Http.fs

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Utilities for working with network, downloading resources with specified headers etc.
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

namespace FSharp.Data

open System
open System.Globalization
open System.IO
open System.Net
open System.Text
open System.Text.RegularExpressions
open System.Threading
open System.Runtime.CompilerServices
open System.Runtime.ExceptionServices
open System.Runtime.InteropServices

/// The method to use in an HTTP request
module HttpMethod =

    // RFC 2626 specifies 8 methods

    /// Request information about the communication options available on the request/response chain identified by the URI
    let Options = "OPTIONS"

    /// Retrieve whatever information (in the form of an entity) is identified by the URI
    let Get = "GET"

    /// Identical to GET except that the server MUST NOT return a message-body in the response
    let Head = "HEAD"

    /// Requests that the server accepts the entity enclosed in the request as a
    /// new subordinate of the resource identified by the Request-URI in the Request-Line
    let Post = "POST"

    /// Requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied Request-URI
    let Put = "PUT"

    /// Requests that the origin server deletes the resource identified by the Request-URI
    let Delete = "DELETE"

    /// Used to invoke a remote, application-layer loop- back of the request message
    let Trace = "TRACE"

    /// Reserved for use with a proxy that can dynamically switch to being a tunnel
    let Connect = "CONNECT"

    // RFC 4918 (WebDAV) adds 7 methods

    /// Retrieves properties defined on the resource identified by the request URI
    let PropFind = "PROPFIND"

    /// Processes instructions specified in the request body to set and/or remove properties defined on the resource identified by the request URI
    let PropPatch = "PROPPATCH"

    /// Creates a new collection resource at the location specified by the Request URI
    let MkCol = "MKCOL"

    /// Creates a duplicate of the source resource, identified by the Request-URI, in the destination resource, identified by the URI in the Destination header
    let Copy = "COPY"

    /// Logical equivalent of a copy, followed by consistency maintenance processing, followed by a delete of the source where all three actions are performed atomically
    let Move = "MOVE"

    /// Used to take out a lock of any access type on the resource identified by the request URI.
    let Lock = "LOCK"

    /// Removes the lock identified by the lock token from the request URI, and all other resources included in the lock
    let Unlock = "UNLOCK"

    // RFC 5789 adds one more

    /// Requests that the origin server applies partial modifications contained in the entity enclosed in the request to the resource identified by the request URI
    let Patch = "PATCH"

/// Headers that can be sent in an HTTP request
module HttpRequestHeaders =
    /// Content-Types that are acceptable for the response
    let Accept (contentType: string) = "Accept", contentType

    /// Character sets that are acceptable
    let AcceptCharset (characterSets: string) = "Accept-Charset", characterSets

    /// Acceptable version in time
    let AcceptDatetime (dateTime: DateTime) =
        "Accept-Datetime", dateTime.ToString("R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)

    /// List of acceptable encodings. See HTTP compression.
    let AcceptEncoding (encoding: string) = "Accept-Encoding", encoding

    /// List of acceptable human languages for response
    let AcceptLanguage (language: string) = "Accept-Language", language

    /// The Allow header, which specifies the set of HTTP methods supported.
    let Allow (methods: string) = "Allow", methods

    /// Authentication credentials for HTTP authentication
    let Authorization (credentials: string) = "Authorization", credentials

    /// Authentication header using Basic Auth encoding
    let BasicAuth (username: string) (password: string) =
        let base64Encode (s: string) =
            let bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(s)
            Convert.ToBase64String(bytes)

        sprintf "%s:%s" username password
        |> base64Encode
        |> sprintf "Basic %s"
        |> Authorization

    /// Used to specify directives that MUST be obeyed by all caching mechanisms along the request/response chain
    let CacheControl (control: string) = "Cache-Control", control

    /// What type of connection the user-agent would prefer
    let Connection (connection: string) = "Connection", connection

    /// Describes the placement of the content. Valid dispositions are: inline, attachment, form-data
    let ContentDisposition (placement: string, name: string option, fileName: string option) =
        let namePart =
            match name with
            | Some n -> sprintf "; name=\"%s\"" n
            | None -> ""

        let fileNamePart =
            match fileName with
            | Some n -> sprintf "; filename=\"%s\"" n
            | None -> ""

        "Content-Disposition", sprintf "%s%s%s" placement namePart fileNamePart

    /// The type of encoding used on the data
    let ContentEncoding (encoding: string) = "Content-Encoding", encoding

    /// The language the content is in
    let ContentLanguage (language: string) = "Content-Language", language

    /// An alternate location for the returned data
    let ContentLocation (location: string) = "Content-Location", location

    /// A Base64-encoded binary MD5 sum of the content of the request body
    let ContentMD5 (md5sum: string) = "Content-MD5", md5sum

    /// Where in a full body message this partial message belongs
    let ContentRange (range: string) = "Content-Range", range

    /// The MIME type of the body of the request (used with POST and PUT requests)
    let ContentType (contentType: string) = "Content-Type", contentType

    /// The MIME type of the body of the request (used with POST and PUT requests) with an explicit encoding
    let ContentTypeWithEncoding (contentType, charset: Encoding) =
        "Content-Type", sprintf "%s; charset=%s" contentType (charset.WebName)

    /// The date and time that the message was sent
    let Date (date: DateTime) =
        "Date", date.ToString("R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)

    /// Indicates that particular server behaviors are required by the client
    let Expect (behaviors: string) = "Expect", behaviors

    /// Gives the date/time after which the response is considered stale
    let Expires (dateTime: DateTime) =
        "Expires", dateTime.ToString("R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)

    /// The email address of the user making the request
    let From (email: string) = "From", email

    /// The domain name of the server (for virtual hosting), and the TCP port number on which the server is listening.
    /// The port number may be omitted if the port is the standard port for the service requested.
    let Host (host: string) = "Host", host

    /// Only perform the action if the client supplied entity matches the same entity on the server.
    /// This is mainly for methods like PUT to only update a resource if it has not been modified since the user last updated it. If-Match: "737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d" Permanent
    let IfMatch (entity: string) = "If-Match", entity

    /// Allows a 304 Not Modified to be returned if content is unchanged
    let IfModifiedSince (dateTime: DateTime) =
        "If-Modified-Since", dateTime.ToString("R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)

    /// Allows a 304 Not Modified to be returned if content is unchanged
    let IfNoneMatch (etag: string) = "If-None-Match", etag

    /// If the entity is unchanged, send me the part(s) that I am missing; otherwise, send me the entire new entity
    let IfRange (range: string) = "If-Range", range

    /// Only send the response if the entity has not been modified since a specific time
    let IfUnmodifiedSince (dateTime: DateTime) =
        "If-Unmodified-Since", dateTime.ToString("R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)

    /// Specifies a parameter used into order to maintain a persistent connection
    let KeepAlive (keepAlive: string) = "Keep-Alive", keepAlive

    /// Specifies the date and time at which the accompanying body data was last modified
    let LastModified (dateTime: DateTime) =
        "Last-Modified", dateTime.ToString("R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)

    /// Limit the number of times the message can be forwarded through proxies or gateways
    let MaxForwards (count: int) = "Max-Forwards", count.ToString()

    /// Initiates a request for cross-origin resource sharing (asks server for an 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' response header)
    let Origin (origin: string) = "Origin", origin

    /// Implementation-specific headers that may have various effects anywhere along the request-response chain.
    let Pragma (pragma: string) = "Pragma", pragma

    /// Optional instructions to the server to control request processing. See RFC https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7240 for more details
    let Prefer (prefer: string) = "Prefer", prefer

    /// Authorization credentials for connecting to a proxy.
    let ProxyAuthorization (credentials: string) = "Proxy-Authorization", credentials

    /// Request only part of an entity. Bytes are numbered from 0
    let Range (start: int64, finish: int64) =
        "Range", sprintf "bytes=%d-%d" start finish

