lsusb.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
/*
 * lspci like utility for the USB bus
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1999-2001, 2003 Thomas Sailer (t.sailer@alumni.ethz.ch)
 * Copyright (C) 2003-2005 David Brownell
 */

#include <stdint.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <libusb.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "lsusb.h"
#include "names.h"
#include "sysfs.h"
#include "usbmisc.h"
#include "desc-defs.h"
#include "desc-dump.h"

#include <getopt.h>

#define le16_to_cpu(x) libusb_cpu_to_le16(libusb_cpu_to_le16(x))

/* from USB 2.0 spec and updates */
#define USB_DT_DEVICE_QUALIFIER		0x06
#define USB_DT_OTHER_SPEED_CONFIG	0x07
#define USB_DT_OTG			0x09
#define USB_DT_DEBUG			0x0a
#define USB_DT_INTERFACE_ASSOCIATION	0x0b
#define USB_DT_SECURITY			0x0c
#define USB_DT_KEY			0x0d
#define USB_DT_ENCRYPTION_TYPE		0x0e
#define USB_DT_BOS			0x0f
#define USB_DT_DEVICE_CAPABILITY	0x10
#define USB_DT_WIRELESS_ENDPOINT_COMP	0x11
#define USB_DT_WIRE_ADAPTER		0x21
#define USB_DT_RPIPE			0x22
#define USB_DT_RC_INTERFACE		0x23
#define USB_DT_SS_ENDPOINT_COMP		0x30

/* Device Capability Type Codes (Wireless USB spec and USB 3.0 bus spec) */
#define USB_DC_WIRELESS_USB		0x01
#define USB_DC_20_EXTENSION		0x02
#define USB_DC_SUPERSPEED		0x03
#define USB_DC_CONTAINER_ID		0x04
#define USB_DC_PLATFORM 		0x05
#define USB_DC_SUPERSPEEDPLUS		0x0a
#define USB_DC_BILLBOARD		0x0d
#define USB_DC_BILLBOARD_ALT_MODE	0x0f
#define USB_DC_CONFIGURATION_SUMMARY	0x10

/* Conventional codes for class-specific descriptors.  The convention is
 * defined in the USB "Common Class" Spec (3.11).  Individual class specs
 * are authoritative for their usage, not the "common class" writeup.
 */
#define USB_DT_CS_DEVICE		(LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_CLASS | LIBUSB_DT_DEVICE)
#define USB_DT_CS_CONFIG		(LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_CLASS | LIBUSB_DT_CONFIG)
#define USB_DT_CS_STRING		(LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_CLASS | LIBUSB_DT_STRING)
#define USB_DT_CS_INTERFACE		(LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_CLASS | LIBUSB_DT_INTERFACE)
#define USB_DT_CS_ENDPOINT		(LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_CLASS | LIBUSB_DT_ENDPOINT)

#ifndef USB_CLASS_CCID
#define USB_CLASS_CCID			0x0b
#endif

#ifndef USB_CLASS_VIDEO
#define USB_CLASS_VIDEO			0x0e
#endif

#ifndef USB_CLASS_APPLICATION
#define USB_CLASS_APPLICATION	       	0xfe
#endif

#ifndef USB_AUDIO_CLASS_1
#define USB_AUDIO_CLASS_1		0x00
#endif

#ifndef USB_AUDIO_CLASS_2
#define USB_AUDIO_CLASS_2		0x20
#endif

/* USB DCD for Audio Devices Release 3.0: Section A.6, pp139 */
#ifndef USB_AUDIO_CLASS_3
#define USB_AUDIO_CLASS_3		0x30
#endif

#ifndef USB_VIDEO_PROTOCOL_15
#define USB_VIDEO_PROTOCOL_15		0x01
#endif

#define VERBLEVEL_DEFAULT 0	/* 0 gives lspci behaviour; 1, lsusb-0.9 */

#define CTRL_TIMEOUT	(5*1000)	/* milliseconds */

#define	HUB_STATUS_BYTELEN	3	/* max 3 bytes status = hub + 23 ports */

#define BILLBOARD_MAX_NUM_ALT_MODE	(0x34)

/* from WebUSB specification : https://wicg.github.io/webusb/ */
#define WEBUSB_GUID		"{3408b638-09a9-47a0-8bfd-a0768815b665}"
#define WEBUSB_GET_URL		0x02
#define USB_DT_WEBUSB_URL	0x03

/* New speeds are only in newer versions of libusb */
#ifndef LIBUSB_SPEED_SUPER_PLUS_X2
#define LIBUSB_SPEED_SUPER_PLUS_X2	6
#endif

unsigned int verblevel = VERBLEVEL_DEFAULT;
static int do_report_desc = 1;
static const char *const encryption_type[] = {
	"INSECURE", "WIRED", "CCM_1", "RSA_1", "RESERVED",
};

static const char *const vconn_power[] = {
	"1W", "1.5W", "2W", "3W", "4W", "5W", "6W", "reserved",
};

static const char *const alt_mode_state[] = {
	"Unspecified Error",
	"Alternate Mode configuration not attempted",
	"Alternate Mode configuration attempted but unsuccessful",
	"Alternate Mode configuration successful",
};

static void dump_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const struct libusb_interface *interface);
static void dump_endpoint(libusb_device_handle *dev, const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *interface, const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint);
static void dump_audiocontrol_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, int protocol);
static void dump_audiostreaming_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, int protocol);
static void dump_midistreaming_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf);
static void dump_videocontrol_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, int protocol);
static void dump_videocontrol_interrupt_endpoint(const unsigned char *buf);
static void dump_videostreaming_interface(const unsigned char *buf);
static void dump_dfu_interface(const unsigned char *buf);
static void dump_comm_descriptor(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, const char *indent);
static void dump_hid_device(libusb_device_handle *dev, const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *interface, const unsigned char *buf);
static void dump_printer_device(libusb_device_handle *dev, const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *interface, const unsigned char *buf);
static void dump_audiostreaming_endpoint(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, int protocol);
static void dump_midistreaming_endpoint(const unsigned char *buf);
static void dump_hub(const char *prefix, const unsigned char *p, int tt_type);
static void dump_ccid_device(const unsigned char *buf);
static void dump_billboard_device_capability_desc(libusb_device_handle *dev, unsigned char *buf);

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */

static unsigned int convert_le_u32 (const unsigned char *buf)
{
	return buf[0] | (buf[1] << 8) | (buf[2] << 16) | (buf[3] << 24);
}

static unsigned int convert_le_u16 (const unsigned char *buf)
{
	return buf[0] | (buf[1] << 8);
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */

/* workaround libusb API goofs:  "byte" should never be sign extended;
 * using "char" is trouble.
 */

static inline int typesafe_control_msg(libusb_device_handle *dev,
	unsigned char requesttype, unsigned char request,
	int value, int idx,
	unsigned char *bytes, unsigned size, int timeout)
{
	int ret = libusb_control_transfer(dev, requesttype, request, value,
					idx, bytes, size, timeout);

	return ret;
}

#define usb_control_msg		typesafe_control_msg

static int get_protocol_string(char *buf, size_t size, uint8_t cls, uint8_t subcls, uint8_t proto)
{
	const char *cp;

	if (size < 1)
		return 0;
	*buf = 0;
	if (!(cp = names_protocol(cls, subcls, proto)))
		return 0;
	return snprintf(buf, size, "%s", cp);
}

static int get_videoterminal_string(char *buf, size_t size, uint16_t termt)
{
	const char *cp;

	if (size < 1)
		return 0;
	*buf = 0;
	if (!(cp = names_videoterminal(termt)))
		return 0;
	return snprintf(buf, size, "%s", cp);
}

static const char *get_guid(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	static char guid[39];

	/* NOTE:  see RFC 4122 for more information about GUID/UUID
	 * structure.  The first fields fields are historically big
	 * endian numbers, dating from Apollo mc68000 workstations.
	 */
	sprintf(guid, "{%02x%02x%02x%02x"
			"-%02x%02x"
			"-%02x%02x"
			"-%02x%02x"
			"-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x}",
	       buf[3], buf[2], buf[1], buf[0],
	       buf[5], buf[4],
	       buf[7], buf[6],
	       buf[8], buf[9],
	       buf[10], buf[11], buf[12], buf[13], buf[14], buf[15]);
	return guid;
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */

static void dump_bytes(const unsigned char *buf, unsigned int len)
{
	unsigned int i;

	for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
		printf(" %02x", buf[i]);
	printf("\n");
}

static void dump_junk(const unsigned char *buf, const char *indent, unsigned int len)
{
	unsigned int i;

	if (buf[0] <= len)
		return;
	printf("%sjunk at descriptor end:", indent);
	for (i = len; i < buf[0]; i++)
		printf(" %02x", buf[i]);
	printf("\n");
}

