references.bib

@article{barboseBenefitsCostsUtilityownership2020,
  title = {Benefits and Costs of a Utility-Ownership Business Model for Residential Rooftop Solar Photovoltaics},
  author = {Barbose, Galen and Satchwell, Andrew J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {750--758},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10/ghspcb},
  abstract = {The rapid growth of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems can pose a number of financial challenges for electric utility shareholders and their customers. One potential pathway to resolving these perceived challenges involves allowing utilities to own and operate rooftop solar systems. However, the financial benefits and costs of this business model are not well understood. Here we model the financial performance of a large-scale utility-owned residential rooftop solar programme. Over a 20\,yr period, the programme increases shareholder earnings by 2\textendash 5\% relative to a no-solar scenario, compared to a 2\% earnings loss when an equivalent amount of rooftop solar is instead owned by non-utility parties. Such a programme could therefore be attractive from the perspective of utility investors. The impacts on utility customers, however, are more mixed, with average bills of non-solar customers increasing by 1\textendash 3\% compared to the no-solar scenario, similar to the 2\% increase under traditional, non-utility-ownership structures.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000000},
  copyright = {2020 This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\barboseg_et_al_(2020)_-_benefits_and_costs_of_a_utility-ownership_business_model_for_residential.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  language = {en},
  number = {10}
}

@article{bednarRecognitionResponseEnergy2020,
  title = {Recognition of and Response to Energy Poverty in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Bednar, Dominic J. and Reames, Tony G.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {432--439},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10.1038/s41560-020-0582-0},
  annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20200915004356/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0582-0},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\HRSXXIN8\\Bednar and Reames - 2020 - Recognition of and response to energy poverty in t.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@article{brandtCalculatingSystemsscaleEnergy2013,
  title = {Calculating Systems-Scale Energy Efficiency and Net Energy Returns: {{A}} Bottom-up Matrix-Based Approach},
  shorttitle = {Calculating Systems-Scale Energy Efficiency and Net Energy Returns},
  author = {Brandt, Adam R. and Dale, Michael and Barnhart, Charles J.},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  volume = {62},
  pages = {235--247},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.054},
  abstract = {In this paper we expand the work of Brandt and Dale (2011) on ERRs (energy return ratios) such as EROI (energy return on investment). This paper describes a ``bottom-up'' mathematical formulation which uses matrix-based computations adapted from the LCA (life cycle assessment) literature. The framework allows multiple energy pathways and flexible inclusion of non-energy sectors. This framework is then used to define a variety of ERRs that measure the amount of energy supplied by an energy extraction and processing pathway compared to the amount of energy consumed in producing the energy. ERRs that were previously defined in the literature are cast in our framework for calculation and comparison. For illustration, our framework is applied to include oil production and processing and generation of electricity from PV (photovoltaic) systems. Results show that ERR values will decline as system boundaries expand to include more processes. NERs (net energy return ratios) tend to be lower than GERs (gross energy return ratios). External energy return ratios (such as net external energy return, or NEER (net external energy ratio)) tend to be higher than their equivalent total energy return ratios.},
  annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20200915025155/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544213008207},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\K8YZHC26\\Brandt et al. - 2013 - Calculating systems-scale energy efficiency and ne.pdf},
  journal = {Energy},
  keywords = {archived},
  language = {en}
}

@article{brandtGeneralMathematicalFramework2011,
  title = {A {{General Mathematical Framework}} for {{Calculating Systems}}-{{Scale Efficiency}} of {{Energy Extraction}} and {{Conversion}}: {{Energy Return}} on {{Investment}} ({{EROI}}) and {{Other Energy Return Ratios}}},
  shorttitle = {A {{General Mathematical Framework}} for {{Calculating Systems}}-{{Scale Efficiency}} of {{Energy Extraction}} and {{Conversion}}},
  author = {Brandt, Adam R. and Dale, Michael},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {1211--1245},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10/dzhpth},
  abstract = {The efficiencies of energy extraction and conversion systems are typically expressed using energy return ratios (ERRs) such as the net energy ratio (NER) or energy return on investment (EROI). A lack of a general mathematical framework prevents inter-comparison of NER/EROI estimates between authors: methods used are not standardized, nor is there a framework for succinctly reporting results in a consistent fashion. In this paper we derive normalized mathematical forms of four ERRs for energy extraction and conversion pathways. A bottom-up (process model) formulation is developed for an n-stage energy harvesting and conversion pathway with various system boundaries. Formations with the broadest system boundaries use insights from life cycle analysis to suggest a hybrid process model/economic input output based framework. These models include indirect energy consumption due to external energy inputs and embodied energy in materials. Illustrative example results are given for simple energy extraction and conversion pathways. Lastly, we discuss the limitations of this approach and the intersection of this methodology with ``top-down'' economic approaches.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\Z4ES5YB5\\Brandt and Dale - 2011 - A General Mathematical Framework for Calculating S.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  language = {en},
  number = {8}
}

