Add enumerative loop invariant synthesizer

Implement the functionality described below.

Motivation
---
This loop invariant synthesizer use the idea counter-example-guided synthesis (CEGIS) to synthesize loop invariants for programs with only checks instrumented by `goto-instrument` with flag `--pointer-check`.

This PR contain the driver of the synthesizer and the verifier we use to check invariant candidates.

Verifier
---
The verifier take as input a goto program with pointer checks and a map from loop id to loop invariant candidates. It first annotate and apply the loop invariant candidates into the goto model; and then simulate the CBMC api to verify the instrumented goto program. If there are some violations---loop invariants are not inductive, or some pointer checks fail---, it record valuation from trace generated by the back end to construct a formatted counterexample `cext`.

Counterexample
---
A counterexample `cext` record valuations of variables in the trace, and other information about the violation. The valuation we record including
1. set of live variables upon the entry of the loop.
2. the havoced value of all primitive-typed variables;
3. the havoced offset and the object size of all pointer-typed variables;
4. history values of 2 and 3.

The valuations will be used as true positive (history values) and true negative (havcoed valuation) to filter out bad invariant clause with the idea of the Daikon invariant detector in a following PR. However, in this PR we only construct the valuation but not actually use them.

Synthesizer
---
Loop invariants we synthesize are of the form
`` (in_clause || !guard) && (!guard -> pos_clause)``
where `in_clause` and `out_clause` are predicates we store in two different map, and `guard` is the loop guard. The idea is that we separately synthesize the condition `in_clause` that should hold before the execution of the loop body, and condition `pos_clause` that should hold as post-condition of the loop.

When the violation happen in the loop, we update `in_clause`. When the violation happen after the loop, we update `pos_clause`. When the invariant candidate it not inductive, we enumerate strengthening clause to make it inductive.

To be more efficient, we choose different synthesis strategy for different type of violation
* For out-of-boundary violation, we choose to use the violated predicate as the new clause, which is the WLP of the violation if the violation is only dependent on the havocing instruction. **TODO**: to make it more complete, we need to implement a WLP algorithm
* For null-pointer violation, we choose `__CPROVER_same_object(ptr, __CPROVER_loop_entry(ptr))` as the new clause. That is, the havoced pointer should points to the same object at the start of every iteration of the loop. It is a heuristic choice. This can be extended with the idea of alias analysis if needed.
* For invariant-not-preserved violation, we enumerate strengthening clauses and check that if the invariant will be inductive after strengthening (disjunction with the new clause).

The synthesizer works as follow
1. initialize the two invariant maps,
2. verify the current candidates built from the two maps,
_a. return the candidate if there is no violation
_b. synthesize a new clause to resolve the **first** violation and add it to the correct map,
3. repeat 2.

Author: qinheping

regression/goto-synthesizer/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -12,9 +12,8 @@ else()
   set(gcc_only_string "")
 endif()
 
-
 add_test_pl_tests(
-    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/chain.sh $<TARGET_FILE:goto-cc> $<TARGET_FILE:goto-synthesizer> $<TARGET_FILE:cbmc> ${is_windows}"
+  "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/chain.sh $<TARGET_FILE:goto-cc> $<TARGET_FILE:goto-instrument> $<TARGET_FILE:goto-synthesizer> $<TARGET_FILE:cbmc> ${is_windows}"
 )
 
 ## Enabling these causes a very significant increase in the time taken to run the regressions

regression/goto-synthesizer/Makefile

@@ -14,16 +14,16 @@ else
 endif
 
 test:
-	@../test.pl -e -p -c '../chain.sh $(exe) ../../../src/goto-synthesizer/goto-synthesizer ../../../src/cbmc/cbmc $(is_windows)' -X smt-backend $(GCC_ONLY)
+	@../test.pl -e -p -c '../chain.sh $(exe) ../../../src/goto-instrument/goto-instrument ../../../src/goto-synthesizer/goto-synthesizer ../../../src/cbmc/cbmc $(is_windows)' -X smt-backend $(GCC_ONLY)
 
 test-cprover-smt2:
-	@../test.pl -e -p -c '../chain.sh $(exe) ../../../src/goto-synthesizer/goto-synthesizer "../../../src/cbmc/cbmc --cprover-smt2" $(is_windows)' \
+	@../test.pl -e -p -c '../chain.sh $(exe) ../../../src/goto-instrument/goto-instrument ../../../src/goto-synthesizer/goto-synthesizer "../../../src/cbmc/cbmc --cprover-smt2" $(is_windows)' \
 					  -X broken-smt-backend -X thorough-smt-backend \
 					  -X broken-cprover-smt-backend -X thorough-cprover-smt-backend \
 					  -s cprover-smt2 $(GCC_ONLY)
 