/*
 * General config descriptor dump
 */

static void dump_device(
	libusb_device *dev,
	struct libusb_device_descriptor *descriptor
)
{
	char vendor[128], product[128];
	char cls[128], subcls[128], proto[128];
	char mfg[128] = {0}, prod[128] = {0}, serial[128] = {0};
	char sysfs_name[PATH_MAX];
	const char *negotiated_speed;

	get_vendor_product_with_fallback(vendor, sizeof(vendor),
			product, sizeof(product), dev);
	get_class_string(cls, sizeof(cls), descriptor->bDeviceClass);
	get_subclass_string(subcls, sizeof(subcls),
			descriptor->bDeviceClass, descriptor->bDeviceSubClass);
	get_protocol_string(proto, sizeof(proto), descriptor->bDeviceClass,
			descriptor->bDeviceSubClass, descriptor->bDeviceProtocol);

	if (get_sysfs_name(sysfs_name, sizeof(sysfs_name), dev) >= 0) {
		read_sysfs_prop(mfg, sizeof(mfg), sysfs_name, "manufacturer");
		read_sysfs_prop(prod, sizeof(prod), sysfs_name, "product");
		read_sysfs_prop(serial, sizeof(serial), sysfs_name, "serial");
	}

	switch (libusb_get_device_speed(dev)) {
		case LIBUSB_SPEED_LOW:
			negotiated_speed = "Low Speed (1Mbps)";
			break;
		case LIBUSB_SPEED_FULL:
			negotiated_speed = "Full Speed (12Mbps)";
			break;
		case LIBUSB_SPEED_HIGH:
			negotiated_speed = "High Speed (480Mbps)";
			break;
		case LIBUSB_SPEED_SUPER:
			negotiated_speed = "SuperSpeed (5Gbps)";
			break;
		case LIBUSB_SPEED_SUPER_PLUS:
			negotiated_speed = "SuperSpeed+ (10Gbps)";
			break;
		case LIBUSB_SPEED_SUPER_PLUS_X2:
			negotiated_speed = "SuperSpeed++ (20Gbps)";
			break;
		case LIBUSB_SPEED_UNKNOWN:
		default:
			negotiated_speed = "Unknown";
			break;
	}
	printf("Negotiated speed: %s\n", negotiated_speed);

	printf("Device Descriptor:\n"
	       "  bLength             %5u\n"
	       "  bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "  bcdUSB              %2x.%02x\n"
	       "  bDeviceClass        %5u %s\n"
	       "  bDeviceSubClass     %5u %s\n"
	       "  bDeviceProtocol     %5u %s\n"
	       "  bMaxPacketSize0     %5u\n"
	       "  idVendor           0x%04x %s\n"
	       "  idProduct          0x%04x %s\n"
	       "  bcdDevice           %2x.%02x\n"
	       "  iManufacturer       %5u %s\n"
	       "  iProduct            %5u %s\n"
	       "  iSerial             %5u %s\n"
	       "  bNumConfigurations  %5u\n",
	       descriptor->bLength, descriptor->bDescriptorType,
	       descriptor->bcdUSB >> 8, descriptor->bcdUSB & 0xff,
	       descriptor->bDeviceClass, cls,
	       descriptor->bDeviceSubClass, subcls,
	       descriptor->bDeviceProtocol, proto,
	       descriptor->bMaxPacketSize0,
	       descriptor->idVendor, vendor, descriptor->idProduct, product,
	       descriptor->bcdDevice >> 8, descriptor->bcdDevice & 0xff,
	       descriptor->iManufacturer, mfg,
	       descriptor->iProduct, prod,
	       descriptor->iSerialNumber, serial,
	       descriptor->bNumConfigurations);
}

static void dump_wire_adapter(const unsigned char *buf)
{

	printf("      Wire Adapter Class Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength             %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "        bcdWAVersion        %2x.%02x\n"
	       "	 bNumPorts	     %5u\n"
	       "	 bmAttributes	     %5u\n"
	       "	 wNumRPRipes	     %5u\n"
	       "	 wRPipeMaxBlock	     %5u\n"
	       "	 bRPipeBlockSize     %5u\n"
	       "	 bPwrOn2PwrGood	     %5u\n"
	       "	 bNumMMCIEs	     %5u\n"
	       "	 DeviceRemovable     %5u\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[3], buf[2], buf[4], buf[5],
	       (buf[6] | buf[7] << 8),
	       (buf[8] | buf[9] << 8),
	       buf[10], buf[11], buf[12], buf[13]);
}

static void dump_rc_interface(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	printf("      Radio Control Interface Class Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength             %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "        bcdRCIVersion       %2x.%02x\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[3], buf[2]);

}

static void dump_security(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	printf("    Security Descriptor:\n"
	       "      bLength             %5u\n"
	       "      bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "      wTotalLength       0x%04x\n"
	       "      bNumEncryptionTypes %5u\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1], (buf[3] << 8 | buf[2]), buf[4]);
}

static void dump_encryption_type(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	int b_encryption_type = buf[2] & 0x4;

	printf("    Encryption Type Descriptor:\n"
	       "      bLength             %5u\n"
	       "      bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "      bEncryptionType     %5u %s\n"
	       "      bEncryptionValue    %5u\n"
	       "      bAuthKeyIndex       %5u\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2],
	       encryption_type[b_encryption_type], buf[3], buf[4]);
}

static void dump_association(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf)
{
	char cls[128], subcls[128], proto[128];
	char *func;

	get_class_string(cls, sizeof(cls), buf[4]);
	get_subclass_string(subcls, sizeof(subcls), buf[4], buf[5]);
	get_protocol_string(proto, sizeof(proto), buf[4], buf[5], buf[6]);
	func = get_dev_string(dev, buf[7]);

	printf("    Interface Association:\n"
	       "      bLength             %5u\n"
	       "      bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "      bFirstInterface     %5u\n"
	       "      bInterfaceCount     %5u\n"
	       "      bFunctionClass      %5u %s\n"
	       "      bFunctionSubClass   %5u %s\n"
	       "      bFunctionProtocol   %5u %s\n"
	       "      iFunction           %5u %s\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1],
	       buf[2], buf[3],
	       buf[4], cls,
	       buf[5], subcls,
	       buf[6], proto,
	       buf[7], func);

	free(func);
}

static void dump_config(libusb_device_handle *dev, struct libusb_config_descriptor *config, unsigned speed)
{
	char *cfg;
	int i;

	cfg = get_dev_string(dev, config->iConfiguration);

	printf("  Configuration Descriptor:\n"
	       "    bLength             %5u\n"
	       "    bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "    wTotalLength       0x%04x\n"
	       "    bNumInterfaces      %5u\n"
	       "    bConfigurationValue %5u\n"
	       "    iConfiguration      %5u %s\n"
	       "    bmAttributes         0x%02x\n",
	       config->bLength, config->bDescriptorType,
	       le16_to_cpu(config->wTotalLength),
	       config->bNumInterfaces, config->bConfigurationValue,
	       config->iConfiguration,
	       cfg, config->bmAttributes);

	free(cfg);

	if (!(config->bmAttributes & 0x80))
		printf("      (Missing must-be-set bit!)\n");
	if (config->bmAttributes & 0x40)
		printf("      Self Powered\n");
	else
		printf("      (Bus Powered)\n");
	if (config->bmAttributes & 0x20)
		printf("      Remote Wakeup\n");
	if (config->bmAttributes & 0x10)
		printf("      Battery Powered\n");
	printf("    MaxPower            %5umA\n", config->MaxPower * (speed >= 0x0300 ? 8 : 2));

	/* avoid re-ordering or hiding descriptors for display */
	if (config->extra_length) {
		int		size = config->extra_length;
		const unsigned char	*buf = config->extra;

		while (size >= 2) {
			if (buf[0] < 2) {
				dump_junk(buf, "        ", size);
				break;
			}
			switch (buf[1]) {
			case USB_DT_OTG:
				/* handled separately */
				break;
			case USB_DT_INTERFACE_ASSOCIATION:
				dump_association(dev, buf);
				break;
			case USB_DT_SECURITY:
				dump_security(buf);
				break;
			case USB_DT_ENCRYPTION_TYPE:
				dump_encryption_type(buf);
				break;
			default:
				/* often a misplaced class descriptor */
				printf("    ** UNRECOGNIZED: ");
				dump_bytes(buf, buf[0]);
				break;
			}
			size -= buf[0];
			buf += buf[0];
		}
	}
	for (i = 0 ; i < config->bNumInterfaces ; i++)
		dump_interface(dev, &config->interface[i]);
}

static void dump_altsetting(libusb_device_handle *dev, const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *interface)
{
	char cls[128], subcls[128], proto[128];
	char *ifstr;

	const unsigned char *buf;
	unsigned size, i;

	get_class_string(cls, sizeof(cls), interface->bInterfaceClass);
	get_subclass_string(subcls, sizeof(subcls), interface->bInterfaceClass, interface->bInterfaceSubClass);
	get_protocol_string(proto, sizeof(proto), interface->bInterfaceClass, interface->bInterfaceSubClass, interface->bInterfaceProtocol);
	ifstr = get_dev_string(dev, interface->iInterface);

	printf("    Interface Descriptor:\n"
	       "      bLength             %5u\n"
	       "      bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "      bInterfaceNumber    %5u\n"
	       "      bAlternateSetting   %5u\n"
	       "      bNumEndpoints       %5u\n"
	       "      bInterfaceClass     %5u %s\n"
	       "      bInterfaceSubClass  %5u %s\n"
	       "      bInterfaceProtocol  %5u %s\n"
	       "      iInterface          %5u %s\n",
	       interface->bLength, interface->bDescriptorType, interface->bInterfaceNumber,
	       interface->bAlternateSetting, interface->bNumEndpoints, interface->bInterfaceClass, cls,
	       interface->bInterfaceSubClass, subcls, interface->bInterfaceProtocol, proto,
	       interface->iInterface, ifstr);

	free(ifstr);

