s3_auto_ranged_put.c

/**
 * Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0.
 */

#include "aws/s3/private/s3_auto_ranged_put.h"
#include "aws/s3/private/s3_checksum_context.h"
#include "aws/s3/private/s3_checksums.h"
#include "aws/s3/private/s3_list_parts.h"
#include "aws/s3/private/s3_part_streaming_input_stream.h"
#include "aws/s3/private/s3_request_messages.h"
#include "aws/s3/private/s3_util.h"
#include <aws/common/clock.h>
#include <aws/common/encoding.h>
#include <aws/common/environment.h>
#include <aws/common/string.h>
#include <aws/common/thread.h>
#include <aws/common/xml_parser.h>
#include <aws/io/stream.h>

/* TODO: better logging of steps */

static const size_t s_complete_multipart_upload_init_body_size_bytes = 512;
static const size_t s_abort_multipart_upload_init_body_size_bytes = 512;
/* For unknown length body we no longer know the number of parts. to avoid
 * resizing arrays for etags/checksums too much, those array start out with
 * capacity specified by the constant below. Note: constant has been arbitrary
 * picked to avoid using allocations and using too much memory. might change in future.
 */
static const uint32_t s_unknown_length_default_num_parts = 32;

/* Max number of parts (per meta-request) that can be: "started, but not done reading from stream".
 * Though reads are serial (only 1 part can be reading from stream at a time)
 * we may queue up more to minimize delays between each read.
 *
 * If this number is too low, there could be an avoidable delay between each read
 * (meta-request ready for more work, but client hasn't run update and given it more work yet)
 *
 * If this number is too high, early meta-requests could hog all the "work tokens"
 * (1st meta-request as queue of 100 "work tokens" that it needs to read
 * the stream for, while later meta-requests are doing nothing waiting for work tokens)
 *
 * Can be overridden via env var AWS_CRT_S3_MAX_PARTS_PENDING_READ.
 *
 * TODO: this value needs further benchmarking. */
static const uint32_t s_max_parts_pending_read_default = 5;
static const char *s_max_parts_pending_read_env_var = "AWS_CRT_S3_MAX_PARTS_PENDING_READ";
static uint32_t s_max_parts_pending_read = 0;
static aws_thread_once s_max_parts_pending_read_once = AWS_THREAD_ONCE_STATIC_INIT;

static void s_max_parts_pending_read_init(void *user_data) {
    struct aws_allocator *allocator = user_data;
    s_max_parts_pending_read = s_max_parts_pending_read_default;
    struct aws_string *from_env = aws_get_env_nonempty(allocator, s_max_parts_pending_read_env_var);
    if (from_env) {
        uint64_t parsed = 0;
        if (!aws_byte_cursor_utf8_parse_u64(aws_byte_cursor_from_string(from_env), &parsed) && parsed > 0 &&
            parsed <= UINT32_MAX) {
            s_max_parts_pending_read = (uint32_t)parsed;
            AWS_LOGF_INFO(
                AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                "Using %s=%" PRIu32 " from environment.",
                s_max_parts_pending_read_env_var,
                s_max_parts_pending_read);
        } else {
            AWS_LOGF_WARN(
                AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                "Ignoring invalid value for env var %s; using default %" PRIu32 ".",
                s_max_parts_pending_read_env_var,
                s_max_parts_pending_read_default);
        }
        aws_string_destroy(from_env);
    } else {
        AWS_LOGF_INFO(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "Using %" PRIu32 " because no value was set from environment.",
            s_max_parts_pending_read);
    }
}

static uint32_t s_get_max_parts_pending_read(struct aws_allocator *allocator) {
    aws_thread_call_once(&s_max_parts_pending_read_once, s_max_parts_pending_read_init, allocator);
    return s_max_parts_pending_read;
}

static const struct aws_byte_cursor s_create_multipart_upload_copy_headers[] = {
    AWS_BYTE_CUR_INIT_FROM_STRING_LITERAL("x-amz-server-side-encryption-customer-algorithm"),
    AWS_BYTE_CUR_INIT_FROM_STRING_LITERAL("x-amz-server-side-encryption-customer-key-MD5"),
    AWS_BYTE_CUR_INIT_FROM_STRING_LITERAL("x-amz-server-side-encryption-context"),
};

/* Data for aws_s3_auto_ranged_put's async vtable->prepare_request() job */
struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request_job {
    struct aws_allocator *allocator;
    struct aws_s3_request *request;
    /* async step: prepare type-specific message */
    struct aws_future_http_message *asyncstep_prepare_message;
    /* future to set when this job completes */
    struct aws_future_void *on_complete;
};

/* Data for async preparation of an UploadPart request */
struct aws_s3_prepare_upload_part_job {
    struct aws_allocator *allocator;
    struct aws_s3_request *request;
    /* async step: read this part from input stream */
    struct aws_future_bool *asyncstep_read_part;
    /* future to set when this job completes */
    struct aws_future_http_message *on_complete;
};

/* Data for async preparation of a CompleteMultipartUpload request */
struct aws_s3_prepare_complete_multipart_upload_job {
    struct aws_allocator *allocator;
    struct aws_s3_request *request;
    /* future to set when this job completes */
    struct aws_future_http_message *on_complete;
};

static void s_s3_meta_request_auto_ranged_put_destroy(struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request);

static void s_s3_auto_ranged_put_send_request_finish(
    struct aws_s3_connection *connection,
    struct aws_http_stream *stream,
    int error_code);

static bool s_s3_auto_ranged_put_update(
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request,
    uint32_t flags,
    struct aws_s3_request **out_request);

static void s_s3_auto_ranged_put_schedule_prepare_request(
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request,
    struct aws_s3_request *request,
    aws_s3_meta_request_prepare_request_callback_fn *callback,
    void *user_data);

static struct aws_future_void *s_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request(struct aws_s3_request *request);
static void s_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request_finish(void *user_data);

static struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_list_parts(struct aws_s3_request *request);

static struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_create_multipart_upload(struct aws_s3_request *request);

static struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_upload_part(struct aws_s3_request *request);
static void s_s3_prepare_upload_part_on_read_done(void *user_data);
static void s_s3_prepare_upload_part_finish(struct aws_s3_prepare_upload_part_job *part_prep, int error_code);

static struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_complete_multipart_upload(struct aws_s3_request *request);

static struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_abort_multipart_upload(struct aws_s3_request *request);

static void s_s3_auto_ranged_put_request_finished(
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request,
    struct aws_s3_request *request,
    int error_code);

static int s_s3_auto_ranged_put_pause(
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request,
    struct aws_s3_meta_request_resume_token **resume_token);

static int s_process_part_info_synced(const struct aws_s3_part_info *info, void *user_data) {
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = user_data;
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = &auto_ranged_put->base;

    ASSERT_SYNCED_DATA_LOCK_HELD(&auto_ranged_put->base);

    if (info->part_number == 0) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "id=%p: ListParts reported Part without valid PartNumber", (void *)meta_request);
        return aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_S3_LIST_PARTS_PARSE_FAILED);
    }

    struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *part = aws_mem_calloc(meta_request->allocator, 1, sizeof(struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info));
    part->size = info->size;
    part->etag = aws_strip_quotes(meta_request->allocator, info->e_tag);
    part->was_previously_uploaded = true;

    const struct aws_byte_cursor *checksum_cur = NULL;
    switch (auto_ranged_put->base.checksum_config.checksum_algorithm) {
        case AWS_SCA_CRC32:
            checksum_cur = &info->checksumCRC32;
            break;
        case AWS_SCA_CRC32C:
            checksum_cur = &info->checksumCRC32C;
            break;
        case AWS_SCA_SHA1:
            checksum_cur = &info->checksumSHA1;
            break;
        case AWS_SCA_SHA256:
            checksum_cur = &info->checksumSHA256;
            break;
        case AWS_SCA_NONE:
            break;
        default:
            AWS_ASSERT(false);
            break;
    }

    if ((checksum_cur != NULL) && (checksum_cur->len > 0)) {
        /* Create checksum context with pre-calculated checksum */
        part->checksum_context = aws_s3_upload_request_checksum_context_new_with_existing_base64_checksum(
            auto_ranged_put->base.allocator,
            &auto_ranged_put->base.checksum_config,
            *checksum_cur,
            meta_request->upload_review_callback != NULL);
    } else {
        part->checksum_context = aws_s3_upload_request_checksum_context_new(
            auto_ranged_put->base.allocator,
            &auto_ranged_put->base.checksum_config,
            meta_request->upload_review_callback != NULL);
    }
    if (part->checksum_context == NULL) {
        aws_mem_release(meta_request->allocator, part);
        return AWS_OP_ERR;
    }
    /* Parts might be out of order or have gaps in them.
     * Resize array-list to be long enough to hold this part,
     * filling any intermediate slots with NULL. */
    aws_array_list_ensure_capacity(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, info->part_number);
    while (aws_array_list_length(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list) < info->part_number) {
        struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *null_part = NULL;
        aws_array_list_push_back(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &null_part);
    }

