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</span><br><span style="font-weight: normal;">Proof of Work</span></h2>
<h3 class="mbr-section-subtitle align-center mbr-light mbr-white pb-3 mbr-fonts-style display-5">Der Algorithmus zur Sicherung des Netzwerks<br></h3>
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<div class="mbr-text col-12 mbr-fonts-style display-7 col-md-8"><p><span style="font-size: 1.1rem;"><strong>Wie funktioniert der Proof of Work?</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 1.1rem;">Beim BTC POW entsteht ca. alle 10 min ein neuer Daten-Block, der die Daten der Transaktionen als Signaturen und Zeitstempel, sowie weitere Implementierungen enthält, wie z.B. Smart Contracts(SC) oder Sidechains.
</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 1.1rem;">Mit den Daten aus dem neuen Block und dem Hash wert des vorherigen Blocks entsteht zusammen mit einer willkürlichen Zahl, der Nonce, eine mathematische Aufgabe, die das Ziel hat den Hash-Wert des neuen Blocks zu erzeugen. Diese Hash wert Rechner erraten den Hash wert um den neuen Block zu finden, sie werden als Miner (Schürfer) bezeichnet, der POW Prozess heißt mining (schürfen).</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 1.1rem;">Der Hash wert ist ein digitaler Fingerabdruck, bei BTC mit der Elliptischen Kurven Kryptographie ECDSA und SHA256. Dieser Hash-Wert und die Nonce, muss nun erraten werden, durch einen Arbeitsnachweis - Proof of Work.</span><br></p><p>Spezialisierte Hardware (ASIC - application specific integrated circuit) erzeugen Weltweit mittlerweile mehrere Tausend Petahash pro Sekunde, mit der Anzahl der Rechenleistung im Netzwerk steigt die Schwierigkeit, die sogenannte difficulty, einen Block zu finden.
</p><p>
</p><p>Die difficulty ist entscheidend für die Sicherheit und fairness, da sie sich intelligent an die Leistung des Netzwerks anpasst. Die Anpassung der difficulty erfolgt alle 2016 Blöcke, eine Halbierung der Blockbelohnung findet alle 210000 Blöcke statt und wird als Block-halving bezeichnet. Ist ein Block abgeschlossen und der Konsens im Netzwerk hergestellt kann er nicht mehr verändert werden.
</p><p>
</p><p>Bei POW wird stehts die längste Blockchain propagiert, was die Möglichkeit einer sogenannten 51% Attacke hervorbringt, bei der ein Miner Mindestens 51% der Rechenleistung besitzt (ist theoretisch auch mit weniger als 50 % möglich), dabei kann der Miner verschiedene Manipulationen durchführen, wie z.B. eine Doppelbuchung, er könnte bestimmen welche Transaktionen verifiziert werden, er kann allerdings nicht das gesamte Netzwerk mit einer Protokoll Änderung zerstören.
</p><p>
</p><p>Eine weitere mögliche Attacke wäre die Erebus Attacke, bei der die Nodes mit falschen Informationen versorgt werden. Die Erebus Attacke kann leicht verhindert werden indem der Node über das Tor Netzwerk, eine .onion Adresse kommuniziert. Im Blockexplorer kann überprüft werden, wie viele Nodes (Knotenpunkte / Peers) im Netzwerk aktiv sind und ob sie über Tor kommunizieren.
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p><strong>Kritik am POW
</strong></p><p>
</p><p>Die <a href="https://cbeci.org/" class="text-primary">Universität Cambridge</a> hat eigens einen Index für den Stromverbrauch vom Bitcoin entwickelt. Des weiteren wird Spezielle Hardware hergestellt, die ASIC Miner, die das Ziel haben immer mehr Rechenleistung bereitzustellen. Wenn die Technologie veraltet ist, ist sie nutzlos und kann nicht für andere Anwendungen genutzt werden. </p><p>Es wird also jede menge Hochwertiger Elektroschrott hergestellt, dessen Ressourcen begrenzt sind und der Umwelt erheblich schaden. Der Bitcoin folgt also einer eiskalten Kapitalistischen Logik der Profit Maximierung und Ausbeutung des Planeten. Ist der Preis für diese Technologie überhaupt zu rechtfertigen?
</p><p>
</p><p>Wir können Technologien die ein Problem lösen natürlich miteinander verglichen: Bitcoin ist meiner Meinung nach technisch mit Second-Layer Technologien und Lightning N. etwas effizienter und sicherer, als das uns bisher bekannte Geldsystem mit seinen vielen Institutionen. Angeblich verbraucht das Weltweite Dollar System ca. 350 TW/h, das schürfen von Gold abgesehen von der Ökologischen Katastrophe benötigt auch etwa 370 TW/h! Bitcoin ist vielleicht noch die etwas kleinere Ökologische Katastrophe.
</p><p>
</p><p>Gerade diese Kritik fördert aber auch erneuerbare Energien eine Studie hat festgestellt, dass 73% der Mining Anlagen in Regionen stehen die von Erneuerbaren Energien versorgt werden, davon wiederum sind 2/3 Wasserkraft die teilweise sonst noch nicht anderweitig genutzt wird. Ein anderer Wissenschaftlicher Artikel wiederum belegt mit dem Titel "Erneuerbare Energien lösen das Problem der Nachhaltigkeit von Bitcoin nicht" er ist auf englisch erschienen und befasst sich tiefgehend mit der Thematik.</p></div>
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