usize> {
        self.depth
    }

    pub fn access_address(&mut self, address: H160) {
        if let Some(accessed) = &mut self.accessed {
            accessed.access_address(address);
        }
    }

    pub fn access_addresses<I>(&mut self, addresses: I)
    where
        I: Iterator<Item = H160>,
    {
        if let Some(accessed) = &mut self.accessed {
            accessed.access_addresses(addresses);
        }
    }

    pub fn access_storage(&mut self, address: H160, key: H256) {
        if let Some(accessed) = &mut self.accessed {
            accessed.accessed_storage.insert((address, key));
        }
    }

    pub fn access_storages<I>(&mut self, storages: I)
    where
        I: Iterator<Item = (H160, H256)>,
    {
        if let Some(accessed) = &mut self.accessed {
            accessed.access_storages(storages);
        }
    }

    /// Used for gas calculation logic.
    /// It's most significant for `cold/warm` gas calculation as warmed addresses spent less gas.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn accessed(&self) -> &Option<Accessed> {
        &self.accessed
    }

    /// Add authority to accessed list (related to EIP-7702)
    pub fn add_authority(&mut self, authority: H160, address: H160) {
        if let Some(accessed) = &mut self.accessed {
            accessed.add_authority(authority, address);
        }
    }

    /// Remove authority from accessed list (related to EIP-7702)
    pub fn remove_authority(&mut self, authority: H160) {
        if let Some(accessed) = &mut self.accessed {
            accessed.remove_authority(authority);
        }
    }
}

#[auto_impl::auto_impl(& mut, Box)]
pub trait StackState<'config>: Backend {
    fn metadata(&self) -> &StackSubstateMetadata<'config>;
    fn metadata_mut(&mut self) -> &mut StackSubstateMetadata<'config>;

    fn enter(&mut self, gas_limit: u64, is_static: bool);
    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn exit_commit(&mut self) -> Result<(), ExitError>;
    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn exit_revert(&mut self) -> Result<(), ExitError>;
    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn exit_discard(&mut self) -> Result<(), ExitError>;

    fn is_empty(&self, address: H160) -> bool;
    fn deleted(&self, address: H160) -> bool;
    fn is_created(&self, address: H160) -> bool;
    fn is_cold(&self, address: H160) -> bool;
    fn is_storage_cold(&self, address: H160, key: H256) -> bool;

    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn inc_nonce(&mut self, address: H160) -> Result<(), ExitError>;
    fn set_storage(&mut self, address: H160, key: H256, value: H256);
    fn reset_storage(&mut self, address: H160);
    fn log(&mut self, address: H160, topics: Vec<H256>, data: Vec<u8>);
    fn set_deleted(&mut self, address: H160);
    fn set_created(&mut self, address: H160);
    fn set_code(&mut self, address: H160, code: Vec<u8>);
    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn transfer(&mut self, transfer: Transfer) -> Result<(), ExitError>;
    fn reset_balance(&mut self, address: H160);
    fn touch(&mut self, address: H160);

    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn record_external_operation(
        &mut self,
        #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)] _op: crate::ExternalOperation,
    ) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        Ok(())
    }

    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn record_external_dynamic_opcode_cost(
        &mut self,
        #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)] _opcode: Opcode,
        #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)] _gas_cost: gasometer::GasCost,
        #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)] _target: StorageTarget,
    ) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        Ok(())
    }

    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn record_external_cost(
        &mut self,
        #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)] _ref_time: Option<u64>,
        #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)] _proof_size: Option<u64>,
        #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)] _storage_growth: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        Ok(())
    }

    fn refund_external_cost(
        &mut self,
        #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)] _ref_time: Option<u64>,
        #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)] _proof_size: Option<u64>,
    ) {
    }

    /// Set tstorage value of address at index.
    /// EIP-1153: Transient storage
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn tstore(&mut self, address: H160, index: H256, value: U256) -> Result<(), ExitError>;
    /// Get tstorage value of address at index.
    /// EIP-1153: Transient storage
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    fn tload(&mut self, address: H160, index: H256) -> Result<U256, ExitError>;

    /// EIP-7702 - check is authority cold.
    fn is_authority_cold(&mut self, address: H160) -> Option<bool>;

    /// EIP-7702 - get authority target address.
    fn get_authority_target(&mut self, address: H160) -> Option<H160>;
}

/// Stack-based executor.
pub struct StackExecutor<'config, 'precompiles, S, P> {
    config: &'config Config,
    state: S,
    precompile_set: &'precompiles P,
}

impl<'config, 'precompiles, S: StackState<'config>, P: PrecompileSet>
    StackExecutor<'config, 'precompiles, S, P>
{
    /// Return a reference of the Config.
    pub const fn config(&self) -> &'config Config {
        self.config
    }

    /// Return a reference to the precompile set.
    pub const fn precompiles(&self) -> &'precompiles P {
        self.precompile_set
    }

    /// Create a new stack-based executor with given precompiles.
    pub const fn new_with_precompiles(
        state: S,
        config: &'config Config,
        precompile_set: &'precompiles P,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            config,
            state,
            precompile_set,
        }
    }

    pub const fn state(&self) -> &S {
        &self.state
    }

    pub fn state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut S {
        &mut self.state
    }

    #[allow(clippy::missing_const_for_fn)]
    pub fn into_state(self) -> S {
        self.state
    }

    /// Create a substate executor from the current executor.
    pub fn enter_substate(&mut self, gas_limit: u64, is_static: bool) {
        self.state.enter(gas_limit, is_static);
    }

    /// Exit a substate.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// Panic occurs if a result is an empty `substate` stack.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Return `ExitError`
    pub fn exit_substate(&mut self, kind: &StackExitKind) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        match kind {
            StackExitKind::Succeeded => self.state.exit_commit(),
            StackExitKind::Reverted => self.state.exit_revert(),
            StackExitKind::Failed => self.state.exit_discard(),
        }
    }

    /// Execute the runtime until it returns.
    pub fn execute(&mut self, runtime: &mut Runtime) -> ExitReason {
        let mut call_stack: SmallVec<[TaggedRuntime; DEFAULT_CALL_STACK_CAPACITY]> =
            smallvec!(TaggedRuntime {
                kind: RuntimeKind::Execute,
                inner: MaybeBorrowed::Borrowed(runtime),
            });
        let (reason, _, _) = self.execute_with_call_stack(&mut call_stack);
        reason
    }