@article{brandtHowDoesEnergy2017,
  title = {How {{Does Energy Resource Depletion Affect Prosperity}}? {{Mathematics}} of a {{Minimum Energy Return}} on {{Investment}} ({{EROI}})},
  shorttitle = {How {{Does Energy Resource Depletion Affect Prosperity}}?},
  author = {Brandt, Adam R.},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {2},
  issn = {2366-0112, 2366-0120},
  doi = {10.1007/s41247-017-0019-y},
  abstract = {It has been proposed that energy resource depletion and declining energy return on investment (EROI) can disrupt modern, prosperous lifestyles. This is because such lifestyles are dependent on abundant, lowcost energy supplies, to date supplied by fossil energy. We illustrate a mathematical structure by which to analyze the impacts of energy depletion as it affects all sectors of the economy. This framework is based on the reduced availability of discretionary outputs as inter-industry operations become less efficient. We illustrate this mathematical framework, and explore a simple template economy with four sectors. The inputs for each sector are defined at an order-of-magnitude level using data for the US, and the matrix is modified to explore the impacts of resource depletion and uncertainty. We show that the ``net energy cliff'' concept used in prior studies emerges from the structure of this template economy and appears at similar levels of energy productivity hypothesized in prior work. At levels of net energy return {$\leq$} 5 J/J, the fraction of productive outputs free to use in discretionary purposes declines rapidly, resulting in the emergence of an effective ``minimum EROI'' below which prosperity is burdened by excessive direct and indirect requirements of the energy sector. We explore how uncertainty in the matrix specification impacts the level at which the minimum EROI becomes binding. We also show how changes in other sectors (e.g., efficiency of materials production) can affect the rate at which energy depletion affects prosperity.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\VU2E6QW9\\Brandt - 2017 - How Does Energy Resource Depletion Affect Prosperi.pdf},
  journal = {BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{brownLowincomeEnergyAffordability2020,
  ids = {brownLowincomeEnergyAffordability2020a},
  title = {Low-Income Energy Affordability in an Era of {{U}}.{{S}}. Energy Abundance},
  author = {Brown, Marilyn A. and Soni, Anmol and Lapsa, Melissa V. and Southworth, Katie and Cox, Matt},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {042003},
  publisher = {{IOP Publishing}},
  issn = {2516-1083},
  doi = {10/ghhm2z},
  abstract = {In an era of U.S. energy abundance, the persistently high energy bills paid by low-income households is troubling. After decades of weatherization and bill-payment programs, low-income households still spend a higher percent of their income on electricity and gas bills than any other income group. Their energy burden is not declining, and it remains persistently high in particular geographies such as the South, rural America, and minority communities. As public agencies and utilities attempt to transition to a sustainable energy future, many of the programs that promote energy efficiency, rooftop solar, electric vehicles, and home batteries are largely inaccessible to low-income households due to affordability barriers. This review describes the ecosystem of stakeholders and programs, and identifies promising opportunities to address low-income energy affordability, such as behavioral economics, data analytics, and leveraging health care benefits. Scalable approaches require linking programs and policies to tackle the complex web of causes and impacts faced by financially constrained households.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000000},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\brownm_et_al_(2020)_-_low-income_energy_affordability_in_an_era_of_u.s._energy_abundance.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\PSPGJU4W\\pdf.pdf},
  journal = {Progress in Energy},
  keywords = {confirm},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{carbajales-daleBetterCurrencyInvesting2014,
  title = {A Better Currency for Investing in a Sustainable Future},
  author = {{Carbajales-Dale}, Michael and Barnhart, Charles J. and Brandt, Adam R. and Benson, Sally M.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {524--527},
  issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
  doi = {10/ghbk6p},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\KBUFHNY5\\Carbajales-Dale et al. - 2014 - A better currency for investing in a sustainable f.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{carleyJusticeEquityImplications2020,
  title = {The Justice and Equity Implications of the Clean Energy Transition},
  author = {Carley, Sanya and Konisky, David M.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {569--577},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10.1038/s41560-020-0641-6},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\3BIWHXWV\\Carley and Konisky - 2020 - The justice and equity implications of the clean e.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\GWVJZ5YV\\Carley and Konisky - 2020 - The justice and equity implications of the clean e.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  language = {en},
  number = {8}
}

@article{castellanosRooftopSolarPhotovoltaic2017,
  ids = {castellanosRooftopSolarPhotovoltaic2017a},
  title = {Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Potential in Cities: How Scalable Are Assessment Approaches?},
  shorttitle = {Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Potential in Cities},
  author = {Castellanos, Sergio and Sunter, Deborah A and Kammen, Daniel M},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {125005},
  publisher = {{IOP Publishing}},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa7857},
  abstract = {Distributed photovoltaics (PV) have played a critical role in the deployment of solar energy, currently making up roughly half of the global PV installed capacity. However, there remains significant unused economically beneficial potential. Estimates of the total technical potential for rooftop PV systems in the United States calculate a generation comparable to approximately 40\% of the 2016 total national electric-sector sales. To best take advantage of the rooftop PV potential, effective analytic tools that support deployment strategies and aggressive local, state, and national policies to reduce the soft cost of solar energy are vital. A key step is the low-cost automation of data analysis and business case presentation for structure-integrated solar energy. In this paper, the scalability and resolution of various methods to assess the urban rooftop PV potential are compared, concluding with suggestions for future work in bridging methodologies to better assist policy makers.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\castellanoss_et_al_(2017)_-_rooftop_solar_photovoltaic_potential_in_cities_-_how_scalable_are_assessment.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\CVIKZ2DE\\Castellanos et al. - 2017 - Rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in cities ho.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  language = {en},
  number = {12}
}

