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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0">
<meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>Draft Filesystem Technical Specification</title>
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<body>
<!-- generate-paragraph-numbers=false -->
<div class="noprint">
<p>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td>Document number: </td>
<td>N4099</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Date:</td>
<td>
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%Y-%m-%d" startspan -->2014-07-04<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="12446" --></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Revises:</td>
<td>
<a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n3940.html">N3940</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Project:</td>
<td>
<p>Programming Language C++</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>Project number:</td>
<td>
<p>TS 18822</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p>Reply-to:</td>
<td>
<p>Beman Dawes <bdawes at acm dot org></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<!-- generate-section-numbers=false -->
<h1 class="page_break" align="center">Working Draft,<br>
Technical Specification — File System</h1>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><ins><b>Note: this is an early draft. It’s known to be incomplet and incorrekt,
and it has lots of b<sub>a</sub>d for<sup>m</sup>atting.</b></ins><p>
<p>© ISO/IEC</p>
</div>
<div class="noscreen">
<p align="right">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 21 <span style="background-color: #FFFF00">Dxxxx</span><br>
Date: 2014-07-04<br>
ISO/IEC DTS 18822<br>
ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22<br>
Secretariat: ANSI</p>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><font size="5">Programming Languages — C++<br>
— File System Technical Specification</font></b></p>
<p><b><font size="4">Langages de programmation — C++<br>
— Spécification technique de système de fichiers</font></b></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="100%"><p align="center"><b>Warning</b></p>
<p>This document is not an ISO <del>International Standard</del> <ins>Technical Specification</ins>. It is distributed for review and comment. It is
subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as <del>an International Standard</del> <ins>a Technical Specification</ins>.
</p>
<p>Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant
patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Document type: Draft Technical Specification<br>
Document stage: (40) Enquiry<br>
Document Language: E</p>
</div>
<div class ="roman-page">
<div class="noscreen">
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="100%"><p align="center"><b>Copyright notice</b></p>
<p>This ISO document is a working draft or committee draft and is copyright-protected by ISO. While
the reproduction of working drafts or committee drafts in any form for use by participants in the
ISO standards development process is permitted without prior permission from ISO, neither this
document nor any extract from it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form for any
other purpose without prior written permission from ISO.</p>
<p>Requests for permission to reproduce this document for the purpose of selling it should be
addressed as shown below or to ISO’s member body in the country of the requester:</p>
<blockquote><p>ISO copyright officer<br>
Case postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20<br>
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11<br>
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47<br>
E-mail copyright@iso.org<br>
Web www.iso.org
</p></blockquote>
<p>Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.</p>
<p>Violators may be prosecuted.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<h2 class="page_break"> <a name="TOC">Contents</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p> <a href="#TOC"> Contents</a><br>
<a href="#Scope">1 Scope </a><br>
<a href="#Conformance">2 Conformance </a><br>
<a href="#fs.conform.9945">2.1 POSIX conformance </a><br>
<a href="#fs.conform.os">2.2 Operating system dependent behavior conformance</a><br>
<ins><a href="#fs.race.behavior">2.3 File system race
behavior</a></ins><br>
<a href="#Normative-references">3 Normative references </a><br>
<a href="#Definitions">4 Terms and definitions </a><br>
<a href="#Absolute-path">4.1 absolute path </a><br>
<a href="#canonical-path">4.2 canonical path </a><br>
<a href="#directory">4.3 directory </a><br>
<a href="#file">4.4 file </a><br>
<a href="#file-system">4.5 file system </a><br>
<a href="#file-system-race">4.6 file system race </a><br>
<a href="#filename">4.7 filename </a><br>
<a href="#hard-link">4.8 hard link </a><br>
<a href="#link">4.9 link </a><br>
<a href="#fs.def.native.encode">4.10 native encoding </a><br>
<a href="#fs.def.native">4.11 native pathname format </a><br>
<a href="#NTCTS">4.12 NTCTS </a><br>
<a href="#operating system dependent">4.13 operating system dependent behavior
</a><br>
<a href="#fs.def.parent">4.14 parent directory </a><br>
<a href="#path">4.15 path </a><br>
<a href="#fs.def.pathname">4.16 pathname </a><br>
<a href="#fs.def.pathres">4.17 pathname resolution </a><br>
<a href="#Relative-path">4.18 relative path </a><br>
<a href="#symbolic-link">4.19 symbolic link </a><br>
<a href="#fs.req">5 Requirements</a><br>
<a href="#Namespaces-and-headers">5.1 Namespaces and headers</a><br>
<ins><a href="#fs.req.macros">5.2 Feature test macros</a></ins><a href="#fs.req"> </a><br>
<a href="#Header-filesystem-synopsis">6 Header <code><experimental/filesystem></code> synopsis
</a><br>
<a href="#Error-reporting">7 Error reporting </a><br>
<a href="#class-path">8 Class <code>path</code> </a><br>
