diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d8c47d34..82a0504c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ For [Shareable Configs](https://eslint.org/docs/latest/developer-guide/shareable
 | [no-restricted-import](docs/rules/no-restricted-import.md)                                   | disallow specified modules when loaded by `import` declarations             |      |    |    |
 | [no-restricted-require](docs/rules/no-restricted-require.md)                                 | disallow specified modules when loaded by `require`                         |      |    |    |
 | [no-sync](docs/rules/no-sync.md)                                                             | disallow synchronous methods                                                |      |    |    |
+| [no-top-level-await](docs/rules/no-top-level-await.md)                                       | disallow top-level `await` in published modules                             |      |    |    |
 | [no-unpublished-bin](docs/rules/no-unpublished-bin.md)                                       | disallow `bin` files that npm ignores                                       | 🟢 ✅ |    |    |
 | [no-unpublished-import](docs/rules/no-unpublished-import.md)                                 | disallow `import` declarations which import private modules                 | 🟢 ✅ |    |    |
 | [no-unpublished-require](docs/rules/no-unpublished-require.md)                               | disallow `require()` expressions which import private modules               | 🟢 ✅ |    |    |
diff --git a/docs/rules/no-top-level-await.md b/docs/rules/no-top-level-await.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26c37d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/rules/no-top-level-await.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Disallow top-level `await` in published modules (`n/no-top-level-await`)
+
+<!-- end auto-generated rule header -->
+
+Node.js v20.19 introduced `require(esm)`, but ES modules with top-level `await` cannot be loaded with `require(esm)`. It is a good idea to disallow top-level `await` to ensure interoperability of modules published as Node.js libraries.
+
+## 📖 Rule Details
+
+If a source code file satisfies all of the following conditions, the file is \*published\*.
+
+- `"files"` field of `package.json` includes the file or `"files"` field of `package.json` does not exist.
+- `.npmignore` does not include the file.
+
+Then this rule warns top-level `await` in \*published\* files.
+
+Examples of 👎 **incorrect** code for this rule:
+
+```js
+/*eslint n/no-top-level-await: error*/
+
+const foo = await import('foo');
+for await (const e of asyncIterate()) {
+    // ...
+}
+```
+
+### Options
+
+```json
+{
+    "rules": {
+        "n/no-top-level-await": ["error", {
+            "ignoreBin": false,
+            "convertPath": null
+        }]
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### ignoreBin
+
+If `true`, this rule ignores top-level `await` in files that are specified in the `bin` field of `package.json` or in files that contain a `#!/usr/bin/env` in their source code.
+
+Examples of 👍 **correct** code for the `"ignoreBin": true` option:
+
+```js
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+/*eslint n/no-top-level-await: ["error", { "ignoreBin": true }]*/
+
+const foo = await import('foo');
+for await (const e of asyncIterate()) {
+    // ...
+}
+```
+
+#### convertPath
+
+This can be configured in the rule options or as a shared setting [`settings.convertPath`](../shared-settings.md#convertpath).
+Please see the shared settings documentation for more information.
+
+## 🔎 Implementation
+
+- [Rule source](../../lib/rules/no-top-level-await.js)
+- [Test source](../../tests/lib/rules/no-top-level-await.js)
diff --git a/lib/index.js b/lib/index.js
index de952189..5d40dd21 100644
--- a/lib/index.js
+++ b/lib/index.js
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ const base = {
         "no-restricted-import": require("./rules/no-restricted-import"),
         "no-restricted-require": require("./rules/no-restricted-require"),
         "no-sync": require("./rules/no-sync"),
+        "no-top-level-await": require("./rules/no-top-level-await"),
         "no-unpublished-bin": require("./rules/no-unpublished-bin"),
         "no-unpublished-import": require("./rules/no-unpublished-import"),
         "no-unpublished-require": require("./rules/no-unpublished-require"),
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-top-level-await.js b/lib/rules/no-top-level-await.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01171d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/no-top-level-await.js
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/**
+ * @author Yosuke Ota <https://github.com/ota-meshi>
+ * See LICENSE file in root directory for full license.