	/* avoid re-ordering or hiding descriptors for display */
	if (interface->extra_length) {
		size = interface->extra_length;
		buf = interface->extra;
		while (size >= 2 * sizeof(uint8_t)) {
			if (buf[0] < 2) {
				dump_junk(buf, "      ", size);
				break;
			}

			switch (buf[1]) {

			/* This is the polite way to provide class specific
			 * descriptors: explicitly tagged, using common class
			 * spec conventions.
			 */
			case USB_DT_CS_DEVICE:
			case USB_DT_CS_INTERFACE:
				switch (interface->bInterfaceClass) {
				case LIBUSB_CLASS_AUDIO:
					switch (interface->bInterfaceSubClass) {
					case 1:
						dump_audiocontrol_interface(dev, buf, interface->bInterfaceProtocol);
						break;
					case 2:
						dump_audiostreaming_interface(dev, buf, interface->bInterfaceProtocol);
						break;
					case 3:
						dump_midistreaming_interface(dev, buf);
						break;
					default:
						goto dump;
					}
					break;
				case LIBUSB_CLASS_COMM:
					dump_comm_descriptor(dev, buf,
						"      ");
					break;
				case USB_CLASS_VIDEO:
					switch (interface->bInterfaceSubClass) {
					case 1:
						dump_videocontrol_interface(dev, buf, interface->bInterfaceProtocol);
						break;
					case 2:
						dump_videostreaming_interface(buf);
						break;
					default:
						goto dump;
					}
					break;
				case USB_CLASS_APPLICATION:
					switch (interface->bInterfaceSubClass) {
					case 1:
						dump_dfu_interface(buf);
						break;
					default:
						goto dump;
					}
					break;
				case LIBUSB_CLASS_HID:
					dump_hid_device(dev, interface, buf);
					break;
				case LIBUSB_CLASS_PRINTER:
					dump_printer_device(dev, interface, buf);
					break;
				case USB_CLASS_CCID:
					dump_ccid_device(buf);
					break;
				default:
					goto dump;
				}
				break;

			/* This is the ugly way:  implicitly tagged,
			 * each class could redefine the type IDs.
			 */
			default:
				switch (interface->bInterfaceClass) {
				case LIBUSB_CLASS_HID:
					dump_hid_device(dev, interface, buf);
					break;
				case USB_CLASS_CCID:
					dump_ccid_device(buf);
					break;
				case 0xe0:	/* wireless */
					switch (interface->bInterfaceSubClass) {
					case 1:
						switch (interface->bInterfaceProtocol) {
						case 2:
							dump_rc_interface(buf);
							break;
						default:
							goto dump;
						}
						break;
					case 2:
						dump_wire_adapter(buf);
						break;
					default:
						goto dump;
					}
					break;
				case LIBUSB_CLASS_AUDIO:
					switch (buf[1]) {
					/* MISPLACED DESCRIPTOR */
					case USB_DT_CS_ENDPOINT:
						switch (interface->bInterfaceSubClass) {
						case 2:
							dump_audiostreaming_endpoint(dev, buf, interface->bInterfaceProtocol);
							break;
						default:
							goto dump;
						}
						break;
					default:
						goto dump;
					}
					break;
				default:
					/* ... not everything is class-specific */
					switch (buf[1]) {
					case USB_DT_OTG:
						/* handled separately */
						break;
					case USB_DT_INTERFACE_ASSOCIATION:
						dump_association(dev, buf);
						break;
					default:
dump:
						/* often a misplaced class descriptor */
						printf("      ** UNRECOGNIZED: ");
						dump_bytes(buf, buf[0]);
						break;
					}
				}
			}
			size -= buf[0];
			buf += buf[0];
		}
	}

	for (i = 0 ; i < interface->bNumEndpoints ; i++)
		dump_endpoint(dev, interface, &interface->endpoint[i]);
}

static void dump_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const struct libusb_interface *interface)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < interface->num_altsetting; i++)
		dump_altsetting(dev, &interface->altsetting[i]);
}

static void dump_pipe_desc(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	static const char * const pipe_name[] = {
		"Reserved",
		"Command pipe",
		"Status pipe",
		"Data-in pipe",
		"Data-out pipe",
		[5 ... 0xDF] = "Reserved",
		[0xE0 ... 0xEF] = "Vendor specific",
		[0xF0 ... 0xFF] = "Reserved",
	};

	if (buf[0] == 4 && buf[1] == 0x24) {
		printf("        %s (0x%02x)\n", pipe_name[buf[2]], buf[2]);
	} else {
		printf("        INTERFACE CLASS: ");
		dump_bytes(buf, buf[0]);
	}
}

static void dump_endpoint(libusb_device_handle *dev, const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *interface, const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint)
{
	static const char * const typeattr[] = {
		"Control",
		"Isochronous",
		"Bulk",
		"Interrupt"
	};
	static const char * const syncattr[] = {
		"None",
		"Asynchronous",
		"Adaptive",
		"Synchronous"
	};
	static const char * const usage[] = {
		"Data",
		"Feedback",
		"Implicit feedback Data",
		"(reserved)"
	};
	static const char * const hb[] = { "1x", "2x", "3x", "(?\?)" };
	const unsigned char *buf;
	unsigned size;
	unsigned wmax = le16_to_cpu(endpoint->wMaxPacketSize);

	printf("      Endpoint Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength             %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "        bEndpointAddress     0x%02x  EP %u %s\n"
	       "        bmAttributes        %5u\n"
	       "          Transfer Type            %s\n"
	       "          Synch Type               %s\n"
	       "          Usage Type               %s\n"
	       "        wMaxPacketSize     0x%04x  %s %d bytes\n"
	       "        bInterval           %5u\n",
	       endpoint->bLength,
	       endpoint->bDescriptorType,
	       endpoint->bEndpointAddress,
	       endpoint->bEndpointAddress & 0x0f,
	       (endpoint->bEndpointAddress & 0x80) ? "IN" : "OUT",
	       endpoint->bmAttributes,
	       typeattr[endpoint->bmAttributes & 3],
	       syncattr[(endpoint->bmAttributes >> 2) & 3],
	       usage[(endpoint->bmAttributes >> 4) & 3],
	       wmax, hb[(wmax >> 11) & 3], wmax & 0x7ff,
	       endpoint->bInterval);
	/* only for audio endpoints */
	if (endpoint->bLength == 9)
		printf("        bRefresh            %5u\n"
		       "        bSynchAddress       %5u\n",
		       endpoint->bRefresh, endpoint->bSynchAddress);

	/* avoid re-ordering or hiding descriptors for display */
	if (endpoint->extra_length) {
		size = endpoint->extra_length;
		buf = endpoint->extra;
		while (size >= 2 * sizeof(uint8_t)) {
			if (buf[0] < 2) {
				dump_junk(buf, "        ", size);
				break;
			}
			switch (buf[1]) {
			case USB_DT_CS_ENDPOINT:
				if (interface->bInterfaceClass == 1 && interface->bInterfaceSubClass == 2)
					dump_audiostreaming_endpoint(dev, buf, interface->bInterfaceProtocol);
				else if (interface->bInterfaceClass == 1 && interface->bInterfaceSubClass == 3)
					dump_midistreaming_endpoint(buf);
				else if (interface->bInterfaceClass == 14 &&
					 interface->bInterfaceSubClass == 1)
					dump_videocontrol_interrupt_endpoint(
						buf);
				break;
			case USB_DT_CS_INTERFACE:
				/* MISPLACED DESCRIPTOR ... less indent */
				switch (interface->bInterfaceClass) {
				case LIBUSB_CLASS_COMM:
				case LIBUSB_CLASS_DATA:	/* comm data */
					dump_comm_descriptor(dev, buf,
						"      ");
					break;
				case LIBUSB_CLASS_MASS_STORAGE:
					dump_pipe_desc(buf);
					break;
				default:
					printf("        INTERFACE CLASS: ");
					dump_bytes(buf, buf[0]);
				}
				break;
			case USB_DT_CS_DEVICE:
				/* MISPLACED DESCRIPTOR ... less indent */
				switch (interface->bInterfaceClass) {
				case USB_CLASS_CCID:
					dump_ccid_device(buf);
					break;
				default:
					printf("        DEVICE CLASS: ");
					dump_bytes(buf, buf[0]);
				}
				break;
			case USB_DT_OTG:
				/* handled separately */
				break;
			case USB_DT_INTERFACE_ASSOCIATION:
				dump_association(dev, buf);
				break;
			case USB_DT_SS_ENDPOINT_COMP:
				printf("        bMaxBurst %15u\n", buf[2]);
				/* Print bulk streams info or isoc "Mult" */
				if ((endpoint->bmAttributes & 3) == 2 &&
						(buf[3] & 0x1f))
					printf("        MaxStreams %14u\n",
							(unsigned) 1 << buf[3]);
				if ((endpoint->bmAttributes & 3) == 1 &&
						(buf[3] & 0x3))
					printf("        Mult %20u\n",
							buf[3] & 0x3);
				if ((endpoint->bmAttributes & 3) == 1 ||
				    (endpoint->bmAttributes & 3) == 3)
					printf("        wBytesPerInterval %7u\n",
							buf[4] | buf[5] << 8);
				break;
			default:
				/* often a misplaced class descriptor */
				printf("        ** UNRECOGNIZED: ");
				dump_bytes(buf, buf[0]);
				break;
			}
			size -= buf[0];
			buf += buf[0];
		}
	}
}