    /* Add this part */
    aws_array_list_set_at(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &part, info->part_number - 1);

    return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 * Validates token and updates part variables. Noop if token is null.
 */
static int s_try_update_part_info_from_resume_token(
    uint64_t content_length,
    const struct aws_s3_meta_request_resume_token *resume_token,
    size_t *out_part_size,
    uint32_t *out_total_num_parts) {

    if (!resume_token) {
        return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
    }

    if (resume_token->type != AWS_S3_META_REQUEST_TYPE_PUT_OBJECT) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "Could not load persisted state. Invalid token type.");
        goto invalid_argument_cleanup;
    }

    if (resume_token->multipart_upload_id == NULL) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "Could not load persisted state. Multipart upload id missing.");
        goto invalid_argument_cleanup;
    }

    if (resume_token->part_size < g_s3_min_upload_part_size) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "Could not create resume auto-ranged-put meta request; part size of %" PRIu64
            " specified in the token is below minimum threshold for multi-part.",
            (uint64_t)resume_token->part_size);

        goto invalid_argument_cleanup;
    }

    if ((uint32_t)resume_token->total_num_parts > g_s3_max_num_upload_parts) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "Could not create resume auto-ranged-put meta request; total number of parts %" PRIu32
            " specified in the token is too large for platform.",
            (uint32_t)resume_token->total_num_parts);

        goto invalid_argument_cleanup;
    }

    uint32_t num_parts = (uint32_t)(content_length / resume_token->part_size);

    if ((content_length % resume_token->part_size) > 0) {
        ++num_parts;
    }

    if (resume_token->total_num_parts != num_parts) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "Could not create auto-ranged-put meta request; persisted number of parts %zu"
            " does not match expected number of parts based on length of the body.",
            resume_token->total_num_parts);

        return aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
    }

    *out_part_size = resume_token->part_size;
    *out_total_num_parts = (uint32_t)resume_token->total_num_parts;

    return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;

invalid_argument_cleanup:
    return aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
}

/**
 * Initializes state necessary to resume upload. Noop if token is null.
 */
static int s_try_init_resume_state_from_persisted_data(
    struct aws_allocator *allocator,
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put,
    const struct aws_s3_meta_request_resume_token *resume_token) {

    if (resume_token == NULL) {
        auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_operation = NULL;
        auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.completed = true;
        auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.started = true;
        return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
    }

    AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(auto_ranged_put->has_content_length);

    struct aws_byte_cursor request_path;
    if (aws_http_message_get_request_path(auto_ranged_put->base.initial_request_message, &request_path)) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "Could not load persisted state. Request path could not be read.");
        return aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
    }

    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_started = 0;
    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_completed = 0;
    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_noop = 0;
    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.create_multipart_upload_sent = true;
    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.create_multipart_upload_completed = true;
    auto_ranged_put->upload_id = aws_string_clone_or_reuse(allocator, resume_token->multipart_upload_id);

    struct aws_s3_list_parts_params list_parts_params = {
        .key = request_path,
        .upload_id = aws_byte_cursor_from_string(auto_ranged_put->upload_id),
        .on_part = s_process_part_info_synced,
        .user_data = auto_ranged_put,
    };

    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_operation = aws_s3_list_parts_operation_new(allocator, &list_parts_params);

    struct aws_http_headers *needed_response_headers = aws_http_headers_new(allocator);
    const size_t copy_header_count = AWS_ARRAY_SIZE(s_create_multipart_upload_copy_headers);
    const struct aws_http_headers *initial_headers =
        aws_http_message_get_headers(auto_ranged_put->base.initial_request_message);

    /* Copy headers that would have been used for create multipart from initial message, since create will never be
     * called in this flow */
    for (size_t header_index = 0; header_index < copy_header_count; ++header_index) {
        const struct aws_byte_cursor *header_name = &s_create_multipart_upload_copy_headers[header_index];
        struct aws_byte_cursor header_value;
        AWS_ZERO_STRUCT(header_value);

        if (aws_http_headers_get(initial_headers, *header_name, &header_value) == AWS_OP_SUCCESS) {
            aws_http_headers_set(needed_response_headers, *header_name, header_value);
        }
    }

    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.needed_response_headers = needed_response_headers;

    return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
}

static struct aws_s3_meta_request_vtable s_s3_auto_ranged_put_vtable = {
    .update = s_s3_auto_ranged_put_update,
    .send_request_finish = s_s3_auto_ranged_put_send_request_finish,
    .schedule_prepare_request = s_s3_auto_ranged_put_schedule_prepare_request,
    .prepare_request = s_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request,
    .init_signing_date_time = aws_s3_meta_request_init_signing_date_time_default,
    .sign_request = aws_s3_meta_request_sign_request_default,
    .finished_request = s_s3_auto_ranged_put_request_finished,
    .destroy = s_s3_meta_request_auto_ranged_put_destroy,
    .finish = aws_s3_meta_request_finish_default,
    .pause = s_s3_auto_ranged_put_pause,
};

/**
 * Helper to initialize the request ranges and content-length
 * based on the request->part_number and meta_request->part_size
 */
static int s_compute_request_body_size(const struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request, struct aws_s3_request *request) {
    AWS_ERROR_PRECONDITION(meta_request);
    AWS_ERROR_PRECONDITION(request);

    const struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;

    size_t request_body_size = meta_request->part_size;
    /* Last part--adjust size to match remaining content length. */
    if (auto_ranged_put->has_content_length &&
        request->part_number == auto_ranged_put->total_num_parts_from_content_length) {
        size_t content_remainder = (size_t)(auto_ranged_put->content_length % (uint64_t)meta_request->part_size);

        if (content_remainder > 0) {
            request_body_size = content_remainder;
        }
    }
    if (aws_mul_u64_checked(request->part_number - 1, meta_request->part_size, &request->part_range_start)) {
        return AWS_OP_ERR;
    }
    if (aws_add_u64_checked(request->part_range_start, request_body_size - 1, &request->part_range_end)) {
        return AWS_OP_ERR;
    }
    request->content_length = request_body_size;
    return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
}

/* Allocate a new auto-ranged put meta request */
struct aws_s3_meta_request *aws_s3_meta_request_auto_ranged_put_new(
    struct aws_allocator *allocator,
    struct aws_s3_client *client,
    size_t part_size,
    bool has_content_length,
    uint64_t content_length,
    uint32_t num_parts,
    const struct aws_s3_meta_request_options *options) {

    /* These should already have been validated by the caller. */
    AWS_PRECONDITION(allocator);
    AWS_PRECONDITION(client);
    AWS_PRECONDITION(options);
    AWS_PRECONDITION(options->message);

    if (s_try_update_part_info_from_resume_token(content_length, options->resume_token, &part_size, &num_parts)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put =
        aws_mem_calloc(allocator, 1, sizeof(struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put));

    if (aws_s3_meta_request_init_base(
            allocator,
            client,
            part_size,
            client->compute_content_md5 == AWS_MR_CONTENT_MD5_ENABLED ||
                aws_http_headers_has(aws_http_message_get_headers(options->message), g_content_md5_header_name),
            content_length > g_streaming_object_size_threshold,
            options,
            auto_ranged_put,
            &s_s3_auto_ranged_put_vtable,
            &auto_ranged_put->base)) {
        aws_mem_release(allocator, auto_ranged_put);
        return NULL;
    }

    auto_ranged_put->has_content_length = has_content_length;
    auto_ranged_put->content_length = has_content_length ? content_length : 0;
    auto_ranged_put->total_num_parts_from_content_length = has_content_length ? num_parts : 0;
    auto_ranged_put->upload_id = NULL;
    auto_ranged_put->resume_token = options->resume_token;

    aws_s3_meta_request_resume_token_acquire(auto_ranged_put->resume_token);

    auto_ranged_put->threaded_update_data.next_part_number = 1;
    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.is_body_stream_at_end = false;

    uint32_t initial_num_parts = auto_ranged_put->has_content_length ? num_parts : s_unknown_length_default_num_parts;

    aws_array_list_init_dynamic(
        &auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, allocator, initial_num_parts, sizeof(struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *));

    if (s_try_init_resume_state_from_persisted_data(allocator, auto_ranged_put, options->resume_token)) {
        goto error_clean_up;
    }

    if (auto_ranged_put->base.checksum_config.full_object_checksum.len > 0) {
        /* The full object checksum was set, make sure the parts level checksum will be calculated and sent via client.
         */
        auto_ranged_put->base.checksum_config.location = AWS_SCL_TRAILER;
    }

    AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
        AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "id=%p Created new Auto-Ranged Put Meta Request.", (void *)&auto_ranged_put->base);

    return &auto_ranged_put->base;

error_clean_up:
    aws_s3_meta_request_release(&auto_ranged_put->base);
    return NULL;
}

/* Destroy our auto-ranged put meta request */
static void s_s3_meta_request_auto_ranged_put_destroy(struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request) {
    AWS_PRECONDITION(meta_request);
    AWS_PRECONDITION(meta_request->impl);

    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;

    aws_string_destroy(auto_ranged_put->upload_id);
    auto_ranged_put->upload_id = NULL;

    auto_ranged_put->resume_token = aws_s3_meta_request_resume_token_release(auto_ranged_put->resume_token);

    aws_s3_paginated_operation_release(auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_operation);

    for (size_t part_index = 0; part_index < aws_array_list_length(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list);
         ++part_index) {

        struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *part;
        aws_array_list_get_at(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &part, part_index);
        if (part != NULL) {
            aws_s3_upload_request_checksum_context_release(part->checksum_context);
            aws_string_destroy(part->etag);
            aws_mem_release(auto_ranged_put->base.allocator, part);
        }
    }
    aws_array_list_clean_up(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list);

    aws_string_destroy(auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_continuation_token);

    aws_http_headers_release(auto_ranged_put->synced_data.needed_response_headers);
    aws_mem_release(meta_request->allocator, auto_ranged_put);
}

/* Check flags and corresponding conditions to see if any more parts can be
 * scheduled during this pass. */
static bool s_should_skip_scheduling_more_parts_based_on_flags(
    const struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put,
    uint32_t flags) {

    /* If the stream is actually async, only allow 1 pending-read.
     * We need to wait for async read() to complete before calling it again. */
    if (auto_ranged_put->base.request_body_async_stream != NULL) {
        return auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_pending_read > 0;
    }

    /* If doing async-writes, only allow a new part if there's a pending write-future,
     * and no pending-reads yet to copy that data. */
    if (auto_ranged_put->base.request_body_using_async_writes == true) {
        return (auto_ranged_put->base.synced_data.async_write.ready_to_send == false) ||
               (auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_pending_read > 0);
    }

    /* If this is the conservative pass, only allow 1 pending-read.
     * Reads are serial anyway, so queuing up a whole bunch isn't necessarily a speedup. */
    if ((flags & AWS_S3_META_REQUEST_UPDATE_FLAG_CONSERVATIVE) != 0) {
        return auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_pending_read > 0;
    }

    /* In all other cases, cap the number of pending-reads to something reasonable */
    return auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_pending_read >=
           s_get_max_parts_pending_read(auto_ranged_put->base.allocator);
}

static void s_s3_auto_ranged_put_send_request_finish(
    struct aws_s3_connection *connection,
    struct aws_http_stream *stream,
    int error_code) {
    struct aws_s3_request *request = connection->request;
    if (request->request_tag == AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_PART && !request->meta_request->is_express) {
        /* TODO: the single part upload may also be improved from a timeout as multipart. */
        /* Note: For S3express, server responses random ETag. Killing the connection in the middle may cause server
         * receive two same part and result in confusing during complete MPU with etag doesn't match.
         * Disable the first byte timeout for s3 express.  */
        aws_s3_client_update_upload_part_timeout(request->meta_request->client, request, error_code);
    }
    aws_s3_meta_request_send_request_finish_default(connection, stream, error_code);
}

static bool s_s3_auto_ranged_put_update(
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request,
    uint32_t flags,
    struct aws_s3_request **out_request) {
    AWS_PRECONDITION(meta_request);
    AWS_PRECONDITION(out_request);

    struct aws_s3_request *request = NULL;
    bool work_remaining = false;

    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;

    /* BEGIN CRITICAL SECTION */
    {
        aws_s3_meta_request_lock_synced_data(meta_request);

#ifdef AWS_C_S3_ENABLE_TEST_STUBS
        if (meta_request->vtable->synced_update_stub && meta_request->vtable->synced_update_stub(meta_request)) {
            /* TEST ONLY, allow test to stub here. */
            aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);
            return true;
        }
#endif

        if (!aws_s3_meta_request_has_finish_result_synced(meta_request)) {
            /* If resuming and list part has not been sent, do it now. */
            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.started) {
                request = aws_s3_request_new(
                    meta_request,
                    AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_LIST_PARTS,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_TYPE_LIST_PARTS,
                    0 /*part_number*/,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_FLAG_RECORD_RESPONSE_HEADERS);

                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.started = true;

                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            if (auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.continues) {
                /* If list parts need to continue, send another list parts request. */
                AWS_ASSERT(auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_continuation_token != NULL);
                request = aws_s3_request_new(
                    meta_request,
                    AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_LIST_PARTS,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_TYPE_LIST_PARTS,
                    0 /*part_number*/,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_FLAG_RECORD_RESPONSE_HEADERS);
                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.continues = false;
                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.completed) {
                /* waiting on list parts to finish. */
                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            /* If we haven't already sent a create-multipart-upload message, do so now. */
            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.create_multipart_upload_sent) {
                request = aws_s3_request_new(
                    meta_request,
                    AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_CREATE_MULTIPART_UPLOAD,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_TYPE_CREATE_MULTIPART_UPLOAD,
                    0 /*part_number*/,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_FLAG_RECORD_RESPONSE_HEADERS);

                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.create_multipart_upload_sent = true;

                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            /* If the create-multipart-upload message hasn't been completed, then there is still additional work to do,
             * but it can't be done yet. */
            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.create_multipart_upload_completed) {
                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            bool should_create_next_part_request = false;
            bool request_previously_uploaded = false;
            if (auto_ranged_put->has_content_length && (auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_started <
                                                        auto_ranged_put->total_num_parts_from_content_length)) {
                /* Check if next part was previously uploaded (due to resume) */
                size_t part_index = auto_ranged_put->threaded_update_data.next_part_number - 1;

                struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *part = NULL;
                aws_array_list_get_at(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &part, part_index);
                if (part != NULL) {
                    AWS_ASSERT(part->was_previously_uploaded == true);
                    /* This part has been uploaded. */
                    request_previously_uploaded = true;
                }

                if (s_should_skip_scheduling_more_parts_based_on_flags(auto_ranged_put, flags)) {
                    goto has_work_remaining;
                }

                should_create_next_part_request = true;

            } else if (!auto_ranged_put->has_content_length && !auto_ranged_put->synced_data.is_body_stream_at_end) {

                if (s_should_skip_scheduling_more_parts_based_on_flags(auto_ranged_put, flags)) {
                    goto has_work_remaining;
                }

                should_create_next_part_request = true;
            }

            if (should_create_next_part_request) {
                struct aws_s3_buffer_ticket *ticket = NULL;
                if (meta_request->synced_data.async_write.ready_to_send) {
                    /* Async-write already has a ticket, take ownership */
                    AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(meta_request->synced_data.async_write.buffered_data_ticket);
                    ticket = meta_request->synced_data.async_write.buffered_data_ticket;
                    meta_request->synced_data.async_write.buffered_data_ticket = NULL;
                }

                /* Allocate a request for another part. */
                uint32_t new_flags = AWS_S3_REQUEST_FLAG_RECORD_RESPONSE_HEADERS;
                if (!meta_request->synced_data.async_write.ready_to_send) {
                    new_flags |= AWS_S3_REQUEST_FLAG_ALLOCATE_BUFFER_FROM_POOL;
                }

                request = aws_s3_request_new(
                    meta_request,
                    AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_PART,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_TYPE_UPLOAD_PART,
                    0 /*part_number*/,
                    new_flags);

                request->part_number = auto_ranged_put->threaded_update_data.next_part_number;

                s_compute_request_body_size(meta_request, request);

                /* If request was previously uploaded, we prepare it to ensure checksums still match,
                 * but ultimately it gets marked no-op and we don't send it */
                request->was_previously_uploaded = request_previously_uploaded;

                request->ticket = ticket;

                if (meta_request->synced_data.async_write.ready_to_send) {
                    /* Async-write already has a buffer */
                    request->request_body = meta_request->synced_data.async_write.buffered_data;
                }

                ++auto_ranged_put->threaded_update_data.next_part_number;
                ++auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_started;
                ++auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_pending_read;

                AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
                    AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                    "id=%p: Returning request %p for part %d",
                    (void *)meta_request,
                    (void *)request,
                    request->part_number);

