Estimating these indices using mixed models can have important benefits over an empirical approach consisting of computing raw group means, of fitting individual models to all individuals separately. In particular, it is more resilient and robust to the presence of few or missing data, and naturally applies partial-pooling - *aka* "shrinkage", which combines information from the group and the overall population. This means that group estimates are "pulled" towards the population-level estimate if they are more uncertain (i.e., includes less observations), in essence giving more weight to more reliable estimates. Estimates shrinkage prevents overfitting and improves generalizability.
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