static void dump_unit(unsigned int data, unsigned int len)
{
	static const char * const systems[5] = {
		"None",
		"SI Linear",
		"SI Rotation",
		"English Linear",
		"English Rotation",
	};

	static const char * const units[5][8] = {
		{ "None", "None", "None", "None", "None",
				"None", "None", "None" },
		{ "None", "Centimeter", "Gram", "Seconds", "Kelvin",
				"Ampere", "Candela", "None" },
		{ "None", "Radians",    "Gram", "Seconds", "Kelvin",
				"Ampere", "Candela", "None" },
		{ "None", "Inch",       "Slug", "Seconds", "Fahrenheit",
				"Ampere", "Candela", "None" },
		{ "None", "Degrees",    "Slug", "Seconds", "Fahrenheit",
				"Ampere", "Candela", "None" },
	};

	unsigned int i;
	unsigned int sys;
	int earlier_unit = 0;

	/* First nibble tells us which system we're in. */
	sys = data & 0xf;
	data >>= 4;

	if (sys > 4) {
		if (sys == 0xf)
			printf("System: Vendor defined, Unit: (unknown)\n");
		else
			printf("System: Reserved, Unit: (unknown)\n");
		return;
	} else {
		printf("System: %s, Unit: ", systems[sys]);
	}
	for (i = 1 ; i < len * 2 ; i++) {
		char nibble = data & 0xf;
		data >>= 4;
		if (nibble != 0) {
			if (earlier_unit++ > 0)
				printf("*");
			printf("%s", units[sys][i]);
			if (nibble != 1) {
				/* This is a _signed_ nibble(!) */

				int val = nibble & 0x7;
				if (nibble & 0x08)
					val = -((0x7 & ~val) + 1);
				printf("^%d", val);
			}
		}
	}
	if (earlier_unit == 0)
		printf("(None)");
	printf("\n");
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */

/*
 * Audio Class descriptor dump
 */

static void dump_audio_subtype(libusb_device_handle *dev,
                               const char *name,
                               const struct desc * const desc[3],
                               const unsigned char *buf,
                               int protocol,
                               unsigned int indent)
{
	static const char * const strings[] = { "UAC1", "UAC2", "UAC3" };
	unsigned int idx = 0;

	switch (protocol) {
	case USB_AUDIO_CLASS_2: idx = 1; break;
	case USB_AUDIO_CLASS_3: idx = 2; break;
	}

	printf("(%s)\n", name);

	if (desc[idx] == NULL) {
		printf("%*sWarning: %s descriptors are illegal for %s\n",
		       indent * 2, "", name, strings[idx]);
		return;
	}

	/* Skip the first three bytes; those common fields have already
	 * been dumped. */
	desc_dump(dev, desc[idx], buf + 3, buf[0] - 3, indent);
}

/* USB Audio Class subtypes */
enum uac_interface_subtype {
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_AC_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED = 0x00,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_HEADER                  = 0x01,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_INPUT_TERMINAL          = 0x02,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_OUTPUT_TERMINAL         = 0x03,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_EXTENDED_TERMINAL       = 0x04,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_MIXER_UNIT              = 0x05,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_SELECTOR_UNIT           = 0x06,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_FEATURE_UNIT            = 0x07,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_EFFECT_UNIT             = 0x08,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_PROCESSING_UNIT         = 0x09,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_EXTENSION_UNIT          = 0x0a,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CLOCK_SOURCE            = 0x0b,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CLOCK_SELECTOR          = 0x0c,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CLOCK_MULTIPLIER        = 0x0d,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_SAMPLE_RATE_CONVERTER   = 0x0e,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CONNECTORS              = 0x0f,
	UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_POWER_DOMAIN            = 0x10,
};

/*
 * UAC1, UAC2, and UAC3 define bDescriptorSubtype differently for the
 * AudioControl interface, so we need to do some ugly remapping:
 *
 * val  | UAC1            | UAC2                  | UAC3
 * -----|-----------------|-----------------------|---------------------
 * 0x00 | AC UNDEFINED    | AC UNDEFINED          | AC UNDEFINED
 * 0x01 | HEADER          | HEADER                | HEADER
 * 0x02 | INPUT_TERMINAL  | INPUT_TERMINAL        | INPUT_TERMINAL
 * 0x03 | OUTPUT_TERMINAL | OUTPUT_TERMINAL       | OUTPUT_TERMINAL
 * 0x04 | MIXER_UNIT      | MIXER_UNIT            | EXTENDED_TERMINAL
 * 0x05 | SELECTOR_UNIT   | SELECTOR_UNIT         | MIXER_UNIT
 * 0x06 | FEATURE_UNIT    | FEATURE_UNIT          | SELECTOR_UNIT
 * 0x07 | PROCESSING_UNIT | EFFECT_UNIT           | FEATURE_UNIT
 * 0x08 | EXTENSION_UNIT  | PROCESSING_UNIT       | EFFECT_UNIT
 * 0x09 | -               | EXTENSION_UNIT        | PROCESSING_UNIT
 * 0x0a | -               | CLOCK_SOURCE          | EXTENSION_UNIT
 * 0x0b | -               | CLOCK_SELECTOR        | CLOCK_SOURCE
 * 0x0c | -               | CLOCK_MULTIPLIER      | CLOCK_SELECTOR
 * 0x0d | -               | SAMPLE_RATE_CONVERTER | CLOCK_MULTIPLIER
 * 0x0e | -               | -                     | SAMPLE_RATE_CONVERTER
 * 0x0f | -               | -                     | CONNECTORS
 * 0x10 | -               | -                     | POWER_DOMAIN
 */
static enum uac_interface_subtype get_uac_interface_subtype(unsigned char c, int protocol)
{
	switch (protocol) {
	case USB_AUDIO_CLASS_1:
		switch(c) {
		case 0x04: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_MIXER_UNIT;
		case 0x05: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_SELECTOR_UNIT;
		case 0x06: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_FEATURE_UNIT;
		case 0x07: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_PROCESSING_UNIT;
		case 0x08: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_EXTENSION_UNIT;
		}
		break;
	case USB_AUDIO_CLASS_2:
		switch(c) {
		case 0x04: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_MIXER_UNIT;
		case 0x05: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_SELECTOR_UNIT;
		case 0x06: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_FEATURE_UNIT;
		case 0x07: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_EFFECT_UNIT;
		case 0x08: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_PROCESSING_UNIT;
		case 0x09: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_EXTENSION_UNIT;
		case 0x0a: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CLOCK_SOURCE;
		case 0x0b: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CLOCK_SELECTOR;
		case 0x0c: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CLOCK_MULTIPLIER;
		case 0x0d: return UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_SAMPLE_RATE_CONVERTER;
		}
		break;
	case USB_AUDIO_CLASS_3:
		/* No mapping required. */
		break;
	default:
		/* Unknown protocol */
		break;
	}

	/* If the protocol was unknown, or the value was not known to require
	 * mapping, just return it unchanged. */
	return c;
}

static void dump_audiocontrol_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, int protocol)
{
	enum uac_interface_subtype subtype;

	if (buf[1] != USB_DT_CS_INTERFACE)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");
	else if (buf[0] < 3)
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
	printf("      AudioControl Interface Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength             %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorSubtype  %5u ",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2]);

	subtype = get_uac_interface_subtype(buf[2], protocol);

	switch (subtype) {
	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_HEADER:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "HEADER", desc_audio_ac_header, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_INPUT_TERMINAL:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "INPUT_TERMINAL", desc_audio_ac_input_terminal, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_OUTPUT_TERMINAL:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "OUTPUT_TERMINAL", desc_audio_ac_output_terminal, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_MIXER_UNIT:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "MIXER_UNIT", desc_audio_ac_mixer_unit, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_SELECTOR_UNIT:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "SELECTOR_UNIT", desc_audio_ac_selector_unit, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_FEATURE_UNIT:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "FEATURE_UNIT", desc_audio_ac_feature_unit, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_PROCESSING_UNIT:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "PROCESSING_UNIT", desc_audio_ac_processing_unit, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_EXTENSION_UNIT:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "EXTENSION_UNIT", desc_audio_ac_extension_unit, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CLOCK_SOURCE:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "CLOCK_SOURCE", desc_audio_ac_clock_source, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CLOCK_SELECTOR:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "CLOCK_SELECTOR", desc_audio_ac_clock_selector, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_CLOCK_MULTIPLIER:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "CLOCK_MULTIPLIER", desc_audio_ac_clock_multiplier, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_SAMPLE_RATE_CONVERTER:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "SAMPLING_RATE_CONVERTER", desc_audio_ac_clock_multiplier, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_EFFECT_UNIT:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "EFFECT_UNIT", desc_audio_ac_effect_unit, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case UAC_INTERFACE_SUBTYPE_POWER_DOMAIN:
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "POWER_DOMAIN", desc_audio_ac_power_domain, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	default:
		printf("(unknown)\n"
		       "        Invalid desc subtype:");
		dump_bytes(buf+3, buf[0]-3);
		break;
	}
}