    /// This is the address of the previous web page from which a link to the currently requested page was followed. (The word "referrer" is misspelled in the RFC as well as in most implementations.)
    let Referer (referer: string) = "Referer", referer

    /// The transfer encodings the user agent is willing to accept: the same values as for the response header
    /// Transfer-Encoding can be used, plus the "trailers" value (related to the "chunked" transfer method) to
    /// notify the server it expects to receive additional headers (the trailers) after the last, zero-sized, chunk.
    let TE (te: string) = "TE", te

    /// The Trailer general field value indicates that the given set of header fields is present in the trailer of a message encoded with chunked transfer-coding
    let Trailer (trailer: string) = "Trailer", trailer

    /// The TransferEncoding header indicates the form of encoding used to safely transfer the entity to the user.  The valid directives are one of: chunked, compress, deflate, gzip, or identity.
    let TransferEncoding (directive: string) = "Transfer-Encoding", directive

    /// Microsoft extension to the HTTP specification used in conjunction with WebDAV functionality.
    let Translate (translate: string) = "Translate", translate

    /// Specifies additional communications protocols that the client supports.
    let Upgrade (upgrade: string) = "Upgrade", upgrade

    /// The user agent string of the user agent
    let UserAgent (userAgent: string) = "User-Agent", userAgent

    /// Informs the server of proxies through which the request was sent
    let Via (server: string) = "Via", server

    /// A general warning about possible problems with the entity body
    let Warning (message: string) = "Warning", message

    /// Override HTTP method.
    let XHTTPMethodOverride (httpMethod: string) = "X-HTTP-Method-Override", httpMethod

/// Headers that can be received in an HTTP response
module HttpResponseHeaders =

    /// Specifying which web sites can participate in cross-origin resource sharing
    [<Literal>]
    let AccessControlAllowOrigin = "Access-Control-Allow-Origin"

    /// What partial content range types this server supports
    [<Literal>]
    let AcceptRanges = "Accept-Ranges"

    /// The age the object has been in a proxy cache in seconds
    [<Literal>]
    let Age = "Age"

    /// Valid actions for a specified resource. To be used for a 405 Method not allowed
    [<Literal>]
    let Allow = "Allow"

    /// Tells all caching mechanisms from server to client whether they may cache this object. It is measured in seconds
    [<Literal>]
    let CacheControl = "Cache-Control"

    /// Options that are desired for the connection
    [<Literal>]
    let Connection = "Connection"

    /// The type of encoding used on the data. See HTTP compression.
    [<Literal>]
    let ContentEncoding = "Content-Encoding"

    /// The language the content is in
    [<Literal>]
    let ContentLanguage = "Content-Language"

    /// The length of the response body in octets (8-bit bytes)
    [<Literal>]
    let ContentLength = "Content-Length"

    /// An alternate location for the returned data
    [<Literal>]
    let ContentLocation = "Content-Location"

    /// A Base64-encoded binary MD5 sum of the content of the response
    [<Literal>]
    let ContentMD5 = "Content-MD5"

    /// An opportunity to raise a "File Download" dialogue box for a known MIME type with binary format or suggest a filename for dynamic content. Quotes are necessary with special characters.
    [<Literal>]
    let ContentDisposition = "Content-Disposition"

    /// Where in a full body message this partial message belongs
    [<Literal>]
    let ContentRange = "Content-Range"

    /// The MIME type of this content
    [<Literal>]
    let ContentType = "Content-Type"

    /// The date and time that the message was sent (in "HTTP-date" format as defined by RFC 2616)
    [<Literal>]
    let Date = "Date"

    /// An identifier for a specific version of a resource, often a message digest
    [<Literal>]
    let ETag = "ETag"

    /// Gives the date/time after which the response is considered stale
    [<Literal>]
    let Expires = "Expires"

    /// The last modified date for the requested object
    [<Literal>]
    let LastModified = "Last-Modified"

    /// Used to express a typed relationship with another resource, where the relation type is defined by RFC 5988
    [<Literal>]
    let Link = "Link"

    /// Used in redirection, or when a new resource has been created.
    [<Literal>]
    let Location = "Location"

    /// This header is supposed to set P3P policy
    [<Literal>]
    let P3P = "P3P"

    /// Implementation-specific headers that may have various effects anywhere along the request-response chain.
    [<Literal>]
    let Pragma = "Pragma"

    /// Request authentication to access the proxy.
    [<Literal>]
    let ProxyAuthenticate = "Proxy-Authenticate"

    /// Used in redirection, or when a new resource has been created. This refresh redirects after 5 seconds.
    [<Literal>]
    let Refresh = "Refresh"

    /// If an entity is temporarily unavailable, this instructs the client to try again later. Value could be a specified period of time (in seconds) or a HTTP-date.[28]
    [<Literal>]
    let RetryAfter = "Retry-After"

    /// A name for the server
    [<Literal>]
    let Server = "Server"

    /// An HTTP cookie
    [<Literal>]
    let SetCookie = "Set-Cookie"

    /// The HTTP status of the response
    [<Literal>]
    let Status = "Status"

    /// A HSTS Policy informing the HTTP client how long to cache the HTTPS only policy and whether this applies to subdomains.
    [<Literal>]
    let StrictTransportSecurity = "Strict-Transport-Security"

    /// The Trailer general field value indicates that the given set of header fields is present in the trailer of a message encoded with chunked transfer-coding.
    [<Literal>]
    let Trailer = "Trailer"

    /// The form of encoding used to safely transfer the entity to the user. Currently defined methods are: chunked, compress, deflate, gzip, identity.
    [<Literal>]
    let TransferEncoding = "Transfer-Encoding"

    /// Tells downstream proxies how to match future request headers to decide whether the cached response can be used rather than requesting a fresh one from the origin server.
    [<Literal>]
    let Vary = "Vary"

    /// Informs the client of proxies through which the response was sent.
    [<Literal>]
    let Via = "Via"

    /// A general warning about possible problems with the entity body.
    [<Literal>]
    let Warning = "Warning"

    /// Indicates the authentication scheme that should be used to access the requested entity.
    [<Literal>]
    let WWWAuthenticate = "WWW-Authenticate"

/// Status codes that can be received in an HTTP response
module HttpStatusCodes =

    /// The server has received the request headers and the client should proceed to send the request body.
    [<Literal>]
    let Continue = 100

    /// The requester has asked the server to switch protocols and the server has agreed to do so.
    [<Literal>]
    let SwitchingProtocols = 101

    /// This code indicates that the server has received and is processing the request, but no response is available yet.
    [<Literal>]
    let Processing = 102

    /// Used to return some response headers before final HTTP message.
    [<Literal>]
    let EarlyHints = 103

    /// Standard response for successful HTTP requests.
    [<Literal>]
    let OK = 200

    /// The request has been fulfilled, resulting in the creation of a new resource.
    [<Literal>]
    let Created = 201

    /// The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed.
    [<Literal>]
    let Accepted = 202

    /// The server is a transforming proxy (e.g. a Web accelerator) that received a 200 OK from its origin, but is returning a modified version of the origin's response.
    [<Literal>]
    let NonAuthoritativeInformation = 203

    /// The server successfully processed the request and is not returning any content.
    [<Literal>]
    let NoContent = 204

    /// The server successfully processed the request, but is not returning any content.
    [<Literal>]
    let ResetContent = 205

    /// The server is delivering only part of the resource (byte serving) due to a range header sent by the client.
    [<Literal>]
    let PartialContent = 206

    /// The message body that follows is by default an XML message and can contain a number of separate response codes, depending on how many sub-requests were made.
    [<Literal>]
    let MultiStatus = 207

    /// The members of a DAV binding have already been enumerated in a preceding part of the (multistatus) response, and are not being included again.
    [<Literal>]
    let AlreadyReported = 208