<a href="#path.generic">8.1 <code>path</code> generic pathname format grammar </a><br>
<a href="#path-Conversions">8.2 <code>path</code> conversions </a><br>
<a href="#path-Conversions-to-native-format">8.2.1 <code>path</code> argument format
conversions </a><br>
<a href="#path.arg.convert">8.2.2 <code>path</code> type and encoding conversions </a><br>
<a href="#path-Requirements">8.3 <code>path</code> requirements </a><br>
<a href="#path.member">8.4 <code>path</code> members </a><br>
<a href="#path-constructors">8.4.1 <code>path</code> constructors </a><br>
<a href="#path-assignments">8.4.2 <code>path</code> assignments </a><br>
<a href="#path-appends">8.4.3 <code>path</code> appends
</a><br>
<a href="#path-concatenation">8.4.4 <code>path</code> concatenation </a><br>
<a href="#path-modifiers">8.4.5 <code>path</code> modifiers </a><br>
<a href="#path-native-format-observers">8.4.6 <code>path</code> native format observers
</a><br>
<a href="#path-generic-format-observers">8.4.7 <code>path</code> generic format observers
</a><br>
<a href="#path-compare">8.4.8 <code>path</code> compare </a><br>
<a href="#path-decomposition">8.4.9 <code>path</code> decomposition
</a><br>
<a href="#path-query">8.4.10 <code>path</code> query </a><br>
<a href="#path-iterators">8.5 <code>path</code> iterators </a><br>
<a href="#path-non-member-functions">8.6 <code>path</code> non-member functions
</a><br>
<a href="#path-inserter-extractor">8.6.1 <code>path</code> inserter and extractor </a><br>
<a href="#path.factory">8.6.2 <code>path</code> factory functions </a><br>
<a href="#Class-filesystem_error">9 Class <code>filesystem_error</code>
</a><br>
<a href="#filesystem_error-members">9.1 <code>filesystem_error</code> members
</a><br>
<a href="#fs.enum">10 Enumerations </a><br>
<a href="#Enum-file_type">10.1 Enum class <code>file_type</code> </a><br>
<a href="#enum.copy_options">10.2 Enum class <code>copy_options</code> </a><br>
<a href="#enum.perms">10.3 Enum class <code>perms</code> </a><br>
<a href="#enum.directory_options"><ins>10.4 Enum class <code>directory_options</code></ins> </a><br>
<a href="#file_status">11 Class <code>file_status</code> </a><br>
<a href="#file_status-constructors">11.1 <code>file_status</code> constructors
</a><br>
<a href="#file_status-observers">11.2 <code>file_status</code> observers </a><br>
<a href="#file_status-modifiers">11.3 <code>file_status</code> modifiers </a><br>
<a href="#Class-directory_entry">12 Class <code>directory_entry</code> </a><br>
<a href="#directory_entry-constructors">12.1 <code>directory_entry</code> constructors
</a><br>
<a href="#directory_entry-modifiers">12.2 <code>directory_entry</code> modifiers
</a><br>
<a href="#directory_entry-observers">12.3 <code>directory_entry</code> observers
</a><br>
<a href="#Class-directory_iterator">13 Class <code>directory_iterator</code>
</a><br>
<a href="#directory_iterator-members">13.1 <code>directory_iterator</code> members
</a><br>
<a href="#directory_iterator-non-member-functions">13.2 <code>directory_iterator</code> non-member functions
</a><br>
<a href="#class.rec.dir.itr">14 Class <code>recursive_directory_iterator</code>
</a><br>
<a href="#recursive_directory_iterator-members">14.1 <code>recursive_directory_iterator</code> members
</a><br>
<a href="#rec.dir.itr.nonmembers">14.2 <code>recursive_directory_iterator</code> non-member functions
</a><br>
<a href="#Operational-functions">15 Operational functions </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.absolute">15.1 Absolute </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.canonical">15.2 Canonical </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.copy">15.3 Copy </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.copy_file">15.4 Copy file </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.copy_symlink">15.5 Copy symlink </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.create_directories">15.6 Create directories </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.create_directory">15.7 Create directory </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.create_dir_symlk">15.8 Create directory symlink </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.create_hard_lk">15.9 Create hard link </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.create_symlink">15.10 Create symlink </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.current_path">15.11 Current path </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.exists">15.12 Exists </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.equivalent">15.13 Equivalent </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.file_size">15.14 File size </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.hard_lk_ct">15.15 Hard link count </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.is_block_file">15.16 Is block file </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.is_char_file">15.17 Is character file </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.is_directory">15.18 Is directory </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.is_empty">15.19 Is empty </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.is_fifo">15.20 Is fifo </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.is_other">15.21 Is other </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.is_regular_file">15.22 Is regular file </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.is_socket">15.23 Is socket </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.is_symlink">15.24 Is symlink </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.last_write_time">15.25 Last write time </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.permissions">15.26 Permissions </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.read_symlink">15.27 Read symlink </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.remove">15.28 Remove </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.remove_all">15.29 Remove all </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.rename">15.30 Rename </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.resize_file">15.31 Resize file </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.space">15.32 Space </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.status">15.33 Status </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.status_known">15.34 Status known </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.symlink_status">15.35 Symlink status </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.system_complete">15.36 System complete </a><br>
