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‎01-intro.Rmd‎

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**1982**
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- Matthiae, P. 1983. "Fouilles de Tell Mardikh-Ébla en 1982: nouvelles recherches sur l’architecture palatine d'Ébla, communication du 29 avril 1983”, *CRAIBL* 127, pp.530–554. https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1983_num_127_3_14081
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**1983-1986**
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| *A* or *ARET* | *Archivi Reali di Ebla, Testi* |
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| AAM | Annual Account of Metals (CAM = RAM) |
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| AAM | Annual Account of Metals (? CAM = RAM) |
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| Akk. | Akkadian |
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| Ar. | ArruLUM |
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| *ARED* | *Archivi Reali di Ebla, Edizione digitale* (CD-ROM) |
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| *DUL*^3^ | del Olmo Lete, G.; Sanmartín, J. (2015), *A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition* (third edition), Leiden - Boston |
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| *EbDA* | *Ebla Digital Archives*, <http://ebda.cnr.it> |
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| Ebl. | Eblaite |
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| EBK | eš~2~-bar-kin~5~ unilingual lexical composition |
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| EBK | eš₂-bar-kin₅ unilingual lexical composition |
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| ED Lu~(2)~ A | Early Dynastic Lu~(2)~ A |
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| *ePSD* | *Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary* <http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html>^[Now only partially functional.] |
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| *ePSD* 2 | *Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 2* <http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux> |
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| Ib. | Ibrium |
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| *M* or *MEE* | *Materiali Epigrafici di Ebla*, Napoli-Roma. |
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| MAT | Monthly Account of Textiles |
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| ND | Nome di divinità (DN) |
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| NG | Nome di geografico (GN) |
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| NP | Nome di persona (NP) |
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| ND | Nome di divinità |
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| NG | Nome di geografico |
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| NP | Nome di persona |
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| obv. | obverse (= recto) |
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| PN | Personal Name |
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| *PSD* | *The Sumerian Dictionary of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania*, Phildelphia 1984— |
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| r. | recto (= obverse) |
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| RAM | Resoconti Annuali di Metalli (AAM = CAM) |
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| RAM | Resoconti Annuali di Metalli (= AAM = CAM) |
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| rev. | reverse (= verso) |
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| *RGTC* | *Répertoire géographique des textes cunéiformes*, Wiesbaden |
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| *RlA* | *Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie*, Berlin |

‎02-chronology.Rmd‎

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The absolute chronology of Ebla during the Age of the Archives remains under debate, though most evidence points to the mid- to late-3rd millennium BCE. Archaeological and textual evidence generally places the period between approximately 2400 and 2250 BCE. Radiocarbon analyses on sixteen short-lived plant samples from Royal Palace G and Building P4 suggest the city’s destruction occurred sometime between 2367 and 2293 BCE [@CalcagnileEtAl2013]. However, the precise dating and its alignment with other contemporary events can vary depending on scholarly interpretations and the specific lines of evidence considered.
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The destruction of Ebla, a *terminus ante quem* for dating the Archives, remains a major point of debate. Scholars disagree on the perpetrators, with some attributing it to Sargon or Narām-Sîn of Akkad based on their claims of conquering Armanum and Ebla. Others propose Mari as the perpetrator. Durand [-@Durand2012] suggests a more specific scenario, identifying a Mari šakkanakku acting under Sargon’s orders.
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The destruction of Ebla, a *terminus ante quem* for dating the Archives, remains a major point of debate. Scholars disagree on the perpetrators, with some attributing it to Sargon or Narām-Sîn of Akkad based on their claims of conquering Armanum and Ebla. Others propose Mari as the perpetrator. Durand [-@Durand2012] suggests a more specific scenario, identifying a Mari *šakkanakku* acting under Sargon’s orders.
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The interpretation that Ebla’s destruction was caused by Sargon relies on a series of royal inscriptions where Sargon claims that the god Dagan granted him Mari, Yarmuti, and Ebla. One of these inscriptions is contained in an Old Babylonian *Sammeltafeln*, of which at least two copies have survived. One is [Ni3200](https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/artifacts/227510), and the second, [CBS 13972 + CBS 14545](https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/347461), was unearthed during the Babylonian Expedition to Nippur I-IV, which took place between 1888 and 1900. This tablet, reconstructed from numerous fragments, contains 22 texts together with brief captions. Originally attached to the monuments kept in the courtyard of the Ekur Temple in Nippur, the inscriptions were commissioned by the kings of Agade to commemorate their conquests. While one of these inscriptions mentions Ebla, it doesn’t necessarily confirm its destruction by Sargon. Narām-Sîn, Sargon’s grandson, also left several inscriptions boasting, for example, that he was “the mighty king of the four quarters, conqueror of Armānum and Ebla” on a [steatite vessel-shaped object](https://www.carmentis.be/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=87396&viewType=detailView), on a [metal bowl](https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/artifacts/216630) (IMJ 74.49.99), and on a [pedestal](https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010121772).
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Notably, part of this tablet (CBS 14545), was first published by Arno Poebel in 1914 [@Poebel1914, 177-178, plate XX, no. 34 C and D]. Subsequently, in 1926, Leon Legrain published a joining fragment, CBS 13972.^[Legrain [-@Legrain1922], 12–27, [plate II](https://archive.org/details/royalinscription00legr_0/page/55/mode/1up?view=theater), plate XV ([handcopy](https://archive.org/details/royalinscription00legr_0/page/82/mode/1up); of CBS 13972 only), text no. 41. See the museum's [pictures.](https://www.penn.museum/collections/object_images.php?irn=347461) Legrain also published the fragments in the museum's [journal](https://www.penn.museum/sites/journal/9818/).] However, the tablet is typically referred to simply as CBS 13972. More comprehensive editions of the tablet were later provided by Gelb and Kienast in 1990 and Frayne in 1993, which incorporated all available fragments [@GelbKienast1990; @Frayne1993].
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Among the texts preserved in this anthology are three inscriptions that recount Sargon of Agade's successful conquests. According to the colophons, these texts (one written Sumerian, two in Akkadian) adorned some statues. The first inscription [@GelbKienast1990], Sargon C 2, Text A = RIME 2.1.1.11] commemorates Sargon's victories, with a particularly noteworthy passage in obv. V:17-31 emphasizing the divine grant of Mari, Iarmuti, and Ebla by the god Dagan. The Sumerian text reads as follows:
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Among the texts preserved in this anthology are three inscriptions that recount Sargon of Agade's successful conquests. According to the colophons, these texts (one written Sumerian, two in Akkadian) adorned some statues. The first inscription [@GelbKienast1990, Sargon C 2, Text A = RIME 2.1.1.11] commemorates Sargon's victories, with a particularly noteworthy passage in obv. V:17-31 emphasizing the divine grant of Mari, Iarmuti, and Ebla by the god Dagan. The Sumerian text reads as follows:
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