Update template images to match devcontainers/images repository versions #544

Job	Run time
detect-changes	6s
test (jekyll)	45s
test (cpp-mariadb)	1m 10s
test (postgres)	44s
test (javascript-node)	39s
test (cpp)	43s
test (java)	1m 5s
test (php)	33s
test (javascript-node-postgres)	55s
test (php-mariadb)	58s
test (javascript-node-mongo)	57s
test (typescript-node)	50s
test (java-postgres)	58s
test (python)	39s
	11m 2s

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