From fecf981cdb1f6ab87bfccae55e1d0926d9bc6d5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Vigovszky <daniel.vigovszky@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 08:12:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1/7] Debug stack overflow

---
 Cargo.lock          | 128 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 Cargo.toml          |   1 +
 tests/common/mod.rs |  20 ++++++-
 3 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 26f8df8f..3d7857ce 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2,13 +2,22 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4
 
+[[package]]
+name = "addr2line"
+version = "0.25.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1b5d307320b3181d6d7954e663bd7c774a838b8220fe0593c86d9fb09f498b4b"
+dependencies = [
+ "gimli 0.32.3",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "addr2line"
 version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9698bf0769c641b18618039fe2ebd41eb3541f98433000f64e663fab7cea2c87"
 dependencies = [
- "gimli",
+ "gimli 0.33.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -189,6 +198,32 @@ dependencies = [
  "tracing",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "backtrace"
+version = "0.3.76"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bb531853791a215d7c62a30daf0dde835f381ab5de4589cfe7c649d2cbe92bd6"
+dependencies = [
+ "addr2line 0.25.1",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "miniz_oxide",
+ "object",
+ "rustc-demangle",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "backtrace-on-stack-overflow"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7fd2d70527f3737a1ad17355e260706c1badebabd1fa06a7a053407380df841b"
+dependencies = [
+ "backtrace",
+ "libc",
+ "nix",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
 version = "0.22.1"
@@ -208,6 +243,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
+version = "1.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "2.11.0"
@@ -586,7 +627,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cranelift-control",
  "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
- "gimli",
+ "gimli 0.33.0",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "libm",
  "log",
@@ -1136,7 +1177,7 @@ version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "25234f20a3ec0a962a61770cfe39ecf03cb529a6e474ad8cff025ed497eda557"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "debugid",
  "rustc-hash",
  "serde",
@@ -1191,6 +1232,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasip3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "gimli"
+version = "0.32.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e629b9b98ef3dd8afe6ca2bd0f89306cec16d43d907889945bc5d6687f2f13c7"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "gimli"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -1680,7 +1727,7 @@ version = "0.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1580801010e535496706ba011c15f8532df6b42297d2e471fec38ceadd8c0638"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "libc",
 ]
 