    /// Execute using Runtimes on the `call_stack` until it returns.
    fn execute_with_call_stack(
        &mut self,
        call_stack: &mut SmallVec<[TaggedRuntime<'_>; DEFAULT_CALL_STACK_CAPACITY]>,
    ) -> (ExitReason, Option<H160>, Vec<u8>) {
        // This `interrupt_runtime` is used to pass the runtime obtained from the
        // `Capture::Trap` branch in the match below back to the top of the call stack.
        // The reason we can't simply `push` the runtime directly onto the stack in the
        // `Capture::Trap` branch is because the borrow-checker complains that the stack
        // is already borrowed as long as we hold a pointer on the last element
        // (i.e. the currently executing runtime).
        let mut interrupt_runtime = None;
        loop {
            if let Some(rt) = interrupt_runtime.take() {
                call_stack.push(rt);
            }
            let Some(runtime) = call_stack.last_mut() else {
                return (
                    ExitReason::Fatal(ExitFatal::UnhandledInterrupt),
                    None,
                    Vec::new(),
                );
            };
            let reason = {
                let inner_runtime = &mut runtime.inner;
                match inner_runtime.run(self) {
                    Capture::Exit(reason) => reason,
                    Capture::Trap(Resolve::Call(rt, _)) => {
                        interrupt_runtime = Some(rt.0);
                        continue;
                    }
                    Capture::Trap(Resolve::Create(rt, _)) => {
                        interrupt_runtime = Some(rt.0);
                        continue;
                    }
                }
            };
            let runtime_kind = runtime.kind;
            let (reason, maybe_address, return_data) = match runtime_kind {
                RuntimeKind::Create(created_address) => {
                    let (reason, maybe_address, return_data) = self.exit_substate_for_create(
                        created_address,
                        reason,
                        runtime.inner.machine().return_value(),
                    );
                    (reason, maybe_address, return_data)
                }
                RuntimeKind::Call(code_address) => {
                    let return_data = self.exit_substate_for_call(
                        code_address,
                        &reason,
                        runtime.inner.machine().return_value(),
                    );
                    (reason, None, return_data)
                }
                RuntimeKind::Execute => (reason, None, runtime.inner.machine().return_value()),
            };
            // We're done with that runtime now, so can pop it off the call stack
            call_stack.pop();
            // Now pass the results from that runtime on to the next one in the stack
            let Some(runtime) = call_stack.last_mut() else {
                return (reason, None, return_data);
            };
            emit_exit!(&reason, &return_data);
            let inner_runtime = &mut runtime.inner;
            let maybe_error = match runtime_kind {
                RuntimeKind::Create(_) => {
                    inner_runtime.finish_create(reason, maybe_address, return_data)
                }
                RuntimeKind::Call(_) | RuntimeKind::Execute => {
                    inner_runtime.finish_call(reason, return_data)
                }
            };
            // Early exit if passing on the result caused an error
            if let Err(e) = maybe_error {
                return (e, None, Vec::new());
            }
        }
    }

    /// Get remaining gas.
    pub fn gas(&self) -> u64 {
        self.state.metadata().gasometer.gas()
    }

    fn record_create_transaction_cost(
        &mut self,
        init_code: &[u8],
        access_list: &[(H160, Vec<H256>)],
    ) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        let transaction_cost = gasometer::create_transaction_cost(init_code, access_list);
        let gasometer = &mut self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer;
        gasometer.record_transaction(transaction_cost)
    }

    fn maybe_record_init_code_cost(&mut self, init_code: &[u8]) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        if let Some(limit) = self.config.max_initcode_size {
            // EIP-3860
            if init_code.len() > limit {
                self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.fail();
                return Err(ExitError::CreateContractLimit);
            }
            return self
                .state
                .metadata_mut()
                .gasometer
                .record_cost(gasometer::init_code_cost(init_code));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Execute a `CREATE` transaction.
    pub fn transact_create(
        &mut self,
        caller: H160,
        value: U256,
        init_code: Vec<u8>,
        gas_limit: u64,
        access_list: Vec<(H160, Vec<H256>)>, // See EIP-2930
    ) -> (ExitReason, Vec<u8>) {
        if self.nonce(caller) >= U64_MAX {
            return (ExitError::MaxNonce.into(), Vec::new());
        }

        let address = self.create_address(CreateScheme::Legacy { caller });

        event!(TransactCreate {
            caller,
            value,
            init_code: &init_code,
            gas_limit,
            address,
        });

        if let Some(limit) = self.config.max_initcode_size {
            if init_code.len() > limit {
                self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.fail();
                return emit_exit!(ExitError::CreateContractLimit.into(), Vec::new());
            }
        }

        if let Err(e) = self.record_create_transaction_cost(&init_code, &access_list) {
            return emit_exit!(e.into(), Vec::new());
        }

        self.warm_addresses_and_storage(caller, address, access_list);

        match self.create_inner(
            caller,
            CreateScheme::Legacy { caller },
            value,
            init_code,
            Some(gas_limit),
            false,
        ) {
            Capture::Exit((s, v)) => emit_exit!(s, v),
            Capture::Trap(rt) => {
                let mut cs: SmallVec<[TaggedRuntime<'_>; DEFAULT_CALL_STACK_CAPACITY]> =
                    smallvec!(rt.0);
                let (s, _, v) = self.execute_with_call_stack(&mut cs);
                emit_exit!(s, v)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Same as `CREATE` but uses a specified address for created smart contract.
    #[cfg(feature = "create-fixed")]
    pub fn transact_create_fixed(
        &mut self,
        caller: H160,
        address: H160,
        value: U256,
        init_code: Vec<u8>,
        gas_limit: u64,
        access_list: Vec<(H160, Vec<H256>)>, // See EIP-2930
    ) -> (ExitReason, Vec<u8>) {
        let address = self.create_address(CreateScheme::Fixed(address));

        event!(TransactCreate {
            caller,
            value,
            init_code: &init_code,
            gas_limit,
            address
        });

        if let Err(e) = self.record_create_transaction_cost(&init_code, &access_list) {
            return emit_exit!(e.into(), Vec::new());
        }

        self.warm_addresses_and_storage(caller, address, access_list);