 test-z3:
-	@../test.pl -e -p -c '../chain.sh $(exe) ../../../src/goto-synthesizer/goto-synthesizer "../../../src/cbmc/cbmc --z3" $(is_windows)' \
+	@../test.pl -e -p -c '../chain.sh $(exe) ../../../src/goto-instrument/goto-instrument ../../../src/goto-synthesizer/goto-synthesizer "../../../src/cbmc/cbmc --z3" $(is_windows)' \
 					  -X broken-smt-backend -X thorough-smt-backend \
 					  -X broken-z3-smt-backend -X thorough-z3-smt-backend \
 					  -s z3 $(GCC_ONLY)

regression/goto-synthesizer/chain.sh

@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@
 set -e
 
 goto_cc=$1
-goto_synthesizer=$2
-cbmc=$3
-is_windows=$4
+goto_instrument=$2
+goto_synthesizer=$3
+cbmc=$4
+is_windows=$5
 
 name=${*:$#}
 name=${name%.c}
 
-args=${*:5:$#-5}
+args=${*:6:$#-6}
 if [[ "$args" != *" _ "* ]]
 then
   args_inst=$args
@@ -27,7 +28,9 @@ else
 fi
 
 rm -f "${name}-mod.gb"
-$goto_synthesizer ${args_inst} "${name}.gb" "${name}-mod.gb"
+rm -f "${name}-mod-2.gb"
+echo "Running goto-instrument: "
+$goto_instrument ${args_inst} "${name}.gb" "${name}-mod.gb"
 if [ ! -e "${name}-mod.gb" ] ; then
   cp "$name.gb" "${name}-mod.gb"
 elif echo $args_inst | grep -q -- "--dump-c" ; then
@@ -41,4 +44,7 @@ elif echo $args_inst | grep -q -- "--dump-c" ; then
 
   rm "${name}-mod.c"
 fi
-$cbmc "${name}-mod.gb" ${args_cbmc}
+echo "Running goto-synthesizer: "
+$goto_synthesizer "${name}-mod.gb" "${name}-mod-2.gb"
+echo "Running CBMC: "
+$cbmc "${name}-mod-2.gb" ${args_cbmc}

regression/goto-synthesizer/loop_contracts_synthesis_01/test.desc

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 CORE
 main.c
-
+--pointer-check
 ^EXIT=0$
 ^SIGNAL=0$
 ^\[main\.\d+\] line 10 Check loop invariant before entry: SUCCESS$

regression/goto-synthesizer/loop_contracts_synthesis_02/main.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#define SIZE 80
+
+void main()
+{
+  unsigned len;
+  __CPROVER_assume(len <= SIZE);
+  __CPROVER_assume(len >= 8);
+  char *array = malloc(len);
+  unsigned s = 0;
+
+  for(unsigned i = 0; i < SIZE; ++i)
+  {
+    if(i == len - 1)
+      break;
+    s += array[i];
+  }
+}

regression/goto-synthesizer/loop_contracts_synthesis_02/test.desc

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+CORE
+main.c
+--pointer-check
+^EXIT=0$
+^SIGNAL=0$
+^\[main.pointer\_dereference.\d+\] .* SUCCESS$
+^VERIFICATION SUCCESSFUL$
+--
+--
+This test shows that loop invariants using range predicates can be correctly
+synthesized for programs with only pointer checks but no other assertions.

regression/goto-synthesizer/loop_contracts_synthesis_03/main.c

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#define SIZE 80
+
+void main()
+{
+  unsigned long len;
+  __CPROVER_assume(len <= SIZE);
+  __CPROVER_assume(len >= 8);
+  char *array = malloc(len);
+  const char *end = array + len;
+  unsigned s = 0;
+
+  while(array != end)
+  {
+    s += *array++;
+  }
+}

regression/goto-synthesizer/loop_contracts_synthesis_03/test.desc

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+CORE
+main.c
+--pointer-check
+^EXIT=0$
+^SIGNAL=0$
+^\[main.pointer\_dereference.\d+\] .* SUCCESS$
+^VERIFICATION SUCCESSFUL$
+--
+--
+This test shows that loop invariants using range predicates and same-object
+predicates can be correctly synthesized for programs with only pointer
+checks but no other assertions.