    /// The server has fulfilled a request for the resource, and the response is a representation of the result of one or more instance-manipulations applied to the current instance.
    [<Literal>]
    let IMUsed = 226

    /// Indicates multiple options for the resource from which the client may choose (via agent-driven content negotiation).
    [<Literal>]
    let MultipleChoices = 300

    /// This and all future requests should be directed to the given URI.
    [<Literal>]
    let MovedPermanently = 301

    /// Tells the client to look at (browse to) another url. 302 has been superseded by 303 and 307.
    [<Literal>]
    let Found = 302

    /// The response to the request can be found under another URI using the GET method.
    [<Literal>]
    let SeeOther = 303

    /// Indicates that the resource has not been modified since the version specified by the request headers If-Modified-Since or If-None-Match.
    [<Literal>]
    let NotModified = 304

    /// The requested resource is available only through a proxy, the address for which is provided in the response.
    [<Literal>]
    let UseProxy = 305

    /// No longer used. Originally meant "Subsequent requests should use the specified proxy."
    [<Literal>]
    let SwitchProxy = 306

    /// In this case, the request should be repeated with another URI; however, future requests should still use the original URI.
    [<Literal>]
    let TemporaryRedirect = 307

    /// The request and all future requests should be repeated using another URI.
    [<Literal>]
    let PermanentRedirect = 308

    /// The server cannot or will not process the request due to an apparent client error.
    [<Literal>]
    let BadRequest = 400

    /// Similar to 403 Forbidden, but specifically for use when authentication is required and has failed or has not yet been provided.
    [<Literal>]
    let Unauthorized = 401

    /// Reserved for future use.
    [<Literal>]
    let PaymentRequired = 402

    /// The request was valid, but the server is refusing action. The user might not have the necessary permissions for a resource, or may need an account of some sort.
    [<Literal>]
    let Forbidden = 403

    /// The requested resource could not be found but may be available in the future. Subsequent requests by the client are permissible.
    [<Literal>]
    let NotFound = 404

    /// A request method is not supported for the requested resource.
    [<Literal>]
    let MethodNotAllowed = 405

    /// The requested resource is capable of generating only content not acceptable according to the Accept headers sent in the request.
    [<Literal>]
    let NotAcceptable = 406

    /// The client must first authenticate itself with the proxy.
    [<Literal>]
    let ProxyAuthenticationRequired = 407

    /// The server timed out waiting for the request.
    [<Literal>]
    let RequestTimeout = 408

    /// Indicates that the request could not be processed because of conflict in the request, such as an edit conflict between multiple simultaneous updates.
    [<Literal>]
    let Conflict = 409

    /// Indicates that the resource requested is no longer available and will not be available again.
    [<Literal>]
    let Gone = 410

    /// The request did not specify the length of its content, which is required by the requested resource.
    [<Literal>]
    let LengthRequired = 411

    /// The server does not meet one of the preconditions that the requester put on the request.
    [<Literal>]
    let PreconditionFailed = 412

    /// The request is larger than the server is willing or able to process.
    [<Literal>]
    let PayloadTooLarge = 413

    /// The URI provided was too long for the server to process.
    [<Literal>]
    let URITooLong = 414

    /// The request entity has a media type which the server or resource does not support.
    [<Literal>]
    let UnsupportedMediaType = 415

    /// The client has asked for a portion of the file (byte serving), but the server cannot supply that portion.
    [<Literal>]
    let RangeNotSatisfiable = 416

    /// The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header field.
    [<Literal>]
    let ExpectationFailed = 417

    /// The request was directed at a server that is not able to produce a response.
    [<Literal>]
    let MisdirectedRequest = 421

    /// The request was well-formed but was unable to be followed due to semantic errors.
    [<Literal>]
    let UnprocessableEntity = 422

    /// The resource that is being accessed is locked.
    [<Literal>]
    let Locked = 423

    /// The request failed because it depended on another request and that request failed (e.g., a PROPPATCH).
    [<Literal>]
    let FailedDependency = 424

    /// The client should switch to a different protocol such as TLS/1.0, given in the Upgrade header field.
    [<Literal>]
    let UpgradeRequired = 426

    /// The origin server requires the request to be conditional.
    [<Literal>]
    let PreconditionRequired = 428

    /// The user has sent too many requests in a given amount of time.
    [<Literal>]
    let TooManyRequests = 429

    /// The server is unwilling to process the request because either an individual header field, or all the header fields collectively, are too large.
    [<Literal>]
    let RequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge = 431

    /// A server operator has received a legal demand to deny access to a resource or to a set of resources that includes the requested resource.
    [<Literal>]
    let UnavailableForLegalReasons = 451

    /// A generic error message, given when an unexpected condition was encountered and no more specific message is suitable.
    [<Literal>]
    let InternalServerError = 500

    /// The server either does not recognize the request method, or it lacks the ability to fulfil the request.
    [<Literal>]
    let NotImplemented = 501

    /// The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and received an invalid response from the upstream server.
    [<Literal>]
    let BadGateway = 502

    /// The server is currently unavailable (because it is overloaded or down for maintenance).
    [<Literal>]
    let ServiceUnavailable = 503

    /// The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and did not receive a timely response from the upstream server.
    [<Literal>]
    let GatewayTimeout = 504

    /// The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request.
    [<Literal>]
    let HTTPVersionNotSupported = 505

    /// Transparent content negotiation for the request results in a circular reference.
    [<Literal>]
    let VariantAlsoNegotiates = 506

    /// The server is unable to store the representation needed to complete the request.
    [<Literal>]
    let InsufficientStorage = 507

    /// The server detected an infinite loop while processing the request.
    [<Literal>]
    let LoopDetected = 508

    /// Further extensions to the request are required for the server to fulfil it.
    [<Literal>]
    let NotExtended = 510

    /// The client needs to authenticate to gain network access.
    [<Literal>]
    let NetworkAuthenticationRequired = 511


type MultipartItem = MultipartItem of formField: string * filename: string * content: Stream

type MultipartFileItem =
    | MultipartFileItem of formField: string * filename: string option * contentType: string option * content: Stream

type MultipartFormDataItem =
    | FileValue of MultipartFileItem
    | FormValue of string * string

/// The body to send in an HTTP request
type HttpRequestBody =

    | TextRequest of string

    | BinaryUpload of byte[]

    | FormValues of seq<string * string>

    /// A sequence of formParamName * fileName * fileContent groups
    | Multipart of boundary: string * parts: seq<MultipartItem>

    /// A sequence of formParamName * fileName * fileContent groups
    | MultipartFormData of boundary: string * parts: seq<MultipartFormDataItem>

/// The response body returned by an HTTP request
type HttpResponseBody =
    | Text of string
    | Binary of byte[]

/// The response returned by an HTTP request
type HttpResponse =
    {
        Body: HttpResponseBody
        StatusCode: int
        ResponseUrl: string
        /// If the same header is present multiple times, the values will be concatenated with comma as the separator
        Headers: Map<string, string>
        Cookies: Map<string, string>
    }

/// The response returned by an HTTP request with direct access to the response stream
type HttpResponseWithStream =
    {
        ResponseStream: Stream
        StatusCode: int
        ResponseUrl: string
        /// If the same header is present multiple times, the values will be concatenated with comma as the separator
        Headers: Map<string, string>
        Cookies: Map<string, string>
    }

/// Constants for common HTTP content types
module HttpContentTypes =

    /// */*
    [<Literal>]
    let Any = "*/*"

    /// plain/text
    [<Literal>]
    let Text = "text/plain"

    /// application/octet-stream
    [<Literal>]
    let Binary = "application/octet-stream"

    /// application/octet-stream
    [<Literal>]
    let Zip = "application/zip"

    /// application/octet-stream
    [<Literal>]
    let GZip = "application/gzip"

    /// application/x-www-form-urlencoded
    [<Literal>]
    let FormValues = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"