@article{chapmanImpactsCOVID19Transitioning2020,
  title = {Impacts of {{COVID}}-19 on a {{Transitioning Energy System}}, {{Society}}, and {{International Cooperation}}},
  author = {Chapman, Andrew and Tsuji, Takeshi},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {8232},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  doi = {10/ghjc6t},
  abstract = {Short term outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic have included improved air quality and reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions, while long term repercussions may include a disruption to joint international research efforts, the creation of silos, and the potential for internalizing efforts toward national rather than global goals. In this study, we identified the impacts of reduced mobility on pollutants and emissions, the emergence of nationalist approaches and effects on international cooperation, and how these issues will affect the achievement of global carbon targets and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). COVID-19 presents a global short-term crisis and there is a demonstrated global desire and effort to develop a vaccine and effective treatments. Similarly, climate change is also a near future issue, and as a result we need to reduce CO2 emissions rapidly. This review highlights potential policy interventions, which capitalize on learnings from COVID-19, while identifying SDGs 10, 13 and 17 as critical to engendering a successful, cooperative transition toward sustainability. The recognition of the earth as a closed system, demonstrated by the shared impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, may encourage positive future effects on cooperative approaches toward mitigating climate change, another looming crisis for humanity.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\chapmana_et_al_(2020)_-_impacts_of_covid-19_on_a_transitioning_energy_system,_society,_and.pdf},
  journal = {Sustainability},
  keywords = {carbon reduction,climate change,COVID-19,energy policy,energy transition,research and development},
  language = {en},
  number = {19}
}

@article{cicalaExpectedHealthEffects,
  title = {Expected {{Health Effects}} of {{Reduced Air Pollution}} from {{COVID}}-19 {{Social Distancing}}},
  author = {Cicala, Steve and Holland, Stephen P and Mansur, Erin T and Muller, Nicholas Z and Yates, Andrew J},
  pages = {27},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in stay-at-home policies and other social distancing behaviors in the United States in spring of 2020. This paper examines the impact that these actions had on emissions and expected health effects through reduced personal vehicle travel and electricity consumption. Using daily cell phone mobility data for each U.S. county, we find that vehicle travel dropped about 40\% by mid-April across the nation. States that imposed stay-at-home policies before March 28 decreased travel slightly more than other states, but travel in all states decreased significantly. Using data on hourly electricity consumption by electricity region (e.g., balancing authority), we find that electricity consumption fell about six percent on average by mid-April with substantial heterogeneity. Given these decreases in travel and electricity use, we estimate the county-level expected improvements in air quality, and therefore expected declines in mortality. Overall, we estimate that, for a month of social distancing, the expected premature deaths due to air pollution from personal vehicle travel and electricity consumption declined by approximately 360 deaths, or about 25\% of the baseline 1500 deaths. In addition, we estimate that CO2 emissions from these sources fell by 46 million metric tons (a reduction of approximately 19\%) over the same time frame.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000020},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\Q6JIUEWC\\Cicala et al. - Expected Health Effects of Reduced Air Pollution fr.pdf},
  keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{coferFamilyFoodPlans1962,
  title = {Family {{Food Plans}} and {{Food Costs}}},
  author = {Cofer, Eloise and Grossman, Evelyn and Clark, Faith},
  year = {1962},
  month = nov,
  pages = {58},
  institution = {{Consumer and Food Economics Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture}},
  abstract = {Food budgets developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture are designed to help families plan nutritionally adequate and satisfying meals for the money they can afford. Many welf\textasciitilde re agencies use the USDA food plans as a basis for estimating money allotments for food, and in part, for determining the ability of families to pay for social services. Social workers, lawyers, and judges often use the cost of food for the plans as a base for setting foster care and dependency fees. The plans are used extensively by home economists, nutrition teachers, home demonstration agents, and others who are counseling families at all income levels. Farm families find the plans helpful as a guide for planning food production and preservation. Economists use them in estimating potential demand for agricultpral products. This publication brings up to date and extends the information in "Helping Families Plan Food Budgets," U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 662. The report is divided into three parts. Part I describes food plans at different cost levels and shows how they can be used in figuring food requirements for families. Part II gives the history of food budgets and provides background information on the procedures used in developing the current food plans for those interested in the basic construction of the plans and the estimation of nutritive values. Part III presents the method followed in estimating the cost of the food included in each plan, together with suggestions for adapting the procedure for use with local food prices},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\PFCJERVE\\familyfoodplan.pdf},
  language = {English},
  number = {20}
}

@article{cullenwardDynamicallyEstimatingDistributional2016,
  title = {Dynamically Estimating the Distributional Impacts of {{U}}.{{S}}. Climate Policy with {{NEMS}}: {{A}} Case Study of the {{Climate Protection Act}} of 2013},
  shorttitle = {Dynamically Estimating the Distributional Impacts of {{U}}.{{S}}. Climate Policy with {{NEMS}}},
  author = {Cullenward, Danny and T. Wilkerson, Jordan and Wara, Michael and Weyant, John P.},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  volume = {55},
  pages = {303--318},
  issn = {01409883},
  doi = {10/f8k44f},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\cullenwardd_et_al_(2016)_-_dynamically_estimating_the_distributional_impacts_of_u.s._climate_policy_with.pdf},
  journal = {Energy Economics},
  language = {en}
}

@misc{divisiondcdProgramsThatUse2015,
  title = {Programs That {{Use}} the {{Poverty Guidelines}} as a {{Part}} of {{Eligibility Determination}}},
  author = {Division (DCD), Digital Communications},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  annotation = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]  Last Modified: 2019-11-05T08:15-05:00},
  howpublished = {https://www.hhs.gov/answers/hhs-administrative/what-programs-use-the-poverty-guidelines/index.html},
  journal = {HHS.gov},
  language = {en},
  type = {Text}
}