        match self.create_inner(
            caller,
            CreateScheme::Fixed(address),
            value,
            init_code,
            Some(gas_limit),
            false,
        ) {
            Capture::Exit((s, v)) => emit_exit!(s, v),
            Capture::Trap(rt) => {
                let mut cs: SmallVec<[TaggedRuntime<'_>; DEFAULT_CALL_STACK_CAPACITY]> =
                    smallvec!(rt.0);
                let (s, _, v) = self.execute_with_call_stack(&mut cs);
                emit_exit!(s, v)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Execute a `CREATE2` transaction.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn transact_create2(
        &mut self,
        caller: H160,
        value: U256,
        init_code: Vec<u8>,
        salt: H256,
        gas_limit: u64,
        access_list: Vec<(H160, Vec<H256>)>, // See EIP-2930
    ) -> (ExitReason, Vec<u8>) {
        if let Some(limit) = self.config.max_initcode_size {
            if init_code.len() > limit {
                self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.fail();
                return emit_exit!(ExitError::CreateContractLimit.into(), Vec::new());
            }
        }

        let code_hash =
            H256::from_slice(<[u8; 32]>::from(Keccak256::digest(&init_code)).as_slice());
        let address = self.create_address(CreateScheme::Create2 {
            caller,
            code_hash,
            salt,
        });
        event!(TransactCreate2 {
            caller,
            value,
            init_code: &init_code,
            salt,
            gas_limit,
            address,
        });

        if let Err(e) = self.record_create_transaction_cost(&init_code, &access_list) {
            return emit_exit!(e.into(), Vec::new());
        }

        self.warm_addresses_and_storage(caller, address, access_list);

        match self.create_inner(
            caller,
            CreateScheme::Create2 {
                caller,
                code_hash,
                salt,
            },
            value,
            init_code,
            Some(gas_limit),
            false,
        ) {
            Capture::Exit((s, v)) => emit_exit!(s, v),
            Capture::Trap(rt) => {
                let mut cs: SmallVec<[TaggedRuntime<'_>; DEFAULT_CALL_STACK_CAPACITY]> =
                    smallvec!(rt.0);
                let (s, _, v) = self.execute_with_call_stack(&mut cs);
                emit_exit!(s, v)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Execute a `CALL` transaction with a given parameters
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    /// - `access_list` associated to [EIP-2930: Optional access lists](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2930)
    /// - `authorization_list` associated to [EIP-7702: Authorized accounts](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7702)
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn transact_call(
        &mut self,
        caller: H160,
        address: H160,
        value: U256,
        data: Vec<u8>,
        gas_limit: u64,
        access_list: Vec<(H160, Vec<H256>)>,
        authorization_list: Vec<Authorization>,
    ) -> (ExitReason, Vec<u8>) {
        event!(TransactCall {
            caller,
            address,
            value,
            data: &data,
            gas_limit,
        });

        if self.nonce(caller) >= U64_MAX {
            return (ExitError::MaxNonce.into(), Vec::new());
        }

        let transaction_cost =
            gasometer::call_transaction_cost(&data, &access_list, authorization_list.len());
        let gasometer = &mut self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer;
        match gasometer.record_transaction(transaction_cost) {
            Ok(()) => (),
            Err(e) => return emit_exit!(e.into(), Vec::new()),
        }

        if let Err(e) = self.state.inc_nonce(caller) {
            return (e.into(), Vec::new());
        }

        self.warm_addresses_and_storage(caller, address, access_list);
        // EIP-7702. authorized accounts
        // NOTE: it must be after `inc_nonce`
        if let Err(e) = self.authorized_accounts(authorization_list) {
            return (e.into(), Vec::new());
        }

        let context = Context {
            caller,
            address,
            apparent_value: value,
        };

        match self.call_inner(
            address,
            Some(Transfer {
                source: caller,
                target: address,
                value,
            }),
            data,
            Some(gas_limit),
            false,
            false,
            false,
            context,
        ) {
            Capture::Exit((s, v)) => emit_exit!(s, v),
            Capture::Trap(rt) => {
                let mut cs: SmallVec<[TaggedRuntime<'_>; DEFAULT_CALL_STACK_CAPACITY]> =
                    smallvec!(rt.0);
                let (s, _, v) = self.execute_with_call_stack(&mut cs);
                emit_exit!(s, v)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Get used gas for the current executor, given the price.
    pub fn used_gas(&self) -> u64 {
        // Avoid uncontrolled `u64` casting
        let refunded_gas =
            u64::try_from(self.state.metadata().gasometer.refunded_gas()).unwrap_or_default();
        let total_used_gas = self.state.metadata().gasometer.total_used_gas();
        let total_used_gas_refunded = self.state.metadata().gasometer.total_used_gas()
            - min(
                total_used_gas / self.config.max_refund_quotient,
                refunded_gas,
            );
        // EIP-7623: max(total_used_gas, floor_gas)
        if self.config.has_floor_gas
            && total_used_gas_refunded < self.state.metadata().gasometer.floor_gas()
        {
            self.state.metadata().gasometer.floor_gas()
        } else {
            total_used_gas_refunded
        }
    }

    /// Get fee needed for the current executor, given the price.
    pub fn fee(&self, price: U256) -> U256 {
        let used_gas = self.used_gas();
        U256::from(used_gas).saturating_mul(price)
    }

    /// Get account nonce.
    /// NOTE: we don't need to cache it as by default it's `MemoryStackState` with cache flow
    pub fn nonce(&self, address: H160) -> U256 {
        self.state.basic(address).nonce
    }

    /// Check if the existing account is "create collision".
    /// [EIP-7610](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7610)
    pub fn is_create_collision(&self, address: H160) -> bool {
        !self.code(address).is_empty()
            || self.nonce(address) > U256_ZERO
            || !self.state.is_empty_storage(address)
    }

    /// Get the created address from given scheme.
    pub fn create_address(&self, scheme: CreateScheme) -> H160 {
        match scheme {
            CreateScheme::Create2 {
                caller,
                code_hash,
                salt,
            } => {
                let mut hasher = Keccak256::new();
                hasher.update([0xff]);
                hasher.update(&caller[..]);
                hasher.update(&salt[..]);
                hasher.update(&code_hash[..]);
                H256::from_slice(<[u8; 32]>::from(hasher.finalize()).as_slice()).into()
            }
            CreateScheme::Legacy { caller } => {
                let nonce = self.nonce(caller);
                let mut stream = rlp::RlpStream::new_list(2);
                stream.append(&caller);
                stream.append(&nonce);
                H256::from_slice(<[u8; 32]>::from(Keccak256::digest(stream.out())).as_slice())
                    .into()
            }
            CreateScheme::Fixed(address) => address,
        }
    }