    /// application/json
    [<Literal>]
    let Json = "application/json"

    /// application/javascript
    [<Literal>]
    let JavaScript = "application/javascript"

    /// application/xml
    [<Literal>]
    let Xml = "application/xml"

    /// application/rss+xml
    [<Literal>]
    let Rss = "application/rss+xml"

    /// application/atom+xml
    [<Literal>]
    let Atom = "application/atom+xml"

    /// application/rdf+xml
    [<Literal>]
    let Rdf = "application/rdf+xml"

    /// text/html
    [<Literal>]
    let Html = "text/html"

    /// application/xhtml+xml
    [<Literal>]
    let XHtml = "application/xhtml+xml"

    /// application/soap+xml
    [<Literal>]
    let Soap = "application/soap+xml"

    /// text/csv
    [<Literal>]
    let Csv = "text/csv"

    /// application/json-rpc
    [<Literal>]
    let JsonRpc = "application/json-rpc"

    /// multipart/form-data
    let Multipart boundary =
        sprintf "multipart/form-data; boundary=%s" boundary

type private HeaderEnum = System.Net.HttpRequestHeader

module MimeTypes =
    open System.Collections.Generic

    let private pairs =
        [| (".323", "text/h323")
           (".3g2", "video/3gpp2")
           (".3gp", "video/3gpp")
           (".3gp2", "video/3gpp2")
           (".3gpp", "video/3gpp")
           (".7z", "application/x-7z-compressed")
           (".aa", "audio/audible")
           (".AAC", "audio/aac")
           (".aaf", "application/octet-stream")
           (".aax", "audio/vnd.audible.aax")
           (".ac3", "audio/ac3")
           (".aca", "application/octet-stream")
           (".accda", "application/msaccess.addin")
           (".accdb", "application/msaccess")
           (".accdc", "application/msaccess.cab")
           (".accde", "application/msaccess")
           (".accdr", "application/msaccess.runtime")
           (".accdt", "application/msaccess")
           (".accdw", "application/msaccess.webapplication")
           (".accft", "application/msaccess.ftemplate")
           (".acx", "application/internet-property-stream")
           (".AddIn", "text/xml")
           (".ade", "application/msaccess")
           (".adobebridge", "application/x-bridge-url")
           (".adp", "application/msaccess")
           (".ADT", "audio/vnd.dlna.adts")
           (".ADTS", "audio/aac")
           (".afm", "application/octet-stream")
           (".ai", "application/postscript")
           (".aif", "audio/aiff")
           (".aifc", "audio/aiff")
           (".aiff", "audio/aiff")
           (".air", "application/vnd.adobe.air-application-installer-package+zip")
           (".amc", "application/mpeg")
           (".anx", "application/annodex")
           (".apk", "application/vnd.android.package-archive")
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           (".xml", "text/xml")
           (".xmta", "application/xml")
           (".xof", "x-world/x-vrml")
           (".XOML", "text/plain")
           (".xpm", "image/x-xpixmap")
           (".xps", "application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument")
           (".xrm-ms", "text/xml")
           (".xsc", "application/xml")
           (".xsd", "text/xml")
           (".xsf", "text/xml")
           (".xsl", "text/xml")
           (".xslt", "text/xml")
           (".xsn", "application/octet-stream")
           (".xss", "application/xml")
           (".xspf", "application/xspf+xml")
           (".xtp", "application/octet-stream")
           (".xwd", "image/x-xwindowdump")
           (".z", "application/x-compress")
           (".zip", "application/zip") |]

    let private map = Map.ofArray pairs

    let tryFind (ext: string) =
        Map.tryFind (ext.ToLowerInvariant()) map

/// Constants for common HTTP encodings
module HttpEncodings =

    /// ISO-8859-1
    let PostDefaultEncoding = Encoding.GetEncoding("ISO-8859-1") // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/708915/detecting-the-character-encoding-of-an-http-post-request/708942#708942

    /// ISO-8859-1
    let ResponseDefaultEncoding = Encoding.GetEncoding("ISO-8859-1") // http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt

    let internal getEncoding (encodingStr: string) =
        match Int32.TryParse(encodingStr, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) with
        | true, codepage -> Encoding.GetEncoding codepage
        | _ -> Encoding.GetEncoding encodingStr

[<AutoOpen>]
module internal HttpHelpers =

    /// Decorator for System.Net.WebResponse class
    /// used to make response stream seekable
    /// in order to preserve it in the new response
    type WebResponse(res: System.Net.WebResponse) =
        inherit System.Net.WebResponse()

        let copyToMemoryStream (inputStream: Stream) =
            let bufferLen: int = 4096
            let buffer: byte array = Array.zeroCreate bufferLen

            let outputStream = new MemoryStream()

            let rec copy () =
                match inputStream.Read(buffer, 0, bufferLen) with
                | count when count > 0 ->
                    outputStream.Write(buffer, 0, count)
                    copy ()
                | _ -> ()

            copy ()
            outputStream.Position <- 0L
            outputStream

        let responseStream = res.GetResponseStream() |> copyToMemoryStream

        let httpProperty f =
            match res with
            | :? HttpWebResponse as httpRes -> Some(f httpRes)
            | _ -> None

        override x.Headers = res.Headers
        override x.ResponseUri = res.ResponseUri
        override x.ContentType = res.ContentType
        override x.ContentLength = responseStream.Length
        override x.SupportsHeaders = res.SupportsHeaders
        override x.IsFromCache = res.IsFromCache
        override x.IsMutuallyAuthenticated = res.IsMutuallyAuthenticated
        override x.Close() = res.Close()
        override x.GetResponseStream() = responseStream :> Stream
        member x.ResetResponseStream() = responseStream.Position <- 0L

        member x.CharacterSet = httpProperty (fun r -> r.CharacterSet)
        member x.ContentEncoding = httpProperty (fun r -> r.ContentEncoding)
        member x.Cookies = httpProperty (fun r -> r.Cookies)
        member x.LastModified = httpProperty (fun r -> r.LastModified)
        member x.Method = httpProperty (fun r -> r.Method)
        member x.ProtocolVersion = httpProperty (fun r -> r.ProtocolVersion)
        member x.Server = httpProperty (fun r -> r.Server)
        member x.StatusCode = httpProperty (fun r -> r.StatusCode)
        member x.StatusDescription = httpProperty (fun r -> r.StatusDescription)

        member x.InnerResponse = res

        interface IDisposable with
            member x.Dispose() =
                match res :> obj with
                | :? IDisposable as res -> res.Dispose()
                | _ -> ()

                responseStream.Dispose()

    /// consumes a stream asynchronously until the end
    /// and returns a memory stream with the full content
    let asyncRead (stream: Stream) =
        async {
            use stream = stream
            let output = new MemoryStream()

            do! stream.CopyToAsync(output) |> Async.AwaitIAsyncResult |> Async.Ignore

            output.Seek(0L, SeekOrigin.Begin) |> ignore
            return output
        }

    /// A stream class that abstracts away writing the contents of a series of other streams, closing them as they are consumed.  Non-seekable, reading-only stream.
    type CombinedStream(length, streams: Stream seq) =
        inherit Stream()
        let mutable v = 0L
        let mutable streams = streams |> Seq.cache

        let rec readFromStream buffer offset count =
            match streams |> Seq.tryHead with
            | None -> 0
            | Some stream ->
                let qty =
                    if stream.CanSeek then
                        min count (int stream.Length)
                    else
                        count

                let read = stream.Read(buffer, offset, qty)

                if read < count then
                    stream.Dispose()
                    streams <- streams |> Seq.skip 1
                    let readFromRest = readFromStream buffer (offset + read) (count - read)
                    read + readFromRest
                else
                    read

        override x.CanRead = true

        override x.CanSeek =
            match length with
            | None -> false
            | Some _ -> true

        override x.CanWrite = false

        override x.Length =
            length
            |> Option.defaultWith (fun () ->
                raise (
                    NotSupportedException(
                        "One or more of the encompassed streams are not seekable and the length cannot be determined"
                    )
                ))

        override x.Position
            with get () = v
            and set (_) = raise (NotSupportedException("CombinedStream does not support seeking"))

        override x.Flush() = ()
        override x.CanTimeout = false

        override x.Seek(_, _) =
            raise (NotSupportedException("CombinedStream does not support seeking"))

        override x.SetLength(_) =
            raise (NotSupportedException("CombinedStream does not support setting length"))

        override x.Write(_, _, _) =
            raise (NotSupportedException("CombinedStream is read-only"))

        override x.WriteByte(_) =
            raise (NotSupportedException("CombinedStream is read-only"))

        override x.Read(buffer, offset, count) = readFromStream buffer offset count

        interface IDisposable with
            member x.Dispose() =
                streams |> Seq.iter (fun s -> s.Dispose()) |> ignore