@@ -1754,6 +1801,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustix 1.1.4",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "memoffset"
+version = "0.6.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mime"
 version = "0.3.17"
@@ -1797,6 +1853,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "version_check",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nix"
+version = "0.23.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8f3790c00a0150112de0f4cd161e3d7fc4b2d8a5542ffc35f099a2562aecb35c"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "cc",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "memoffset",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nonempty-collections"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -1905,7 +1974,7 @@ version = "0.115.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "be755331a7de00100c60e03151663f26037a0dd720be238de57c036be03b4033"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "oxc_allocator",
  "oxc_ast_macros",
  "oxc_data_structures",
@@ -1983,7 +2052,7 @@ version = "0.115.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "341602ba5eb6629f7f90e49c1fce06bb8eed989412a4178acd8e7f48cf2c7f9d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "cow-utils",
  "memchr",
  "num-bigint",
@@ -2006,7 +2075,7 @@ version = "0.115.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8e810182cbde172aeada70acc45dae74f6773384e0d295cc27e6e377b1fc277c"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "oxc_allocator",
  "oxc_ast_macros",
  "oxc_diagnostics",
@@ -2048,7 +2117,7 @@ version = "0.115.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e77ea5bd4ea42ce05b2f51bcef8e46a4598cea5038ab25877a2d27601a90da83"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "cow-utils",
  "dragonbox_ecma",
  "nonmax",
@@ -2412,7 +2481,7 @@ version = "0.5.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0d04b7d0ee6b4a0207a0a7adb104d23ecb0b47d6beae7152d0fa34b692b29fd6"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2478,7 +2547,7 @@ version = "0.38.44"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fdb5bc1ae2baa591800df16c9ca78619bf65c0488b41b96ccec5d11220d8c154"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys 0.4.15",
@@ -2491,7 +2560,7 @@ version = "1.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b6fe4565b9518b83ef4f91bb47ce29620ca828bd32cb7e408f0062e9930ba190"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys 0.12.1",
@@ -2829,7 +2898,7 @@ version = "0.27.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cc4592f674ce18521c2a81483873a49596655b179f71c5e05d10c1fe66c78745"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "cap-fs-ext",
  "cap-std",
  "fd-lock",
@@ -3527,6 +3596,7 @@ version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "axum",
+ "backtrace-on-stack-overflow",
  "bytes",
  "camino",
  "camino-tempfile",
@@ -3564,7 +3634,7 @@ version = "0.229.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0cc3b1f053f5d41aa55640a1fa9b6d1b8a9e4418d118ce308d20e24ff3575a8c"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
@@ -3577,7 +3647,7 @@ version = "0.235.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "161296c618fa2d63f6ed5fffd1112937e803cb9ec71b32b01a76321555660917"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
@@ -3590,7 +3660,7 @@ version = "0.244.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "47b807c72e1bac69382b3a6fb3dbe8ea4c0ed87ff5629b8685ae6b9a611028fe"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
@@ -3603,7 +3673,7 @@ version = "0.245.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4f08c9adee0428b7bddf3890fc27e015ac4b761cc608c822667102b8bfd6995e"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
 ]
@@ -3625,16 +3695,16 @@ version = "42.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "39bef52be4fb4c5b47d36f847172e896bc94b35c9c6a6f07117686bd16ed89a7"
 dependencies = [
- "addr2line",
+ "addr2line 0.26.0",
  "async-trait",
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "bumpalo",
  "cc",
  "cfg-if",
  "encoding_rs",
  "futures",
  "fxprof-processed-profile",
- "gimli",
+ "gimli 0.33.0",
  "ittapi",
  "libc",
  "log",
@@ -3682,7 +3752,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cpp_demangle",
  "cranelift-bitset",
  "cranelift-entity",
- "gimli",
+ "gimli 0.33.0",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "indexmap",
  "log",
@@ -3764,7 +3834,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-frontend",
  "cranelift-native",
- "gimli",
+ "gimli 0.33.0",
  "itertools",
  "log",
  "object",
@@ -3849,7 +3919,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9130b3ab6fb01be80b27b9a2c84817af29ae8224094f2503d2afa9fea5bf9d00"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
- "gimli",
+ "gimli 0.33.0",
  "log",
  "object",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -3866,7 +3936,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "102d0d70dbfede00e4cc9c24e86df6d32c03bf6f5ad06b5d6c76b0a4a5004c4a"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "heck",
  "indexmap",
  "wit-parser 0.244.0",
@@ -3879,7 +3949,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ea938f6f4f11e5ffe6d8b6f34c9a994821db9511c3e9c98e535896f27d06bb92"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "bytes",
  "cap-fs-ext",
  "cap-net-ext",
@@ -4012,7 +4082,7 @@ version = "42.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2dca2bf96d20f0c70e6741cc6c8c1a9ee4c3c0310c7ad1971242628c083cc9a5"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "tracing",
  "wasmtime",
@@ -4085,7 +4155,7 @@ checksum = "1977857998e4dd70d26e2bfc0618a9684a2fb65b1eca174dc13f3b3e9c2159ca"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-assembler-x64",
  "cranelift-codegen",
- "gimli",
+ "gimli 0.33.0",
  "regalloc2",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -4273,7 +4343,7 @@ version = "0.36.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3f3fd376f71958b862e7afb20cfe5a22830e1963462f3a17f49d82a6c1d1f42d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -4314,7 +4384,7 @@ version = "0.39.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6f42320e61fe2cfd34354ecb597f86f413484a798ba44a8ca1165c58d42da6c1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4361,7 +4431,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9d66ea20e9553b30172b5e831994e35fbde2d165325bec84fc43dbf6f4eb9cb2"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "indexmap",
  "log",
  "serde",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 405d6541..692f596b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt"] }
 [dev-dependencies]
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 axum = { workspace = true, features = ["multipart"] }
+backtrace-on-stack-overflow = "0.3.0"
 bytes = { workspace = true }
 camino-tempfile = { workspace = true }
 chrono = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/tests/common/mod.rs b/tests/common/mod.rs
index 646f8cfb..d282cf78 100644
--- a/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use std::fs;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::process::Command;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, Once};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use wac_graph::types::{Package, SubtypeChecker};
@@ -26,6 +26,20 @@ use wasmtime_wasi::p2::bindings;
 use wasmtime_wasi::{DirPerms, FilePerms, WasiCtx, WasiCtxView, WasiView};
 use wasmtime_wasi_http::{WasiHttpCtx, WasiHttpView};
 