                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            /* There is one more request to send after all the parts (the complete-multipart-upload) but it can't be
             * done until all the parts have been completed.*/
            if (auto_ranged_put->has_content_length) {
                if (auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_completed !=
                    auto_ranged_put->total_num_parts_from_content_length) {
                    goto has_work_remaining;
                }
            } else {
                if ((!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.is_body_stream_at_end) ||
                    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_completed !=
                        auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_started) {
                    goto has_work_remaining;
                }
            }

            /* If the complete-multipart-upload request hasn't been set yet, then send it now. */
            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.complete_multipart_upload_sent) {
                request = aws_s3_request_new(
                    meta_request,
                    AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_COMPLETE_MULTIPART_UPLOAD,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_TYPE_COMPLETE_MULTIPART_UPLOAD,
                    0 /*part_number*/,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_FLAG_RECORD_RESPONSE_HEADERS);

                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.complete_multipart_upload_sent = true;

                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            /* Wait for the complete-multipart-upload request to finish. */
            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.complete_multipart_upload_completed) {
                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            goto no_work_remaining;
        } else {

            /* If the create multipart upload hasn't been sent, then there is nothing left to do when canceling. */
            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.create_multipart_upload_sent) {
                goto no_work_remaining;
            }

            /* If the create-multipart-upload request is still in flight, wait for it to finish. */
            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.create_multipart_upload_completed) {
                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            /* If the number of parts completed is less than the number of parts sent, then we need to wait until all of
             * those parts are done sending before aborting. */
            if (auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_completed < auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_started) {
                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            /* If the complete-multipart-upload is already in flight, then we can't necessarily send an abort. */
            if (auto_ranged_put->synced_data.complete_multipart_upload_sent &&
                !auto_ranged_put->synced_data.complete_multipart_upload_completed) {
                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            /* If the upload was paused or resume failed, we don't abort the multipart upload. */
            if (meta_request->synced_data.finish_result.error_code == AWS_ERROR_S3_PAUSED ||
                meta_request->synced_data.finish_result.error_code == AWS_ERROR_S3_RESUME_FAILED) {
                goto no_work_remaining;
            }

            /* If the complete-multipart-upload completed successfully, then there is nothing to abort since the
             * transfer has already finished. */
            if (auto_ranged_put->synced_data.complete_multipart_upload_completed &&
                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.complete_multipart_upload_error_code == AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                goto no_work_remaining;
            }

            /* If we made it here, and the abort-multipart-upload message hasn't been sent yet, then do so now. */
            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.abort_multipart_upload_sent) {
                if (auto_ranged_put->upload_id == NULL) {
                    goto no_work_remaining;
                }
                if (auto_ranged_put->base.synced_data.finish_result.error_code == AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                    /* Not sending abort when success even if we haven't sent complete MPU, in case we resume after MPU
                     * already completed. */
                    goto no_work_remaining;
                }

                request = aws_s3_request_new(
                    meta_request,
                    AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_ABORT_MULTIPART_UPLOAD,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_TYPE_ABORT_MULTIPART_UPLOAD,
                    0 /*part_number*/,
                    AWS_S3_REQUEST_FLAG_RECORD_RESPONSE_HEADERS | AWS_S3_REQUEST_FLAG_ALWAYS_SEND);

                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.abort_multipart_upload_sent = true;

                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            /* Wait for the multipart upload to be completed. */
            if (!auto_ranged_put->synced_data.abort_multipart_upload_completed) {
                goto has_work_remaining;
            }

            goto no_work_remaining;
        }

    has_work_remaining:
        work_remaining = true;

    no_work_remaining:
        /* If some events are still being delivered to caller, then wait for those to finish */
        if (!work_remaining && aws_s3_meta_request_are_events_out_for_delivery_synced(meta_request)) {
            work_remaining = true;
        }

        if (!work_remaining) {
            aws_s3_meta_request_set_success_synced(meta_request, AWS_HTTP_STATUS_CODE_200_OK);
        }

        aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);
    }
    /* END CRITICAL SECTION */

    if (work_remaining) {
        *out_request = request;
    } else {
        AWS_ASSERT(request == NULL);

        aws_s3_meta_request_finish(meta_request);
    }

    return work_remaining;
}

static int s_verify_part_matches_checksum(
    struct aws_allocator *allocator,
    struct aws_byte_cursor body_cur,
    enum aws_s3_checksum_algorithm algorithm,
    struct aws_byte_cursor part_checksum) {
    AWS_PRECONDITION(allocator);

    if (algorithm == AWS_SCA_NONE) {
        return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
    }

    struct aws_byte_buf checksum;
    if (aws_byte_buf_init(&checksum, allocator, aws_get_digest_size_from_checksum_algorithm(algorithm))) {
        return AWS_OP_ERR;
    }

    struct aws_byte_buf encoded_checksum = {0};

    int return_status = AWS_OP_SUCCESS;

    size_t encoded_len = 0;
    if (aws_base64_compute_encoded_len(aws_get_digest_size_from_checksum_algorithm(algorithm), &encoded_len)) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "Failed to resume upload. Unable to determine length of encoded checksum.");
        return_status = aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_S3_RESUME_FAILED);
        goto on_done;
    }

    if (aws_checksum_compute(allocator, algorithm, &body_cur, &checksum)) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "Failed to resume upload. Unable to compute checksum for the skipped part.");
        return_status = aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_S3_RESUME_FAILED);
        goto on_done;
    }

    if (aws_byte_buf_init(&encoded_checksum, allocator, encoded_len)) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "Failed to resume upload. Unable to allocate buffer for encoded checksum.");
        return_status = aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_S3_RESUME_FAILED);
        goto on_done;
    }

    struct aws_byte_cursor checksum_cur = aws_byte_cursor_from_buf(&checksum);
    if (aws_base64_encode(&checksum_cur, &encoded_checksum)) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "Failed to resume upload. Unable to encode checksum.");
        return_status = aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_S3_RESUME_FAILED);
        goto on_done;
    }

    if (!aws_byte_cursor_eq_byte_buf(&part_checksum, &encoded_checksum)) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "Failed to resume upload. Checksum for previously uploaded part does not match");
        return_status = aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_S3_RESUMED_PART_CHECKSUM_MISMATCH);
        goto on_done;
    }

on_done:
    aws_byte_buf_clean_up(&checksum);
    aws_byte_buf_clean_up(&encoded_checksum);
    return return_status;
}

void s_s3_auto_ranged_put_schedule_prepare_request(
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request,
    struct aws_s3_request *request,
    aws_s3_meta_request_prepare_request_callback_fn *callback,
    void *user_data) {
    AWS_PRECONDITION(meta_request);
    AWS_PRECONDITION(request);

    /* When the body stream supports reading in parallel, and it's upload parts, do parallel preparation to speed up
     * reading. */
    bool parallel_prepare =
        (meta_request->request_body_parallel_stream && request->request_tag == AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_PART);
    if (parallel_prepare && meta_request->fio_opts.should_stream) {
        request->fio_streaming = true;
    }

    aws_s3_meta_request_schedule_prepare_request_default_impl(
        meta_request, request, parallel_prepare /*parallel*/, callback, user_data);
}

/* Given a request, prepare it for sending based on its description. */
static struct aws_future_void *s_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request(struct aws_s3_request *request) {

    struct aws_future_void *asyncstep_prepare_request = aws_future_void_new(request->allocator);

    /* Store data for async job */
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request_job *request_prep =
        aws_mem_calloc(request->allocator, 1, sizeof(struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request_job));
    request_prep->allocator = request->allocator;
    request_prep->on_complete = aws_future_void_acquire(asyncstep_prepare_request);
    request_prep->request = request;

    /* Each type of request prepares an aws_http_message in its own way, which maybe require async substeps */
    switch (request->request_tag) {
        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_LIST_PARTS:
            request_prep->asyncstep_prepare_message = s_s3_prepare_list_parts(request);
            break;
        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_CREATE_MULTIPART_UPLOAD:
            request_prep->asyncstep_prepare_message = s_s3_prepare_create_multipart_upload(request);
            break;
        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_PART:
            request_prep->asyncstep_prepare_message = s_s3_prepare_upload_part(request);
            break;
        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_COMPLETE_MULTIPART_UPLOAD:
            request_prep->asyncstep_prepare_message = s_s3_prepare_complete_multipart_upload(request);
            break;
        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_ABORT_MULTIPART_UPLOAD:
            request_prep->asyncstep_prepare_message = s_s3_prepare_abort_multipart_upload(request);
            break;
        default:
            AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(0);
            break;
    }

