Every distributed cryptographic protocol, key management system or wallet runs on opaque hardware. In almost all cases, we do not know with any certainty that our hardware is executing the expected program and that it is not actually acting against us. [Many cases](https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-nsa-uses-powerful-toolbox-in-effort-to-spy-on-global-networks-a-940969.html) of [exactly](https://web.archive.org/web/20230721093448/https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2021-supermicro/) this kind of [betrayal](https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/1275) have been [uncovered](https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/05/photos-of-an-nsa-upgrade-factory-show-cisco-router-getting-implant/). The [latest](https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2024/9/19/lebanon-blasts-raise-alarm-about-supply-chain-security-tech-safety) proved deadly. This precedent suggests the likely existence of undetected malicious hardware in use today.
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