static void dump_audiostreaming_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, int protocol)
{
	static const char * const fmtItag[] = {
		"TYPE_I_UNDEFINED", "PCM", "PCM8", "IEEE_FLOAT", "ALAW", "MULAW" };
	static const char * const fmtIItag[] = { "TYPE_II_UNDEFINED", "MPEG", "AC-3" };
	static const char * const fmtIIItag[] = {
		"TYPE_III_UNDEFINED", "IEC1937_AC-3", "IEC1937_MPEG-1_Layer1",
		"IEC1937_MPEG-Layer2/3/NOEXT", "IEC1937_MPEG-2_EXT",
		"IEC1937_MPEG-2_Layer1_LS", "IEC1937_MPEG-2_Layer2/3_LS" };
	unsigned int i, j, fmttag;
	const char *fmtptr = "undefined";

	if (buf[1] != USB_DT_CS_INTERFACE)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");
	else if (buf[0] < 3)
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
	printf("      AudioStreaming Interface Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength             %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorSubtype  %5u ",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2]);
	switch (buf[2]) {
	case 0x01: /* AS_GENERAL */
		dump_audio_subtype(dev, "AS_GENERAL", desc_audio_as_interface, buf, protocol, 4);
		break;

	case 0x02: /* FORMAT_TYPE */
		printf("(FORMAT_TYPE)\n");
		switch (protocol) {
		case USB_AUDIO_CLASS_1:
			if (buf[0] < 8)
				printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
			printf("        bFormatType         %5u ", buf[3]);
			switch (buf[3]) {
			case 0x01: /* FORMAT_TYPE_I */
				printf("(FORMAT_TYPE_I)\n");
				j = buf[7] ? (buf[7]*3+8) : 14;
				if (buf[0] < j)
					printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
				printf("        bNrChannels         %5u\n"
				       "        bSubframeSize       %5u\n"
				       "        bBitResolution      %5u\n"
				       "        bSamFreqType        %5u %s\n",
				       buf[4], buf[5], buf[6], buf[7], buf[7] ? "Discrete" : "Continuous");
				if (!buf[7])
					printf("        tLowerSamFreq     %7u\n"
					       "        tUpperSamFreq     %7u\n",
					       buf[8] | (buf[9] << 8) | (buf[10] << 16), buf[11] | (buf[12] << 8) | (buf[13] << 16));
				else
					for (i = 0; i < buf[7]; i++)
						printf("        tSamFreq[%2u]      %7u\n", i,
						       buf[8+3*i] | (buf[9+3*i] << 8) | (buf[10+3*i] << 16));
				dump_junk(buf, "        ", j);
				break;

			case 0x02: /* FORMAT_TYPE_II */
				printf("(FORMAT_TYPE_II)\n");
				j = buf[8] ? (buf[7]*3+9) : 15;
				if (buf[0] < j)
					printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
				printf("        wMaxBitRate         %5u\n"
				       "        wSamplesPerFrame    %5u\n"
				       "        bSamFreqType        %5u %s\n",
				       buf[4] | (buf[5] << 8), buf[6] | (buf[7] << 8), buf[8], buf[8] ? "Discrete" : "Continuous");
				if (!buf[8])
					printf("        tLowerSamFreq     %7u\n"
					       "        tUpperSamFreq     %7u\n",
					       buf[9] | (buf[10] << 8) | (buf[11] << 16), buf[12] | (buf[13] << 8) | (buf[14] << 16));
				else
					for (i = 0; i < buf[8]; i++)
						printf("        tSamFreq[%2u]      %7u\n", i,
						       buf[9+3*i] | (buf[10+3*i] << 8) | (buf[11+3*i] << 16));
				dump_junk(buf, "        ", j);
				break;

			case 0x03: /* FORMAT_TYPE_III */
				printf("(FORMAT_TYPE_III)\n");
				j = buf[7] ? (buf[7]*3+8) : 14;
				if (buf[0] < j)
					printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
				printf("        bNrChannels         %5u\n"
				       "        bSubframeSize       %5u\n"
				       "        bBitResolution      %5u\n"
				       "        bSamFreqType        %5u %s\n",
				       buf[4], buf[5], buf[6], buf[7], buf[7] ? "Discrete" : "Continuous");
				if (!buf[7])
					printf("        tLowerSamFreq     %7u\n"
					       "        tUpperSamFreq     %7u\n",
					       buf[8] | (buf[9] << 8) | (buf[10] << 16), buf[11] | (buf[12] << 8) | (buf[13] << 16));
				else
					for (i = 0; i < buf[7]; i++)
						printf("        tSamFreq[%2u]      %7u\n", i,
						       buf[8+3*i] | (buf[9+3*i] << 8) | (buf[10+3*i] << 16));
				dump_junk(buf, "        ", j);
				break;

			default:
				printf("(unknown)\n"
				       "        Invalid desc format type:");
				dump_bytes(buf+4, buf[0]-4);
			}

			break;

		case USB_AUDIO_CLASS_2:
			printf("        bFormatType         %5u ", buf[3]);
			switch (buf[3]) {
			case 0x01: /* FORMAT_TYPE_I */
				printf("(FORMAT_TYPE_I)\n");
				if (buf[0] < 6)
					printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
				printf("        bSubslotSize        %5u\n"
				       "        bBitResolution      %5u\n",
				       buf[4], buf[5]);
				dump_junk(buf, "        ", 6);
				break;

			case 0x02: /* FORMAT_TYPE_II */
				printf("(FORMAT_TYPE_II)\n");
				if (buf[0] < 8)
					printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
				printf("        wMaxBitRate         %5u\n"
				       "        wSlotsPerFrame      %5u\n",
				       buf[4] | (buf[5] << 8),
				       buf[6] | (buf[7] << 8));
				dump_junk(buf, "        ", 8);
				break;

			case 0x03: /* FORMAT_TYPE_III */
				printf("(FORMAT_TYPE_III)\n");
				if (buf[0] < 6)
					printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
				printf("        bSubslotSize        %5u\n"
				       "        bBitResolution      %5u\n",
				       buf[4], buf[5]);
				dump_junk(buf, "        ", 6);
				break;

			case 0x04: /* FORMAT_TYPE_IV */
				printf("(FORMAT_TYPE_IV)\n");
				if (buf[0] < 4)
					printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
				printf("        bFormatType         %5u\n", buf[3]);
				dump_junk(buf, "        ", 4);
				break;

			default:
				printf("(unknown)\n"
				       "        Invalid desc format type:");
				dump_bytes(buf+4, buf[0]-4);
			}

			break;
		} /* switch (protocol) */

		break;

	case 0x03: /* FORMAT_SPECIFIC */
		printf("(FORMAT_SPECIFIC)\n");
		if (buf[0] < 5)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		fmttag = buf[3] | (buf[4] << 8);
		if (fmttag <= 5)
			fmtptr = fmtItag[fmttag];
		else if (fmttag >= 0x1000 && fmttag <= 0x1002)
			fmtptr = fmtIItag[fmttag & 0xfff];
		else if (fmttag >= 0x2000 && fmttag <= 0x2006)
			fmtptr = fmtIIItag[fmttag & 0xfff];
		printf("        wFormatTag          %5u %s\n", fmttag, fmtptr);
		switch (fmttag) {
		case 0x1001: /* MPEG */
			if (buf[0] < 8)
				printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
			printf("        bmMPEGCapabilities 0x%04x\n",
			       buf[5] | (buf[6] << 8));
			if (buf[5] & 0x01)
				printf("          Layer I\n");
			if (buf[5] & 0x02)
				printf("          Layer II\n");
			if (buf[5] & 0x04)
				printf("          Layer III\n");
			if (buf[5] & 0x08)
				printf("          MPEG-1 only\n");
			if (buf[5] & 0x10)
				printf("          MPEG-1 dual-channel\n");
			if (buf[5] & 0x20)
				printf("          MPEG-2 second stereo\n");
			if (buf[5] & 0x40)
				printf("          MPEG-2 7.1 channel augmentation\n");
			if (buf[5] & 0x80)
				printf("          Adaptive multi-channel prediction\n");
			printf("          MPEG-2 multilingual support: ");
			switch (buf[6] & 3) {
			case 0:
				printf("Not supported\n");
				break;

			case 1:
				printf("Supported at Fs\n");
				break;

			case 2:
				printf("Reserved\n");
				break;

			default:
				printf("Supported at Fs and 1/2Fs\n");
				break;
			}
			printf("        bmMPEGFeatures       0x%02x\n", buf[7]);
			printf("          Internal Dynamic Range Control: ");
			switch ((buf[7] >> 4) & 3) {
			case 0:
				printf("not supported\n");
				break;