+ */
+"use strict"
+
+const path = require("path")
+const { getSourceCode } = require("../util/eslint-compat")
+const getConvertPath = require("../util/get-convert-path")
+const { getPackageJson } = require("../util/get-package-json")
+const { isBinFile } = require("../util/is-bin-file")
+const getNpmignore = require("../util/get-npmignore")
+
+const HASHBANG_ENV = "#!/usr/bin/env"
+
+/**
+ * @typedef {[
+ *   {
+ *     ignoreBin?:boolean
+ *     convertPath?: import('../util/get-convert-path').ConvertPath;
+ *   }?
+ * ]} RuleOptions
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether the code has a hashbang comment or not.
+ * @param {import('./rule-module').PluginRuleContext<{RuleOptions: RuleOptions}>} context
+ */
+function hasHashbang(context) {
+    const sourceCode = getSourceCode(context)
+    return Boolean(sourceCode.text.startsWith(HASHBANG_ENV))
+}
+
+/** @param {import('./rule-module').PluginRuleContext<{RuleOptions: RuleOptions}>} context */
+function ignore(context) {
+    const options = context.options[0] || {}
+    const ignoreBin = options.ignoreBin ?? false
+    if (ignoreBin && hasHashbang(context)) {
+        // If the code has a hashbang comment, it is considered an executable file.
+        return true
+    }
+
+    const filePath = context.filename ?? context.getFilename()
+    if (filePath === "<input>") {
+        // The file path is "<input>" (not specified), so it will be ignored.
+        return true
+    }
+    const originalAbsolutePath = path.resolve(filePath)
+
+    // Find package.json
+    const packageJson = getPackageJson(originalAbsolutePath)
+    if (typeof packageJson?.filePath !== "string") {
+        // The file is not in a package, so it will be ignored.
+        return true
+    }
+
+    // Convert by convertPath option
+    const packageDirectory = path.dirname(packageJson.filePath)
+    const convertedRelativePath = getConvertPath(context)(
+        path
+            .relative(packageDirectory, originalAbsolutePath)
+            .replace(/\\/gu, "/")
+    )
+    const convertedAbsolutePath = path.resolve(
+        packageDirectory,
+        convertedRelativePath
+    )
+
+    if (
+        ignoreBin &&
+        isBinFile(convertedAbsolutePath, packageJson.bin, packageDirectory)
+    ) {
+        // The file is defined in the `bin` field of `package.json`
+        return true
+    }
+
+    // Check ignored or not
+    const npmignore = getNpmignore(convertedAbsolutePath)
+    if (npmignore.match(convertedRelativePath)) {
+        // The file is unpublished file, so it will be ignored.
+        return true
+    }
+
+    return false
+}
+
+/** @type {import('./rule-module').RuleModule<{RuleOptions: RuleOptions}>} */
+module.exports = {
+    meta: {
+        docs: {
+            description: "disallow top-level `await` in published modules",
+            recommended: false,
+            url: "https://github.com/eslint-community/eslint-plugin-n/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-top-level-await.md",
+        },
+        fixable: null,
+        messages: {
+            forbidden: "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+        },
+        schema: [
+            {
+                type: "object",
+                properties: {
+                    ignoreBin: { type: "boolean" },
+                    convertPath: getConvertPath.schema,
+                },
+                additionalProperties: false,
+            },
+        ],
+        type: "problem",
+    },
+    create(context) {
+        if (ignore(context)) {
+            return {}
+        }
+        let functionDepth = 0
+        return {
+            ":function"() {
+                functionDepth++
+            },
+            ":function:exit"() {
+                functionDepth--
+            },
+            "AwaitExpression, ForOfStatement[await=true]"(node) {
+                if (functionDepth > 0) {
+                    // not top-level
+                    return
+                }
+                context.report({ node, messageId: "forbidden" })
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-bin/package.json b/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-bin/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af7c4ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-bin/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+    "name": "test",
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "bin": "a.js"
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-files/package.json b/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-files/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..168d6b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-files/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+    "name": "test",
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "files": [
+        "lib"
+    ]
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-npmignore/.npmignore b/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-npmignore/.npmignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a57582cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-npmignore/.npmignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/src
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-npmignore/package.json b/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-npmignore/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0c8e43c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/no-top-level-await/simple-npmignore/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+    "name": "test",
+    "version": "1.0.0"
+}
diff --git a/tests/lib/rules/no-top-level-await.js b/tests/lib/rules/no-top-level-await.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4afec6ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lib/rules/no-top-level-await.js
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+/**
+ * @author Yosuke Ota <https://github.com/ota-meshi>
+ * See LICENSE file in root directory for full license.