@article{drehoblUSLowIncomeEnergy2016,
  title = {The {{US Low}}-{{Income Energy Affordability Landscape}}: {{Alleviating High Energy Burden}} with {{Energy Efficiency}} in {{Low}}-{{Income Communities}}},
  author = {Drehobl, Ariel and Ross, Lauren},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {13},
  abstract = {Energy efficiency is an underutilized strategy for addressing high energy burdens and increasing energy affordability. Energy burden is the proportion of total household income used to pay home energy bills, which includes electricity, natural gas, and other heating fuels. We examined energy burdens for select groups\textemdash low-income, low-income multifamily, African American, Latino, and renters\textemdash in 48 of the largest metropolitan areas in the country. We determined that the overwhelming majority of households in these groups experienced energy burdens higher than that of the average household in the same metro area. Low-income households experienced energy burdens three times the burdens of non-low-income households. In order to combat high energy burdens in low-income communities, policymakers can utilize strategies to ramp up energy efficiency programs. We propose four strategies for increasing investment in low-income energy efficiency programs: (1) improve and expand low-income utility programs; (2) collect, track, and report demographic data on program participation; (3) strengthen policy levers and more effectively leverage existing programs; and (4) utilize the Clean Power Plan (CPP) to prioritize investment in low-income energy efficiency. State and local governments and utility program administrators should use this research as a starting point to better understand the extent of high energy burdens in their communities and the policies and programs that can ensure more-sustainable energy costs and a better living environment.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\9JDZ3929\\Drehobl and Ross - The US Low-Income Energy Affordability Landscape .pdf},
  keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
  language = {en}
}

@article{gohlkeEstimatingGlobalPublic2011,
  title = {Estimating the {{Global Public Health Implications}} of {{Electricity}} and {{Coal Consumption}}},
  author = {Gohlke, Julia M. and Thomas, Reuben and Woodward, Alistair and {Campbell-Lendrum}, Diarmid and {Pr{\"u}ss-{\"u}st{\"u}n}, Annette and Hales, Simon and Portier, Christopher J.},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  volume = {119},
  pages = {821--826},
  issn = {0091-6765},
  doi = {10.1289/ehp.1002241},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\Inbox\\Gohlke et al_2011_Estimating the Global Public Health Implications of Electricity and Coal_2.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\Inbox\\Gohlke et al_2011_Estimating the Global Public Health Implications of Electricity and Coal.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@article{graffCOVID19AssistanceNeeds2020a,
  title = {{{COVID}}-19 Assistance Needs to Target Energy Insecurity},
  author = {Graff, Michelle and Carley, Sanya},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {352--354},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10/ghbnkd},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and associated changes in social and economic conditions may affect the prevalence of energy insecurity. Essential relief must be provided to the growing number of households that are energy insecure and protect them from even more dire circumstances caused by utility disconnections and unpaid energy bills.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000012},
  copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\graffm_et_al_(2020)_-_covid-19_assistance_needs_to_target_energy_insecurity.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@article{grossTooPoorHire2013,
  title = {Too {{Poor}} to {{Hire}} a {{Lawyer}} but {{Not Indigent}}: {{How States Use}} the Federal {{Poverty Guidelines}} to {{Deprive Defendants}} of {{Their Sixth Amendment Right}} to {{Counsel}}},
  shorttitle = {Too {{Poor}} to {{Hire}} a {{Lawyer}} but {{Not Indigent}}},
  author = {Gross, John P.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {1173},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000014},
  journal = {Washington and Lee Law Review},
  keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}
}

@book{hallEnergyReturnInvestment2017,
  ids = {hallEnergyReturnInvestment2017a},
  title = {Energy {{Return}} on {{Investment}}},
  author = {Hall, Charles A.S.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {36},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-47821-0},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\TCAH3NG7\\Hall - 2017 - Energy Return on Investment.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\Y3VYKG3H\\Hall - 2017 - Energy Return on Investment.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-319-47820-3 978-3-319-47821-0},
  language = {en},
  series = {Lecture {{Notes}} in {{Energy}}}
}

@book{hallEnergyWealthNations2018,
  title = {Energy and the {{Wealth}} of {{Nations}}},
  author = {Hall, Charles A.S. and Klitgaard, Kent},
  year = {2018},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-66219-0},
  annotation = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\DCWMW5SP\\Hall and Klitgaard - 2018 - Energy and the Wealth of Nations.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-319-66217-6 978-3-319-66219-0},
  language = {en}
}

@article{hallMaximumPowerIdeas1996,
  title = {Maximum {{Power}}: {{The Ideas}} and {{Applications}} of {{H}}. {{T}}. {{Odum}}.},
  shorttitle = {Maximum {{Power}}},
  author = {Hall, Charles A. S.},
  year = {1996},
  month = oct,
  volume = {77},
  pages = {2263},
  issn = {00129658},
  doi = {10/b2fn5w},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\2PKBCCU5\\Hall2004_ecologicalModelling.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\K3PGLP8X\\O'Neill and Hall - 1996 - Maximum Power The Ideas and Applications of H. T..pdf},
  journal = {Ecology},
  number = {7}
}