			case 1:
				printf("supported but not scalable\n");
				break;

			case 2:
				printf("scalable, common boost and cut scaling value\n");
				break;

			default:
				printf("scalable, separate boost and cut scaling value\n");
				break;
			}
			dump_junk(buf, "        ", 8);
			break;

		case 0x1002: /* AC-3 */
			if (buf[0] < 10)
				printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
			printf("        bmBSID         0x%08x\n"
			       "        bmAC3Features        0x%02x\n",
			       buf[5] | (buf[6] << 8) | (buf[7] << 16) | (buf[8] << 24), buf[9]);
			if (buf[9] & 0x01)
				printf("          RF mode\n");
			if (buf[9] & 0x02)
				printf("          Line mode\n");
			if (buf[9] & 0x04)
				printf("          Custom0 mode\n");
			if (buf[9] & 0x08)
				printf("          Custom1 mode\n");
			printf("          Internal Dynamic Range Control: ");
			switch ((buf[9] >> 4) & 3) {
			case 0:
				printf("not supported\n");
				break;

			case 1:
				printf("supported but not scalable\n");
				break;

			case 2:
				printf("scalable, common boost and cut scaling value\n");
				break;

			default:
				printf("scalable, separate boost and cut scaling value\n");
				break;
			}
			dump_junk(buf, "        ", 8);
			break;

		default:
			printf("(unknown)\n"
			       "        Invalid desc format type:");
			dump_bytes(buf+4, buf[0]-4);
		}
		break;

	default:
		printf("        Invalid desc subtype:");
		dump_bytes(buf+3, buf[0]-3);
		break;
	}
}

static void dump_audiostreaming_endpoint(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, int protocol)
{
	static const char * const subtype[] = { "invalid", "EP_GENERAL" };

	if (buf[1] != USB_DT_CS_ENDPOINT)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");

	printf("        AudioStreaming Endpoint Descriptor:\n"
	       "          bLength             %5u\n"
	       "          bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "          bDescriptorSubtype  %5u ",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2]);

	dump_audio_subtype(dev, subtype[buf[2] == 1],
			desc_audio_as_isochronous_audio_data_endpoint, buf, protocol, 5);
}

static void dump_midistreaming_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf)
{
	static const char * const jacktypes[] = {"Undefined", "Embedded", "External"};
	char *jackstr = NULL;
	unsigned int j, tlength, capssize;
	unsigned long caps;

	if (buf[1] != USB_DT_CS_INTERFACE)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");
	else if (buf[0] < 3)
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
	printf("      MIDIStreaming Interface Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength             %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorSubtype  %5u ",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2]);
	switch (buf[2]) {
	case 0x01:
		printf("(HEADER)\n");
		if (buf[0] < 7)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		tlength = buf[5] | (buf[6] << 8);
		printf("        bcdADC              %2x.%02x\n"
		       "        wTotalLength       0x%04x\n",
		       buf[4], buf[3], tlength);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 7);
		break;

	case 0x02:
		printf("(MIDI_IN_JACK)\n");
		if (buf[0] < 6)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		jackstr = get_dev_string(dev, buf[5]);
		printf("        bJackType           %5u %s\n"
		       "        bJackID             %5u\n"
		       "        iJack               %5u %s\n",
		       buf[3], buf[3] < 3 ? jacktypes[buf[3]] : "Invalid",
		       buf[4], buf[5], jackstr);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 6);
		break;

	case 0x03:
		printf("(MIDI_OUT_JACK)\n");
		if (buf[0] < 9)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bJackType           %5u %s\n"
		       "        bJackID             %5u\n"
		       "        bNrInputPins        %5u\n",
		       buf[3], buf[3] < 3 ? jacktypes[buf[3]] : "Invalid",
		       buf[4], buf[5]);
		for (j = 0; j < buf[5]; j++) {
			printf("        baSourceID(%2u)      %5u\n"
			       "        BaSourcePin(%2u)     %5u\n",
			       j, buf[2*j+6], j, buf[2*j+7]);
		}
		j = 6+buf[5]*2; /* midi10.pdf says, incorrectly: 5+2*p */
		jackstr = get_dev_string(dev, buf[j]);
		printf("        iJack               %5u %s\n",
		       buf[j], jackstr);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", j+1);
		break;

	case 0x04:
		printf("(ELEMENT)\n");
		if (buf[0] < 12)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bElementID          %5u\n"
		       "        bNrInputPins        %5u\n",
		       buf[3], buf[4]);
		for (j = 0; j < buf[4]; j++) {
			printf("        baSourceID(%2u)      %5u\n"
			       "        BaSourcePin(%2u)     %5u\n",
			       j, buf[2*j+5], j, buf[2*j+6]);
		}
		j = 5+buf[4]*2;
		printf("        bNrOutputPins       %5u\n"
		       "        bInTerminalLink     %5u\n"
		       "        bOutTerminalLink    %5u\n"
		       "        bElCapsSize         %5u\n",
		       buf[j], buf[j+1], buf[j+2], buf[j+3]);
		capssize = buf[j+3];
		caps = 0;
		for (j = 0; j < capssize; j++)
			caps |= (buf[j+9+buf[4]*2] << (8*j));
		printf("        bmElementCaps  0x%08lx\n", caps);
		if (caps & 0x01)
			printf("          Undefined\n");
		if (caps & 0x02)
			printf("          MIDI Clock\n");
		if (caps & 0x04)
			printf("          MTC (MIDI Time Code)\n");
		if (caps & 0x08)
			printf("          MMC (MIDI Machine Control)\n");
		if (caps & 0x10)
			printf("          GM1 (General MIDI v.1)\n");
		if (caps & 0x20)
			printf("          GM2 (General MIDI v.2)\n");
		if (caps & 0x40)
			printf("          GS MIDI Extension\n");
		if (caps & 0x80)
			printf("          XG MIDI Extension\n");
		if (caps & 0x100)
			printf("          EFX\n");
		if (caps & 0x200)
			printf("          MIDI Patch Bay\n");
		if (caps & 0x400)
			printf("          DLS1 (Downloadable Sounds Level 1)\n");
		if (caps & 0x800)
			printf("          DLS2 (Downloadable Sounds Level 2)\n");
		j = 9+2*buf[4]+capssize;
		jackstr = get_dev_string(dev, buf[j]);
		printf("        iElement            %5u %s\n", buf[j], jackstr);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", j+1);
		break;

	default:
		printf("\n        Invalid desc subtype: ");
		dump_bytes(buf+3, buf[0]-3);
		break;
	}

	free(jackstr);
}

static void dump_midistreaming_endpoint(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	unsigned int j;

	if (buf[1] != USB_DT_CS_ENDPOINT)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");
	else if (buf[0] < 5)
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
	printf("        MIDIStreaming Endpoint Descriptor:\n"
	       "          bLength             %5u\n"
	       "          bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "          bDescriptorSubtype  %5u (%s)\n"
	       "          bNumEmbMIDIJack     %5u\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[2] == 2 ? "GENERAL" : "Invalid", buf[3]);
	for (j = 0; j < buf[3]; j++)
		printf("          baAssocJackID(%2u)   %5u\n", j, buf[4+j]);
	dump_junk(buf, "          ", 4+buf[3]);
}

/*
 * Video Class descriptor dump
 */

static void dump_videocontrol_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, int protocol)
{
	static const char *const ctrlnames[] = {
		"Brightness",
		"Contrast",
		"Hue",
		"Saturation",
		"Sharpness",
		"Gamma",
		"White Balance Temperature",
		"White Balance Component",
		"Backlight Compensation",
		"Gain",
		"Power Line Frequency",
		"Hue, Auto",
		"White Balance Temperature, Auto",
		"White Balance Component, Auto",
		"Digital Multiplier",
		"Digital Multiplier Limit",
		"Analog Video Standard",
		"Analog Video Lock Status",
		"Contrast, Auto",
	};
	static const char *const camctrlnames[] = {
		"Scanning Mode",
		"Auto-Exposure Mode",
		"Auto-Exposure Priority",
		"Exposure Time (Absolute)",
		"Exposure Time (Relative)",
		"Focus (Absolute)",
		"Focus (Relative)",
		"Iris (Absolute)",
		"Iris (Relative)",
		"Zoom (Absolute)",
		"Zoom (Relative)",
		"PanTilt (Absolute)",
		"PanTilt (Relative)",
		"Roll (Absolute)",
		"Roll (Relative)",
		"Reserved",
		"Reserved",
		"Focus, Auto",
		"Privacy",
		"Focus, Simple",
		"Window",
		"Region of Interest",
	};
	static const char *const enctrlnames[] = {
		"Select Layer",
		"Profile and Toolset",
		"Video Resolution",
		"Minimum Frame Interval",
		"Slice Mode",
		"Rate Control Mode",
		"Average Bit Rate",
		"CPB Size",
		"Peak Bit Rate",
		"Quantization Parameter",
		"Synchronization and Long-Term Reference Frame",
		"Long-Term Buffer",
		"Picture Long-Term Reference",
		"LTR Validation",
		"Level IDC",
		"SEI Message",
		"QP Range",
		"Priority ID",
		"Start or Stop Layer/View",
		"Error Resiliency",
	};
	static const char *const stdnames[] = {
		"None", "NTSC - 525/60", "PAL - 625/50", "SECAM - 625/50", "NTSC - 625/50", "PAL - 525/60",
	};
	unsigned int i, ctrls, stds, n, p, termt, freq;
	char *term = NULL, termts[128];