    /// According to `EIP-2930` - `access_list` should be warmed.
    /// This function warms addresses and storage keys.
    ///
    /// [EIP-2930: Optional access lists](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2930)
    pub fn warm_access_list(&mut self, access_list: Vec<(H160, Vec<H256>)>) {
        let addresses = access_list.iter().map(|a| a.0);
        self.state.metadata_mut().access_addresses(addresses);

        let storage_keys = access_list
            .into_iter()
            .flat_map(|(address, keys)| keys.into_iter().map(move |key| (address, key)));
        self.state.metadata_mut().access_storages(storage_keys);
    }

    /// Warm addresses and storage keys.
    /// - According to `EIP-2929` the addresses should be warmed:
    ///   1. caller (tx.sender)
    ///   2. address (tx.to or the address being created if it is a contract creation transaction)
    /// - Warm coinbase according to `EIP-3651`
    /// - Warm `access_list` according to `EIP-2931`
    ///
    /// ## References
    /// - [EIP-2929: Gas cost increases for state access opcodes](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2929)
    /// - [EIP-2930: Optional access lists](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2930)
    /// - [EIP-3651: Warm COINBASE](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3651)
    fn warm_addresses_and_storage(
        &mut self,
        caller: H160,
        address: H160,
        access_list: Vec<(H160, Vec<H256>)>,
    ) {
        if self.config.increase_state_access_gas {
            if self.config.warm_coinbase_address {
                // Warm coinbase address for EIP-3651
                let coinbase = self.block_coinbase();
                self.state
                    .metadata_mut()
                    .access_addresses([caller, address, coinbase].iter().copied());
            } else {
                self.state
                    .metadata_mut()
                    .access_addresses([caller, address].iter().copied());
            }

            self.warm_access_list(access_list);
        }
    }

    /// Authorized accounts behavior.
    ///
    /// According to `EIP-7702` behavior section should be several steps of verifications.
    /// Current function includes steps 2.4-9 from the spec:
    /// 2. Verify the `nonce` is less than `2**64 - 1`.
    /// 4. Add `authority` to `accessed_addresses`
    /// 5. Verify the code of `authority` is either empty or already delegated.
    /// 6. Verify the `nonce` of `authority` is equal to `nonce` (of address).
    /// 7. Add `PER_EMPTY_ACCOUNT_COST - PER_AUTH_BASE_COST` gas to the global refund counter if authority exists in the trie.
    /// 8. Set the code of `authority` to be `0xef0100 || address`. This is a delegation designation.
    /// 9. Increase the `nonce` of `authority` by one.
    ///
    /// It means, that steps 1,3 of spec must be passed before calling this function:
    /// 1. Verify the chain id is either 0 or the chain’s current ID.
    /// 3. `authority = ecrecover(...)`
    ///
    /// See: [EIP-7702](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7702#behavior)
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    /// Return error if nonce increment return error.
    fn authorized_accounts(
        &mut self,
        authorization_list: Vec<Authorization>,
    ) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        if !self.config.has_authorization_list {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let mut refunded_accounts = 0;

        let state = self.state_mut();
        let mut warm_authority: Vec<H160> = Vec::with_capacity(authorization_list.len());
        for authority in authorization_list {
            // If EIP-7702 Spec validation steps 1, 3 return false.
            if !authority.is_valid {
                continue;
            }

            // 2. Verify the `nonce` is less than `2**64 - 1`.
            if U256::from(authority.nonce) >= U64_MAX {
                continue;
            }

            // 4. Add authority to accessed_addresses (as defined in EIP-2929)
            warm_authority.push(authority.authority);
            // 5. Verify the code of authority is either empty or already delegated.
            let authority_code = state.code(authority.authority);
            if !authority_code.is_empty() && !Authorization::is_delegated(&authority_code) {
                continue;
            }

            // 6. Verify the nonce of authority is equal to nonce.
            if state.basic(authority.authority).nonce != U256::from(authority.nonce) {
                continue;
            }

            // 7. Add PER_EMPTY_ACCOUNT_COST - PER_AUTH_BASE_COST gas to the global refund counter if authority exists in the trie.
            if !state.is_empty(authority.authority) {
                refunded_accounts += 1;
            }
            // 8. Set the code of authority to be `0xef0100 || address`. This is a delegation designation.
            // * As a special case, if address is 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 do not write the designation.
            //   Clear the account’s code.
            let delegation_clearing = if authority.address.is_zero() {
                state.set_code(authority.authority, Vec::new());
                true
            } else {
                state.set_code(authority.authority, authority.delegation_code());
                false
            };
            // 9. Increase the nonce of authority by one.
            state.inc_nonce(authority.authority)?;

            // Add/Remove to authority access list cache
            if delegation_clearing {
                state.metadata_mut().remove_authority(authority.authority);
            } else {
                state
                    .metadata_mut()
                    .add_authority(authority.authority, authority.address);
            }
        }
        // Warm addresses for [Step 4].
        self.state
            .metadata_mut()
            .access_addresses(warm_authority.into_iter());

        self.state
            .metadata_mut()
            .gasometer
            .record_authority_refund(refunded_accounts)
    }

    /// Calculate gas limit and record it in the gasometer.
    fn calc_gas_limit_and_record(
        &mut self,
        target_gas: Option<u64>,
        take_l64: bool,
    ) -> Result<u64, ExitError> {
        let initial_after_gas = self.state.metadata().gasometer.gas();
        let after_gas = if take_l64 && self.config.call_l64_after_gas {
            if self.config.estimate {
                let diff = initial_after_gas - l64(initial_after_gas);
                self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.record_cost(diff)?;
                initial_after_gas
            } else {
                l64(initial_after_gas)
            }
        } else {
            initial_after_gas
        };
        let target_gas = target_gas.unwrap_or(after_gas);
        let gas_limit = min(target_gas, after_gas);
        self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.record_cost(gas_limit)?;
        Ok(gas_limit)
    }

    fn create_inner(
        &mut self,
        caller: H160,
        scheme: CreateScheme,
        value: U256,
        init_code: Vec<u8>,
        target_gas: Option<u64>,
        take_l64: bool,
    ) -> Capture<(ExitReason, Vec<u8>), StackExecutorCreateInterrupt<'static>> {
        if self.nonce(caller) >= U64_MAX {
            return Capture::Exit((ExitError::MaxNonce.into(), Vec::new()));
        }