+ */
+"use strict"
+
+const { RuleTester } = require("#test-helpers")
+const rule = require("../../../lib/rules/no-top-level-await.js")
+const path = require("path")
+
+/**
+ * Makes a file path to a fixture.
+ * @param {string} name - A name.
+ * @returns {string} A file path to a fixture.
+ */
+function fixture(name) {
+    return path.resolve(__dirname, "../../fixtures/no-top-level-await", name)
+}
+
+new RuleTester({
+    languageOptions: { ecmaVersion: 2022, sourceType: "module" },
+}).run("no-top-level-await", rule, {
+    valid: [
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "import * as foo from 'foo'",
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "for (const e of iterate()) { /* ... */ }",
+        },
+        // Non Top-level `await`
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-bin/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "async function fn () { const foo = await import('foo') }",
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-bin/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "async function fn () { for await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ } }",
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-bin/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "const fn = async () => await import('foo')",
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-bin/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "const fn = async () => { for await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ } }",
+        },
+        // Ignore files
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/src/a.js"),
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/src/a.js"),
+            code: "for await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ }",
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-npmignore/src/a.js"),
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-npmignore/src/a.js"),
+            code: "for await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ }",
+        },
+        // ignoreBin
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-bin/a.js"),
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+            options: [
+                {
+                    ignoreBin: true,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-bin/a.js"),
+            code: "for await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ }",
+            options: [
+                {
+                    ignoreBin: true,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "#!/usr/bin/env node\nconst foo = await import('foo')",
+            options: [
+                {
+                    ignoreBin: true,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "#!/usr/bin/env node\nfor await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ }",
+            options: [
+                {
+                    ignoreBin: true,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        // files field of `package.json` with convertPath
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/test/a.ts"),
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+            options: [
+                { convertPath: { "src/**/*": ["src/(.+).ts", "lib/$1.js"] } },
+            ],
+        },
+        // Unknown files
+        {
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+        },
+        {
+            filename: "unknown.js",
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+        },
+    ],
+    invalid: [
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+            errors: [
+                {
+                    message:
+                        "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+                    line: 1,
+                    column: 13,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "for await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ }",
+            errors: [
+                {
+                    message:
+                        "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+                    line: 1,
+                    column: 1,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-npmignore/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+            errors: [
+                {
+                    message:
+                        "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+                    line: 1,
+                    column: 13,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-npmignore/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "for await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ }",
+            errors: [
+                {
+                    message:
+                        "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+                    line: 1,
+                    column: 1,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-bin/a.js"),
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+            errors: [
+                {
+                    message:
+                        "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+                    line: 1,
+                    column: 13,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-bin/a.js"),
+            code: "for await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ }",
+            errors: [
+                {
+                    message:
+                        "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+                    line: 1,
+                    column: 1,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "#!/usr/bin/env node\nconst foo = await import('foo')",
+            errors: [
+                {
+                    message:
+                        "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+                    line: 2,
+                    column: 13,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/lib/a.js"),
+            code: "#!/usr/bin/env node\nfor await (const e of asyncIterate()) { /* ... */ }",
+            errors: [
+                {
+                    message:
+                        "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+                    line: 2,
+                    column: 1,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        // files field of `package.json` with convertPath
+        {
+            filename: fixture("simple-files/src/a.ts"),
+            code: "const foo = await import('foo')",
+            options: [
+                { convertPath: { "src/**/*": ["src/(.+).ts", "lib/$1.js"] } },
+            ],
+            errors: [
+                {
+                    message:
+                        "Top-level `await` is forbidden in published modules.",
+                    line: 1,
+                    column: 13,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+    ],
+})