@article{hallWhatMinimumEROI2009,
  title = {What Is the {{Minimum EROI}} That a {{Sustainable Society Must Have}}?},
  author = {Hall, Charles A. S. and Balogh, Stephen and Murphy, David J. R.},
  year = {2009},
  month = mar,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {25--47},
  publisher = {{Molecular Diversity Preservation International}},
  doi = {10/dztj5d},
  abstract = {Economic production and, more generally, most global societies, are overwhelmingly dependant upon depleting supplies of fossil fuels. There is considerable concern amongst resource scientists, if not most economists, as to whether market signals or cost benefit analysis based on today's prices are sufficient to guide our decisions about our energy future. These suspicions and concerns were escalated during the oil price increase from 2005 \textendash{} 2008 and the subsequent but probably related market collapse of 2008. We believe that Energy Return On Investment (EROI) analysis provides a useful approach for examining disadvantages and advantages of different fuels and also offers the possibility to look into the future in ways that markets seem unable to do. The goal of this paper is to review the application of EROI theory to both natural and economic realms, and to assess preliminarily the minimum EROI that a society must attain from its energy exploitation to support continued economic activity and social function. In doing so we calculate herein a basic first attempt at the minimum EROI for current society and some of the consequences when that minimum is approached. The theory of the minimum EROI discussed here, which describes the somewhat obvious but nonetheless important idea that for any being or system to survive or grow it must gain substantially more energy than it uses in obtaining that energy, may be especially important. Thus any particular being or system must abide by a ``Law of Minimum EROI'', which we calculate for both oil and corn-based ethanol as about 3:1 at the mine-mouth/farm-gate. Since most biofuels have EROI's of less than 3:1 they must be subsidized by fossil fuels to be useful.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000551},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\hallc_et_al_(2009)_-_what_is_the_minimum_eroi_that_a_sustainable_society_must_have.pdf},
  journal = {Energies},
  keywords = {break-even,depletion,economies,EROI,Law of Minimum,net energy},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{hayaManagingUncertaintyCarbon2020,
  title = {Managing Uncertainty in Carbon Offsets: Insights from {{California}}'s Standardized Approach},
  shorttitle = {Managing Uncertainty in Carbon Offsets},
  author = {Haya, Barbara and Cullenward, Danny and Strong, Aaron L. and Grubert, Emily and Heilmayr, Robert and Sivas, Deborah A. and Wara, Michael},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  volume = {20},
  pages = {1112--1126},
  issn = {1469-3062, 1752-7457},
  doi = {10/ghss5w},
  annotation = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\hayab_et_al_(2020)_-_managing_uncertainty_in_carbon_offsets_-_insights_from_california’s_standardized.pdf},
  journal = {Climate Policy},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@techreport{hollandEnvironmentalBenefitsDriving2015,
  title = {Environmental {{Benefits}} from {{Driving Electric Vehicles}}?},
  author = {Holland, Stephen and Mansur, Erin and Muller, Nicholas and Yates, Andrew},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  pages = {w21291},
  address = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
  doi = {10.3386/w21291},
  abstract = {Electric vehicles offer the promise of reduced environmental externalities relative to their gasoline counterparts. We combine a theoretical discrete-choice model of new vehicle purchases, an econometric analysis of the marginal emissions from electricity, and the AP2 air pollution model to estimate the environmental benefit of electric vehicles. First, we find considerable variation in the environmental benefit, implying a range of second-best electric vehicle purchase subsidies from \$3025 in California to -\$4773 in North Dakota, with a mean of -\$742. Second, over ninety percent of local environmental externalities from driving an electric vehicle in one state are exported to others, implying that electric vehicles may be subsidized locally, even though they may lead to negative environmental benefits overall. Third, geographically differentiated subsidies can reduce deadweight loss, but only modestly. Fourth, the current federal purchase subsidy of \$7500 has greater deadweight loss than a no-subsidy policy.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\KELGV888\\Holland et al. - 2015 - Environmental Benefits from Driving Electric Vehic.pdf},
  language = {en},
  number = {w21291}
}

@article{kittnerEnergyStorageDeployment2017,
  title = {Energy Storage Deployment and Innovation for the Clean Energy Transition},
  author = {Kittner, Noah and Lill, Felix and Kammen, Daniel M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {17125},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10.1038/nenergy.2017.125},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\5JNIFZBX\\Kittner et al. - 2017 - Energy storage deployment and innovation for the c.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@article{leviMacroEnergySystemsNew2019,
  ids = {leviMacroEnergySystemsNew2019a},
  title = {Macro-{{Energy Systems}}: {{Toward}} a {{New Discipline}}},
  shorttitle = {Macro-{{Energy Systems}}},
  author = {Levi, Patricia J. and Kurland, Simon Davidsson and {Carbajales-Dale}, Michael and Weyant, John P. and Brandt, Adam R. and Benson, Sally M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  volume = {3},
  pages = {2282--2286},
  issn = {25424351},
  doi = {10/ghbkx3},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\HQ24QJXN\\Levi et al. - 2019 - Macro-Energy Systems Toward a New Discipline.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\T46VX6YI\\Levi et al. - 2019 - Macro-Energy Systems Toward a New Discipline.pdf},
  journal = {Joule},
  language = {en},
  number = {10}
}