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn enable_stack_overflow_backtrace() {
+    static ENABLED: Once = Once::new();
+
+    ENABLED.call_once(|| unsafe {
+        // Best-effort diagnostic for CI-only stack overflows in the Rust test
+        // process. Keep this in test code only.
+        backtrace_on_stack_overflow::enable();
+    });
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(unix))]
+fn enable_stack_overflow_backtrace() {}
+
 /// Strip JSONC comments (// and /* */) while respecting string literals.
 pub fn strip_jsonc_comments(input: &str) -> String {
     let mut result = String::with_capacity(input.len());
@@ -228,6 +242,8 @@ pub struct PreparedComponent {
 
 impl PreparedComponent {
     pub fn new(wasm_path: &Utf8Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        enable_stack_overflow_backtrace();
+
         let mut config = wasmtime::Config::default();
         config.wasm_component_model(true);
         config.epoch_interruption(true);
@@ -319,6 +335,8 @@ pub struct GolemPreparedComponent {
 
 impl GolemPreparedComponent {
     pub fn new(wasm_path: &Utf8Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        enable_stack_overflow_backtrace();
+
         let mut config = wasmtime::Config::default();
         config.wasm_component_model(true);
         config.async_stack_size(32 * 1024 * 1024);

From bb496d90aba3ef8a618f037537d957bb755ebd86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Vigovszky <daniel.vigovszky@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 08:54:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2/7] Debug with gdb

---
 .../scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh    |  67 +++++++++
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml                     |  15 +-
 Cargo.lock                                    | 128 ++++--------------
 Cargo.toml                                    |   1 -
 tests/common/mod.rs                           |  20 +--
 5 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh

diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh b/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d5f8d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
+  echo "usage: $0 <runtime-group>" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+group="$1"
+mkdir -p target
+
+if ! command -v gdb >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+  sudo apt-get update
+  sudo apt-get install -y gdb
+fi
+
+cargo test --test runtime --no-run
+
+test_bin="$({
+  find target/debug/deps -maxdepth 1 -type f -name 'runtime-*' -executable -printf '%T@ %p\n' 2>/dev/null || true
+} | sort -n | tail -n1 | cut -d' ' -f2-)"
+
+if [[ -z "${test_bin}" ]]; then
+  echo "failed to locate runtime test binary under target/debug/deps" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+gdb_cmds="target/gdb-runtime-group${group}.cmds"
+gdb_log="target/gdb-runtime-group${group}.log"
+
+cat > "${gdb_cmds}" <<'EOF'
+set confirm off
+set pagination off
+set print thread-events off
+set debuginfod enabled off
+handle SIGSEGV stop print nopass
+handle SIGABRT stop print nopass
+run --nocapture --report-time --format ctrf --logfile target/ctrf.json ':tag:group__GROUP__'
+if $_isvoid($_exitcode) && $_isvoid($_exitsignal)
+  echo \n=== Thread Backtraces ===\n
+  thread apply all bt full
+  quit 1
+end
+if !$_isvoid($_exitsignal)
+  quit 1
+end
+if !$_isvoid($_exitcode) && $_exitcode != 0
+  quit $_exitcode
+end
+quit 0
+EOF
+
+sed -i "s/__GROUP__/${group}/g" "${gdb_cmds}"
+
+set +e
+timeout --signal=TERM 20m \
+  gdb -q -batch -return-child-result -x "${gdb_cmds}" --args "${test_bin}" \
+  2>&1 | tee "${gdb_log}"
+status=${PIPESTATUS[0]}
+set -e
+
+if [[ ${status} -eq 124 ]]; then
+  echo "gdb timed out after 20 minutes" >&2
+fi
+
+exit "${status}"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 1309c8eb..2afbf5c5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -72,11 +72,24 @@ jobs:
         with:
           submodules: true
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup
+      - name: Runtime tests under gdb (groups 1-2)
+        if: matrix.group == 1 || matrix.group == 2
+        run: bash .github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh ${{ matrix.group }}
       - name: Runtime tests (group ${{ matrix.group }}/8)
+        if: matrix.group != 1 && matrix.group != 2
         run: cargo test --test runtime -- --nocapture --report-time --format ctrf --logfile target/ctrf.json ':tag:group${{ matrix.group }}'
+      - name: Upload gdb log
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        if: always() && (matrix.group == 1 || matrix.group == 2)
+        with:
+          name: test-runtime-group-${{ matrix.group }}-gdb-log
+          path: |
+            target/gdb-runtime-group${{ matrix.group }}.log
+            target/gdb-runtime-group${{ matrix.group }}.cmds
+          if-no-files-found: warn
       - name: Publish Test Report
         uses: ctrf-io/github-test-reporter@v1
-        if: always()
+        if: always() && matrix.group != 1 && matrix.group != 2
         with:
           report-path: "**/target/ctrf-*.json"
           upload-artifact: "true"
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 3d7857ce..26f8df8f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2,22 +2,13 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4
 
