IPA_to_kirschenbaum_cheatsheet.md

Converting between the international phonetic alphabet (IPA) and Kirschenbaum format (ASCII-IPA)

• This is helpful for correcting the pronunciation of espeak-ng, which uses Kirschenbaum format (AKA ASCII-IPA) internally.
• If you don't know IPA, this site is a great reference. You can click on each symbol to hear how it sounds, which will help you choose the symbols that represent the sounds of your target word. This site is useful for testing your IPA transcriptions.
• If you know how to write your word using IPA symbols, you can use the chart below to convert each symbol to the ASCII-IPA format that espeak-ng uses.

Warning: This chart may contain errors. Corrections are appreciated.

The IPA symbols that are missing were not specified in the source.

Unicode IPA Symbol	ASCII-IPA	Place of Articulation
m	m	Bilabial Nasal
p	p	Voiceless Bilabial Stop
b	b	Voiced Bilabial Stop
Φ	P	Voiceless Bilabial Fricative
β	B	Voiced Bilabial Fricative
t͡s	c	Voiceless Alveolar Affricate
t͡ʃ	tS	Voiceless Postalveolar Affricate
d͡z	C	Voiced Alveolar Affricate
d͡ʒ	dZ	Voiced Postalveolar affricate
ʙ	b<trl>	Bilabial Trill
ɓ	b`	Bilabial Implosive
	p`	Bilabial Ejective
ʘ	p!	Bilabial Click
ɱ	M	Labio-dental Nasal
f	f	Voiceless Labio-dental Fricative
v	v	Voiced Labio-dental Fricative
ʋ	r<lbd>	Labio-dental Approximant
	n[	Dental Nasal
	t[	Voiceless Dental Stop
	d[	Voiced Dental Stop
θ	T	Voiceless Dental Fricative
ð	D	Voiced Dental Fricative
	r[	Dental Approximant
	l[	Dental Lateral
ɗ	d`	Dental Implosive
	t[`	Dental Ejective
ʇ	t!	Dental Click
n	n	Alveolar Nasal
t	t	Voiceless Alveolar Stop
d	d	Voiced Alveolar Stop
s	s	Voiceless Alveolar Fricative
z	z	Voiced Alveolar Fricative
ɹ	r	Alveolar Approximant
l	l	Voiced Alveolar Lateral
r	r<trl>	Alveolar Trill
ɾ	*	Voiced Alveolar Flap
ɬ	s<lat>	Voiceless Alveolar Lateral Fricative
ɮ	z<lat>	Voiced Alveolar Lateral Fricative
ɖ	d`	Alveolar Implosive
	t`	Alveolar Ejective
ǃ	c!	Palato-alveolar Click
ɳ	n.	Retroflex Nasal
ʈ	t.	Voiceless Retroflex Stop
ɖ	d.	Voiced Retroflex Stop
ʂ	s.	Voiceless Retroflex Fricative
ʐ	z.	Voiced Retroflex Fricative
ɻ	r.	Retroflex Approximant
ɭ	l.	Retroflex Lateral
ɽ	*.	Retroflex Flap
ʃ	S	Voiceless Palato-alveolar Fricative
ʒ	Z	Voiced Palato-alveolar Fricative
	n^	Palatal Nasal
c	c	Voiceless Palatal Stop
ɟ	J	Voiced Palatal Stop
ç	C	Voiceless Palatal Fricative
ɟ	C<vcd>	Voiced Palatal Fricative
j	j	Palatal Approximant
ʝ	j<rnd>	Rounded Palatal Approximant
ʎ	l^	Palatal Lateral
ʄ	J`	Palatal Implosive
ǂ	c!	Palatal Click
ŋ	N	Velar Nasal
k	k	Voiceless Velar Stop
q	q	Voiceless Uvular Stop
ɢ	G	Voiced Uvular Stop
g	g	Voiced Velar Stop
x	x	Voiceless Velar Fricative
χ	X	Voiceless Uvular Fricative
w	w	Labiovelar Approximant / Voiced Labiovelar Fricative
ɣ	Q	Voiced Velar Fricative
ɰ	j<vel>	Velar Approximant
	L	Velar Lateral
ɫ (or ʟ)	L	Voiced Velar Lateral
ɠ	g`	Velar Implosive
	k'	Velar Ejective
ʞ	k!	Velar Click
ħ	H	Voiceless Pharyngeal Fricative
ʕ	H<vcd>	Voiced Pharyngeal Fricative
ʔ	?	Glottal Stop
h	h	Glottal Approximant
ɦ	h<?>	Murmured Glottal Fricative
ɺ	*<lat>	Voiced Lateral Flap
ʖ	l!	Lateral Click
i	i	High Front Unrounded Vowel
y	y	High Front Rounded Vowel
ɪ (or ɩ)	I	Semi-high Front Unrounded Vowel
ʏ	I.	Semi-high Front Rounded Vowel
e	e	Upper-mid Front Unrounded Vowel
ø (or œ)	Y	Upper-mid Front Rounded Vowel
ɛ	E	Lower-mid Front Unrounded Vowel
œ	W	Lower-mid Front Rounded Vowel
æ	&	Low Front Unrounded Vowel
ɶ	&.	Low Front Rounded Vowel
ɨ	i"	High Central Unrounded Vowel
ʉ	u"	High Central Rounded Vowel
ɘ	@<umd>	Upper-mid Central Unrounded Vowel
ɝ	R<umd>	Upper-mid Central Unrounded Rhoticized Vowel
ə	@	Mid Central Unrounded Vowel
ɚ (or ʀ)	R	Mid Central Unrounded Rhoticized Vowel
ɵ	@.	Mid Central Rounded Vowel
ɜ	V"	Lower-mid Central Unrounded Vowel
ɞ	O"	Lower-mid Central Rounded Vowel
a	a	Low Central Unrounded Vowel
ʊ	u-	High Back Unrounded Vowel
u	u	High Back Rounded Vowel
ʊ	U	Semi-high Back Rounded Vowel
ʷ (or ɷ)	U	Semi-high Back Rounded Vowel
ɤ	o-	Upper-mid Back Unrounded Vowel
o	o	Upper-mid Back Rounded Vowel
ʌ	V	Lower-mid Back Unrounded Vowel
ɔ	O	Lower-mid Back Rounded Vowel
ɑ	A	Low Back Unrounded Vowel
ɑ	A.	Low Back Rounded Vowel

Diacritic symbols

Unicode IPA Symbol	ASCII-IPA	Modifier
◌̃	~	Vowels: Nasalized
◌̴	~	Consonants: Velarized
ː	:	Long (duration)
	-	Vowels: Unrounded
◌̩	-	Consonants: Syllabic
	!	Click
	.	Vowels: Round
◌̢ (or ◌̣)	.	Consonants: Retroflex
ʼ	`	Voiceless: Ejective
	`	Voiced: Implosive
◌̪	[	Dental
ʲ (or ◌̡)	;	Palatalized
	"	Vowels: Center
	"	Consonants: Uvular
	^	Palatal
	+ (or =)	Ad Hoc diacritic
◌̴	H	Pharyngealized
ʰ	h	Aspirated
˚	o	Unexploded
◌̥	o	Voiceless
ʳ	r	Rhoticized
ʷ (or ◌̫)	w	Labialized
ʱ (or ◌̤)	?	Murmured