Adopt Azure Linux for build images

[richlander]

We recently updated dotnet/aspnetcore to use Azure Linux build images. dotnet/sdk should do the same. Our goal should be that all image references are bleeding edge in main such that we don't need to remediate EOL references in servicing.

• Centralize on one container aspnetcore#60260
• https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/main/docs/project/os-onboarding.md

In particular, the "WithNode" images are discontinued. We're not going to offer those any longer. The new Azure Linux build images include node.

sdk/.vsts-ci.yml

Line 68 in d500e00

image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:alpine-3.19-WithNode

[richlander]

Min CentOS Stream versions by .NET version / branch:

• .NET 8: Stream 9
• .NET 9: Stream 9
• .NET 10: Stream 10

CentOS Stream 8 and Alma Linux 8 should not be present in any branch.