-[[package]]
-name = "addr2line"
-version = "0.25.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1b5d307320b3181d6d7954e663bd7c774a838b8220fe0593c86d9fb09f498b4b"
-dependencies = [
- "gimli 0.32.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "addr2line"
 version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9698bf0769c641b18618039fe2ebd41eb3541f98433000f64e663fab7cea2c87"
 dependencies = [
- "gimli 0.33.0",
+ "gimli",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -198,32 +189,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "tracing",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "backtrace"
-version = "0.3.76"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bb531853791a215d7c62a30daf0dde835f381ab5de4589cfe7c649d2cbe92bd6"
-dependencies = [
- "addr2line 0.25.1",
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "miniz_oxide",
- "object",
- "rustc-demangle",
- "windows-link 0.2.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "backtrace-on-stack-overflow"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7fd2d70527f3737a1ad17355e260706c1badebabd1fa06a7a053407380df841b"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "libc",
- "nix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
 version = "0.22.1"
@@ -243,12 +208,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "1.3.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "2.11.0"
@@ -627,7 +586,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cranelift-control",
  "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
- "gimli 0.33.0",
+ "gimli",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "libm",
  "log",
@@ -1177,7 +1136,7 @@ version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "25234f20a3ec0a962a61770cfe39ecf03cb529a6e474ad8cff025ed497eda557"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "debugid",
  "rustc-hash",
  "serde",
@@ -1232,12 +1191,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasip3",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "gimli"
-version = "0.32.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e629b9b98ef3dd8afe6ca2bd0f89306cec16d43d907889945bc5d6687f2f13c7"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "gimli"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -1727,7 +1680,7 @@ version = "0.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1580801010e535496706ba011c15f8532df6b42297d2e471fec38ceadd8c0638"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "libc",
 ]
 