    /* When the specific type of message is ready, finish common preparation steps */
    aws_future_http_message_register_callback(
        request_prep->asyncstep_prepare_message, s_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request_finish, request_prep);

    return asyncstep_prepare_request;
}

/* Prepare a ListParts request.
 * Currently, this is actually synchronous. */
static struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_list_parts(struct aws_s3_request *request) {
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = request->meta_request;
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;

    struct aws_http_message *message = NULL;
    int message_creation_result = AWS_OP_ERR;
    /* BEGIN CRITICAL SECTION */
    {
        aws_s3_meta_request_lock_synced_data(meta_request);

        if (auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_continuation_token) {
            AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
                AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                "id=%p ListParts for Multi-part Upload, with ID:%s, continues with token:%s.",
                (void *)meta_request,
                aws_string_c_str(auto_ranged_put->upload_id),
                aws_string_c_str(auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_continuation_token));
            struct aws_byte_cursor continuation_cur =
                aws_byte_cursor_from_string(auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_continuation_token);
            message_creation_result = aws_s3_construct_next_paginated_request_http_message(
                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_operation, &continuation_cur, &message);
        } else {
            message_creation_result = aws_s3_construct_next_paginated_request_http_message(
                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_operation, NULL, &message);
        }

        aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);
    }
    /* END CRITICAL SECTION */
    /* ListPart will not fail to create the next message `s_construct_next_request_http_message` */
    AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(message_creation_result == AWS_OP_SUCCESS);
    if (meta_request->checksum_config.checksum_algorithm == AWS_SCA_NONE) {
        /* We don't need to worry about the pre-calculated checksum from user as for multipart upload, only way
         * to calculate checksum for multipart upload is from client. */
        aws_s3_message_util_copy_headers(
            meta_request->initial_request_message,
            message,
            g_s3_list_parts_excluded_headers,
            g_s3_list_parts_excluded_headers_count,
            true,
            true);
    } else {
        aws_s3_message_util_copy_headers(
            meta_request->initial_request_message,
            message,
            g_s3_list_parts_with_checksum_excluded_headers,
            g_s3_list_parts_with_checksum_excluded_headers_count,
            true,
            true);
    }
    AWS_ASSERT(message);
    struct aws_future_http_message *future = aws_future_http_message_new(request->allocator);
    aws_future_http_message_set_result_by_move(future, &message);

    return future;
}

/* Prepare a CreateMultipartUpload request.
 * Currently, this is actually synchronous. */
struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_create_multipart_upload(struct aws_s3_request *request) {
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = request->meta_request;

    /* Create the message to create a new multipart upload. */
    struct aws_http_message *message = aws_s3_create_multipart_upload_message_new(
        meta_request->allocator, meta_request->initial_request_message, &meta_request->checksum_config);

    struct aws_future_http_message *future = aws_future_http_message_new(request->allocator);
    if (message != NULL) {
        aws_future_http_message_set_result_by_move(future, &message);
    } else {
        aws_future_http_message_set_error(future, aws_last_error_or_unknown());
    }
    return future;
}

/* When preparing the request for the first time, after the request finished reading the body or setting up the body
 * stream, create the new part info and push to the list. */
static int s_s3_new_upload_part_info_after_body(
    struct aws_s3_request *request,
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request,
    bool is_body_stream_at_end) {
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;

    int error_code = AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS;
    /* BEGIN CRITICAL SECTION */
    aws_s3_meta_request_lock_synced_data(meta_request);

    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.is_body_stream_at_end = is_body_stream_at_end;
    --auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_pending_read;

    struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *previously_uploaded_info = NULL;
    if (request->was_previously_uploaded) {
        aws_array_list_get_at(
            &auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &previously_uploaded_info, request->part_number - 1);
        AWS_ASSERT(previously_uploaded_info != NULL && previously_uploaded_info->was_previously_uploaded == true);
        /* Already uploaded, set the noop to be true. */
        request->is_noop = true;
    }

    if (!request->is_noop) {
        /* The part can finish out of order. Resize array-list to be long enough to hold this part,
         * filling any intermediate slots with NULL. */
        aws_array_list_ensure_capacity(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, request->part_number);
        while (aws_array_list_length(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list) < request->part_number) {
            struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *null_part = NULL;
            aws_array_list_push_back(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &null_part);
        }
        /* Add part to array-list */
        struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *part =
            aws_mem_calloc(meta_request->allocator, 1, sizeof(struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info));
        part->checksum_context = aws_s3_upload_request_checksum_context_new(
            meta_request->allocator, &meta_request->checksum_config, meta_request->upload_review_callback != NULL);
        part->size = request->request_body.len;
        aws_array_list_set_at(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &part, request->part_number - 1);
    }
    aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);
    /* END CRITICAL SECTION */

    if (previously_uploaded_info) {
        /* Part was previously uploaded, check that it matches what we just read.
         * (Yes it's weird that we keep a pointer to the part_info even after
         * releasing the lock that protects part_list. But it's the resizable
         * part_list that needs lock protection. A previously uploaded part_info is const,
         * and it's on the heap, so it's safe to keep the pointer around) */
        if (request->request_body.len != previously_uploaded_info->size) {
            error_code = AWS_ERROR_S3_RESUME_FAILED;
            AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
                AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                "id=%p: Failed resuming upload, previous upload used different part size.",
                (void *)meta_request);
            goto on_done;
        }
        struct aws_s3_upload_request_checksum_context *context = previously_uploaded_info->checksum_context;
        if (context) {
            if (!aws_s3_upload_request_checksum_context_should_calculate(context)) {
                struct aws_byte_cursor previous_calculated_checksum =
                    aws_s3_upload_request_checksum_context_get_checksum_cursor(context);
                /* if previously uploaded part had a checksum, compare it to what we just skipped */
                if (s_verify_part_matches_checksum(
                        meta_request->allocator,
                        aws_byte_cursor_from_buf(&request->request_body),
                        meta_request->checksum_config.checksum_algorithm,
                        previous_calculated_checksum) != AWS_OP_SUCCESS) {
                    error_code = aws_last_error_or_unknown();
                    goto on_done;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* We throttle the number of parts that can be "pending read"
     * (e.g. only 1 at a time if reading from async-stream).
     * Now that read is complete, poke the client to see if it can give us more work.
     *
     * Poking now gives measurable speedup (1%) for async streaming,
     * vs waiting until all the part-prep steps are complete (still need to sign, etc) */
    aws_s3_client_schedule_process_work(meta_request->client);
on_done:
    if (error_code) {
        return aws_raise_error(error_code);
    }
    return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
}

/* Prepare an UploadPart request */
struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_upload_part(struct aws_s3_request *request) {
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = request->meta_request;
    struct aws_allocator *allocator = request->allocator;

    struct aws_future_http_message *message_future = aws_future_http_message_new(allocator);

    struct aws_s3_prepare_upload_part_job *part_prep =
        aws_mem_calloc(allocator, 1, sizeof(struct aws_s3_prepare_upload_part_job));
    part_prep->allocator = allocator;
    part_prep->request = request;
    part_prep->on_complete = aws_future_http_message_acquire(message_future);
    if (s_compute_request_body_size(meta_request, request)) {
        s_s3_prepare_upload_part_finish(part_prep, aws_last_error_or_unknown());
        return message_future;
    }

    if (request->fio_streaming) {
        /* Create the request body stream for the HTTP to read directly from the file. If retry happens, just recreate
         * it. */
        aws_input_stream_release(request->request_body_stream);
        AWS_ASSERT(meta_request->request_body_parallel_stream != NULL);
        int error_code = AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS;
        request->request_body_stream = aws_part_streaming_input_stream_new(
            allocator,
            meta_request->request_body_parallel_stream,
            request->ticket,
            request->part_range_start,
            (size_t)request->content_length,
            meta_request->fio_opts.direct_io);

        if (request->num_times_prepared == 0) {
            if (s_s3_new_upload_part_info_after_body(request, meta_request, false)) {
                error_code = aws_last_error_or_unknown();
            }
        }
        /* Skip `aws_s3_meta_request_read_body` to buffer the part. invoke prepare upload part finish directly. */
        s_s3_prepare_upload_part_finish(part_prep, error_code);
    } else if (request->num_times_prepared == 0) {
        /* Preparing request for the first time.
         * Next async step: read through the body stream until we've
         * skipped over parts that were already uploaded (in case we're resuming
         * from an upload that had been paused) */

        /* Read the body */
        if (request->request_body.capacity == 0) {
            AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(request->ticket);
            request->request_body = aws_s3_buffer_ticket_claim(request->ticket);
            request->request_body.capacity = (size_t)request->content_length;
        }

        part_prep->asyncstep_read_part =
            aws_s3_meta_request_read_body(meta_request, request->part_range_start, &request->request_body);
        aws_future_bool_register_callback(
            part_prep->asyncstep_read_part, s_s3_prepare_upload_part_on_read_done, part_prep);
    } else {
        /* Not the first time preparing request (e.g. retry).
         * We can skip over the async steps that read the body stream */
        s_s3_prepare_upload_part_finish(part_prep, AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS);
    }

    return message_future;
}

/* Completion callback for reading this part's chunk of the body stream */
static void s_s3_prepare_upload_part_on_read_done(void *user_data) {
    struct aws_s3_prepare_upload_part_job *part_prep = user_data;
    struct aws_s3_request *request = part_prep->request;
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = request->meta_request;
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;
    bool has_content_length = auto_ranged_put->has_content_length != 0;

    int error_code = aws_future_bool_get_error(part_prep->asyncstep_read_part);