@article{linDoesEnergyPoverty2020a,
  ids = {linDoesEnergyPoverty2020},
  title = {Does Energy Poverty Really Exist in {{China}}? {{From}} the Perspective of Residential Electricity Consumption},
  shorttitle = {Does Energy Poverty Really Exist in {{China}}?},
  author = {Lin, Boqiang and Wang, Yao},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  volume = {143},
  pages = {111557},
  issn = {0301-4215},
  doi = {10/ghbkwv},
  abstract = {China is undergoing a market-oriented reform in energy and the residential sector will be involved in the near future. The analysis of energy poverty is crucial in breaking the illusion of the dilemma between enhancing energy efficiency and controlling poverty. Based on Chinese residential energy consumption survey, we firstly estimated the energy poverty in China by the ``10\% indicator'' and ``LIHC indicators'', and then proposed a ``minimum end-use'' method to classify the energy-poor households into lifeline and consumption energy poverty. Results show that energy poverty exists in China at the proportion of 18.9\%, and 46\% of the energy-poor houses are in short of modern energy consumption and are sensitive to tariffs, with a level of electricity consumption lower than the basic demand. The energy poverty rate is highest in central China, while the lifeline energy poor are relatively concentrated in the western region. In terms of public policy, we suggest focusing on heterogeneity by considering different groups of households when implementing energy efficiency measures, and targeting more on the consumption energy poor in poverty alleviation. We also suggest paying particular attention to targeting households with low income by supporting practices such as coupons for energy consumption and appliance purchasing.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000002},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\linb_et_al_(2020)_-_does_energy_poverty_really_exist_in_china_-_from_the_perspective_of_residential.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\8METML8F\\Lin and Wang - 2020 - Does energy poverty really exist in China From th.pdf},
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  keywords = {Basic electricity demand,Energy poverty,Household energy consumption,Lifeline,Regional heterogeneity},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{maLowIncomeEnergyAffordability2019,
  title = {Low-{{Income Energy Affordability Data}} ({{LEAD}}) {{Tool Methodology}}},
  author = {Ma, Ookie and Laymon, Krystal and Day, Megan H and Bracho, Riccardo and Weers, Jonathan D and Vimont, Aaron J},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  pages = {NREL/TP-6A20-74249, 1545589},
  doi = {10.2172/1545589},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000001},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\PLDZGN5Q\\Ma et al. - 2019 - Low-Income Energy Affordability Data (LEAD) Tool M.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\XSCX8KQK\\Ma et al. - 2019 - Low-Income Energy Affordability Data (LEAD) Tool M.pdf},
  language = {en},
  number = {NREL/TP-6A20-74249, 1545589}
}

@article{mayerTwoFacesEnergy2014,
  title = {The {{Two Faces}} of {{Energy Poverty}}: {{A Case Study}} of {{Households}}' {{Energy Burden}} in the {{Residential}} and {{Mobility Sectors}} at the {{City Level}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Two Faces}} of {{Energy Poverty}}},
  author = {Mayer, Ines and Nimal, Elise and Nogue, Patrice and Sevenet, Marie},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {228--240},
  issn = {23521465},
  doi = {10/ghbk6b},
  abstract = {This paper proposes an innovative methodology for the analysis of households' double energy burden in the housing and transport sector by applying a new indicator \textendash{} the Low-Income-High-Costs (LIHC) indicator (Hills, 2011, 2012). Whereas in its original version, the LIHC indicator only deals with residential energy expenses, in this paper, we propose to include energy costs linked to transport. Based on this modified method, we carry out a case study of the two faces of energy poverty in the city of Strasbourg. In this case study, energy demand and expenses for dwelling and transport are modelled at the household level, taking into account technical and localization aspects. Then, data on households' income are included in order to determine the number of fuel poor households at the urban district level.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\YM2RR9XI\\Mayer et al. - 2014 - The Two Faces of Energy Poverty A Case Study of H.pdf},
  journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
  language = {en}
}

@article{pachauriAdvancingEnergyPoverty2020,
  ids = {pachauriAdvancingEnergyPoverty2020a},
  title = {Advancing Energy Poverty Measurement for {{SDG7}}},
  author = {Pachauri, Shonali and Rao, Narasimha D},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {043001},
  publisher = {{IOP Publishing}},
  issn = {2516-1083},
  doi = {10.1088/2516-1083/aba890},
  abstract = {Existing indicators used to track progress towards achieving target 7.1 of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) narrowly interpret energy poverty as a lack of connections. Recently proposed measurement frameworks are multidimensional, but complex and conceptually muddled. We propose an alternative framework that simplifies and distinguishes two conceptually distinct aspects of energy access\textemdash energy supply conditions and the status of household energy poverty. This approach, with refinements through further applications to real data, can improve the design and targeting of policies to both service providers and vulnerable groups to accelerate affordable and reliable energy service provision.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\pachauris_et_al_(2020)_-_advancing_energy_poverty_measurement_for_sdg7.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\ZJRJ43DE\\pdf.pdf},
  journal = {Progress in Energy},
  keywords = {confirm},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{raoEnergyRequirementsDecent2019,
  title = {Energy Requirements for Decent Living in {{India}}, {{Brazil}} and {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Rao, Narasimha D. and Min, Jihoon and Mastrucci, Alessio},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {1025--1032},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10/ghbk6q},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\ABJ4NYAS\\Rao et al. - 2019 - Energy requirements for decent living in India, Br.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  language = {en},
  number = {12}
}

@article{RecoveringFastSlow2020a,
  title = {Recovering Fast and Slow},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {273--273},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10/ghbkx7},
  abstract = {Recovery efforts in the wake of COVID-19 must invest in energy systems that will prove cleaner and more resilient in the face of future disasters.},
  copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\(2020)_-_recovering_fast_and_slow.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\YAFE4QUW\\2020 - Recovering fast and slow.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{rossHighCostEnergy2018,
  title = {The {{High Cost}} of {{Energy}} in {{Rural America}}:},
  author = {Ross, Lauren and Drehobl, Ariel and Stickles, Brian},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  pages = {60},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\KT5CJ6ML\\Ross et al. - The High Cost of Energy in Rural America.pdf},
  keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
  language = {en}
}

@article{schmittDeployDiverseRenewables2019,
  title = {Deploy Diverse Renewables to Save Tropical Rivers},
  author = {Schmitt, Rafael J. P. and Kittner, Noah and Kondolf, G. Mathias and Kammen, Daniel M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  volume = {569},
  pages = {330--332},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10/ghbmcc},
  annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20200915030134/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01498-8},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\WN86I2VK\\Schmitt et al. - 2019 - Deploy diverse renewables to save tropical rivers.pdf},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {archived},
  language = {en},
  number = {7756}
}