@@ -1801,15 +1754,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustix 1.1.4",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "mime"
 version = "0.3.17"
@@ -1853,19 +1797,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "version_check",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "nix"
-version = "0.23.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8f3790c00a0150112de0f4cd161e3d7fc4b2d8a5542ffc35f099a2562aecb35c"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "memoffset",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "nonempty-collections"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -1974,7 +1905,7 @@ version = "0.115.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "be755331a7de00100c60e03151663f26037a0dd720be238de57c036be03b4033"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "oxc_allocator",
  "oxc_ast_macros",
  "oxc_data_structures",
@@ -2052,7 +1983,7 @@ version = "0.115.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "341602ba5eb6629f7f90e49c1fce06bb8eed989412a4178acd8e7f48cf2c7f9d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "cow-utils",
  "memchr",
  "num-bigint",
@@ -2075,7 +2006,7 @@ version = "0.115.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8e810182cbde172aeada70acc45dae74f6773384e0d295cc27e6e377b1fc277c"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "oxc_allocator",
  "oxc_ast_macros",
  "oxc_diagnostics",
@@ -2117,7 +2048,7 @@ version = "0.115.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e77ea5bd4ea42ce05b2f51bcef8e46a4598cea5038ab25877a2d27601a90da83"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "cow-utils",
  "dragonbox_ecma",
  "nonmax",
@@ -2481,7 +2412,7 @@ version = "0.5.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0d04b7d0ee6b4a0207a0a7adb104d23ecb0b47d6beae7152d0fa34b692b29fd6"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2547,7 +2478,7 @@ version = "0.38.44"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fdb5bc1ae2baa591800df16c9ca78619bf65c0488b41b96ccec5d11220d8c154"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys 0.4.15",
@@ -2560,7 +2491,7 @@ version = "1.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b6fe4565b9518b83ef4f91bb47ce29620ca828bd32cb7e408f0062e9930ba190"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys 0.12.1",
@@ -2898,7 +2829,7 @@ version = "0.27.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cc4592f674ce18521c2a81483873a49596655b179f71c5e05d10c1fe66c78745"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "cap-fs-ext",
  "cap-std",
  "fd-lock",
@@ -3596,7 +3527,6 @@ version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "axum",
- "backtrace-on-stack-overflow",
  "bytes",
  "camino",
  "camino-tempfile",
@@ -3634,7 +3564,7 @@ version = "0.229.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0cc3b1f053f5d41aa55640a1fa9b6d1b8a9e4418d118ce308d20e24ff3575a8c"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
@@ -3647,7 +3577,7 @@ version = "0.235.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "161296c618fa2d63f6ed5fffd1112937e803cb9ec71b32b01a76321555660917"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
@@ -3660,7 +3590,7 @@ version = "0.244.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "47b807c72e1bac69382b3a6fb3dbe8ea4c0ed87ff5629b8685ae6b9a611028fe"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
@@ -3673,7 +3603,7 @@ version = "0.245.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4f08c9adee0428b7bddf3890fc27e015ac4b761cc608c822667102b8bfd6995e"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
 ]
@@ -3695,16 +3625,16 @@ version = "42.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "39bef52be4fb4c5b47d36f847172e896bc94b35c9c6a6f07117686bd16ed89a7"
 dependencies = [
- "addr2line 0.26.0",
+ "addr2line",
  "async-trait",
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "bumpalo",
  "cc",
  "cfg-if",
  "encoding_rs",
  "futures",
  "fxprof-processed-profile",
- "gimli 0.33.0",
+ "gimli",
  "ittapi",
  "libc",
  "log",
@@ -3752,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cpp_demangle",
  "cranelift-bitset",
  "cranelift-entity",
- "gimli 0.33.0",
+ "gimli",
  "hashbrown 0.15.4",
  "indexmap",
  "log",
@@ -3834,7 +3764,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-frontend",
  "cranelift-native",
- "gimli 0.33.0",
+ "gimli",
  "itertools",
  "log",
  "object",
@@ -3919,7 +3849,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9130b3ab6fb01be80b27b9a2c84817af29ae8224094f2503d2afa9fea5bf9d00"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
- "gimli 0.33.0",
+ "gimli",
  "log",
  "object",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -3936,7 +3866,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "102d0d70dbfede00e4cc9c24e86df6d32c03bf6f5ad06b5d6c76b0a4a5004c4a"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "heck",
  "indexmap",
  "wit-parser 0.244.0",
@@ -3949,7 +3879,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ea938f6f4f11e5ffe6d8b6f34c9a994821db9511c3e9c98e535896f27d06bb92"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "bytes",
  "cap-fs-ext",
  "cap-net-ext",
@@ -4082,7 +4012,7 @@ version = "42.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2dca2bf96d20f0c70e6741cc6c8c1a9ee4c3c0310c7ad1971242628c083cc9a5"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "tracing",
  "wasmtime",
@@ -4155,7 +4085,7 @@ checksum = "1977857998e4dd70d26e2bfc0618a9684a2fb65b1eca174dc13f3b3e9c2159ca"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-assembler-x64",
  "cranelift-codegen",
- "gimli 0.33.0",
+ "gimli",
  "regalloc2",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -4343,7 +4273,7 @@ version = "0.36.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3f3fd376f71958b862e7afb20cfe5a22830e1963462f3a17f49d82a6c1d1f42d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -4384,7 +4314,7 @@ version = "0.39.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6f42320e61fe2cfd34354ecb597f86f413484a798ba44a8ca1165c58d42da6c1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4431,7 +4361,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9d66ea20e9553b30172b5e831994e35fbde2d165325bec84fc43dbf6f4eb9cb2"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bitflags",
  "indexmap",
  "log",
  "serde",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 692f596b..405d6541 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt"] }
 [dev-dependencies]
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 axum = { workspace = true, features = ["multipart"] }
-backtrace-on-stack-overflow = "0.3.0"
 bytes = { workspace = true }
 camino-tempfile = { workspace = true }
 chrono = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/tests/common/mod.rs b/tests/common/mod.rs
index d282cf78..646f8cfb 100644
--- a/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use std::fs;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::process::Command;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, Once};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use wac_graph::types::{Package, SubtypeChecker};
@@ -26,20 +26,6 @@ use wasmtime_wasi::p2::bindings;
 use wasmtime_wasi::{DirPerms, FilePerms, WasiCtx, WasiCtxView, WasiView};
 use wasmtime_wasi_http::{WasiHttpCtx, WasiHttpView};
 