        // Warm address for EIP-2929
        let address = self.create_address(scheme);
        self.state
            .metadata_mut()
            .access_addresses([caller, address].iter().copied());

        event!(Create {
            caller,
            address,
            scheme,
            value,
            init_code: &init_code,
            target_gas
        });

        if let Some(depth) = self.state.metadata().depth {
            // As Depth incremented in `enter_substate` we must check depth counter
            // early to verify exceeding Stack limit. It allows avoid
            // issue with wrong detection `CallTooDeep` for Create.
            if depth + 1 > self.config.call_stack_limit {
                return Capture::Exit((ExitError::CallTooDeep.into(), Vec::new()));
            }
        }

        // Check is transfer value is enough
        if self.balance(caller) < value {
            return Capture::Exit((ExitError::OutOfFund.into(), Vec::new()));
        }

        let gas_limit = try_or_fail!(self.calc_gas_limit_and_record(target_gas, take_l64));

        // Check nonce and increment it for caller
        try_or_fail!(self.state.inc_nonce(caller));

        // Check create collision: EIP-7610
        if self.is_create_collision(address) {
            return Capture::Exit((ExitError::CreateCollision.into(), Vec::new()));
        }

        // Enter to execution substate
        self.enter_substate(gas_limit, false);

        // Check nonce and increment it for created address after  entering substate
        if self.config.create_increase_nonce {
            try_or_fail!(self.state.inc_nonce(address));
        }

        // Transfer funds if needed
        let transfer = Transfer {
            source: caller,
            target: address,
            value,
        };
        match self.state.transfer(transfer) {
            Ok(()) => (),
            Err(e) => {
                let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Reverted);
                return Capture::Exit((ExitReason::Error(e), Vec::new()));
            }
        }
        // It needed for CANCUN hard fork EIP-6780 we should mark account as created
        // to handle SELFDESTRUCT in the same transaction
        self.state.set_created(address);

        // Init EVM runtime in Context
        let context = Context {
            address,
            caller,
            apparent_value: value,
        };
        let runtime = Runtime::new(
            Rc::new(init_code),
            Rc::new(Vec::new()),
            context,
            self.config.stack_limit,
            self.config.memory_limit,
        );

        // Set Runtime kind with pre-init Runtime and return Trap, that mean continue execution
        Capture::Trap(StackExecutorCreateInterrupt(TaggedRuntime {
            kind: RuntimeKind::Create(address),
            inner: MaybeBorrowed::Owned(runtime),
        }))
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, clippy::too_many_lines)]
    fn call_inner(
        &mut self,
        code_address: H160,
        transfer: Option<Transfer>,
        input: Vec<u8>,
        target_gas: Option<u64>,
        is_static: bool,
        take_l64: bool,
        take_stipend: bool,
        context: Context,
    ) -> Capture<(ExitReason, Vec<u8>), StackExecutorCallInterrupt<'static>> {
        event!(Call {
            code_address,
            transfer: &transfer,
            input: &input,
            target_gas,
            is_static,
            context: &context,
        });

        let mut gas_limit = try_or_fail!(self.calc_gas_limit_and_record(target_gas, take_l64));

        if let Some(transfer) = transfer.as_ref() {
            if take_stipend && transfer.value != U256_ZERO {
                gas_limit = gas_limit.saturating_add(self.config.call_stipend);
            }
        }

        // EIP-7702 - get delegated designation address code
        // Detect loop for Delegated designation
        let code = self.authority_code(code_address);
        // Warm Delegated address after access
        if let Some(target_address) = self.get_authority_target(code_address) {
            self.warm_target((target_address, None));
        }

        self.enter_substate(gas_limit, is_static);
        self.state.touch(context.address);

        if let Some(depth) = self.state.metadata().depth {
            if depth > self.config.call_stack_limit {
                let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Reverted);
                return Capture::Exit((ExitError::CallTooDeep.into(), Vec::new()));
            }
        }

        // Transfer funds if needed
        if let Some(transfer) = transfer {
            match self.state.transfer(transfer) {
                Ok(()) => (),
                Err(e) => {
                    let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Reverted);
                    return Capture::Exit((ExitReason::Error(e), Vec::new()));
                }
            }
        }

        // At this point, the state has been modified in enter_substate to
        // reflect both the is_static parameter of this call and the is_static
        // of the caller context.
        let precompile_is_static = self.state.metadata().is_static();
        if let Some(result) = self.precompile_set.execute(&mut StackExecutorHandle {
            executor: self,
            code_address,
            input: &input,
            gas_limit: Some(gas_limit),
            context: &context,
            is_static: precompile_is_static,
        }) {
            return match result {
                Ok(PrecompileOutput {
                    exit_status,
                    output,
                }) => {
                    let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Succeeded);
                    Capture::Exit((ExitReason::Succeed(exit_status), output))
                }
                Err(PrecompileFailure::Error { exit_status }) => {
                    let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Failed);
                    Capture::Exit((ExitReason::Error(exit_status), Vec::new()))
                }
                Err(PrecompileFailure::Revert {
                    exit_status,
                    output,
                }) => {
                    let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Reverted);
                    Capture::Exit((ExitReason::Revert(exit_status), output))
                }
                Err(PrecompileFailure::Fatal { exit_status }) => {
                    self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.fail();
                    let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Failed);
                    Capture::Exit((ExitReason::Fatal(exit_status), Vec::new()))
                }
            };
        }

        let runtime = Runtime::new(
            Rc::new(code),
            Rc::new(input),
            context,
            self.config.stack_limit,
            self.config.memory_limit,
        );

