2727# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
2828
2929# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
30- # go ahead and edit the file ( and please send any changes to
31- # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
32- # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
30+ # go ahead and edit the file, and please send any changes to
31+ # the public mailing list tz@iana.org for general use in the future.
32+ # For more, please see the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
3333
3434# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
3535#
6565# <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
6666# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
6767# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
68- # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org .
68+ # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please see the file CONTRIBUTING .
6969#
7070# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
7171# This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
7777# Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
7878# http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
7979#
80- # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
80+ # Brazil's Divisão de Serviços da Hora (DISHO)
8181# History of Summer Time
8282# <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
8383# (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
937937Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
938938Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
939939Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
940- # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
940+ # DISHO writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
941941# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
942942# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
943943# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
@@ -1064,9 +1064,19 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
10641064
10651065# Greenland
10661066#
1067- # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1067+ # From Paul Eggert (2026-01-22):
1068+ # During World War II, Greenland was effectively independent of Denmark and
1069+ # observed daylight saving time. TIME, volume 37, page 23 (1941-04-21)
1070+ # <https://time.com/archive/6770243/war-peace-greenlands-icy-mountains/> says,
1071+ # "Penfield and West made their way to the U.S.'s most northerly consulate.
1072+ # They were astonished to find that Greenlanders, with almost 24 hours of
1073+ # sunlight a day during the summer, have daylight saving time."
1074+ # As the details are unknown they are omitted from the data for now.
1075+ #
10681076# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
10691077# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1078+ # Also, they're likely out of scope for the database
1079+ # as we lack resources to track every bit of military activity.
10701080# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
10711081#
10721082# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
@@ -1333,6 +1343,13 @@ Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
13331343# France
13341344# Monaco
13351345
1346+ # From Robert H. van Gent (2025-07-21):
1347+ # The most recent issue of the Annuaire [par le Bureau des Longitudes]
1348+ # on Gallica (2021) ... lists information for France
1349+ # https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9127672b/f52.item
1350+ # From Paul Eggert (2025-07-21):
1351+ # Go with the 2020 Annuaire (published 2021) except as noted below.
1352+
13361353# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
13371354#
13381355# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
@@ -1394,7 +1411,6 @@ Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
13941411# problems in Algiers, Monaco and Tunis.
13951412
13961413#
1397- # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
13981414# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
13991415Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
14001416Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
@@ -1406,9 +1422,25 @@ Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
14061422Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
14071423Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
14081424Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1409- # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1410- # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1411- # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1425+ # From Robert H. van Gent (2025-07-22):
1426+ # There is a curious history behind the erroneous date for the start of
1427+ # daylight saving in France in 1923 as listed in the current issues of
1428+ # the Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes. [See:]
1429+ # https://lists.iana.org/hyperkitty/list/tz@iana.org/message/MYQEJMSXO2AIEZ3UIXZKMTTAIPY7KNT2/
1430+ # From Brian Inglis (2025-07-23):
1431+ # Légifrance JORF No. 0073 du 15 mars 1922
1432+ # https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/jo/id/JORFCONT000000008324
1433+ # Légifrance JORF No. 0139 du 25 mai 1923
1434+ # https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/jo/id/JORFCONT000000008416
1435+ # From Paul Eggert (2025-07-23):
1436+ # The latter specifies March's last Saturday at 23:00 to October's first
1437+ # Saturday at 24:00, except that if neighboring allies agree the dates
1438+ # can be moved to April's third Saturday and September's third Saturday.
1439+ # Apparently spring 1923 was tricky. DISHO writes that in 1930,
1440+ # because of Easter, the transitions were Apr 12 and Oct 5.
1441+ # Use the 2020 Annuaire dates, except for spring 1923 where
1442+ # Shanks & Pottenger's May 26 matches the dates given in the 1924 and
1443+ # 1961-2001 issues of the Annuaire.
14121444Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
14131445Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
14141446Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
@@ -1958,7 +1990,6 @@ Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
19581990
19591991# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
19601992# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1961- # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
19621993# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
19631994# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
19641995# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
@@ -2013,9 +2044,61 @@ Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
20132044# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
20142045# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
20152046
2047+ # From Heitor David Pinto (2026-02-22):
2048+ # Soviet Moldovan resolution 132 of 1990 defined the summer time period from
2049+ # the last Sunday in March at 2:00 to the last Sunday in September at 3:00,
2050+ # matching the dates used in most of Europe at the time:
2051+ # https://web.archive.org/web/20211107050832/http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=1
2052+ #
2053+ # It seems that in 1996 Moldova changed the end date to October like most of
2054+ # Europe, but kept the transitions at 2:00 and 3:00 rather than 1:00 UTC,
2055+ # which would have been locally 3:00 and 4:00....