-#[cfg(unix)]
-fn enable_stack_overflow_backtrace() {
-    static ENABLED: Once = Once::new();
-
-    ENABLED.call_once(|| unsafe {
-        // Best-effort diagnostic for CI-only stack overflows in the Rust test
-        // process. Keep this in test code only.
-        backtrace_on_stack_overflow::enable();
-    });
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(unix))]
-fn enable_stack_overflow_backtrace() {}
-
 /// Strip JSONC comments (// and /* */) while respecting string literals.
 pub fn strip_jsonc_comments(input: &str) -> String {
     let mut result = String::with_capacity(input.len());
@@ -242,8 +228,6 @@ pub struct PreparedComponent {
 
 impl PreparedComponent {
     pub fn new(wasm_path: &Utf8Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        enable_stack_overflow_backtrace();
-
         let mut config = wasmtime::Config::default();
         config.wasm_component_model(true);
         config.epoch_interruption(true);
@@ -335,8 +319,6 @@ pub struct GolemPreparedComponent {
 
 impl GolemPreparedComponent {
     pub fn new(wasm_path: &Utf8Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        enable_stack_overflow_backtrace();
-
         let mut config = wasmtime::Config::default();
         config.wasm_component_model(true);
         config.async_stack_size(32 * 1024 * 1024);

From 068bb69413eaa8bb5f3f38f365a7975c3900e975 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Vigovszky <daniel.vigovszky@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 09:45:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3/7] Debug

---
 .../scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh    | 35 ++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh b/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
index 3d5f8d3e..ab470bc4 100644
--- a/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
@@ -33,13 +33,20 @@ cat > "${gdb_cmds}" <<'EOF'
 set confirm off
 set pagination off
 set print thread-events off
+set print frame-arguments none
+set print elements 0
+set print repeats 0
 set debuginfod enabled off
 handle SIGSEGV stop print nopass
 handle SIGABRT stop print nopass
 run --nocapture --report-time --format ctrf --logfile target/ctrf.json ':tag:group__GROUP__'
 if $_isvoid($_exitcode) && $_isvoid($_exitsignal)
-  echo \n=== Thread Backtraces ===\n
-  thread apply all bt full
+  echo \n=== Current Thread Backtrace ===\n
+  bt 40
+  echo \n=== Thread List ===\n
+  info threads
+  echo \n=== Short Backtraces ===\n
+  thread apply all bt 8
   quit 1
 end
 if !$_isvoid($_exitsignal)
@@ -56,10 +63,30 @@ sed -i "s/__GROUP__/${group}/g" "${gdb_cmds}"
 set +e
 timeout --signal=TERM 20m \
   gdb -q -batch -return-child-result -x "${gdb_cmds}" --args "${test_bin}" \
-  2>&1 | tee "${gdb_log}"
-status=${PIPESTATUS[0]}
+  > "${gdb_log}" 2>&1
+status=$?
 set -e
 
+echo "gdb log written to ${gdb_log}"
+
+if rg -n -m 1 "received signal|Program received signal" "${gdb_log}" >/tmp/gdb-signal-summary.$$; then
+  echo "Crash summary:"
+  cat /tmp/gdb-signal-summary.$$
+fi
+rm -f /tmp/gdb-signal-summary.$$
+
+if rg -n -m 1 "=== Current Thread Backtrace ===" "${gdb_log}" >/tmp/gdb-backtrace-marker.$$; then
+  backtrace_start=$(cut -d: -f1 < /tmp/gdb-backtrace-marker.$$)
+  echo
+  echo "Current thread backtrace excerpt:"
+  sed -n "${backtrace_start},$((backtrace_start + 60))p" "${gdb_log}"
+fi
+rm -f /tmp/gdb-backtrace-marker.$$
+
+echo
+echo "Last 40 lines of gdb log:"
+tail -n 40 "${gdb_log}"
+
 if [[ ${status} -eq 124 ]]; then
   echo "gdb timed out after 20 minutes" >&2
 fi