<a href="#fs.op.temp_dir_path">15.37 Temporary directory
path</a></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
</div>
<!-- generate-section-numbers=true -->
<!-- generate-paragraph-numbers=true -->
<h2 class="page_number_reset">1 <a name="Scope">Scope</a> [<a name="fs.scope">fs.scope</a>]</h2>
<p para_num="1">This Technical Specification specifies requirements for implementations of an
interface that computer programs written in the C++ programming language may use
to perform operations on file systems and their components, such as paths,
regular files, and directories. This Technical Specification is applicable to
information technology systems that can access hierarchical file systems, such
as those with operating systems that conform to the POSIX (<a href="#fs.norm.ref">3</a>)
interface. This Technical Specification is applicable only to vendors who wish
to provide the interface it describes.</p>
<h2>2 <a name="Conformance">Conformance</a> [<a name="fs.conformance">fs.conformance</a>]</h2>
<p para_num="1">Conformance is specified in terms of behavior. Ideal behavior is not always
implementable, so the conformance sub-clauses take that into account.</p>
<h3>2.1 POSIX conformance [<a name="fs.conform.9945">fs.conform.9945</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">Some behavior is specified by reference to POSIX (<a href="#fs.norm.ref">3</a>). How such behavior is actually implemented is unspecified.</p>
<blockquote>
<p para_num="2">[<i>Note:</i> This constitutes an "as if" rule allowing implementations
to call native
operating system or other API's. <i>—end note</i>]</p>
</blockquote>
<p para_num="3">Implementations are encouraged to provide such behavior as it is defined by
POSIX. Implementations shall document any behavior that differs from the
behavior defined by POSIX. Implementations that do not support exact POSIX
behavior are encouraged to provide behavior as close to POSIX behavior as is reasonable given the
limitations of actual operating systems and file systems. If an implementation cannot provide any
reasonable behavior, the implementation shall report an error as specified in §
<a href="#fs.err.report">7</a>.
</p>
<blockquote>
<p para_num="4">[<i>Note:</i> This allows users to rely on an exception being thrown or
an error code being set when an implementation cannot provide any reasonable
behavior. — <i>end note</i>]</p>
</blockquote>
<p para_num="5">Implementations are not required to provide behavior that is not supported by
a particular file system.</p>
<blockquote>
<p para_num="6">[<i>Example:</i> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT_filesystem">
FAT file system</a> used by some memory cards, camera memory, and floppy discs
does not support hard links, symlinks, and many other features of more capable
file systems, so implementations are not required to support those features
on the FAT file system. <i>—end example</i>]</p>
</blockquote>
<h3>2.2 Operating system dependent behavior conformance [<a name="fs.conform.os">fs.conform.os</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">Some behavior is specified as being
operating system dependent (<a href="#fs.def.osdep">4.13</a>). The operating system an
implementation is dependent upon is implementation defined.</p>
<p para_num="2">It is permissible for an implementation to be dependent upon an operating
system emulator rather than the actual underlying operating system.</p>
<h3><ins>2.3 File system race behavior [<a name="fs.race.behavior">fs.race.behavior</a>]</ins></h3>
<p para_num="1"><del>The behavior of functions described in this Technical Specification may
differ from their specification in the presence of <a href="#file-system-race">
file system races</a> ([fs.def.race]). No diagnostic is required.</del></p>
<p para_num="2"><ins>Behavior is undefined if calls to functions provided by this Technical
Specification introduce a file system race (<a href="#fs.def.race">4.6</a>).</ins></p>
<p para_num="3">If the possibility of a file system race would make it unreliable for a
program to test for a precondition before calling a function described herein, <i>
Requires</i> is not specified for the function.</p>
<blockquote>
<p para_num="4">[<i>Note:</i> As a design practice, preconditions are not specified when it
is unreasonable for a program to detect them prior to calling the function. <i>
—end note</i>]</p>
</blockquote>
<h2>3 <a name="Normative-references">Normative references</a> [<a name="fs.norm.ref">fs.norm.ref</a>]</h2>
<p para_num="1">The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of
this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies. </p>
<ul>
<li para_num="2">ISO/IEC 14882, <i>Programming Language C++<br>
</i></li>
<li para_num="3">ISO/IEC 9945, <i>Information Technology — Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX)</i></li>
</ul>
<p para_num="4">[<i>Note:</i> The programming language and library described in ISO/IEC 14882
is herein called <i>the C++ Standard</i>. References to clauses within the C++
Standard are written as "C++14 §3.2". <ins>Section references are relative
to <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/prot/14882fdis/n3936.pdf">
N3936</a></ins>.