    ///     1) compute length (parts.Length * boundary_size) + Sum(parts.Streams.Length)
    ///     2) foreach part (formFieldName, fileName, fileContent)
    ///         a) write initial boundary marker
    ///         b) write section headers (start with content-type/Content-Disposition based on the extension of the second parameter, plus name and fileName)
    ///         c) write newline
    ///         d) write section data
    ///     3) write trailing boundary
    let writeMultipartFileItem (boundary: string) (parts: seq<MultipartFileItem>) (e: Encoding) =
        let newlineStream () =
            new MemoryStream(e.GetBytes "\r\n") :> Stream

        let prefixedBoundary = sprintf "--%s" boundary

        let trySumLength streams = //allows seq to be blocking & non seekable
            let mutable seekable = true
            let mutable length = 0L

            let takeIfSeekable (str: Stream) =
                seekable <- str.CanSeek

                if str.CanSeek then
                    length <- length + str.Length

                str.CanSeek

            streams |> Seq.takeWhile takeIfSeekable |> List.ofSeq |> ignore

            if seekable then Some length else None

        let segments =
            parts
            |> Seq.map (fun (MultipartFileItem(formField, fileName, contentType, contentStream)) ->
                let printHeader (header, value) = sprintf "%s: %s" header value

                let headers =
                    match contentType with
                    | Some(contentType) ->
                        [ prefixedBoundary
                          HttpRequestHeaders.ContentDisposition("form-data", Some formField, fileName)
                          |> printHeader
                          HttpRequestHeaders.ContentType contentType |> printHeader ]
                    | None ->
                        [ prefixedBoundary
                          HttpRequestHeaders.ContentDisposition("form-data", Some formField, fileName)
                          |> printHeader ]

                let headerpart = headers |> String.concat "\r\n"

                let headerStream =
                    let bytes = e.GetBytes headerpart
                    new MemoryStream(bytes) :> Stream

                let partSubstreams =
                    [ headerStream
                      newlineStream ()
                      newlineStream ()
                      contentStream
                      newlineStream () ]

                let partLength = partSubstreams |> trySumLength
                new CombinedStream(partLength, partSubstreams) :> Stream)

        /// per spec, the end boundary is the given boundary with a trailing --
        let endBoundaryStream =
            let text = sprintf "%s--" prefixedBoundary
            let bytes = e.GetBytes text
            new MemoryStream(bytes) :> Stream

        /// per spec, close-delimiter := "--" boundary "--" CRLF ; no need extra newline
        let wholePayload = Seq.append segments [ endBoundaryStream ]
        let wholePayloadLength = wholePayload |> trySumLength
        new CombinedStream(wholePayloadLength, wholePayload) :> Stream

    let writeMultipart (boundary: string) (parts: seq<MultipartItem>) (e: Encoding) =
        let fileParts =
            parts
            |> Seq.map (fun (MultipartItem(formField, fileName, stream)) ->
                let fileExt = Path.GetExtension fileName
                let contentType = defaultArg (MimeTypes.tryFind fileExt) "application/octet-stream"
                MultipartFileItem(formField, Some fileName, Some contentType, stream))

        writeMultipartFileItem boundary fileParts e

    let asyncCopy (source: Stream) (dest: Stream) =
        async {
            do! source.CopyToAsync(dest) |> Async.AwaitIAsyncResult |> Async.Ignore

            source.Dispose()
        }

    let writeBody (req: HttpWebRequest) (data: Stream) =
        async {
            if data.CanSeek then
                req.ContentLength <- data.Length

            use! output = req.GetRequestStreamAsync() |> Async.AwaitTask
            do! asyncCopy data output
            output.Flush()
        }

    let reraisePreserveStackTrace (e: Exception) =
        ExceptionDispatchInfo.Capture(e).Throw()
        raise e // unreachable; satisfies type checker

    let augmentWebExceptionsWithDetails f =
        async {
            try
                return! f ()
            with
            // If an exception happens, augment the message with the response
            | :? WebException as exn ->
                if isNull exn.Response then
                    reraisePreserveStackTrace exn

                let responseExn =
                    try
                        let newResponse = new WebResponse(exn.Response)
                        let responseStream = newResponse.GetResponseStream()
                        let streamReader = new StreamReader(responseStream)
                        let responseText = streamReader.ReadToEnd()
                        newResponse.ResetResponseStream()

                        if String.IsNullOrEmpty responseText then
                            None
                        else
                            Some(
                                WebException(
                                    sprintf
                                        "%s\nResponse from %s:\n%s"
                                        exn.Message
                                        newResponse.ResponseUri.OriginalString
                                        responseText,
                                    exn,
                                    exn.Status,
                                    newResponse
                                )
                            )
                    with _ ->
                        None

                match responseExn with
                | Some e -> raise e
                | None -> reraisePreserveStackTrace exn
                // just to keep the type-checker happy:
                return Unchecked.defaultof<_>
        }

    let rec checkForRepeatedHeaders visitedHeaders remainingHeaders =
        match remainingHeaders with
        | [] -> ()
        | header :: remainingHeaders ->
            for visitedHeader in visitedHeaders do
                let name1, name2 = fst header, fst visitedHeader

                if name1 = name2 then
                    failwithf "Repeated headers: %A %A" visitedHeader header

            checkForRepeatedHeaders (header :: visitedHeaders) remainingHeaders

    let setHeaders headers (req: HttpWebRequest) =
        let mutable hasContentType = false
        checkForRepeatedHeaders [] headers

        headers
        |> List.iter (fun (header: string, value) ->
            match header.ToLowerInvariant() with
            | "accept" -> req.Accept <- value
            | "accept-charset" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.AcceptCharset] <- value
            | "accept-datetime" -> req.Headers.["Accept-Datetime"] <- value
            | "accept-encoding" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.AcceptEncoding] <- value
            | "accept-language" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.AcceptLanguage] <- value
            | "allow" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Allow] <- value
            | "authorization" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Authorization] <- value
            | "cache-control" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.CacheControl] <- value
            | "connection" -> req.Connection <- value
            | "content-encoding" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.ContentEncoding] <- value
            | "content-Language" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.ContentLanguage] <- value
            | "content-Location" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.ContentLocation] <- value
            | "content-md5" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.ContentMd5] <- value
            | "content-range" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.ContentRange] <- value
            | "content-type" ->
                req.ContentType <- value
                hasContentType <- true
            | "date" ->
                req.Date <-
                    DateTime.SpecifyKind(
                        DateTime.ParseExact(value, "R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
                        DateTimeKind.Utc
                    )
            | "expect" -> req.Expect <- value
            | "expires" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Expires] <- value
            | "from" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.From] <- value
            | "host" -> req.Host <- value
            | "if-match" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.IfMatch] <- value
            | "if-modified-since" ->
                req.IfModifiedSince <-
                    DateTime.SpecifyKind(
                        DateTime.ParseExact(value, "R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
                        DateTimeKind.Utc
                    )
            | "if-none-match" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.IfNoneMatch] <- value
            | "if-range" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.IfRange] <- value
            | "if-unmodified-since" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.IfUnmodifiedSince] <- value
            | "keep-alive" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.KeepAlive] <- value
            | "last-modified" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.LastModified] <- value
            | "max-forwards" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.MaxForwards] <- value
            | "origin" -> req.Headers.["Origin"] <- value
            | "pragma" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Pragma] <- value
            | "range" ->
                if not (value.StartsWith("bytes=", StringComparison.Ordinal)) then
                    failwithf "Invalid value for the Range header (%O)" value