@techreport{sigrinRooftopSolarTechnical2018,
  ids = {sigrinRooftopSolarTechnical2018a},
  title = {Rooftop {{Solar Technical Potential}} for {{Low}}-to-{{Moderate Income Households}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Sigrin, Benjamin O. and Mooney, Meghan E.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  pages = {NREL/TP--6A20-70901, 1434891},
  doi = {10.2172/1434891},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\7ASNB25E\\Sigrin and Mooney - 2018 - Rooftop Solar Technical Potential for Low-to-Moder.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\8LLDJWYR\\Sigrin and Mooney - 2018 - Rooftop Solar Technical Potential for Low-to-Moder.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\YQT6XMT3\\Sigrin and Mooney - 2018 - Rooftop Solar Technical Potential for Low-to-Moder.pdf},
  language = {en},
  number = {NREL/TP--6A20-70901, 1434891}
}

@article{siler-evansMarginalEmissionsFactors2012,
  title = {Marginal {{Emissions Factors}} for the {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Electricity System}}},
  author = {{Siler-Evans}, Kyle and Azevedo, In{\^e}s Lima and Morgan, M. Granger},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  volume = {46},
  pages = {4742--4748},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/es300145v},
  abstract = {There is growing interest in reducing emissions from electricity generation in the United States (U.S.). Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and energy conservation are all commonly suggested solutions. Both supply- and demand-side interventions will displace energyand emissionsfrom conventional generators. Marginal emissions factors (MEFs) give a consistent metric for assessing the avoided emissions resulting from such interventions. This paper presents the first systematic calculation of MEFs for the U.S. electricity system. Using regressions of hourly generation and emissions data from 2006 through 2011, we estimate regional MEFs for CO2, NOx, and SO2, as well as the share of marginal generation from coal-, gas-, and oil-fired generators. Trends in MEFs with respect to system load, time of day, and month are explored. We compare marginal and average emissions factors (AEFs), finding that AEFs may grossly misestimate the avoided emissions resulting from an intervention. We find significant regional differences in the emissions benefits of avoiding one megawatt-hour of electricity: compared to the West, an equivalent energy efficiency measure in the Midwest is expected to avoid roughly 70\% more CO2, 12 times more SO2, and 3 times more NOx emissions.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\7HUN8YVR\\Siler-Evans et al. - 2012 - Marginal Emissions Factors for the U.S. Electricit.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@article{smilGlobalEnergyLatest2011c,
  ids = {smilGlobalEnergyLatest2011d},
  title = {Global {{Energy}}: {{The Latest Infatuations}}},
  shorttitle = {Global {{Energy}}},
  author = {Smil, Vaclav},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {212},
  issn = {0003-0996, 1545-2786},
  doi = {10.1511/2011.90.212},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000055},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\8XE7HB39\\Smil - 2011 - Global Energy The Latest Infatuations.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\TN3CGZKT\\Smil - 2011 - Global Energy The Latest Infatuations.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\Y8XQ93FI\\Smil - 2011 - Global Energy The Latest Infatuations.pdf},
  journal = {American Scientist},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{tamayaoRegionalVariabilityUncertainty2015,
  ids = {tamayaoRegionalVariabilityUncertainty2015a,tamayaoRegionalVariabilityUncertainty2015b},
  title = {Regional {{Variability}} and {{Uncertainty}} of {{Electric Vehicle Life Cycle CO}} {\textsubscript{2}} {{Emissions}} across the {{United States}}},
  author = {Tamayao, Mili-Ann M. and Michalek, Jeremy J. and Hendrickson, Chris and Azevedo, In{\^e}s M. L.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  volume = {49},
  pages = {8844--8855},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00815},
  abstract = {We characterize regionally specific life cycle CO2 emissions per mile traveled for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) across the United States under alternative assumptions for regional electricity emission factors, regional boundaries, and charging schemes. We find that estimates based on marginal vs average grid emission factors differ by as much as 50\% (using National Electricity Reliability Commission (NERC) regional boundaries). Use of state boundaries versus NERC region boundaries results in estimates that differ by as much as 120\% for the same location (using average emission factors). We argue that consumption-based marginal emission factors are conceptually appropriate for evaluating the emissions implications of policies that increase electric vehicle sales or use in a region. We also examine generation-based marginal emission factors to assess robustness. Using these two estimates of NERC region marginal emission factors, we find the following: (1) delayed charging (i.e., starting at midnight) leads to higher emissions in most cases due largely to increased coal in the marginal generation mix at night; (2) the Chevrolet Volt has higher expected life cycle emissions than the Toyota Prius hybrid electric vehicle (the most efficient U.S. gasoline vehicle) across the U.S. in nearly all scenarios; (3) the Nissan Leaf BEV has lower life cycle emissions than the Prius in the western U.S. and in Texas, but the Prius has lower emissions in the northern Midwest regardless of assumed charging scheme and marginal emissions estimation method; (4) in other regions the lowest emitting vehicle depends on charge timing and emission factor estimation assumptions.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\I5TRGAN3\\Tamayao et al. - 2015 - Regional Variability and Uncertainty of Electric V.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\IEJKCVYK\\Tamayao et al. - 2015 - Regional Variability and Uncertainty of Electric V.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\U2ABDGQK\\Tamayao et al. - 2015 - Regional Variability and Uncertainty of Electric V.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\YUH5YRSV\\Tamayao et al. - 2015 - Regional Variability and Uncertainty of Electric V.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  language = {en},
  number = {14}
}