<p para_num="5">The operating system interface
described in ISO/IEC 9945 is herein called <i>POSIX</i>. <i>—end note</i>]<p para_num="6">This
Technical Specification mentions commercially
available operating systems for purposes of exposition.<sup> <a href="#footnote">
[footnote]</a></sup><p para_num="7">Unless otherwise specified, the whole of the C++
Standard's Library introduction (C++14 §17) is included into this Technical
Specification by reference.</p>
<blockquote>
<p para_num="8"><sup>[<a name="footnote">footnote</a>]</sup> POSIX® is
a registered trademark of The IEEE. MAC OS® is a registered trademark of Apple
Inc. Windows® is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. This information is given for the convenience of
users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO or IEC of
these products.</blockquote>
<h2>4 <a name="Definitions">Terms and definitions</a> [<a name="fs.definitions">fs.definitions</a>]</h2>
<p para_num="1">For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in the C++
Standard and the following apply.</p>
<h3>4.1 <a name="Absolute-path">absolute path</a> [<a name="fs.def.absolute-path">fs.def.absolute-path</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">A path that
unambiguously
identifies the location of a file without reference to an additional starting
location. The elements of a path that determine if it is absolute are
operating system dependent.</p>
<h3>4.2 <a name="canonical-path">canonical path</a> [<a name="fs.def.canonical-path">fs.def.canonical-path</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">An absolute path that has no elements that are symbolic links, and no dot or
dot-dot elements (<a href="#path.generic">8.1</a>).</p>
<h3>4.3 <a name="directory">directory</a> [<a name="fs.def.directory">fs.def.directory</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">A file within a file system that acts as a container of directory entries
that contain information about
other files, possibly including other directory files.</p>
<h3>4.4 <a name="file">file</a> [<a name="fs.def.file">fs.def.file</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">An object within a file system that holds user or system data. Files can be written to, or read from, or both. A file
has certain attributes, including type. File types include regular files
and directories. Other types of files, such as symbolic links, may be supported by the
implementation.</p>
<h3>4.5 <a name="file-system">file system</a> [<a name="fs.def.filesystem">fs.def.filesystem</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">A collection of files and certain of their attributes.</p>
<h3>4.6 <a name="file-system-race">file system race</a> [<a name="fs.def.race">fs.def.race</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">The condition that occurs
when multiple threads, processes, or computers interleave access and
modification of
the same object within a file system.</p>
<h3>4.7 <a name="filename">filename</a> [<a name="fs.def.filename">fs.def.filename</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">The name of a file. Filenames dot
and dot-dot have special meaning. The following characteristics of
filenames are operating system dependent:</p>
<ul>
<li para_num="2">The permitted characters. [<i>Example</i>: Some operating systems prohibit the ASCII control characters (0x00-0x1F)
in filenames. <i>—end example</i>].
</li>
<li para_num="3">The maximum permitted length.</li>
<li para_num="4">Filenames that are not permitted.</li>
<li para_num="5">Filenames that have special meaning.</li>
<li para_num="6">Case awareness and sensitivity during path resolution.</li>
<li para_num="7">Special rules that may apply to file types other than regular
files, such as directories.</li>
</ul>
<h3>4.8 <a name="hard-link">hard link</a> [<a name="fs.def.hardlink">fs.def.hardlink</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">A link (<a href="#fs.def.link">4.9</a>) to an existing file. Some
file systems support multiple hard links to a file. If the last hard link to a
file is removed, the file itself is removed.</p>
<blockquote>
<p para_num="2">[<i>Note:</i> A hard link can be thought of as a shared-ownership smart
pointer to a file.<i> —end note</i>]<i> </i></p>
</blockquote>
<h3>4.9 <a name="link">link</a> [<a name="fs.def.link">fs.def.link</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">A directory entry <del>object</del> that associates a
filename with a file. A link is either a hard link (<a href="#fs.def.hardlink">4.8</a>) or a
symbolic link (<a href="#fs.def.symlink">4.19</a>).</p>
<h3>4.10 native encoding [<a name="fs.def.native.encode">fs.def.native.encode</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">For narrow character strings, the operating system dependent current encoding
for path names. For wide character strings, the implementation defined execution
wide-character set encoding (C++14 §2.3).</p>
<h3>4.11 native pathname format [<a name="fs.def.native">fs.def.native</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">The operating system dependent pathname format accepted by the host operating system.</p>
<h3>4.12 <a name="NTCTS">NTCTS</a> [<a name="fs.def.ntcts">fs.def.ntcts</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">Acronym for "null-terminated character-type sequence". Describes a sequence
of values of a given encoded character type terminated by that type's null character. If
the encoded character type is <code>EcharT</code>, the null character can be constructed
by <code>EcharT()</code>. </p>
<h3>4.13 <a name="operating system dependent">operating system dependent</a> behavior
[<a name="fs.def.osdep">fs.def.osdep</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">Behavior that is dependent upon the behavior
and characteristics of an operating system. See [fs.conform.os].</p>
<h3>4.14 parent directory [<a name="fs.def.parent">fs.def.parent</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">When discussing a given directory, the directory that both contains a
directory entry for the given directory and is represented by the <del>pathname</del> <ins>filename</ins>
dot-dot in the given directory.</p>
<p para_num="2">When discussing other types of files, a directory containing a directory
entry for the file under discussion.</p>
<p para_num="3">This concept does not apply to dot and dot-dot.</p>
<h3>4.15 <a name="path">path</a> [<a name="fs.def.path">fs.def.path</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">A sequence of elements that identify
the location of a file within a filesystem. The elements are the <i>root-name<sub>opt</sub></i>, <i>
root-directory<sub>opt</sub></i>, and an optional sequence of filenames.