    /* If reading failed, the prepare-upload-part job has failed */
    if (error_code != AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "id=%p: Failed reading request body, error %d (%s) req len %zu req cap %zu",
            (void *)meta_request,
            error_code,
            aws_error_str(error_code),
            request->request_body.len,
            request->request_body.capacity);
        goto on_done;
    }
    bool is_body_stream_at_end = aws_future_bool_get_result(part_prep->asyncstep_read_part);
    /* If Content-Length is defined, check that we read the expected amount */
    if (has_content_length && (request->request_body.len < request->content_length)) {
        error_code = AWS_ERROR_S3_INCORRECT_CONTENT_LENGTH;
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "id=%p: Request body is smaller than 'Content-Length' header said it would be",
            (void *)meta_request);
        goto on_done;
    }
    if (!has_content_length && (request->request_body.len < request->content_length)) {
        /* The stream is not ready to provide enough data as expected. Update the tracking numbers. */
        request->content_length = request->request_body.len;
        request->part_range_end = request->part_range_start + request->content_length - 1;
    }
    request->is_noop = request->part_number >
                           1 && /* allow first part to have 0 length to support empty unknown content length objects. */
                       request->request_body.len == 0;
    if (s_s3_new_upload_part_info_after_body(request, meta_request, is_body_stream_at_end)) {
        error_code = aws_last_error_or_unknown();
        goto on_done;
    }

on_done:
    s_s3_prepare_upload_part_finish(part_prep, error_code);
}

/* Finish async preparation of an UploadPart request */
static void s_s3_prepare_upload_part_finish(struct aws_s3_prepare_upload_part_job *part_prep, int error_code) {
    struct aws_s3_request *request = part_prep->request;
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = request->meta_request;
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;

    if (error_code != AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
        aws_future_http_message_set_error(part_prep->on_complete, error_code);
        goto on_done;
    }

    struct aws_s3_upload_request_checksum_context *checksum_context = NULL;
    if (request->is_noop) {
        AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "id=%p UploadPart with part num %u for Multi-part Upload, with ID:%s"
            "is noop due to encountering end of stream",
            (void *)meta_request,
            request->part_number,
            aws_string_c_str(auto_ranged_put->upload_id));

    } else {

        /* BEGIN CRITICAL SECTION */
        {
            aws_s3_meta_request_lock_synced_data(meta_request);
            struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *part = NULL;
            aws_array_list_get_at(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &part, request->part_number - 1);
            /**
             * 1. If request retries, get the checksum context from the previous attempt to reuse it. In case of the the
             *      request body in memory mangled
             * 2. If this is the first attempt, the context is initialized from the previous prepare step.
             **/
            AWS_ASSERT(part != NULL && part->checksum_context != NULL);
            checksum_context = part->checksum_context;
            aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);
        }
        /* END CRITICAL SECTION */

        AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "id=%p UploadPart for Multi-part Upload, with ID:%s",
            (void *)meta_request,
            aws_string_c_str(auto_ranged_put->upload_id));
    }

    /* Create a new put-object message to upload a part. */
    struct aws_http_message *message = NULL;
    if (request->request_body_stream != NULL) {
        message = aws_s3_upload_part_message_new_streaming(
            meta_request->allocator,
            meta_request->initial_request_message,
            request->request_body_stream,
            request->part_number,
            auto_ranged_put->upload_id,
            meta_request->should_compute_content_md5,
            checksum_context);
    } else {
        message = aws_s3_upload_part_message_new(
            meta_request->allocator,
            meta_request->initial_request_message,
            &request->request_body,
            request->part_number,
            auto_ranged_put->upload_id,
            meta_request->should_compute_content_md5,
            checksum_context);
    }
    if (message == NULL) {
        aws_future_http_message_set_error(part_prep->on_complete, aws_last_error());
        goto on_done;
    }

#ifdef AWS_C_S3_ENABLE_TEST_STUBS
    struct aws_s3_client *client = meta_request->client;
    if (client->vtable->after_prepare_upload_part_finish_stub) {
        /* TEST ONLY, allow test to stub here. */
        client->vtable->after_prepare_upload_part_finish_stub(request, message);
    }
#endif

    /* Success! */
    aws_future_http_message_set_result_by_move(part_prep->on_complete, &message);

on_done:
    AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(aws_future_http_message_is_done(part_prep->on_complete));
    aws_future_bool_release(part_prep->asyncstep_read_part);
    aws_future_http_message_release(part_prep->on_complete);
    aws_mem_release(part_prep->allocator, part_prep);
}

/* Allow user to review what we've uploaded, and fail the meta-request if they don't approve. */
static int s_s3_review_multipart_upload(struct aws_s3_request *request) {
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = request->meta_request;
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;

    /* If user registered no callback, then success! */
    if (meta_request->upload_review_callback == NULL) {
        return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
    }

    /* Prepare review info */
    struct aws_s3_upload_review review = {
        .checksum_algorithm = meta_request->checksum_config.checksum_algorithm,
    };

    /* BEGIN CRITICAL SECTION */
    aws_s3_meta_request_lock_synced_data(meta_request);

    review.part_count = aws_array_list_length(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list);

    if (review.part_count > 0) {
        review.part_array =
            aws_mem_calloc(meta_request->allocator, review.part_count, sizeof(struct aws_s3_upload_part_review));

        for (size_t part_index = 0; part_index < review.part_count; ++part_index) {
            struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *part;
            aws_array_list_get_at(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &part, part_index);

            struct aws_s3_upload_part_review *part_review = &review.part_array[part_index];
            part_review->size = part->size;
            if (part->checksum_context != NULL) {
                part_review->checksum =
                    aws_s3_upload_request_checksum_context_get_checksum_cursor(part->checksum_context);
            } else {
                part_review->checksum = (struct aws_byte_cursor){.ptr = NULL, .len = 0};
            }
        }
    }

    aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);
    /* END CRITICAL SECTION */

    /* Invoke callback */
    int error_code = AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS;
    if (meta_request->upload_review_callback(meta_request, &review, meta_request->user_data) != AWS_OP_SUCCESS) {
        error_code = aws_last_error_or_unknown();
    }

    /* Clean up review info */
    aws_mem_release(meta_request->allocator, review.part_array);

    if (error_code == AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
        return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
    } else {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "id=%p: Upload review callback raised error %d (%s)",
            (void *)meta_request,
            error_code,
            aws_error_str(error_code));
        return aws_raise_error(error_code);
    }
}

/* Prepare a CompleteMultipartUpload request. */
static struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_complete_multipart_upload(struct aws_s3_request *request) {
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = request->meta_request;
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;
    struct aws_allocator *allocator = request->allocator;

    struct aws_future_http_message *message_future = aws_future_http_message_new(allocator);

    AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(auto_ranged_put->upload_id);

    if (request->num_times_prepared == 0) {
        /**
         * The prepare stage for CompleteMultipartUpload is guaranteed to happen from the the meta-request's
         * io_event_loop thread. So that it's safe to invoke the callback from this stage and not overlapping with any
         * other callbacks.
         */

        /* Invoke upload_review_callback, and fail meta-request if user raises an error */
        if (s_s3_review_multipart_upload(request) != AWS_OP_SUCCESS) {
            aws_future_http_message_set_error(message_future, aws_last_error());
            goto on_done;
        }
        if (auto_ranged_put->base.checksum_config.full_object_checksum_callback) {
            /* Invoke the callback to fill up the full object checksum. Let server side to verify the checksum. */
            struct aws_string *result = auto_ranged_put->base.checksum_config.full_object_checksum_callback(
                meta_request, auto_ranged_put->base.checksum_config.user_data);
            if (!result) {
                int error_code = aws_last_error_or_unknown();
                AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
                    AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                    "id=%p: Full object checksum callback raised error %d (%s)",
                    (void *)meta_request,
                    error_code,
                    aws_error_str(error_code));
                /* Error from the callback */
                aws_future_http_message_set_error(message_future, error_code);
                goto on_done;
            }
            aws_byte_buf_init_copy_from_cursor(
                &auto_ranged_put->base.checksum_config.full_object_checksum,
                allocator,
                aws_byte_cursor_from_string(result));
            aws_string_destroy(result);
        }

        /* Allocate request body */
        aws_byte_buf_init(
            &request->request_body, meta_request->allocator, s_complete_multipart_upload_init_body_size_bytes);