        Capture::Trap(StackExecutorCallInterrupt(TaggedRuntime {
            kind: RuntimeKind::Call(code_address),
            inner: MaybeBorrowed::Owned(runtime),
        }))
    }

    fn exit_substate_for_create(
        &mut self,
        created_address: H160,
        reason: ExitReason,
        return_data: Vec<u8>,
    ) -> (ExitReason, Option<H160>, Vec<u8>) {
        // EIP-3541: Reject new contract code starting with the 0xEF byte (EOF Magic)
        fn check_first_byte_eof_magic(config: &Config, code: &[u8]) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
            if config.disallow_executable_format && Some(&0xEF) == code.first() {
                return Err(ExitError::CreateContractStartingWithEF);
            }
            Ok(())
        }

        log::debug!(target: "evm", "Create execution using address {created_address}: {reason:?}");

        match reason {
            ExitReason::Succeed(s) => {
                let out = return_data;
                let address = created_address;
                // As of EIP-3541 code starting with 0xef cannot be deployed
                if let Err(e) = check_first_byte_eof_magic(self.config, &out) {
                    self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.fail();
                    let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Failed);
                    return (e.into(), None, Vec::new());
                }

                if let Some(limit) = self.config.create_contract_limit {
                    if out.len() > limit {
                        self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.fail();
                        let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Failed);
                        return (ExitError::CreateContractLimit.into(), None, Vec::new());
                    }
                }

                match self
                    .state
                    .metadata_mut()
                    .gasometer
                    .record_deposit(out.len())
                {
                    Ok(()) => {
                        let exit_result = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Succeeded);
                        event!(CreateOutput {
                            address,
                            code: &out,
                        });
                        self.state.set_code(address, out);
                        if let Err(e) = exit_result {
                            return (e.into(), None, Vec::new());
                        }
                        (ExitReason::Succeed(s), Some(address), Vec::new())
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Failed);
                        (ExitReason::Error(e), None, Vec::new())
                    }
                }
            }
            ExitReason::Error(e) => {
                self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.fail();
                let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Failed);
                (ExitReason::Error(e), None, Vec::new())
            }
            ExitReason::Revert(e) => {
                let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Reverted);
                (ExitReason::Revert(e), None, return_data)
            }
            ExitReason::Fatal(e) => {
                self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.fail();
                let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Failed);
                (ExitReason::Fatal(e), None, Vec::new())
            }
        }
    }

    fn exit_substate_for_call(
        &mut self,
        code_address: H160,
        reason: &ExitReason,
        return_data: Vec<u8>,
    ) -> Vec<u8> {
        log::debug!(target: "evm", "Call execution using address {code_address}: {reason:?}");
        match reason {
            ExitReason::Succeed(_) => {
                let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Succeeded);
                return_data
            }
            ExitReason::Error(_) => {
                let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Failed);
                Vec::new()
            }
            ExitReason::Revert(_) => {
                let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Reverted);
                return_data
            }
            ExitReason::Fatal(_) => {
                self.state.metadata_mut().gasometer.fail();
                let _ = self.exit_substate(&StackExitKind::Failed);
                Vec::new()
            }
        }
    }

    /// Check whether an address has already been created.
    fn is_created(&self, address: H160) -> bool {
        self.state.is_created(address)
    }
}

impl<'config, S: StackState<'config>, P: PrecompileSet> InterpreterHandler
    for StackExecutor<'config, '_, S, P>
{
    #[inline]
    fn before_bytecode(
        &mut self,
        opcode: Opcode,
        _pc: usize,
        machine: &Machine,
        address: &H160,
    ) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        #[cfg(feature = "tracing")]
        {
            use crate::runtime::tracing::Event::Step;
            crate::runtime::tracing::with(|listener| {
                #[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)]
                listener.event(Step {
                    address: *address,
                    opcode,
                    position: &Ok(_pc),
                    stack: machine.stack(),
                    memory: machine.memory(),
                });
            });
        }

        #[cfg(feature = "print-debug")]
        println!("### {opcode}");
        if let Some(cost) = gasometer::static_opcode_cost(opcode) {
            self.state
                .metadata_mut()
                .gasometer
                .record_cost(u64::from(cost))?;
        } else {
            let is_static = self.state.metadata().is_static;
            let (gas_cost, memory_cost) = gasometer::dynamic_opcode_cost(
                *address,
                opcode,
                machine.stack(),
                is_static,
                self.config,
                self,
            )?;

            self.state
                .metadata_mut()
                .gasometer
                .record_dynamic_cost(gas_cost, memory_cost)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "tracing")]
    #[inline]
    fn after_bytecode(
        &mut self,
        result: &Result<(), Capture<ExitReason, crate::core::Trap>>,
        machine: &Machine,
    ) {
        use crate::runtime::tracing::Event::StepResult;
        crate::runtime::tracing::with(|listener| {
            listener.event(StepResult {
                result,
                return_value: machine.return_value().as_slice(),
            });
        });
    }
}

pub struct StackExecutorCallInterrupt<'borrow>(TaggedRuntime<'borrow>);

pub struct StackExecutorCreateInterrupt<'borrow>(TaggedRuntime<'borrow>);

impl<'config, S: StackState<'config>, P: PrecompileSet> Handler
    for StackExecutor<'config, '_, S, P>
{
    type CreateInterrupt = StackExecutorCreateInterrupt<'static>;
    type CreateFeedback = Infallible;
    type CallInterrupt = StackExecutorCallInterrupt<'static>;
    type CallFeedback = Infallible;

    /// Get account balance
    /// NOTE: we don't need to cache it as by default it's `MemoryStackState` with cache flow
    fn balance(&self, address: H160) -> U256 {
        self.state.basic(address).balance
    }

    /// Fetch the code size of an address.
    /// Provide a default implementation by fetching the code.
    ///
    /// According to EIP-7702, the code size of an address is the size of the
    /// delegated address code size.
    /// <https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7702#delegation-designation>
    fn code_size(&mut self, address: H160) -> U256 {
        let target_code = self.code(address);
        U256::from(target_code.len())
    }

    /// Fetch the code hash of an address.
    /// Provide a default implementation by fetching the code.
    ///
    /// According to EIP-7702, the code hash of an address is the hash of the
    /// delegated address code hash.
    /// <https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7702#delegation-designation>
    fn code_hash(&mut self, address: H160) -> H256 {
        if !self.exists(address) {
            return H256::default();
        }
        let code = self.code(address);
        H256::from_slice(<[u8; 32]>::from(Keccak256::digest(code)).as_slice())
    }