The maximum number of elements in the sequence is operating system dependent.
</p>
<h3>4.16 pathname [<a name="fs.def.pathname">fs.def.pathname</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">A character string that represents the name of a path. Pathnames are
formatted according to the generic pathname format grammar (<a href="#path.generic">8.1</a>) or an
operating system dependent
native pathname format.</p>
<h3>4.17 pathname resolution [<a name="fs.def.pathres">fs.def.pathres</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">Pathname resolution is the operating system dependent mechanism for resolving
a pathname to a particular file in a file hierarchy. There may be multiple
pathnames that resolve to the same file. [<i>Example:</i> POSIX specifies the mechanism in section 4.11, Pathname resolution. <i>
—end example]</i></p>
<h3>4.18 <a name="Relative-path">relative path</a> [<a name="fs.def.relative-path">fs.def.relative-path</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">A path that
is not absolute, and so only
unambiguously
identifies the location of a file when resolved relative to
an implied starting location. The elements of a path that determine if it is
relative are operating system dependent. [<i>Note:</i>
<del>Paths</del> <ins>Pathnames</ins> <code>"."</code> and <code>".."</code> are relative paths. <i>—end note</i>]</p>
<h3>4.19 <a name="symbolic-link">symbolic link</a> [<a name="fs.def.symlink">fs.def.symlink</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">A <del>link (<a href="#fs.def.link">4.9</a>)</del> <ins>type of file</ins> with the
property that when the file is encountered during pathname resolution, a string
stored by the file is used to modify the pathname resolution. </p>
<blockquote>
<p para_num="2">[<i>Note:</i> Symbolic links are often called symlinks. A symbolic link can be thought of as a raw pointer to a file.
If the file pointed to does not exist, the symbolic link is said to be a
"dangling" symbolic link.<i> —end note</i>]<i> </i></p>
</blockquote>
<h2>5 Requirements [<a name="fs.req">fs.req</a>]</h2>
<p para_num="1">Throughout this Technical Specification, <code>char</code>, <code>wchar_t</code>,
<code>char16_t</code>, and <code>char32_t</code> are collectively called <i>
encoded character types</i>.</p>
<p para_num="2">Template parameters named <code>EcharT</code> shall be one of the
encoded character types.</p>
<p para_num="3">Template parameters named <code>InputIterator</code> shall meet the
C++ Standard's library input iterator requirements (C++14 §24.2.3) and shall
have a value type that is one of the encoded character types.</p>
<blockquote>
<p para_num="4">[<i>Note:</i> Use of an encoded character type implies an associated
encoding. Since <code>signed char</code> and <code>unsigned char</code> have no
implied encoding, they are not included as permitted types. <i>—end note</i>]</p>
</blockquote>
<p para_num="5"><ins>Template parameters named <code>Allocator</code> shall meet the C++
Standard's library Allocator requirements (C++14 §17.6.3.5).</ins></p>
<h3>5.1 <a name="Namespaces-and-headers">Namespaces and headers</a> [<a name="fs.req.namespace">fs.req.namespace</a>]</h3>
<p para_num="1">The components described in this technical specification are experimental and
not part of the C++ standard library. All components described in this technical
specification are declared in namespace <code>std::experimental::filesystem::v1</code>
or a sub-namespace thereof unless otherwise specified. The header described in
this technical specification shall import the contents of <code>
std::experimental::filesystem::v1</code> into <code>std::experimental::filesystem</code> as
if by</p>
<blockquote>
<pre para_num="2">namespace std {
namespace experimental {
namespace filesystem {
inline namespace v1 {}
}
}
}</pre>
</blockquote>
<p para_num="3">Unless otherwise specified, references to other entities described in this
technical specification are assumed to be qualified with <code>std::experimental::</code><code>filesystem::v1::</code>,
and references to entities described in the C++ standard are assumed to be qualified
with <code>std::</code>.</p>
<h3><ins>5.2 Feature test macros [<a name="fs.req.macros">fs.req.macros</a>]</ins></h3>
<p para_num="1"><ins>This macro allows users to determine which version of this
Technical Specification is supported by header <code><experimental/filesystem></code>.</ins></p>
<p para_num="2"><ins>Header <code><experimental/filesystem></code> shall supply
the following macro definition:</ins></p>
<blockquote>
<div>
<pre para_num="3"><ins>#define __cpp_lib_experimental_filesystem 201406</ins></pre>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p para_num="4"><ins>[<i>Note:</i> The value of macro <code>__cpp_lib_experimental_filesystem</code>
is <i>yyyymm</i> where <i>yyyy</i> is the year and <i>mm</i> the month when the
version of the Technical Specification was completed. <i>— end note</i>]</ins></p>
<h2>6 <a name="Header-filesystem-synopsis">Header <code><experimental/filesystem></code> synopsis</a>
[<a name="fs.filesystem.synopsis">fs.filesystem.synopsis</a>]</h2>
<pre para_num="1">namespace std { namespace experimental { namespace filesystem { inline namespace v1 {
class <a href="#class-path">path</a>;
void swap(path& lhs, path& rhs) noexcept;
size_t <a href="#hash_value">hash_value</a>(const path& p) noexcept;
bool operator==(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
bool operator!=(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
bool operator< (const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
bool operator<=(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
bool operator> (const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
bool operator>=(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
path operator/ (const path& lhs, const path& rhs);
template <class charT, class traits>
basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const path& p);
template <class charT, class traits>