                let bytes = value.Substring("bytes=".Length).Split('-')

                if bytes.Length <> 2 then
                    failwithf "Invalid value for the Range header (%O)" bytes

                req.AddRange(int64 bytes.[0], int64 bytes.[1])
            | "proxy-authorization" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.ProxyAuthorization] <- value
            | "referer" -> req.Referer <- value
            | "te" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Te] <- value
            | "trailer" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Trailer] <- value
            | "translate" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Translate] <- value
            | "upgrade" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Upgrade] <- value
            | "user-agent" -> req.UserAgent <- value
            | "via" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Via] <- value
            | "warning" -> req.Headers.[HeaderEnum.Warning] <- value
            | _ -> req.Headers.[header] <- value)

        hasContentType

    let getResponse (req: HttpWebRequest) silentHttpErrors =

        let getResponseFromBeginEnd =
            Async.FromBeginEnd(req.BeginGetResponse, req.EndGetResponse)

        let getResponseAsync (req: HttpWebRequest) =
            if req.Timeout = Timeout.Infinite then
                getResponseFromBeginEnd
            else
                async {
                    let! child = Async.StartChild(getResponseFromBeginEnd, req.Timeout)

                    try
                        return! child
                    with :? TimeoutException as exc ->
                        req.Abort()

                        raise
                        <| WebException(
                            "Timeout exceeded while getting response",
                            exc,
                            WebExceptionStatus.Timeout,
                            null
                        )

                        return Unchecked.defaultof<_>
                }

        if defaultArg silentHttpErrors false then
            async {
                try
                    return! getResponseAsync req
                with :? WebException as exc ->
                    if not (isNull exc.Response) then
                        return exc.Response
                    else
                        reraisePreserveStackTrace exc
                        return Unchecked.defaultof<_>
            }
        else
            getResponseAsync req

    let toHttpResponse
        forceText
        responseUrl
        statusCode
        contentType
        characterSet
        responseEncodingOverride
        cookies
        headers
        stream
        =
        async {

            let isText (mimeType: string) =
                let isMimeTypeText (mimeType: string) =
                    let mimeType = mimeType.Trim()

                    mimeType.StartsWith("text/", StringComparison.Ordinal)
                    || mimeType = HttpContentTypes.Json
                    || mimeType = HttpContentTypes.Xml
                    || mimeType = HttpContentTypes.JavaScript
                    || mimeType = HttpContentTypes.JsonRpc
                    || mimeType = "application/ecmascript"
                    || mimeType = "application/xml-dtd"
                    || mimeType.StartsWith("application/", StringComparison.Ordinal)
                       && mimeType.EndsWith("+xml", StringComparison.Ordinal)
                    || mimeType.StartsWith("application/", StringComparison.Ordinal)
                       && mimeType.EndsWith("+json", StringComparison.Ordinal)

                // Split on ';' to ignore MIME type parameters (e.g. "text/html; charset=utf-8")
                mimeType.Split([| ';' |], StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)
                |> Array.exists isMimeTypeText

            let! memoryStream = asyncRead stream

            let respBody =
                if forceText || isText contentType then
                    let encoding =
                        match (defaultArg responseEncodingOverride ""), characterSet with
                        | "", "" -> HttpEncodings.ResponseDefaultEncoding
                        // some web servers respond with broken things like Content-Type: text/xml; charset="UTF-8"
                        // this goes against rfc2616, but it breaks Encoding.GetEncoding, so let us strip this char out
                        | "", characterSet -> Encoding.GetEncoding(characterSet.Replace("\"", ""))
                        | responseEncodingOverride, _ -> HttpEncodings.getEncoding responseEncodingOverride

                    use sr = new StreamReader(memoryStream, encoding)
                    sr.ReadToEnd() |> Text
                else
                    memoryStream.ToArray() |> Binary

            return
                { Body = respBody
                  StatusCode = statusCode
                  ResponseUrl = responseUrl
                  Headers = headers
                  Cookies = cookies }
        }

module internal CookieHandling =

    // .NET has trouble parsing some cookies. See http://stackoverflow.com/a/22098131/165633
    let getAllCookiesFromHeader (header: string) (responseUri: Uri) =

        let cookiesWithWrongSplit = header.Replace("\r", "").Replace("\n", "").Split(',')

        let isInvalidCookie (cookieStr: string) =
            let equalsPos = cookieStr.IndexOf '='

            equalsPos = -1
            || let semicolonPos = cookieStr.IndexOf ';' in
               semicolonPos <> -1 && semicolonPos < equalsPos

        let cookies = ResizeArray()
        let mutable i = 0

        while i < cookiesWithWrongSplit.Length do
            // the next one is not a new cookie but part of the current one
            let mutable currentCookie = cookiesWithWrongSplit.[i]

            while i < cookiesWithWrongSplit.Length - 1
                  && isInvalidCookie cookiesWithWrongSplit.[i + 1] do
                currentCookie <- currentCookie + "," + cookiesWithWrongSplit.[i + 1]

                i <- i + 1

            cookies.Add(currentCookie)
            i <- i + 1

        let inline startsWithIgnoreCase prefix (str: string) =
            str.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)

        let inline equalsIgnoreCase other (str: string) =
            str.Equals(other, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)

        let stripPrefix prefix str =
            if startsWithIgnoreCase prefix str then
                str.Substring(prefix.Length)
            else
                str

        let createCookie (cookieParts: string[]) =
            let cookie = Cookie()

            cookieParts
            |> Array.iteri (fun i cookiePart ->
                let cookiePart = cookiePart.Trim()

                if i = 0 then
                    let firstEqual = cookiePart.IndexOf '='

                    if firstEqual > -1 then
                        cookie.Name <- cookiePart.Substring(0, firstEqual)
                        cookie.Value <- cookiePart.Substring(firstEqual + 1)
                    else
                        cookie.Name <- cookiePart
                elif cookiePart |> startsWithIgnoreCase "path" then
                    let kvp = cookiePart.Split '='

                    if kvp.Length > 1 && kvp.[1] <> "" && kvp.[1] <> "/" then
                        cookie.Path <- kvp.[1]
                elif cookiePart |> startsWithIgnoreCase "domain" then
                    let kvp = cookiePart.Split '='

                    if kvp.Length > 1 then
                        let domain =
                            kvp.[1]
                            // remove spurious domain prefixes
                            |> stripPrefix "http://"
                            |> stripPrefix "https://"

