Add ADR for authentication with OAuth2

RISDEV-6410

doc/adr/0014-authentication.md

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+# 0. Template
+
+Date: 2025-02-14
+
+## Status
+
+Accepted
+
+## Context
+Our application requires a secure authentication mechanism. We are considering replacing our current session-based authentication with OAuth2.
+With the OAuth2 based authentication we want to address the following problems:
+
+1. Our identity provider (Keycloak) has no control over application access after the initial login
+2. A session can last 12 hours or longer which gives an attacker a lot of time in case of a breach
+3. There is no interoperability between Neuris systems meaning users would have to authenticate for each system
+4. The OAuth2 concept as we used it was misused since a client was used instead of a resource server
+
+## Decision
+We have decided to implement OAuth2 for authentication instead of continuing with session-based authentication.
+In detail this means:
+- In our setup the frontend will serve as a OAuth2 client while the backend serves as a resource server
+  - Thus, Keycloak regains control over application access
+  - A token only lasts 1 minute reducing the impact on theft while still keeping the app usable
+- We will use the OAuth2 authentication code flow with PKCE
+  - PKCE is necessary since we don't have a confidential client which could be used with a client secret
+- We will use Keycloak.js as client library because it is
+  - lightweight
+  - focused on what we need
+  - is directly maintained by RedHat together with the Keycloak app.
+- The backend uses the Spring Boot standard library for OAuth2 Resource Server which is recommended by the Keycloak developers
+- We use JWTs (Java Web Token)
+  - Which works without introspection (as opposed to opaque tokens) thus, we need fewer network calls
+  - There is no sensitive data in the token we would have to obfuscate
+- A threat modelling workshop is held to understand possible threats coming from this change
+
+## Consequences
+### Positive:
+1. Since the frontend now handles the tokens developers have to keep in mind to keep the token in memory within a closure
+2. The frontend has to be served before authentication thus allowing URLs serving the frontend while not exposing any sensitive URLs
+
+### Negative:
+1. Redis is removed since our authentication setup is now stateless and Redis was only used to synchronize state between pods
+
+## Alternatives Considered
+1. Continuing with Session-Based Authentication: While simpler to implement, it lacks the scalability and interoperability offered by OAuth2
+2. BFF pattern or various proxys: The idea was rejected since it would add an extra service to maintain while not substantially offering additional security