    /// Get account code
    fn code(&self, address: H160) -> Vec<u8> {
        self.state.code(address)
    }

    /// Get account storage by index
    fn storage(&self, address: H160, index: H256) -> H256 {
        self.state.storage(address, index)
    }

    /// Check is account storage empty
    fn is_empty_storage(&self, address: H160) -> bool {
        self.state.is_empty(address)
    }

    fn original_storage(&self, address: H160, index: H256) -> H256 {
        self.state
            .original_storage(address, index)
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// Check is account exists on backend side
    fn exists(&self, address: H160) -> bool {
        if self.config.empty_considered_exists {
            self.state.exists(address)
        } else {
            self.state.exists(address) && !self.state.is_empty(address)
        }
    }

    fn is_cold(&mut self, address: H160, maybe_index: Option<H256>) -> bool {
        match maybe_index {
            None => !self.precompile_set.is_precompile(address) && self.state.is_cold(address),
            Some(index) => self.state.is_storage_cold(address, index),
        }
    }

    fn gas_left(&self) -> U256 {
        U256::from(self.state.metadata().gasometer.gas())
    }

    fn gas_price(&self) -> U256 {
        self.state.gas_price()
    }

    fn origin(&self) -> H160 {
        self.state.origin()
    }

    fn block_hash(&self, number: U256) -> H256 {
        self.state.block_hash(number)
    }
    fn block_number(&self) -> U256 {
        self.state.block_number()
    }
    fn block_coinbase(&self) -> H160 {
        self.state.block_coinbase()
    }
    fn block_timestamp(&self) -> U256 {
        self.state.block_timestamp()
    }
    fn block_difficulty(&self) -> U256 {
        self.state.block_difficulty()
    }
    fn block_randomness(&self) -> Option<H256> {
        self.state.block_randomness()
    }
    fn block_gas_limit(&self) -> U256 {
        self.state.block_gas_limit()
    }
    fn block_base_fee_per_gas(&self) -> U256 {
        self.state.block_base_fee_per_gas()
    }
    fn chain_id(&self) -> U256 {
        self.state.chain_id()
    }
    fn deleted(&self, address: H160) -> bool {
        self.state.deleted(address)
    }

    fn set_storage(&mut self, address: H160, index: H256, value: H256) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        self.state.set_storage(address, index, value);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn log(&mut self, address: H160, topics: Vec<H256>, data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        self.state.log(address, topics, data);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Mark account as deleted
    /// - SELFDESTRUCT - CANCUN hard fork: EIP-6780
    fn mark_delete(&mut self, address: H160, target: H160) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        let is_created = self.is_created(address);
        // SELFDESTRUCT - CANCUN hard fork: EIP-6780 - selfdestruct only if contract is created in the same tx
        if self.config.has_restricted_selfdestruct && !is_created && address == target {
            // State is not changed:
            // * if we are after Cancun upgrade specify the target is
            // same as selfdestructed account. The balance stays unchanged.
            return Ok(());
        }

        let balance = self.balance(address);

        event!(Suicide {
            target,
            address,
            balance,
        });

        self.state.transfer(Transfer {
            source: address,
            target,
            value: balance,
        })?;
        self.state.reset_balance(address);
        // For CANCUN hard fork SELFDESTRUCT (EIP-6780) state is not changed
        // or if SELFDESTRUCT in the same TX - account should selfdestruct
        if !self.config.has_restricted_selfdestruct || self.is_created(address) {
            self.state.set_deleted(address);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "tracing"))]
    fn create(
        &mut self,
        caller: H160,
        scheme: CreateScheme,
        value: U256,
        init_code: Vec<u8>,
        target_gas: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Capture<(ExitReason, Vec<u8>), Self::CreateInterrupt> {
        if let Err(e) = self.maybe_record_init_code_cost(&init_code) {
            let reason: ExitReason = e.into();
            emit_exit!(reason.clone());
            return Capture::Exit((reason, Vec::new()));
        }
        self.create_inner(caller, scheme, value, init_code, target_gas, true)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "tracing")]
    fn create(
        &mut self,
        caller: H160,
        scheme: CreateScheme,
        value: U256,
        init_code: Vec<u8>,
        target_gas: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Capture<(ExitReason, Vec<u8>), Self::CreateInterrupt> {
        if let Err(e) = self.maybe_record_init_code_cost(&init_code) {
            let reason: ExitReason = e.into();
            emit_exit!(reason.clone());
            return Capture::Exit((reason, Vec::new()));
        }

        let capture = self.create_inner(caller, scheme, value, init_code, target_gas, true);

        if let Capture::Exit((ref reason, ref return_value)) = capture {
            emit_exit!(reason, return_value);
        }

        capture
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "tracing"))]
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        code_address: H160,
        transfer: Option<Transfer>,
        input: Vec<u8>,
        target_gas: Option<u64>,
        is_static: bool,
        context: Context,
    ) -> Capture<(ExitReason, Vec<u8>), Self::CallInterrupt> {
        self.call_inner(
            code_address,
            transfer,
            input,
            target_gas,
            is_static,
            true,
            true,
            context,
        )
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "tracing")]
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        code_address: H160,
        transfer: Option<Transfer>,
        input: Vec<u8>,
        target_gas: Option<u64>,
        is_static: bool,
        context: Context,
    ) -> Capture<(ExitReason, Vec<u8>), Self::CallInterrupt> {
        let capture = self.call_inner(
            code_address,
            transfer,
            input,
            target_gas,
            is_static,
            true,
            true,
            context,
        );

        if let Capture::Exit((ref reason, ref return_value)) = capture {
            emit_exit!(reason, return_value);
        }

        capture
    }

    fn record_external_operation(&mut self, op: crate::ExternalOperation) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        self.state.record_external_operation(op)
    }