                        if domain <> "" then
                            cookie.Domain <- domain
                elif cookiePart |> equalsIgnoreCase "secure" then
                    cookie.Secure <- true
                elif cookiePart |> equalsIgnoreCase "httponly" then
                    cookie.HttpOnly <- true)

            cookie

        [| for cookieStr in cookies do
               let cookieParts = cookieStr.Split([| ';' |], StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)

               if cookieParts.Length > 0 then
                   let cookie = createCookie cookieParts

                   if cookie.Domain = "" then
                       cookie.Domain <- responseUri.Host

                   let uriString =
                       (if cookie.Secure then "https://" else "http://")
                       + cookie.Domain.TrimStart('.')
                       + cookie.Path

                   match Uri.TryCreate(uriString, UriKind.Absolute) with
                   | true, uri -> yield uri, cookie
                   | _ -> () |]

    let getCookiesAndManageCookieContainer
        uri
        responseUri
        (headers: Map<string, string>)
        (cookieContainer: CookieContainer)
        addCookiesToCookieContainer
        silentCookieErrors
        =
        let cookiesFromCookieContainer =
            cookieContainer.GetCookies uri
            |> Seq.cast<Cookie>
            |> Seq.map (fun cookie -> cookie.Name, cookie.Value)
            |> Map.ofSeq

        match headers.TryFind HttpResponseHeaders.SetCookie with
        | Some cookieHeader ->
            getAllCookiesFromHeader cookieHeader responseUri
            |> Array.fold
                (fun cookies (uri, cookie) ->
                    if addCookiesToCookieContainer then
                        if silentCookieErrors then
                            try
                                cookieContainer.Add(uri, cookie)
                            with :? CookieException ->
                                ()
                        else
                            cookieContainer.Add(uri, cookie)

                    cookies |> Map.add cookie.Name cookie.Value)
                cookiesFromCookieContainer
        | None -> cookiesFromCookieContainer

/// Utilities for working with network via HTTP. Includes methods for downloading
/// resources with specified headers, query parameters and HTTP body
[<AbstractClass>]
type Http private () =

    static let charsetRegex = Regex("charset=([^;\s]*)", RegexOptions.Compiled)

    static let linkHeaderPattern =
        Regex(@"<([^>]+)>\s*;\s*rel=""([^""]+)""", RegexOptions.Compiled)

    /// Correctly encodes large form data values.
    /// See https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/yangxind/2006/11/08/dont-use-net-system-uri-unescapedatastring-in-url-decoding/
    /// and https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.uri.escapedatastring(v=vs.110).aspx
    static member internal EncodeFormData(query: string) =
        (WebUtility.UrlEncode query).Replace("+", "%20")

    /// Appends the query parameters to the url, taking care of proper escaping
    static member AppendQueryToUrl(url: string, query) =
        match query with
        | [] -> url
        | query ->
            url
            + if url.IndexOf('?') >= 0 then "&" else "?"
            + String.concat "&" [ for k, v in query -> Uri.EscapeDataString k + "=" + Uri.EscapeDataString v ]

    /// Parses an RFC 5988 Link header value (e.g. from a GitHub or other paginated API response)
    /// and returns a map from relation type to URL.
    ///
    /// For example, given the header value:
    ///   &lt;https://api.github.com/repos/.../releases?page=2&gt;; rel="next", &lt;...&gt;; rel="last"
    /// this returns: Map [ "next", "https://..."; "last", "https://..." ]
    static member ParseLinkHeader(linkHeader: string) =
        if String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(linkHeader) then
            Map.empty
        else
            linkHeaderPattern.Matches(linkHeader)
            |> Seq.cast<Match>
            |> Seq.map (fun m -> m.Groups.[2].Value, m.Groups.[1].Value)
            |> Map.ofSeq

    static member private InnerRequest
        (
            url: string,
            toHttpResponse,
            [<Optional>] ?query,
            [<Optional>] ?headers: seq<_>,
            [<Optional>] ?httpMethod,
            [<Optional>] ?body,
            [<Optional>] ?cookies: seq<_>,
            [<Optional>] ?cookieContainer,
            [<Optional>] ?silentHttpErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?silentCookieErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?responseEncodingOverride,
            [<Optional>] ?customizeHttpRequest,
            [<Optional>] ?timeout
        ) =

        let uri = Http.AppendQueryToUrl(url, defaultArg query []) |> Uri

        let req = WebRequest.CreateHttp uri

        // set method
        let defaultMethod = if body.IsSome then HttpMethod.Post else HttpMethod.Get
        req.Method <- (defaultArg httpMethod defaultMethod).ToString()

        // set headers
        let headers = defaultArg (Option.map List.ofSeq headers) []
        let hasContentType = setHeaders headers req

        req.AutomaticDecompression <- DecompressionMethods.GZip ||| DecompressionMethods.Deflate

        // set cookies
        let addCookiesFromHeadersToCookieContainer, cookieContainer =
            match cookieContainer with
            | Some x -> false, x
            | None -> true, CookieContainer()

        match cookies with
        | None -> ()
        | Some cookies ->
            cookies
            |> List.ofSeq
            |> List.iter (fun (name, value) -> cookieContainer.Add(req.RequestUri, Cookie(name, value)))

        req.CookieContainer <- cookieContainer

        let getEncoding contentType =
            let charset = charsetRegex.Match(contentType)

            if charset.Success then
                Encoding.GetEncoding charset.Groups.[1].Value
            else
                HttpEncodings.PostDefaultEncoding

        let body =
            match body with
            | None -> None
            | Some body ->

                let defaultContentType, (bytes: Encoding -> Stream) =
                    match body with
                    | TextRequest text -> HttpContentTypes.Text, (fun e -> new MemoryStream(e.GetBytes(text)) :> _)
                    | BinaryUpload bytes -> HttpContentTypes.Binary, (fun _ -> new MemoryStream(bytes) :> _)
                    | FormValues values ->
                        let bytes (e: Encoding) =
                            [ for k, v in values -> Http.EncodeFormData k + "=" + Http.EncodeFormData v ]
                            |> String.concat "&"
                            |> e.GetBytes

                        HttpContentTypes.FormValues, (fun e -> new MemoryStream(bytes e) :> _)
                    | Multipart(boundary, parts) -> HttpContentTypes.Multipart(boundary), writeMultipart boundary parts
                    | MultipartFormData(boundary, parts) ->
                        let fileParts =
                            parts
                            |> Seq.map (fun p ->
                                match p with
                                | FormValue(formField, value) ->
                                    MultipartFileItem(
                                        formField,
                                        None,
                                        None,
                                        new MemoryStream(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(value))
                                    )
                                | FileValue(item) -> item)

                        HttpContentTypes.Multipart(boundary), writeMultipartFileItem boundary fileParts

                // Set default content type if it is not specified by the user
                let encoding =
                    if not hasContentType then
                        req.ContentType <- defaultContentType

                    getEncoding req.ContentType

                Some(bytes encoding)

        match timeout with
        | Some timeout -> req.Timeout <- timeout
        | None -> ()

        // Send the request and get the response
        augmentWebExceptionsWithDetails (fun () ->
            async {

                let req =
                    match customizeHttpRequest with
                    | Some customizeHttpRequest -> customizeHttpRequest req
                    | None -> req

                match body with
                | Some body -> do! writeBody req body
                | None -> ()

                let! resp = getResponse req silentHttpErrors

                let headers =
                    [ for header in resp.Headers.AllKeys do
                          yield header, resp.Headers.[header] ]
                    |> Map.ofList

                let cookies =
                    CookieHandling.getCookiesAndManageCookieContainer
                        uri
                        resp.ResponseUri
                        headers
                        cookieContainer
                        addCookiesFromHeadersToCookieContainer
                        (defaultArg silentCookieErrors false)

                let contentType =
                    if isNull resp.ContentType then
                        "application/octet-stream"
                    else
                        resp.ContentType

                let statusCode, characterSet =
                    match resp with
                    | :? HttpWebResponse as resp -> int resp.StatusCode, resp.CharacterSet
                    | _ -> 0, ""

                let characterSet = if isNull characterSet then "" else characterSet

                let stream = resp.GetResponseStream()

                return!
                    toHttpResponse
                        resp.ResponseUri.OriginalString
                        statusCode
                        contentType
                        characterSet
                        responseEncodingOverride
                        cookies
                        headers
                        stream
            })