basic_istream<charT, traits>&
operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, path& p);
template <class <a href="#Source">Source</a>>
path u8path(<del>Source const</del><ins>const Source</ins>& source);
template <class InputIterator>
path u8path(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
class <a href="#Class-filesystem_error">filesystem_error</a>;
class <a href="#Class-directory_entry">directory_entry</a>;
class <a href="#Class-directory_iterator">directory_iterator</a>;
// enable directory_iterator range-based for statements
directory_iterator <a href="#directory_iterator-non-member-functions">begin</a>(directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
directory_iterator <a href="#directory_iterator-non-member-functions">end</a>(const directory_iterator&) noexcept;
class <a href="#class.rec.dir.itr">recursive_directory_iterator</a>;
// enable recursive_directory_iterator range-based for statements
recursive_directory_iterator <a href="#rec.dir.itr.nonmembers">begin</a>(recursive_directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
recursive_directory_iterator <a href="#rec.dir.itr.nonmembers">end</a>(const recursive_directory_iterator&) noexcept;
class <a href="#file_status">file_status</a>;
struct <a name="space_info">space_info</a>
{
uintmax_t capacity;
uintmax_t free;
uintmax_t available;
};
enum class <a href="#enum.file_type">file_type</a>;
enum class <a href="#enum.perms">perms</a>;
enum class <a name="copy_option" href="#enum.copy_options">copy_options</a>;
enum class <a name="symlink_option" href="#enum.directory_options">directory_options</a><ins>;</ins>
<del>{</del>
<del>none,</del>
<del>follow_directory_symlink,</del>
<del>skip_permission_denied</del>
<del>};</del>
typedef chrono::time_point<<b><i>trivial-clock</i></b>> file_time_type;
// <a href="#Operational-functions">operational functions</a>
path <a href="#absolute">absolute</a>(const path& p, const path& base=current_path());
path <a href="#canonical">canonical</a>(const path& p, const path& base = current_path());
path <a href="#canonical">canonical</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec);
path <a href="#canonical">canonical</a>(const path& p, const path& base, error_code& ec);
void <a href="#copy">copy</a>(const path& from, const path& to);
void <a href="#copy">copy</a>(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec) noexcept;
void <a href="#copy">copy</a>(const path& from, const path& to, <a href="#copy_option">copy_options</a> options);
void <a href="#copy">copy</a>(const path& from, const path& to, <a href="#copy_option">copy_options</a> options,
error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#copy_file">copy_file</a>(const path& from, const path& to);
bool <a href="#copy_file">copy_file</a>(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#copy_file">copy_file</a>(const path& from, const path& to, <a href="#copy_option">copy_options</a> option);
bool <a href="#copy_file">copy_file</a>(const path& from, const path& to, <a href="#copy_option">copy_options</a> option,
error_code& ec) noexcept;
void <a href="#copy_symlink">copy_symlink</a>(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink);
void <a href="#copy_symlink">copy_symlink</a>(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink,
error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#create_directories">create_directories</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#create_directories">create_directories</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#create_directory">create_directory</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#create_directory">create_directory</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#create_directory2">create_directory</a>(const path& p, const path& attributes);
bool <a href="#create_directory2">create_directory</a>(const path& p, const path& attributes,
error_code& ec) noexcept;
void <a href="#create_directory_symlink">create_directory_symlink</a>(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
void <a href="#create_directory_symlink">create_directory_symlink</a>(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
error_code& ec) noexcept;
void <a href="#create_hard_link">create_hard_link</a>(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link);
void <a href="#create_hard_link">create_hard_link</a>(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link,
error_code& ec) noexcept;
void <a href="#create_symlink">create_symlink</a>(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
void <a href="#create_symlink">create_symlink</a>(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
error_code& ec) noexcept;
path <a href="#current_path">current_path</a>();
path <a href="#current_path">current_path</a>(error_code& ec);
void <a href="#current_path">current_path</a>(const path& p);
void <a href="#current_path">current_path</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#exists">exists</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
bool <a href="#exists">exists</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#exists">exists</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#equivalent">equivalent</a>(const path& p1, const path& p2);
bool <a href="#equivalent">equivalent</a>(const path& p1, const path& p2, error_code& ec) noexcept;
uintmax_t <a href="#file_size">file_size</a>(const path& p);
uintmax_t <a href="#file_size">file_size</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
uintmax_t <a href="#hard_link_count">hard_link_count</a>(const path& p);