2056+ #
2057+ # The notices in the Moldovan government website and broadcaster showed the
2058+ # transitions at 2:00 and 3:00 until 2021:
2059+ # 2015 https://old.gov.md/en/node/7304
2060+ # 2016 https://old.gov.md/en/node/12587
2061+ # 2017 https://old.gov.md/en/node/20654
2062+ # 2017 https://old.gov.md/en/content/moldova-upholds-winter-time-night-28-29-october
2063+ # 2018 https://old.gov.md/en/content/moldova-switch-summer-time
2064+ # 2018 https://old.gov.md/en/content/cabinet-ministers-informs-about-switch-winter-time-28-october
2065+ # 2019 https://old.gov.md/en/content/moldova-switch-summer-time-31-march
2066+ # 2019 https://old.gov.md/en/node/31122
2067+ # 2020 https://old.gov.md/en/node/32771
2068+ # 2020 https://old.gov.md/en/node/34497
2069+ # 2021 https://trm.md/ro/social/moldova-trece-in-aceasta-noapte-la-ora-de-vara
2070+ # 2021 https://trm.md/en/social/republica-moldova-trece-la-ora-de-iarna1
2071+ #
2072+ # However, since 2022, the notices showed the transitions at 3:00 and 4:00,
2073+ # matching the EU rule at 1:00 UTC:
2074+ # 2022 https://trm.md/en/social/in-acest-weekend-republica-moldova-trece-la-ora-de-vara
2075+ # 2022 https://old.gov.md/en/content/moldova-switch-winter-time
2076+ # 2023 https://moldova1.md/p/6587/ora-de-vara-2023-cum-schimbam-acele-ceasornicelor-si-cand-trecem-la-ora-de-vara
2077+ # 2023 https://old.gov.md/en/node/46662
2078+ # 2024 https://moldova1.md/p/26535/republica-moldova-trece-la-ora-de-vara-in-acest-weekend
2079+ # 2024 https://moldova1.md/p/37768/republica-moldova-trece-in-aceasta-noapte-la-ora-de-iarna
2080+ # 2025 https://moldova1.md/p/46349/republica-moldova-trece-la-ora-de-vara-pe-30-martie-cum-ne-afecteaza-si-ce-recomanda-medicii
2081+ # 2025 https://moldova1.md/p/60469/republica-moldova-trece-la-ora-de-iarna-ceasurile-se-dau-inapoi-cu-o-ora
2082+ #
2083+ # It seems that the changes to the end date and transition times were just
2084+ # done in practice without formally changing the resolution. In late 2025, the
2085+ # government said that the Soviet resolution was still in force, and proposed
2086+ # a new resolution to replace it and formally establish the EU rule:
2087+ # ... based on the notices, it seems that in practice Moldova already
2088+ # uses the EU rule since 2022. This was also the year when Moldova applied to
2089+ # join the EU.
2090+ #
2091+ # From Robert Bastian (2026-02-26):
2092+ # This has been approved and published in the government gazette:
2093+ # https://monitorul.gov.md/ro/monitorul/view/pdf/3234/part/2#page=27
2094+ #
2095+ # From Paul Eggert (2026-02-24):
2096+ # Also see Svetlana Rudenko, "Moldova abandons the 'Soviet era'", Logos Press,
2097+ # 2026-02-21 <https://logos-pres.md/en/news/moldova-abandons-the-soviet-era/>.
2098+
20162099# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2017- Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
2018- Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
2100+ Rule Moldova 1997 2021 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
2101+ Rule Moldova 1997 2021 - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
20192102
20202103# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
20212104Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
@@ -2028,7 +2111,8 @@ Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
20282111 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
20292112 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
20302113# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
2031- 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
2114+ 2:00 Moldova EE%sT 2022
2115+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
20322116
20332117# Poland
20342118
@@ -2119,12 +2203,10 @@ Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
21192203# all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
21202204
21212205# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2122- # From Tim Parenti (2024-07-01), per Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
2123- # DSH writes in their history that Decreto 1469 of 1915-03-30 established
2124- # summer time and that, "despite" this, the change to the clocks was not done
2125- # every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2126- # In fact, that decree had nothing to do with DST; rather, it regulated the
2127- # sending of time signals. But we do see linkage to Spain in the 1920s below.
2206+ # From Tim Parenti (2024-07-01):
2207+ # Decreto 1469 of 1915-03-30 ... had nothing to do with DST;
2208+ # rather it regulated the sending of time signals.
2209+ # But we do see linkage to Spain in the 1920s below.
21282210# https://dre.pt/dr/detalhe/decreto/1469-1915-285721
21292211# https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/285721
21302212#
@@ -2416,7 +2498,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
24162498# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
24172499# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
24182500# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2419- # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2501+ # assume that Romania switched to EU rules in 1997,
24202502# the same year as Bulgaria.
24212503#
24222504# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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