regression/goto-synthesizer/loop_contracts_synthesis_04/main.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#define SIZE 80
+
+void main()
+{
+  unsigned long len;
+  __CPROVER_assume(len <= SIZE);
+  __CPROVER_assume(len >= 8);
+  char *array = malloc(len);
+  unsigned long s = 0;
+
+  unsigned long j = 0;
+  for(unsigned long i = 0; i < len; i++)
+  {
+    s += array[j];
+    j++;
+  }
+}

regression/goto-synthesizer/loop_contracts_synthesis_04/test.desc

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+CORE
+main.c
+--pointer-check
+^EXIT=0$
+^SIGNAL=0$
+^\[main.pointer\_dereference.\d+\] .* SUCCESS$
+^VERIFICATION SUCCESSFUL$
+--
+--
+This test shows that the loop-invariant synthesizer can enumerate
+strengthening clauses for invariant-not-preserved violation.

src/analyses/dependence_graph.cpp

@@ -383,6 +383,55 @@ void dependence_grapht::add_dep(
   nodes[n_to].in[n_from].add(kind);
 }
 
+bool dependence_grapht::is_flow_dependent(
+  const goto_programt::const_targett &from,
+  const goto_programt::const_targett &to)
+{
+  std::set<node_indext> visited;
+  const dep_graph_domaint &from_domain = static_cast<const dep_graph_domaint &>(
+    *storage->abstract_state_before(from, *domain_factory));
+  const dep_graph_domaint &to_domain = static_cast<const dep_graph_domaint &>(
+    *storage->abstract_state_before(to, *domain_factory));
+  return is_flow_dependent(from_domain, to_domain, visited);
+}
+
+bool dependence_grapht::is_flow_dependent(
+  const dep_graph_domaint &from,
+  const dep_graph_domaint &to,
+  std::set<node_indext> &visited)
+{
+  // Is `to` control dependent on `from`?
+  for(const auto node : to.get_control_deps())
+  {
+    const auto &node_domain = (*this)[node];
+    if(visited.count(node_domain.get_node_id()))
+      continue;
+
+    visited.insert(node_domain.get_node_id());
+
+    if(
+      from.get_node_id() == node_domain.get_node_id() ||
+      is_flow_dependent(from, node_domain, visited))
+      return true;
+  }
+
+  // Is `to` data dependent on `from`?
+  for(const auto node : to.get_data_deps())
+  {
+    const auto &node_domain = (*this)[node];
+    if(!visited.insert(node_domain.get_node_id()).second)
+      continue;
+
+    if(
+      from.get_node_id() == node_domain.get_node_id() ||
+      is_flow_dependent(from, node_domain, visited))
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
 void dep_graph_domaint::populate_dep_graph(
   dependence_grapht &dep_graph, goto_programt::const_targett this_loc) const
 {

src/analyses/dependence_graph.h

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ class dep_graph_domaint:public ai_domain_baset
 {
 public:
   typedef grapht<dep_nodet>::node_indext node_indext;
+  typedef std::set<goto_programt::const_targett> depst;
 
   explicit dep_graph_domaint(node_indext id)
     : has_values(false), node_id(id), has_changed(false)
@@ -167,13 +168,20 @@ class dep_graph_domaint:public ai_domain_baset
   void populate_dep_graph(
     dependence_grapht &, goto_programt::const_targett) const;
 
+  const depst &get_control_deps() const
+  {
+    return control_deps;
+  }
+  const depst &get_data_deps() const
+  {
+    return data_deps;
+  }
+
 private:
   tvt has_values;
   node_indext node_id;
   bool has_changed;
 
-  typedef std::set<goto_programt::const_targett> depst;
-
   // Set of locations with control instructions on which the instruction at this
   // location has a control dependency on
   depst control_deps;
@@ -279,7 +287,16 @@ class dependence_grapht:
     return rd;
   }
 
+  /// Decide whether the instruction `to` is flow dependent on `from`.
+  bool is_flow_dependent(
+    const goto_programt::const_targett &from,
+    const goto_programt::const_targett &to);
+
 protected:
+  bool is_flow_dependent(
+    const dep_graph_domaint &from,
+    const dep_graph_domaint &to,
+    std::set<node_indext> &visited);
   friend dep_graph_domain_factoryt;
   friend dep_graph_domaint;
   const namespacet &ns;