uintmax_t <a href="#hard_link_count">hard_link_count</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_block_file">is_block_file</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_block_file">is_block_file</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#is_block_file">is_block_file</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_character_file">is_character_file</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_character_file">is_character_file</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#is_character_file">is_character_file</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_directory">is_directory</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_directory">is_directory</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#is_directory">is_directory</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_empty">is_empty</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#is_empty">is_empty</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_fifo">is_fifo</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_fifo">is_fifo</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#is_fifo">is_fifo</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_other">is_other</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_other2">is_other</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#is_other2">is_other</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_regular_file">is_regular_file</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
bool i<a href="#is_regular_file2">s_regular_file</a>(const path& p);
bool i<a href="#is_regular_file2">s_regular_file</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_socket">is_socket</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_socket">is_socket</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#is_socket">is_socket</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_symlink">is_symlink</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
bool <a href="#is_symlink2">is_symlink</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#is_symlink2">is_symlink</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
file_time_type <a href="#last_write_time">last_write_time</a>(const path& p);
file_time_type <a href="#last_write_time">last_write_time</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
void <a href="#last_write_time2">last_write_time</a>(const path& p, file_time_type new_time);
void <a href="#last_write_time2">last_write_time</a>(const path& p, file_time_type new_time,
error_code& ec) noexcept;
void <a href="#fs.op.permissions">permissions</a>(const path& p, perms prms);
void <a href="#fs.op.permissions">permissions</a>(const path& p, perms prms, error_code& ec) noexcept;
path <a href="#read_symlink">read_symlink</a>(const path& p);
path <a href="#read_symlink">read_symlink</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec);
bool <a href="#remove">remove</a>(const path& p);
bool <a href="#remove">remove</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
uintmax_t <a href="#remove_all">remove_all</a>(const path& p);
uintmax_t <a href="#remove_all">remove_all</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
void <a href="#rename">rename</a>(const path& from, const path& to);
void <a href="#rename">rename</a>(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec) noexcept;
void <a href="#resize_file">resize_file</a>(const path& p, uintmax_t size);
void <a href="#resize_file2">resize_file</a>(const path& p, uintmax_t size, error_code& ec) noexcept;
<a href="#space_info">space_info</a> <a href="#space">space</a>(const path& p);
<a href="#space_info">space_info</a> <a href="#space">space</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
<a href="#file_status">file_status</a> <a href="#status">status</a>(const path& p);
<a href="#file_status">file_status</a> <a href="#status">status</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
bool <a href="#status_known">status_known</a>(file_status s) noexcept;
<a href="#file_status">file_status</a> <a href="#symlink_status">symlink_status</a>(const path& p);
<a href="#file_status">file_status</a> <a href="#symlink_status">symlink_status</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
path <a href="#system_complete">system_complete</a>(const path& p);
path <a href="#system_complete">system_complete</a>(const path& p, error_code& ec);
path <a href="#temp_directory_path">temp_directory_path</a>();
path <a href="#temp_directory_path">temp_directory_path</a>(error_code& ec);
} } } } // namespaces std::experimental::filesystem::v1</pre>
<p para_num="2"><b><i><code>trivial-clock</code></i></b> is an implementation-defined type that satisfies the
<code>TrivialClock</code> requirements (C++14 §20.12.3)
and that is capable of representing and measuring file time values.
Implementations should ensure that the resolution and range of <tt>
file_time_type</tt> reflect the operating system dependent resolution and range
of file time values.</p>
<h2>7 <a name="Error-reporting">Error reporting</a> [<a name="fs.err.report">fs.err.report</a>]</h2>
<p para_num="1">Filesystem library functions often provide two overloads, one that
throws an exception to report file system errors, and another that sets an <code>error_code</code>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p para_num="2">[<i>Note:</i> This supports two common use cases:</p>
<ul>
<li para_num="3">Uses where file system
errors are truly exceptional and indicate a serious failure. Throwing an
exception is the most appropriate response. This is the preferred default for
most everyday programming.<br>
</li>
<li para_num="4">Uses where file system <del>system</del> errors are routine and do not necessarily represent
failure. Returning an error code is the most appropriate response. This allows
application specific error handling, including simply ignoring the error.</li>
</ul>
<p para_num="5"><i>—end note</i>]</p>
</blockquote>
<p para_num="6">Functions <b>not</b> having an argument of type <code>error_code&</code> report errors as follows, unless otherwise specified:</p>
<ul>
<li para_num="7">When a call by the
implementation to an operating system or other underlying API results in an
error that prevents the function from meeting its specifications, an exception
of type
<code>filesystem_error</code> shall be thrown. For functions with a single path
argument, that argument shall be passed to the
<code>filesystem_error</code> constructor with a single path argument. For