From a34bbd123fc137a9b9d4c93c4aa22ab760e8434e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Vigovszky <daniel.vigovszky@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 10:07:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 4/7] Disable wasmtime cache

---
 tests/common/mod.rs | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/common/mod.rs b/tests/common/mod.rs
index 646f8cfb..65947ca5 100644
--- a/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -233,7 +233,6 @@ impl PreparedComponent {
         config.epoch_interruption(true);
         config.async_stack_size(32 * 1024 * 1024); // 32MB async stack (must be >= max_wasm_stack)
         config.max_wasm_stack(16 * 1024 * 1024); // 16MB WASM stack (default is 512KB, QuickJS in WASM needs more for deep recursion)
-        config.cache(Some(wasmtime::Cache::from_file(None)?));
         let engine = Engine::new(&config)?;
 
         // Start a background thread that increments the epoch every 10ms,
@@ -323,7 +322,6 @@ impl GolemPreparedComponent {
         config.wasm_component_model(true);
         config.async_stack_size(32 * 1024 * 1024);
         config.max_wasm_stack(16 * 1024 * 1024);
-        config.cache(Some(wasmtime::Cache::from_file(None)?));
         let engine = Engine::new(&config)?;
         let mut linker: Linker<Host> = Linker::new(&engine);
 

From 942edd3282857513ab972de97c8dcbdb859772c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Vigovszky <daniel.vigovszky@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 10:38:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 5/7] Full log

---
 .../scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh    | 27 +++----------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh b/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
index ab470bc4..86bf7775 100644
--- a/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ set print repeats 0
 set debuginfod enabled off
 handle SIGSEGV stop print nopass
 handle SIGABRT stop print nopass
+handle SIGILL stop print nopass
 run --nocapture --report-time --format ctrf --logfile target/ctrf.json ':tag:group__GROUP__'
 if $_isvoid($_exitcode) && $_isvoid($_exitsignal)
   echo \n=== Current Thread Backtrace ===\n
@@ -52,10 +53,6 @@ end
 if !$_isvoid($_exitsignal)
   quit 1
 end
-if !$_isvoid($_exitcode) && $_exitcode != 0
-  quit $_exitcode
-end
-quit 0
 EOF
 
 sed -i "s/__GROUP__/${group}/g" "${gdb_cmds}"
@@ -67,25 +64,9 @@ timeout --signal=TERM 20m \
 status=$?
 set -e
 
-echo "gdb log written to ${gdb_log}"
-
-if rg -n -m 1 "received signal|Program received signal" "${gdb_log}" >/tmp/gdb-signal-summary.$$; then
-  echo "Crash summary:"
-  cat /tmp/gdb-signal-summary.$$
-fi
-rm -f /tmp/gdb-signal-summary.$$
-
-if rg -n -m 1 "=== Current Thread Backtrace ===" "${gdb_log}" >/tmp/gdb-backtrace-marker.$$; then
-  backtrace_start=$(cut -d: -f1 < /tmp/gdb-backtrace-marker.$$)
-  echo
-  echo "Current thread backtrace excerpt:"
-  sed -n "${backtrace_start},$((backtrace_start + 60))p" "${gdb_log}"
-fi
-rm -f /tmp/gdb-backtrace-marker.$$
-
-echo
-echo "Last 40 lines of gdb log:"
-tail -n 40 "${gdb_log}"
+echo "=== gdb log (${gdb_log}) ==="
+cat "${gdb_log}"
+echo "=== end gdb log (exit code ${status}) ==="
 
 if [[ ${status} -eq 124 ]]; then
   echo "gdb timed out after 20 minutes" >&2

From f5ae9aa77fae89d163807c099f8daed2b8fba5c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Vigovszky <daniel.vigovszky@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 11:07:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 6/7] CTRF report for the debugged steps too