	if (buf[1] != USB_DT_CS_INTERFACE)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");
	else if (buf[0] < 3)
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
	printf("      VideoControl Interface Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength             %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorSubtype  %5u ",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2]);
	switch (buf[2]) {
	case 0x01:  /* HEADER */
		printf("(HEADER)\n");
		n = buf[11];
		if (buf[0] < 12+n)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		freq = buf[7] | (buf[8] << 8) | (buf[9] << 16) | (buf[10] << 24);
		printf("        bcdUVC              %2x.%02x\n"
		       "        wTotalLength       0x%04x\n"
		       "        dwClockFrequency    %5u.%06uMHz\n"
		       "        bInCollection       %5u\n",
		       buf[4], buf[3], buf[5] | (buf[6] << 8), freq / 1000000,
		       freq % 1000000, n);
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
			printf("        baInterfaceNr(%2u)   %5u\n", i, buf[12+i]);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 12+n);
		break;

	case 0x02:  /* INPUT_TERMINAL */
		printf("(INPUT_TERMINAL)\n");
		term = get_dev_string(dev, buf[7]);
		termt = buf[4] | (buf[5] << 8);
		n = termt == 0x0201 ? 7 : 0;
		get_videoterminal_string(termts, sizeof(termts), termt);
		if (buf[0] < 8 + n)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bTerminalID         %5u\n"
		       "        wTerminalType      0x%04x %s\n"
		       "        bAssocTerminal      %5u\n",
		       buf[3], termt, termts, buf[6]);
		printf("        iTerminal           %5u %s\n",
		       buf[7], term);
		if (termt == 0x0201) {
			n += buf[14];
			printf("        wObjectiveFocalLengthMin  %5u\n"
			       "        wObjectiveFocalLengthMax  %5u\n"
			       "        wOcularFocalLength        %5u\n"
			       "        bControlSize              %5u\n",
			       buf[8] | (buf[9] << 8), buf[10] | (buf[11] << 8),
			       buf[12] | (buf[13] << 8), buf[14]);
			ctrls = 0;
			for (i = 0; i < 3 && i < buf[14]; i++)
				ctrls = (ctrls << 8) | buf[8+n-i-1];
			printf("        bmControls           0x%08x\n", ctrls);
			if (protocol == USB_VIDEO_PROTOCOL_15) {
				for (i = 0; i < 22; i++)
					if ((ctrls >> i) & 1)
						printf("          %s\n", camctrlnames[i]);
			}
			else {
				for (i = 0; i < 19; i++)
					if ((ctrls >> i) & 1)
						printf("          %s\n", camctrlnames[i]);
			}
		}
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 8+n);
		break;

	case 0x03:  /* OUTPUT_TERMINAL */
		printf("(OUTPUT_TERMINAL)\n");
		term = get_dev_string(dev, buf[8]);
		termt = buf[4] | (buf[5] << 8);
		get_videoterminal_string(termts, sizeof(termts), termt);
		if (buf[0] < 9)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bTerminalID         %5u\n"
		       "        wTerminalType      0x%04x %s\n"
		       "        bAssocTerminal      %5u\n"
		       "        bSourceID           %5u\n"
		       "        iTerminal           %5u %s\n",
		       buf[3], termt, termts, buf[6], buf[7], buf[8], term);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 9);
		break;

	case 0x04:  /* SELECTOR_UNIT */
		printf("(SELECTOR_UNIT)\n");
		p = buf[4];
		if (buf[0] < 6+p)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		term = get_dev_string(dev, buf[5+p]);

		printf("        bUnitID             %5u\n"
		       "        bNrInPins           %5u\n",
		       buf[3], p);
		for (i = 0; i < p; i++)
			printf("        baSource(%2u)        %5u\n", i, buf[5+i]);
		printf("        iSelector           %5u %s\n",
		       buf[5+p], term);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 6+p);
		break;

	case 0x05:  /* PROCESSING_UNIT */
		printf("(PROCESSING_UNIT)\n");
		n = buf[7];
		term = get_dev_string(dev, buf[8+n]);
		if (buf[0] < 10+n)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bUnitID             %5u\n"
		       "        bSourceID           %5u\n"
		       "        wMaxMultiplier      %5u\n"
		       "        bControlSize        %5u\n",
		       buf[3], buf[4], buf[5] | (buf[6] << 8), n);
		ctrls = 0;
		for (i = 0; i < 3 && i < n; i++)
			ctrls = (ctrls << 8) | buf[8+n-i-1];
		printf("        bmControls     0x%08x\n", ctrls);
		if (protocol == USB_VIDEO_PROTOCOL_15) {
			for (i = 0; i < 19; i++)
				if ((ctrls >> i) & 1)
					printf("          %s\n", ctrlnames[i]);
		}
		else {
			for (i = 0; i < 18; i++)
				if ((ctrls >> i) & 1)
					printf("          %s\n", ctrlnames[i]);
		}
		stds = buf[9+n];
		printf("        iProcessing         %5u %s\n"
		       "        bmVideoStandards     0x%02x\n", buf[8+n], term, stds);
		for (i = 0; i < 6; i++)
			if ((stds >> i) & 1)
				printf("          %s\n", stdnames[i]);
		break;

	case 0x06:  /* EXTENSION_UNIT */
		printf("(EXTENSION_UNIT)\n");
		p = buf[21];
		n = buf[22+p];
		term = get_dev_string(dev, buf[23+p+n]);
		if (buf[0] < 24+p+n)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bUnitID             %5u\n"
		       "        guidExtensionCode         %s\n"
		       "        bNumControls        %5u\n"
		       "        bNrInPins           %5u\n",
		       buf[3], get_guid(&buf[4]), buf[20], buf[21]);
		for (i = 0; i < p; i++)
			printf("        baSourceID(%2u)      %5u\n", i, buf[22+i]);
		printf("        bControlSize        %5u\n", buf[22+p]);
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
			printf("        bmControls(%2u)       0x%02x\n", i, buf[23+p+i]);
		printf("        iExtension          %5u %s\n",
		       buf[23+p+n], term);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 24+p+n);
		break;

	case 0x07: /* ENCODING UNIT */
		printf("(ENCODING UNIT)\n");
		term = get_dev_string(dev, buf[5]);
		if (buf[0] < 13)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bUnitID             %5u\n"
		       "        bSourceID           %5u\n"
		       "        iEncoding           %5u %s\n"
		       "        bControlSize        %5u\n",
		       buf[3], buf[4], buf[5], term, buf[6]);
		ctrls = 0;
		for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
			ctrls = (ctrls << 8) | buf[9-i];
		printf("        bmControls              0x%08x\n", ctrls);
		for (i = 0; i < 20;  i++)
			if ((ctrls >> i) & 1)
				printf("          %s\n", enctrlnames[i]);
		for (i = 0; i< 3; i++)
			ctrls = (ctrls << 8) | buf[12-i];
		printf("        bmControlsRuntime       0x%08x\n", ctrls);
		for (i = 0; i < 20; i++)
			if ((ctrls >> i) & 1)
				printf("          %s\n", enctrlnames[i]);
		break;

	default:
		printf("(unknown)\n"
		       "        Invalid desc subtype:");
		dump_bytes(buf+3, buf[0]-3);
		break;
	}

	free(term);
}

static void dump_videocontrol_interrupt_endpoint(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	unsigned int wMaxTransferSize;

	if (buf[0] < 5)
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
	if (buf[1] != USB_DT_CS_ENDPOINT)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");
	wMaxTransferSize = buf[3] | (buf[4] << 8);
	printf("        VideoControl Endpoint Descriptor:\n"
	       "          bLength             %5u\n"
	       "          bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "          bDescriptorSubtype  %5u (%s)\n"
	       "          wMaxTransferSize    %5u\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[2] == 3 ? "EP_INTERRUPT" : "Invalid",
	       wMaxTransferSize);
	dump_junk(buf, "          ", 5);
}

static void dump_videostreaming_interface(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	static const char * const colorPrims[] = { "Unspecified", "BT.709,sRGB",
		"BT.470-2 (M)", "BT.470-2 (B,G)", "SMPTE 170M", "SMPTE 240M" };
	static const char * const transferChars[] = { "Unspecified", "BT.709",
		"BT.470-2 (M)", "BT.470-2 (B,G)", "SMPTE 170M", "SMPTE 240M",
		"Linear", "sRGB"};
	static const char * const matrixCoeffs[] = { "Unspecified", "BT.709",
		"FCC", "BT.470-2 (B,G)", "SMPTE 170M (BT.601)", "SMPTE 240M" };
	unsigned int i, m, n, p, flags, len;