    /// Returns `None` if `Cancun` hard fork is not enabled
    /// via `has_blob_base_fee` config.
    ///
    /// [EIP-4844]: Shard Blob Transactions
    /// [EIP-7516]: BLOBBASEFEE instruction
    fn blob_base_fee(&self) -> Option<u128> {
        if self.config.has_blob_base_fee {
            self.state.blob_gas_price()
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn get_blob_hash(&self, index: usize) -> Option<U256> {
        if self.config.has_shard_blob_transactions {
            self.state.get_blob_hash(index)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn tstore(&mut self, address: H160, index: H256, value: U256) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        if self.config.has_transient_storage {
            self.state.tstore(address, index, value)
        } else {
            Err(ExitError::InvalidCode(Opcode::TSTORE))
        }
    }

    fn tload(&mut self, address: H160, index: H256) -> Result<U256, ExitError> {
        if self.config.has_transient_storage {
            self.state.tload(address, index)
        } else {
            Err(ExitError::InvalidCode(Opcode::TLOAD))
        }
    }

    /// Return the target address of the authority delegation designation (EIP-7702).
    fn get_authority_target(&mut self, address: H160) -> Option<H160> {
        if self.config.has_authorization_list {
            self.state.get_authority_target(address)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Get delegation designator code for the authority code.
    /// If the code of address is delegation designator, then retrieve code
    /// from the designation address for the `authority`.
    /// Detect delegated designation loop and return basic byte code for loop.
    ///
    /// It's related to [EIP-7702 Delegation Designation](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7702#delegation-designation)
    /// When authority code is found, it should set delegated address to `authority_access` array for
    /// calculating additional gas cost. Gas must be charged for the authority address and
    /// for delegated address, for detection is address warm or cold.
    fn authority_code(&mut self, authority: H160) -> Vec<u8> {
        if !self.config.has_authorization_list {
            return self.code(authority);
        }
        // Check if it is a loop for Delegated designation
        self.get_authority_target(authority).map_or_else(
            || self.code(authority),
            |target_address| self.code(target_address),
        )
    }

    // Warm target according to EIP-2929
    // It warm up the target address or storage value by key. If in the target tuple
    // the storage is `None` then it's warming up the address.
    fn warm_target(&mut self, target: (H160, Option<H256>)) {
        match target {
            (address, None) => self.state.metadata_mut().access_address(address),
            (address, Some(key)) => self.state.metadata_mut().access_storage(address, key),
        }
    }
}

struct StackExecutorHandle<'inner, 'config, 'precompiles, S, P> {
    executor: &'inner mut StackExecutor<'config, 'precompiles, S, P>,
    code_address: H160,
    input: &'inner [u8],
    gas_limit: Option<u64>,
    context: &'inner Context,
    is_static: bool,
}

impl<'config, S: StackState<'config>, P: PrecompileSet> PrecompileHandle
    for StackExecutorHandle<'_, 'config, '_, S, P>
{
    // Perform subcall in provided context.
    /// Precompile specifies in which context the subcall is executed.
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        code_address: H160,
        transfer: Option<Transfer>,
        input: Vec<u8>,
        gas_limit: Option<u64>,
        is_static: bool,
        context: &Context,
    ) -> (ExitReason, Vec<u8>) {
        // For normal calls the cost is recorded at opcode level.
        // Since we don't go through opcodes we need manually record the call
        // cost. Not doing so will make the code panic as recording the call stipend
        // will do an underflow.
        let target_is_cold = self.executor.is_cold(code_address, None);
        let delegated_designator_is_cold = self
            .executor
            .get_authority_target(code_address)
            .map(|target| self.executor.is_cold(target, None));

        let gas_cost = gasometer::GasCost::Call {
            value: transfer.clone().map_or(U256_ZERO, |x| x.value),
            gas: U256::from(gas_limit.unwrap_or(u64::MAX)),
            target_is_cold,
            delegated_designator_is_cold,
            target_exists: self.executor.exists(code_address),
        };

        // We record the length of the input.
        let memory_cost = Some(gasometer::MemoryCost {
            offset: 0,
            len: input.len(),
        });

        if let Err(error) = self
            .executor
            .state
            .metadata_mut()
            .gasometer
            .record_dynamic_cost(gas_cost, memory_cost)
        {
            return (ExitReason::Error(error), Vec::new());
        }

        event!(PrecompileSubcall {
            code_address,
            transfer: &transfer,
            input: &input,
            target_gas: gas_limit,
            is_static,
            context
        });

        // Perform the subcall
        match Handler::call(
            self.executor,
            code_address,
            transfer,
            input,
            gas_limit,
            is_static,
            context.clone(),
        ) {
            Capture::Exit((s, v)) => (s, v),
            Capture::Trap(rt) => {
                // Ideally this would pass the interrupt back to the executor so it could be
                // handled like any other call, however the type signature of this function does
                // not allow it. For now we'll make a recursive call instead of making a breaking
                // change to the precompile API. But this means a custom precompile could still
                // potentially cause a stack overflow if you're not careful.
                let mut call_stack: SmallVec<[TaggedRuntime; DEFAULT_CALL_STACK_CAPACITY]> =
                    smallvec!(rt.0);
                let (reason, _, return_data) =
                    self.executor.execute_with_call_stack(&mut call_stack);
                emit_exit!(reason, return_data)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Record cost to the Runtime gasometer.
    fn record_cost(&mut self, cost: u64) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        self.executor
            .state
            .metadata_mut()
            .gasometer
            .record_cost(cost)
    }

    /// Record Substrate specific cost.
    fn record_external_cost(
        &mut self,
        ref_time: Option<u64>,
        proof_size: Option<u64>,
        storage_growth: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        self.executor
            .state
            .record_external_cost(ref_time, proof_size, storage_growth)
    }

    /// Refund Substrate specific cost.
    fn refund_external_cost(&mut self, ref_time: Option<u64>, proof_size: Option<u64>) {
        self.executor
            .state
            .refund_external_cost(ref_time, proof_size);
    }

    /// Retrieve the remaining gas.
    fn remaining_gas(&self) -> u64 {
        self.executor.state.metadata().gasometer.gas()
    }

    /// Record a log.
    fn log(&mut self, address: H160, topics: Vec<H256>, data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
        Handler::log(self.executor, address, topics, data)
    }

    /// Retrieve the code address (what is the address of the precompile being called).
    fn code_address(&self) -> H160 {
        self.code_address
    }

    /// Retrieve the input data the precompile is called with.
    fn input(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.input
    }

    /// Retrieve the context in which the precompile is executed.
    fn context(&self) -> &Context {
        self.context
    }

    /// Is the precompile call is done statically.
    fn is_static(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_static
    }

    /// Retrieve the gas limit of this call.
    fn gas_limit(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.gas_limit
    }
}