src/goto-instrument/contracts/contracts.cpp

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ void code_contractst::check_apply_loop_contracts(
   // i.e., the loop guard was satisfied.
   const auto entered_loop =
     new_tmp_symbol(
-      bool_typet(), loop_head_location, mode, symbol_table, "__entered_loop")
+      bool_typet(), loop_head_location, mode, symbol_table, ENTERED_LOOP)
       .symbol_expr();
   pre_loop_head_instrs.add(
     goto_programt::make_decl(entered_loop, loop_head_location));
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ void code_contractst::check_apply_loop_contracts(
   // instrumentation of the loop.
   const auto in_base_case =
     new_tmp_symbol(
-      bool_typet(), loop_head_location, mode, symbol_table, "__in_base_case")
+      bool_typet(), loop_head_location, mode, symbol_table, IN_BASE_CASE)
       .symbol_expr();
   pre_loop_head_instrs.add(
     goto_programt::make_decl(in_base_case, loop_head_location));
@@ -294,6 +294,12 @@ void code_contractst::check_apply_loop_contracts(
   // Generate havocing code for assignment targets.
   havoc_assigns_targetst havoc_gen(to_havoc, ns);
   havoc_gen.append_full_havoc_code(loop_head_location, pre_loop_head_instrs);
+  // Add loop number to the havoc_code
+  for(auto &havoc_instr : pre_loop_head_instrs.instructions)
+  {
+    if(is_loop_havoc(havoc_instr))
+      havoc_instr.original_loop_number = loop_end->loop_number;
+  }
 
   // Insert the second block of pre_loop_head_instrs: the havocing code.
   // We do not `add_pragma_disable_assigns_check`,

src/goto-instrument/contracts/utils.cpp

@@ -447,3 +447,34 @@ void generate_history_variables_initialization(
   // Add all the history variable initialization instructions
   program.destructive_append(history);
 }
+
+bool is_transformed_loop_end(const goto_programt::const_targett &target)
+{
+  // The end of the loop end of transformed loop is
+  // ASSIGN entered_loop = true
+  if(!is_assignment_to_instrumented_variable(target, ENTERED_LOOP))
+    return false;
+
+  return target->assign_rhs() == true_exprt();
+}
+
+bool is_assignment_to_instrumented_variable(
+  const goto_programt::const_targett &target,
+  std::string var_name)
+{
+  INVARIANT(
+    var_name == IN_BASE_CASE || var_name == ENTERED_LOOP,
+    "var_name is not of instrumented variables.");
+
+  if(!target->is_assign())
+    return false;
+
+  if(can_cast_expr<symbol_exprt>(target->assign_lhs()))
+  {
+    const auto &lhs = to_symbol_expr(target->assign_lhs());
+    return id2string(lhs.get_identifier()).find("::" + var_name) !=
+           std::string::npos;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}

src/goto-instrument/contracts/utils.h

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ Date: September 2021
 
 #include <goto-programs/goto_convert_class.h>
 
+#define IN_BASE_CASE "__in_base_case"
+#define ENTERED_LOOP "__entered_loop"
+
 /// \brief A class that overrides the low-level havocing functions in the base
 ///        utility class, to havoc only when expressions point to valid memory,
 ///        i.e. if all dereferences within an expression are valid
@@ -205,4 +208,13 @@ void generate_history_variables_initialization(
   const irep_idt &mode,
   goto_programt &program);
 
+/// Return true if `target` is the loop end of some transformed code.
+bool is_transformed_loop_end(const goto_programt::const_targett &target);
+
+/// Return true if `target` is an assignment to an instrumented variable with
+/// name `var_name`.
+bool is_assignment_to_instrumented_variable(
+  const goto_programt::const_targett &target,
+  std::string var_name);
+
 #endif // CPROVER_GOTO_INSTRUMENT_CONTRACTS_UTILS_H

src/goto-instrument/havoc_utils.cpp

@@ -16,7 +16,13 @@ Date: July 2021
 #include <util/pointer_expr.h>
 #include <util/std_code.h>
 
-#include <goto-programs/goto_program.h>
+#define IS_LOOP_HAVOC "Loop havocing instrumented by applying loop contracts."
+
+bool is_loop_havoc(const goto_programt::instructiont &instruction)
+{
+  return id2string(instruction.source_location().get_comment()) ==
+         IS_LOOP_HAVOC;
+}
 
 void havoc_utilst::append_full_havoc_code(
   const source_locationt location,
@@ -52,6 +58,8 @@ void havoc_utilst::append_object_havoc_code_for_expr(
   havoc.add_source_location() = location;
   havoc.add_to_operands(expr);
   dest.add(goto_programt::make_other(havoc, location));
+  dest.instructions.back().source_location_nonconst().set_comment(
+    IS_LOOP_HAVOC);
 }
 
 void havoc_utilst::append_scalar_havoc_code_for_expr(
@@ -62,4 +70,6 @@ void havoc_utilst::append_scalar_havoc_code_for_expr(
   side_effect_expr_nondett rhs(expr.type(), location);
   dest.add(goto_programt::make_assignment(
     code_assignt{expr, std::move(rhs), location}, location));
+  dest.instructions.back().source_location_nonconst().set_comment(
+    IS_LOOP_HAVOC);
 }