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 2afbf5c5..effcbfa7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -86,10 +86,11 @@ jobs:
           path: |
             target/gdb-runtime-group${{ matrix.group }}.log
             target/gdb-runtime-group${{ matrix.group }}.cmds
+            target/ctrf-*.json
           if-no-files-found: warn
       - name: Publish Test Report
         uses: ctrf-io/github-test-reporter@v1
-        if: always() && matrix.group != 1 && matrix.group != 2
+        if: always()
         with:
           report-path: "**/target/ctrf-*.json"
           upload-artifact: "true"

From bfc907e2a0e373bb7bf6b9c735793703dbbf7b30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Vigovszky <daniel.vigovszky@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 11:23:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 7/7] Removed gdb

---
 .../scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh    | 75 -------------------
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml                     | 14 ----
 2 files changed, 89 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh

diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh b/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
deleted file mode 100644
index 86bf7775..00000000
--- a/.github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -euo pipefail
-
-if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
-  echo "usage: $0 <runtime-group>" >&2
-  exit 2
-fi
-
-group="$1"
-mkdir -p target
-
-if ! command -v gdb >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-  export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
-  sudo apt-get update
-  sudo apt-get install -y gdb
-fi
-
-cargo test --test runtime --no-run
-
-test_bin="$({
-  find target/debug/deps -maxdepth 1 -type f -name 'runtime-*' -executable -printf '%T@ %p\n' 2>/dev/null || true
-} | sort -n | tail -n1 | cut -d' ' -f2-)"
-
-if [[ -z "${test_bin}" ]]; then
-  echo "failed to locate runtime test binary under target/debug/deps" >&2
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-gdb_cmds="target/gdb-runtime-group${group}.cmds"
-gdb_log="target/gdb-runtime-group${group}.log"
-
-cat > "${gdb_cmds}" <<'EOF'
-set confirm off
-set pagination off
-set print thread-events off
-set print frame-arguments none
-set print elements 0
-set print repeats 0
-set debuginfod enabled off
-handle SIGSEGV stop print nopass
-handle SIGABRT stop print nopass
-handle SIGILL stop print nopass
-run --nocapture --report-time --format ctrf --logfile target/ctrf.json ':tag:group__GROUP__'
-if $_isvoid($_exitcode) && $_isvoid($_exitsignal)
-  echo \n=== Current Thread Backtrace ===\n
-  bt 40
-  echo \n=== Thread List ===\n
-  info threads
-  echo \n=== Short Backtraces ===\n
-  thread apply all bt 8
-  quit 1
-end
-if !$_isvoid($_exitsignal)
-  quit 1
-end
-EOF
-
-sed -i "s/__GROUP__/${group}/g" "${gdb_cmds}"
-
-set +e
-timeout --signal=TERM 20m \
-  gdb -q -batch -return-child-result -x "${gdb_cmds}" --args "${test_bin}" \
-  > "${gdb_log}" 2>&1
-status=$?
-set -e
-
-echo "=== gdb log (${gdb_log}) ==="
-cat "${gdb_log}"
-echo "=== end gdb log (exit code ${status}) ==="
-
-if [[ ${status} -eq 124 ]]; then
-  echo "gdb timed out after 20 minutes" >&2
-fi
-
-exit "${status}"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index effcbfa7..1309c8eb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -72,22 +72,8 @@ jobs:
         with:
           submodules: true
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup
-      - name: Runtime tests under gdb (groups 1-2)
-        if: matrix.group == 1 || matrix.group == 2
-        run: bash .github/scripts/run-runtime-group-under-gdb.sh ${{ matrix.group }}
       - name: Runtime tests (group ${{ matrix.group }}/8)
-        if: matrix.group != 1 && matrix.group != 2
         run: cargo test --test runtime -- --nocapture --report-time --format ctrf --logfile target/ctrf.json ':tag:group${{ matrix.group }}'
-      - name: Upload gdb log
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        if: always() && (matrix.group == 1 || matrix.group == 2)
-        with:
-          name: test-runtime-group-${{ matrix.group }}-gdb-log
-          path: |
-            target/gdb-runtime-group${{ matrix.group }}.log
-            target/gdb-runtime-group${{ matrix.group }}.cmds
-            target/ctrf-*.json
-          if-no-files-found: warn
       - name: Publish Test Report
         uses: ctrf-io/github-test-reporter@v1
         if: always()