functions with two path arguments, the first of these arguments shall be
passed to the
<code>filesystem_error</code> constructor as the <code>path1</code> argument,
and the second shall be passed as the <code>path2</code> argument. The
<code>filesystem_error</code> constructor's <code>error_code</code> argument
is set as appropriate for the specific operating system dependent error. <br>
</li>
<li para_num="8">Failure to allocate storage is reported by throwing an exception as described in
C++14
§17.6.5.12.<br>
</li>
<li para_num="9">Destructors throw nothing.</li>
</ul>
<p para_num="10">Functions having an argument of type <code>error_code&</code> report errors as follows, unless otherwise
specified:</p>
<ul>
<li para_num="11">If a call by the
implementation to an operating system or other underlying API results in an
error that prevents the function from meeting its specifications, the
<code>error_code&</code> argument is set as
appropriate for the specific operating system dependent error. Otherwise, <code>clear()</code>
is called on the
<code>error_code&</code> argument.</li>
</ul>
<h2>8 <a name="class-path">Class <code>path</code> [class.path]</a></h2>
<p para_num="1">An object of class <code>path</code> represents a path (<a href="#fs.def.path">4.15</a>)
and contains a pathname (<a href="#fs.def.pathname">4.16</a>)<ins>.</ins> Such an object is concerned only with the lexical and syntactic aspects
of a path. The path does not necessarily exist in external storage, and the
pathname is not necessarily valid for the current operating
system or for a particular file system.</p>
<pre para_num="2">namespace std { namespace experimental { namespace filesystem { inline namespace v1 {
class path
{
public:
typedef <b><i><a href="#value_type">see below</a></i></b> value_type;
typedef basic_string<value_type> string_type;
static constexpr value_type preferred_separator = <b><i><a href="#value_type">see below</a></i></b>;
// <a href="#path-constructors">constructors</a> and destructor
path() <ins>noexcept</ins>;
path(const path& p);
path(path&& p) noexcept;
template <class <a href="#Source">Source</a>>
path(<del>Source const</del><ins>const Source</ins>& source);
template <class InputIterator>
path(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
template <class <a href="#Source">Source</a>>
path(<del>Source const</del><ins>const Source</ins>& source, const locale& loc);
template <class InputIterator>
path(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const locale& loc);
~path();
// <a href="#path-assignments">assignments</a>
path& operator=(const path& p);
path& operator=(path&& p) noexcept;
template <class <a href="#Source">Source</a>>
path& operator=(<del>Source const</del><ins>const Source</ins>& source);
template <class <a href="#Source">Source</a>>
path& assign(<del>Source const</del><ins>const Source</ins>& source)
template <class InputIterator>
path& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
// <a href="#path-appends">appends</a>
path& operator/=(const path& p);
template <class <a href="#Source">Source</a>>
path& operator/=(<del>Source const</del><ins>const Source</ins>& source);
template <class <a href="#Source">Source</a>>
path& append(<del>Source const</del><ins>const Source</ins>& source);
template <class InputIterator>
path& append(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
// <a href="#path-concatenation">concatenation</a>
path& operator+=(const path& x);
path& operator+=(const string_type& x);
path& operator+=(const value_type* x);
path& operator+=(value_type x);
template <class Source>
path& operator+=(<del>Source const</del><ins>const Source</ins>& x);
template <class EcharT>
path& operator+=(EcharT x);
template <class Source>
path& concat(<del>Source const</del><ins>const Source</ins>& x);
template <class InputIterator>
path& concat(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
// <a href="#path-modifiers">modifiers</a>
void <a href="#path-clear">clear</a>() noexcept;
path& <a href="#path-make_preferred">make_preferred</a>();
path& <a href="#path-remove_filename">remove_filename</a>();
path& <a href="#replace_filename">replace_filename</a>(const path& replacement);
path& <a href="#path-replace_extension">replace_extension</a>(const path& replacement = path());
void <a href="#path-swap">swap</a>(path& rhs) noexcept;
// <a href="#path-native-format-observers">native format observers</a>
const string_type& <a href="#native">native</a>() const noexcept;
const value_type* <a href="#c_str">c_str</a>() const noexcept;
<a href="#operator-string_type">operator string_type</a>() const;
template <class EcharT, class traits = char_traits<EcharT>,
class Allocator = allocator<EcharT> >
basic_string<EcharT, traits, Allocator>
<a href="#string-template">string</a>(const Allocator& a = Allocator()) const;
std::string <a href="#string">string</a>() const;
std::wstring <a href="#wstring">wstring</a>() const;
std::string <a href="#u8string">u8string</a>() const;
std::u16string <a href="#u16string">u16string</a>() const;
std::u32string <a href="#u32string">u32string</a>() const;
// <a href="#path-generic-format-observers">generic format observers</a>
template <class EcharT, class traits = char_traits<EcharT>,
class Allocator = allocator<EcharT> >
basic_string<EcharT, traits, Allocator>
<a href="#generic_string-template">generic_string</a>(const Allocator& a = Allocator()) const;
std::string <a href="#generic_string">generic_string</a>() const;
std::wstring <a href="#generic_wstring">generic_wstring</a>() const;
std::string <a href="#generic_u8string">generic_u8string</a>() const;
std::u16string <a href="#generic_u16string">generic_u16string</a>() const;
std::u32string <a href="#generic_u32string">generic_u32string</a>() const;
// <a href="#path-compare">compare</a>
int <a href="#path-compare">compare</a>(const path& p) const noexcept;
int <a href="#path-compare">compare</a>(const string_type& s) const;
int <a href="#path-compare">compare</a>(const value_type* s) const;