    } else {
        /* This is a retry, reset request body */
        aws_byte_buf_reset(&request->request_body, false);
    }

    /* BEGIN CRITICAL SECTION */
    aws_s3_meta_request_lock_synced_data(meta_request);

    /* Build the message to complete our multipart upload, which includes a payload describing all of
     * our completed parts. */
    struct aws_http_message *message = aws_s3_complete_multipart_message_new(
        meta_request->allocator,
        meta_request->initial_request_message,
        &request->request_body,
        auto_ranged_put->upload_id,
        &auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list,
        &meta_request->checksum_config);

    aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);
    /* END CRITICAL SECTION */

    if (message == NULL) {
        aws_future_http_message_set_error(message_future, aws_last_error());
        goto on_done;
    }

    /* Success! */
    aws_future_http_message_set_result_by_move(message_future, &message);

on_done:
    AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(aws_future_http_message_is_done(message_future));
    return message_future;
}

/* Prepare an AbortMultipartUpload request.
 * Currently, this is actually synchronous. */
struct aws_future_http_message *s_s3_prepare_abort_multipart_upload(struct aws_s3_request *request) {
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = request->meta_request;
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;

    AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(auto_ranged_put->upload_id);
    AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
        AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
        "id=%p Abort multipart upload request for upload id %s.",
        (void *)meta_request,
        aws_string_c_str(auto_ranged_put->upload_id));

    if (request->num_times_prepared == 0) {
        aws_byte_buf_init(
            &request->request_body, meta_request->allocator, s_abort_multipart_upload_init_body_size_bytes);
    } else {
        aws_byte_buf_reset(&request->request_body, false);
    }

    /* Build the message to abort our multipart upload */
    struct aws_http_message *message = aws_s3_abort_multipart_upload_message_new(
        meta_request->allocator, meta_request->initial_request_message, auto_ranged_put->upload_id);

    struct aws_future_http_message *future = aws_future_http_message_new(request->allocator);
    if (message != NULL) {
        aws_future_http_message_set_result_by_move(future, &message);
    } else {
        aws_future_http_message_set_error(future, aws_last_error_or_unknown());
    }
    return future;
}

/* Finish the vtable->prepare_request() job */
static void s_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request_finish(void *user_data) {
    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put_prepare_request_job *request_prep = user_data;
    struct aws_s3_request *request = request_prep->request;
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request = request->meta_request;

    /* Did we successfully create the type-specific HTTP message? */
    int error_code = aws_future_http_message_get_error(request_prep->asyncstep_prepare_message);
    if (error_code != AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
            "id=%p Could not allocate message for request with tag %d for auto-ranged-put meta request.",
            (void *)meta_request,
            request->request_tag);

        goto on_done;
    }

    /* Success! Apply aws_http_message to aws_s3_request */
    struct aws_http_message *message =
        aws_future_http_message_get_result_by_move(request_prep->asyncstep_prepare_message);
    aws_s3_request_setup_send_data(request, message);
    aws_http_message_release(message);

    AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
        AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
        "id=%p: Prepared request %p for part %d",
        (void *)meta_request,
        (void *)request,
        request->part_number);

on_done:
    if (error_code == AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
        aws_future_void_set_result(request_prep->on_complete);
    } else {
        aws_future_void_set_error(request_prep->on_complete, error_code);
    }

    aws_future_http_message_release(request_prep->asyncstep_prepare_message);
    aws_future_void_release(request_prep->on_complete);
    aws_mem_release(request_prep->allocator, request_prep);
}

/* Invoked when no-retry will happen */
static void s_s3_auto_ranged_put_request_finished(
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request,
    struct aws_s3_request *request,
    int error_code) {

    AWS_PRECONDITION(meta_request);
    AWS_PRECONDITION(meta_request->impl);
    AWS_PRECONDITION(request);

    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;
    aws_s3_meta_request_lock_synced_data(meta_request);

    switch (request->request_tag) {

        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_LIST_PARTS: {

            bool has_more_results = false;

            if (error_code == AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {

                struct aws_byte_cursor body_cursor = aws_byte_cursor_from_buf(&request->send_data.response_body);
                /* Clear the token before */
                aws_string_destroy(auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_continuation_token);
                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_continuation_token = NULL;
                if (aws_s3_paginated_operation_on_response(
                        auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_operation,
                        &body_cursor,
                        &auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_continuation_token,
                        &has_more_results)) {
                    AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
                        AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "id=%p Failed to parse list parts response.", (void *)meta_request);
                    error_code = AWS_ERROR_S3_LIST_PARTS_PARSE_FAILED;
                } else if (!has_more_results) {
                    uint64_t bytes_previously_uploaded = 0;
                    int parts_previously_uploaded = 0;

                    for (size_t part_index = 0;
                         part_index < aws_array_list_length(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list);
                         part_index++) {
                        struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *part = NULL;
                        aws_array_list_get_at(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &part, part_index);
                        if (part != NULL) {
                            /* Update the number of parts sent/completed previously */
                            ++parts_previously_uploaded;
                            bytes_previously_uploaded += part->size;
                        }
                    }

                    AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
                        AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                        "id=%p: Resuming PutObject. %d out of %d parts have completed during previous request.",
                        (void *)meta_request,
                        parts_previously_uploaded,
                        auto_ranged_put->total_num_parts_from_content_length);

                    /* Deliver an initial progress_callback to report all previously uploaded parts. */
                    if (meta_request->progress_callback != NULL && bytes_previously_uploaded > 0) {
                        struct aws_s3_meta_request_event event = {.type = AWS_S3_META_REQUEST_EVENT_PROGRESS};
                        event.u.progress.info.bytes_transferred = bytes_previously_uploaded;
                        event.u.progress.info.content_length = auto_ranged_put->content_length;
                        aws_s3_meta_request_add_event_for_delivery_synced(meta_request, &event);
                    }
                }
            }

            if (has_more_results) {
                /* If list parts has more result, make sure list parts continues */
                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.continues = true;
                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.completed = false;
            } else {
                /* No more result, complete the list parts */
                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.continues = false;
                auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_state.completed = true;
            }
            auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_error_code = error_code;

            if (error_code != AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                if (request->send_data.response_status == AWS_HTTP_STATUS_CODE_404_NOT_FOUND &&
                    auto_ranged_put->resume_token->num_parts_completed ==
                        auto_ranged_put->resume_token->total_num_parts) {
                    AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
                        AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                        "id=%p: Resuming PutObject ended early, since there is nothing to resume"
                        "(request finished prior to being paused?)",
                        (void *)meta_request);

                    aws_s3_meta_request_set_success_synced(meta_request, AWS_HTTP_STATUS_CODE_200_OK);
                } else {
                    aws_s3_meta_request_set_fail_synced(meta_request, request, error_code);
                }
            }
        } break;

        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_CREATE_MULTIPART_UPLOAD: {
            struct aws_http_headers *needed_response_headers = NULL;

            if (error_code == AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                needed_response_headers = aws_http_headers_new(meta_request->allocator);
                const size_t copy_header_count = AWS_ARRAY_SIZE(s_create_multipart_upload_copy_headers);

                /* Copy any headers now that we'll need for the final, transformed headers later. */
                for (size_t header_index = 0; header_index < copy_header_count; ++header_index) {
                    const struct aws_byte_cursor *header_name = &s_create_multipart_upload_copy_headers[header_index];
                    struct aws_byte_cursor header_value;
                    AWS_ZERO_STRUCT(header_value);

                    if (aws_http_headers_get(request->send_data.response_headers, *header_name, &header_value) ==
                        AWS_OP_SUCCESS) {
                        aws_http_headers_set(needed_response_headers, *header_name, header_value);
                    }
                }

                struct aws_byte_cursor xml_doc = aws_byte_cursor_from_buf(&request->send_data.response_body);

                /* Find the upload id for this multipart upload. */
                struct aws_byte_cursor upload_id = {0};
                const char *xml_path[] = {"InitiateMultipartUploadResult", "UploadId", NULL};
                aws_xml_get_body_at_path(meta_request->allocator, xml_doc, xml_path, &upload_id);

                if (upload_id.len == 0) {
                    AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
                        AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                        "id=%p Could not find upload-id in create-multipart-upload response",
                        (void *)meta_request);

                    aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_S3_MISSING_UPLOAD_ID);
                    error_code = AWS_ERROR_S3_MISSING_UPLOAD_ID;
                } else {
                    /* Store the multipart upload id. */
                    auto_ranged_put->upload_id = aws_string_new_from_cursor(meta_request->allocator, &upload_id);
                }
            }