    /// Download an HTTP web resource from the specified URL asynchronously
    /// (allows specifying query string parameters and HTTP headers including
    /// headers that have to be handled specially - such as Accept, Content-Type & Referer)
    /// The body for POST request can be specified either as text or as a list of parameters
    /// that will be encoded, and the method will automatically be set if not specified
    static member AsyncRequest
        (
            url,
            [<Optional>] ?query,
            [<Optional>] ?headers,
            [<Optional>] ?httpMethod,
            [<Optional>] ?body,
            [<Optional>] ?cookies,
            [<Optional>] ?cookieContainer,
            [<Optional>] ?silentHttpErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?silentCookieErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?responseEncodingOverride,
            [<Optional>] ?customizeHttpRequest,
            [<Optional>] ?timeout
        ) =
        Http.InnerRequest(
            url,
            toHttpResponse false,
            ?query = query,
            ?headers = headers,
            ?httpMethod = httpMethod,
            ?body = body,
            ?cookies = cookies,
            ?cookieContainer = cookieContainer,
            ?silentCookieErrors = silentCookieErrors,
            ?silentHttpErrors = silentHttpErrors,
            ?responseEncodingOverride = responseEncodingOverride,
            ?customizeHttpRequest = customizeHttpRequest,
            ?timeout = timeout
        )

    /// Download an HTTP web resource from the specified URL asynchronously
    /// (allows specifying query string parameters and HTTP headers including
    /// headers that have to be handled specially - such as Accept, Content-Type & Referer)
    /// The body for POST request can be specified either as text or as a list of parameters
    /// that will be encoded, and the method will automatically be set if not specified
    static member AsyncRequestString
        (
            url,
            [<Optional>] ?query,
            [<Optional>] ?headers,
            [<Optional>] ?httpMethod,
            [<Optional>] ?body,
            [<Optional>] ?cookies,
            [<Optional>] ?cookieContainer,
            [<Optional>] ?silentHttpErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?silentCookieErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?responseEncodingOverride,
            [<Optional>] ?customizeHttpRequest,
            [<Optional>] ?timeout
        ) =
        async {
            let! response =
                Http.InnerRequest(
                    url,
                    toHttpResponse true,
                    ?query = query,
                    ?headers = headers,
                    ?httpMethod = httpMethod,
                    ?body = body,
                    ?cookies = cookies,
                    ?cookieContainer = cookieContainer,
                    ?silentCookieErrors = silentCookieErrors,
                    ?silentHttpErrors = silentHttpErrors,
                    ?responseEncodingOverride = responseEncodingOverride,
                    ?customizeHttpRequest = customizeHttpRequest,
                    ?timeout = timeout
                )

            return
                match response.Body with
                | Text text -> text
                | Binary binary -> failwithf "Expecting text, but got a binary response (%d bytes)" binary.Length
        }

    /// Download an HTTP web resource from the specified URL asynchronously
    /// (allows specifying query string parameters and HTTP headers including
    /// headers that have to be handled specially - such as Accept, Content-Type & Referer)
    /// The body for POST request can be specified either as text or as a list of parameters
    /// that will be encoded, and the method will automatically be set if not specified
    static member AsyncRequestStream
        (
            url,
            [<Optional>] ?query,
            [<Optional>] ?headers,
            [<Optional>] ?httpMethod,
            [<Optional>] ?body,
            [<Optional>] ?cookies,
            [<Optional>] ?cookieContainer,
            [<Optional>] ?silentHttpErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?silentCookieErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?customizeHttpRequest,
            [<Optional>] ?timeout
        ) =
        let toHttpResponse
            responseUrl
            statusCode
            _contentType
            _characterSet
            _responseEncodingOverride
            cookies
            headers
            stream
            =
            async {
                return
                    { ResponseStream = stream
                      StatusCode = statusCode
                      ResponseUrl = responseUrl
                      Headers = headers
                      Cookies = cookies }
            }

        Http.InnerRequest(
            url,
            toHttpResponse,
            ?query = query,
            ?headers = headers,
            ?httpMethod = httpMethod,
            ?body = body,
            ?cookies = cookies,
            ?cookieContainer = cookieContainer,
            ?silentCookieErrors = silentCookieErrors,
            ?silentHttpErrors = silentHttpErrors,
            ?customizeHttpRequest = customizeHttpRequest,
            ?timeout = timeout
        )

    /// Download an HTTP web resource from the specified URL synchronously
    /// (allows specifying query string parameters and HTTP headers including
    /// headers that have to be handled specially - such as Accept, Content-Type & Referer)
    /// The body for POST request can be specified either as text or as a list of parameters
    /// that will be encoded, and the method will automatically be set if not specified
    static member Request
        (
            url,
            [<Optional>] ?query,
            [<Optional>] ?headers,
            [<Optional>] ?httpMethod,
            [<Optional>] ?body,
            [<Optional>] ?cookies,
            [<Optional>] ?cookieContainer,
            [<Optional>] ?silentHttpErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?silentCookieErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?responseEncodingOverride,
            [<Optional>] ?customizeHttpRequest,
            [<Optional>] ?timeout
        ) =
        Http.AsyncRequest(
            url,
            ?query = query,
            ?headers = headers,
            ?httpMethod = httpMethod,
            ?body = body,
            ?cookies = cookies,
            ?cookieContainer = cookieContainer,
            ?silentCookieErrors = silentCookieErrors,
            ?silentHttpErrors = silentHttpErrors,
            ?responseEncodingOverride = responseEncodingOverride,
            ?customizeHttpRequest = customizeHttpRequest,
            ?timeout = timeout
        )
        |> Async.RunSynchronously

    /// Download an HTTP web resource from the specified URL synchronously
    /// (allows specifying query string parameters and HTTP headers including
    /// headers that have to be handled specially - such as Accept, Content-Type & Referer)
    /// The body for POST request can be specified either as text or as a list of parameters
    /// that will be encoded, and the method will automatically be set if not specified
    static member RequestString
        (
            url,
            [<Optional>] ?query,
            [<Optional>] ?headers,
            [<Optional>] ?httpMethod,
            [<Optional>] ?body,
            [<Optional>] ?cookies,
            [<Optional>] ?cookieContainer,
            [<Optional>] ?silentHttpErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?silentCookieErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?responseEncodingOverride,
            [<Optional>] ?customizeHttpRequest,
            [<Optional>] ?timeout
        ) =
        Http.AsyncRequestString(
            url,
            ?query = query,
            ?headers = headers,
            ?httpMethod = httpMethod,
            ?body = body,
            ?cookies = cookies,
            ?cookieContainer = cookieContainer,
            ?silentCookieErrors = silentCookieErrors,
            ?silentHttpErrors = silentHttpErrors,
            ?responseEncodingOverride = responseEncodingOverride,
            ?customizeHttpRequest = customizeHttpRequest,
            ?timeout = timeout
        )
        |> Async.RunSynchronously

    /// Download an HTTP web resource from the specified URL synchronously
    /// (allows specifying query string parameters and HTTP headers including
    /// headers that have to be handled specially - such as Accept, Content-Type & Referer)
    /// The body for POST request can be specified either as text or as a list of parameters
    /// that will be encoded, and the method will automatically be set if not specified
    static member RequestStream
        (
            url,
            [<Optional>] ?query,
            [<Optional>] ?headers,
            [<Optional>] ?httpMethod,
            [<Optional>] ?body,
            [<Optional>] ?cookies,
            [<Optional>] ?cookieContainer,
            [<Optional>] ?silentHttpErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?silentCookieErrors,
            [<Optional>] ?customizeHttpRequest,
            [<Optional>] ?timeout
        ) =
        Http.AsyncRequestStream(
            url,
            ?query = query,
            ?headers = headers,
            ?httpMethod = httpMethod,
            ?body = body,
            ?cookies = cookies,
            ?cookieContainer = cookieContainer,
            ?silentCookieErrors = silentCookieErrors,
            ?silentHttpErrors = silentHttpErrors,
            ?customizeHttpRequest = customizeHttpRequest,
            ?timeout = timeout
        )
        |> Async.RunSynchronously