@article{thomsonQuantificationExpenditure2020,
  title = {Quantification beyond Expenditure},
  author = {Thomson, Harriet},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {640--641},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10/ghjc6q},
  abstract = {The use of energy expenditure thresholds for quantifying energy poverty is a widely used approach, particularly within the Global North. New research from Hong Kong confirms that this method risks overlooking important housing and climate-related factors.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: 0000000},
  copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Google Drive\\References\\thomsonh_(2020)_-_quantification_beyond_expenditure.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@article{vaishnavWasItWorthwhile2017,
  title = {Was It Worthwhile? {{Where}} Have the Benefits of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Generation Exceeded the Cost?},
  shorttitle = {Was It Worthwhile?},
  author = {Vaishnav, Parth and Horner, Nathaniel and Azevedo, In{\^e}s L},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {094015},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa815e},
  abstract = {We estimate the lifetime magnitude and distribution of the private and public benefits and costs of currently installed distributed solar PV systems in the United States. Using data for recentlyinstalled systems, we estimate the balance of benefits and costs associated with installing a nonutility solar PV system today. We also study the geographical distribution of the various subsidies that are made available to owners of rooftop solar PV systems, and compare it to distributions of population and income. We find that, after accounting for federal subsidies and local rebates and assuming a discount rate of 7\%, the private benefits of new installations will exceed private costs only in seven of the 19 states for which we have data and only if customers can sell excess power to the electric grid at the retail price. These states are characterized by abundant sunshine (California, Texas and Nevada) or by high electricity prices (New York). Public benefits from reduced air pollution and climate change impact exceed the costs of the various subsidies offered system owners for less than 10\% of the systems installed, even assuming a 2\% discount rate. Subsidies flowed disproportionately to counties with higher median incomes in 2006. In 2014, the distribution of subsidies was closer to that of population income, but subsidies still flowed disproportionately to the better-off. The total, upfront, subsidy per kilowatt of installed capacity has fallen from \$5200 in 2006 to \$1400 in 2014, but the absolute magnitude of subsidy has soared as installed capacity has grown explosively. We see considerable differences in the balance of costs and benefits even within states, indicating that local factors such as system price and solar resource are important, and that policies (e.g. net metering) could be made more efficient by taking local conditions into account.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\EPDTJXIX\\Vaishnav et al. - 2017 - Was it worthwhile Where have the benefits of roof.pdf},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@article{vonwaldAnalyzingCaliforniaFramework2020,
  ids = {vonwaldAnalyzingCaliforniaFramework2020a},
  title = {Analyzing {{California}}'s Framework for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Retail Electricity Sales},
  author = {Von Wald, Gregory and Mastrandrea, Michael D. and Cullenward, Danny and Weyant, John},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  volume = {33},
  pages = {106818},
  issn = {1040-6190},
  doi = {10/ghg46t},
  abstract = {Accurately attributing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the electric power sector is critical to measuring progress towards climate policy goals. We evaluate a new methodology adopted by the California Energy Commission to calculate the GHG emissions intensity of retail electricity providers. In the long run, the new regulations better align with the physical nature of grid operation than did past practices, but policymakers should monitor a set of potential challenges as market structures evolve.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]},
  journal = {The Electricity Journal},
  keywords = {\#nosource,Climate policy,Emissions intensity,Greenhouse gas accounting,Retail electricity},
  language = {en},
  number = {8}
}

@article{waraCompetitionGridEdge2016,
  title = {Competition at the {{Grid Edge}}: {{Innovation}} and {{Antitrust Law}} in the {{Electricity Sector}}},
  shorttitle = {Competition at the {{Grid Edge}}},
  author = {Wara, Michael W.},
  year = {2016},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2765502},
  abstract = {The advent of distributed energy technologies, most notably, distributed solar energy, poses a competitive threat to the electric utility industry. Here I provide a comprehensive assessment of the U.S. electric utility industry's regulatory response to this threat over the past three years. Electric utilities across the United States are asking their Public Utility Commissions for changes in rate structures that, depending on their details, may either reduce cross-subsidies to distributed energy resources or may be erecting much higher barriers to entry for this and other innovative energy technologies and business models. Usually, a utility's actions are exempt from antitrust scrutiny under the State Action Immunity and Filed Rate doctrines. I argue that in the case of the utility response to distributed energy, this may not be the case. Because the risk exists, both electric utilities and their overseeing commissions need to make much greater efforts to evaluate the competitive impacts of changes in rates - a consideration that is largely absent from the proceedings to date. By doing so, they will both ensure that society's interest in a cleaner, more innovative, more productive energy sector is protected and at the same time minimize their own risks of liability under the antitrust statutes.},
  annotation = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\V4N8UMPD\\Wara - 2016 - Competition at the Grid Edge Innovation and Antit.pdf},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  language = {en}
}

@article{wolakFutureElectricityRetailing2020,
  ids = {wolakFutureElectricityRetailinga},
  title = {The {{Future}} of {{Electricity Retailing}} and {{How We Get There}}},
  author = {Wolak, Frank A and Hardman, Ian H},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  pages = {169},
  annotation = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s1]},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\SRT75SFK\\Wolak and Hardman - The Future of Electricity Retailing and How We Get.pdf;C\:\\Users\\eric\\Zotero\\storage\\WA9MPS5X\\Wolak and Hardman - The Future of Electricity Retailing and How We Get.pdf},
  keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
  language = {en}
}