            AWS_ASSERT(auto_ranged_put->synced_data.needed_response_headers == NULL);
            auto_ranged_put->synced_data.needed_response_headers = needed_response_headers;

            auto_ranged_put->synced_data.create_multipart_upload_completed = true;
            auto_ranged_put->synced_data.list_parts_error_code = error_code;

            if (error_code != AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                aws_s3_meta_request_set_fail_synced(meta_request, request, error_code);
            }
        } break;

        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_PART: {
            size_t part_number = request->part_number;
            AWS_FATAL_ASSERT(part_number > 0);
            size_t part_index = part_number - 1;
            struct aws_string *etag = NULL;
            bool request_is_noop = request->is_noop != 0;

            if (!request_is_noop) {
                if (error_code == AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                    /* Find the ETag header if it exists and cache it. */
                    struct aws_byte_cursor etag_within_quotes;

                    AWS_ASSERT(request->send_data.response_headers);

                    if (aws_http_headers_get(
                            request->send_data.response_headers, g_etag_header_name, &etag_within_quotes) !=
                        AWS_OP_SUCCESS) {
                        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
                            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                            "id=%p Could not find ETag header for request %p",
                            (void *)meta_request,
                            (void *)request);

                        error_code = AWS_ERROR_S3_MISSING_ETAG;
                    } else {
                        /* The ETag value arrives in quotes, but we don't want it in quotes when we send it back up
                         * later, so just get rid of the quotes now. */
                        etag = aws_strip_quotes(meta_request->allocator, etag_within_quotes);
                    }
                }
            }

            ++auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_completed;

            if (request_is_noop) {
                ++auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_noop;
            }

            if (auto_ranged_put->has_content_length) {
                AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
                    AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                    "id=%p: %d out of %d parts have completed.",
                    (void *)meta_request,
                    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_completed,
                    auto_ranged_put->total_num_parts_from_content_length);
            } else {
                AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
                    AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
                    "id=%p: %d parts have completed.",
                    (void *)meta_request,
                    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_completed);
            }

            if (!request_is_noop) {
                if (error_code == AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                    AWS_ASSERT(etag != NULL);

                    ++auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_successful;

                    /* Send progress_callback for delivery on io_event_loop thread */
                    if (meta_request->progress_callback != NULL) {
                        struct aws_s3_meta_request_event event = {.type = AWS_S3_META_REQUEST_EVENT_PROGRESS};
                        event.u.progress.info.bytes_transferred = request->content_length;
                        event.u.progress.info.content_length = auto_ranged_put->content_length;
                        aws_s3_meta_request_add_event_for_delivery_synced(meta_request, &event);
                    }

                    /* Store part's ETag */
                    struct aws_s3_mpu_part_info *part = NULL;
                    aws_array_list_get_at(&auto_ranged_put->synced_data.part_list, &part, part_index);
                    AWS_ASSERT(part != NULL);
                    AWS_ASSERT(part->etag == NULL);
                    part->etag = etag;
                } else {
                    ++auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_failed;
                    aws_s3_meta_request_set_fail_synced(meta_request, request, error_code);
                }
            }
        } break;

        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_COMPLETE_MULTIPART_UPLOAD: {
            if (error_code == AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS && meta_request->headers_callback != NULL) {
                /* Copy over any response headers that we've previously determined are needed for this final
                 * response.
                 */
                copy_http_headers(
                    auto_ranged_put->synced_data.needed_response_headers, request->send_data.response_headers);

                struct aws_byte_cursor xml_doc = aws_byte_cursor_from_buf(&request->send_data.response_body);

                /**
                 * TODO: The body of the response can be ERROR, check Error specified in body part from
                 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_CompleteMultipartUpload.html#AmazonS3-CompleteMultipartUpload-response-CompleteMultipartUploadOutput
                 * We need to handle this case.
                 * TODO: the checksum returned within the response of complete multipart upload need to be exposed?
                 */

                /* Grab the ETag for the entire object, and set it as a header. */
                struct aws_byte_cursor etag_header_value = {0};
                const char *xml_path[] = {"CompleteMultipartUploadResult", "ETag", NULL};
                aws_xml_get_body_at_path(meta_request->allocator, xml_doc, xml_path, &etag_header_value);

                if (etag_header_value.len > 0) {
                    struct aws_byte_buf etag_header_value_byte_buf;
                    aws_byte_buf_init(&etag_header_value_byte_buf, meta_request->allocator, 20);
                    if (aws_byte_buf_append_unescaped_xml(
                            meta_request->allocator, etag_header_value, &etag_header_value_byte_buf)) {
                        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
                            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "Server returned unexpected etag format. skipping etag unescaping");
                        aws_http_headers_set(
                            request->send_data.response_headers, g_etag_header_name, etag_header_value);
                    } else {
                        aws_http_headers_set(
                            request->send_data.response_headers,
                            g_etag_header_name,
                            aws_byte_cursor_from_buf(&etag_header_value_byte_buf));
                    }

                    aws_byte_buf_clean_up(&etag_header_value_byte_buf);
                }

                /* Invoke the callback without lock */
                aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);
                /* Notify the user of the headers. */
                if (meta_request->headers_callback(
                        meta_request,
                        request->send_data.response_headers,
                        request->send_data.response_status,
                        meta_request->user_data)) {

                    error_code = aws_last_error_or_unknown();
                }
                meta_request->headers_callback = NULL;
                /* Grab the lock again after the callback */
                aws_s3_meta_request_lock_synced_data(meta_request);
            }

            auto_ranged_put->synced_data.complete_multipart_upload_completed = true;
            auto_ranged_put->synced_data.complete_multipart_upload_error_code = error_code;

            if (error_code != AWS_ERROR_SUCCESS) {
                aws_s3_meta_request_set_fail_synced(meta_request, request, error_code);
            }
        } break;
        case AWS_S3_AUTO_RANGED_PUT_REQUEST_TAG_ABORT_MULTIPART_UPLOAD: {
            auto_ranged_put->synced_data.abort_multipart_upload_error_code = error_code;
            auto_ranged_put->synced_data.abort_multipart_upload_completed = true;

        } break;
    }

    aws_s3_request_finish_up_metrics_synced(request, meta_request);
    aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);
}

/* NOTES: the implementation has been copy/pasted to `s_pause_meta_request_synced` for testing purpose, if changed made
 * here, please update the other function correspondingly. */
static int s_s3_auto_ranged_put_pause(
    struct aws_s3_meta_request *meta_request,
    struct aws_s3_meta_request_resume_token **out_resume_token) {

    *out_resume_token = NULL;

    struct aws_s3_auto_ranged_put *auto_ranged_put = meta_request->impl;
    if (!auto_ranged_put->has_content_length) {
        AWS_LOGF_ERROR(
            AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST, "id=%p: Failed to pause request with unknown content length", (void *)meta_request);
        return aws_raise_error(AWS_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
    }

    /* lock */
    aws_s3_meta_request_lock_synced_data(meta_request);

    AWS_LOGF_DEBUG(
        AWS_LS_S3_META_REQUEST,
        "id=%p: Pausing request with %u out of %u parts have completed.",
        (void *)meta_request,
        auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_completed,
        auto_ranged_put->total_num_parts_from_content_length);

    /* upload can be in one of several states:
     * - not started, i.e. we didn't even call crete mpu yet - return success,
     *   token is NULL and cancel the upload
     * - in the middle of upload - return success, create token and cancel
     *     upload
     * - complete MPU started - return success, generate token and try to cancel
     *   complete MPU
     */
    if (auto_ranged_put->synced_data.create_multipart_upload_completed) {

        *out_resume_token = aws_s3_meta_request_resume_token_new(meta_request->allocator);

        (*out_resume_token)->type = AWS_S3_META_REQUEST_TYPE_PUT_OBJECT;
        (*out_resume_token)->multipart_upload_id =
            aws_string_clone_or_reuse(meta_request->allocator, auto_ranged_put->upload_id);
        (*out_resume_token)->part_size = meta_request->part_size;
        (*out_resume_token)->total_num_parts = auto_ranged_put->total_num_parts_from_content_length;
        (*out_resume_token)->num_parts_completed = auto_ranged_put->synced_data.num_parts_completed;
    }

    /**
     * Cancels the meta request using the PAUSED flag to avoid deletion of uploaded parts.
     * This allows the client to resume the upload later, setting the persistable state in the meta request options.
     */
    aws_s3_meta_request_set_fail_synced(meta_request, NULL, AWS_ERROR_S3_PAUSED);

    aws_s3_meta_request_cancel_cancellable_requests_synced(meta_request, AWS_ERROR_S3_PAUSED);
    aws_s3_meta_request_cancel_pending_buffer_futures_synced(meta_request, AWS_ERROR_S3_PAUSED);

    /* unlock */
    aws_s3_meta_request_unlock_synced_data(meta_request);

    return AWS_OP_SUCCESS;
}