	if (buf[1] != USB_DT_CS_INTERFACE)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");
	else if (buf[0] < 3)
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
	printf("      VideoStreaming Interface Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength                         %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType                 %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorSubtype              %5u ",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2]);
	switch (buf[2]) {
	case 0x01: /* INPUT_HEADER */
		printf("(INPUT_HEADER)\n");
		p = buf[3];
		n = buf[12];
		if (buf[0] < 13+p*n)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bNumFormats                     %5u\n"
		       "        wTotalLength                   0x%04x\n"
		       "        bEndpointAddress                 0x%02x  EP %u %s\n"
		       "        bmInfo                          %5u\n"
		       "        bTerminalLink                   %5u\n"
		       "        bStillCaptureMethod             %5u\n"
		       "        bTriggerSupport                 %5u\n"
		       "        bTriggerUsage                   %5u\n"
		       "        bControlSize                    %5u\n",
		       p, buf[4] | (buf[5] << 8),
		       buf[6], buf[6] & 0x0f, (buf[6] & 0x80) ? "IN" : "OUT",
		       buf[7], buf[8], buf[9], buf[10], buf[11], n);
		for (i = 0; i < p; i++)
			printf(
			"        bmaControls(%2u)                 %5u\n",
				i, buf[13+i*n]);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 13+p*n);
		break;

	case 0x02: /* OUTPUT_HEADER */
		printf("(OUTPUT_HEADER)\n");
		p = buf[3];
		n = buf[8];
		if (buf[0] < 9+p*n)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bNumFormats                 %5u\n"
		       "        wTotalLength               0x%04x\n"
		       "        bEndpointAddress             0x%02x  EP %u %s\n"
		       "        bTerminalLink               %5u\n"
		       "        bControlSize                %5u\n",
		       p, buf[4] | (buf[5] << 8),
		       buf[6], buf[6] & 0x0f, (buf[6] & 0x80) ? "IN" : "OUT",
		       buf[7], n);
		for (i = 0; i < p; i++)
			printf(
			"        bmaControls(%2u)             %5u\n",
				i, buf[9+i*n]);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 9+p*n);
		break;

	case 0x03: /* STILL_IMAGE_FRAME */
		printf("(STILL_IMAGE_FRAME)\n");
		n = buf[4];
		m = buf[5+4*n];
		if (buf[0] < 6+4*n+m)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bEndpointAddress                 0x%02x  EP %u %s\n"
		       "        bNumImageSizePatterns             %3u\n",
		       buf[3], buf[3] & 0x0f, (buf[3] & 0x80) ? "IN" : "OUT", n);
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
			printf("        wWidth(%2u)                      %5u\n"
			       "        wHeight(%2u)                     %5u\n",
			       i, buf[5+4*i] | (buf[6+4*i] << 8),
			       i, buf[7+4*i] | (buf[8+4*i] << 8));
		printf("        bNumCompressionPatterns           %3u\n", m);
		for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
			printf("        bCompression(%2u)                %5u\n",
			       i, buf[6+4*n+i]);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 6+4*n+m);
		break;

	case 0x04: /* FORMAT_UNCOMPRESSED */
	case 0x10: /* FORMAT_FRAME_BASED */
		if (buf[2] == 0x04) {
			printf("(FORMAT_UNCOMPRESSED)\n");
			len = 27;
		} else {
			printf("(FORMAT_FRAME_BASED)\n");
			len = 28;
		}
		if (buf[0] < len)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		flags = buf[25];
		printf("        bFormatIndex                    %5u\n"
		       "        bNumFrameDescriptors            %5u\n"
		       "        guidFormat                            %s\n"
		       "        bBitsPerPixel                   %5u\n"
		       "        bDefaultFrameIndex              %5u\n"
		       "        bAspectRatioX                   %5u\n"
		       "        bAspectRatioY                   %5u\n"
		       "        bmInterlaceFlags                 0x%02x\n",
		       buf[3], buf[4], get_guid(&buf[5]), buf[21], buf[22],
		       buf[23], buf[24], flags);
		printf("          Interlaced stream or variable: %s\n",
		       (flags & (1 << 0)) ? "Yes" : "No");
		printf("          Fields per frame: %u fields\n",
		       (flags & (1 << 1)) ? 1 : 2);
		printf("          Field 1 first: %s\n",
		       (flags & (1 << 2)) ? "Yes" : "No");
		printf("          Field pattern: ");
		switch ((flags >> 4) & 0x03) {
		case 0:
			printf("Field 1 only\n");
			break;
		case 1:
			printf("Field 2 only\n");
			break;
		case 2:
			printf("Regular pattern of fields 1 and 2\n");
			break;
		case 3:
			printf("Random pattern of fields 1 and 2\n");
			break;
		}
		printf("        bCopyProtect                    %5u\n", buf[26]);
		if (buf[2] == 0x10)
			printf("        bVariableSize                 %5u\n", buf[27]);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", len);
		break;

	case 0x05: /* FRAME UNCOMPRESSED */
	case 0x07: /* FRAME_MJPEG */
	case 0x11: /* FRAME_FRAME_BASED */
		if (buf[2] == 0x05) {
			printf("(FRAME_UNCOMPRESSED)\n");
			n = 25;
		} else if (buf[2] == 0x07) {
			printf("(FRAME_MJPEG)\n");
			n = 25;
		} else {
			printf("(FRAME_FRAME_BASED)\n");
			n = 21;
		}
		len = (buf[n] != 0) ? (26+buf[n]*4) : 38;
		if (buf[0] < len)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		flags = buf[4];
		printf("        bFrameIndex                     %5u\n"
		       "        bmCapabilities                   0x%02x\n",
		       buf[3], flags);
		printf("          Still image %ssupported\n",
		       (flags & (1 << 0)) ? "" : "un");
		if (flags & (1 << 1))
			printf("          Fixed frame-rate\n");
		printf("        wWidth                          %5u\n"
		       "        wHeight                         %5u\n"
		       "        dwMinBitRate                %9u\n"
		       "        dwMaxBitRate                %9u\n",
		       buf[5] | (buf[6] <<  8), buf[7] | (buf[8] << 8),
		       buf[9] | (buf[10] << 8) | (buf[11] << 16) | (buf[12] << 24),
		       buf[13] | (buf[14] << 8) | (buf[15] << 16) | (buf[16] << 24));
		if (buf[2] == 0x11)
			printf("        dwDefaultFrameInterval      %9u\n"
			       "        bFrameIntervalType              %5u\n"
			       "        dwBytesPerLine              %9u\n",
			       buf[17] | (buf[18] << 8) | (buf[19] << 16) | (buf[20] << 24),
			       buf[21],
			       buf[22] | (buf[23] << 8) | (buf[24] << 16) | (buf[25] << 24));
		else
			printf("        dwMaxVideoFrameBufferSize   %9u\n"
			       "        dwDefaultFrameInterval      %9u\n"
			       "        bFrameIntervalType              %5u\n",
			       buf[17] | (buf[18] << 8) | (buf[19] << 16) | (buf[20] << 24),
			       buf[21] | (buf[22] << 8) | (buf[23] << 16) | (buf[24] << 24),
			       buf[25]);
		if (buf[n] == 0)
			printf("        dwMinFrameInterval          %9u\n"
			       "        dwMaxFrameInterval          %9u\n"
			       "        dwFrameIntervalStep         %9u\n",
			       buf[26] | (buf[27] << 8) | (buf[28] << 16) | (buf[29] << 24),
			       buf[30] | (buf[31] << 8) | (buf[32] << 16) | (buf[33] << 24),
			       buf[34] | (buf[35] << 8) | (buf[36] << 16) | (buf[37] << 24));
		else
			for (i = 0; i < buf[n]; i++)
				printf("        dwFrameInterval(%2u)         %9u\n",
				       i, buf[26+4*i] | (buf[27+4*i] << 8) |
				       (buf[28+4*i] << 16) | (buf[29+4*i] << 24));
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", len);
		break;

	case 0x06: /* FORMAT_MJPEG */
		printf("(FORMAT_MJPEG)\n");
		if (buf[0] < 11)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		flags = buf[5];
		printf("        bFormatIndex                    %5u\n"
		       "        bNumFrameDescriptors            %5u\n"
		       "        bFlags                          %5u\n",
		       buf[3], buf[4], flags);
		printf("          Fixed-size samples: %s\n",
		       (flags & (1 << 0)) ? "Yes" : "No");
		flags = buf[9];
		printf("        bDefaultFrameIndex              %5u\n"
		       "        bAspectRatioX                   %5u\n"
		       "        bAspectRatioY                   %5u\n"
		       "        bmInterlaceFlags                 0x%02x\n",
		       buf[6], buf[7], buf[8], flags);
		printf("          Interlaced stream or variable: %s\n",
		       (flags & (1 << 0)) ? "Yes" : "No");
		printf("          Fields per frame: %u fields\n",
		       (flags & (1 << 1)) ? 2 : 1);
		printf("          Field 1 first: %s\n",
		       (flags & (1 << 2)) ? "Yes" : "No");
		printf("          Field pattern: ");
		switch ((flags >> 4) & 0x03) {
		case 0:
			printf("Field 1 only\n");
			break;
		case 1:
			printf("Field 2 only\n");
			break;
		case 2:
			printf("Regular pattern of fields 1 and 2\n");
			break;
		case 3:
			printf("Random pattern of fields 1 and 2\n");
			break;
		}
		printf("        bCopyProtect                    %5u\n", buf[10]);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 11);
		break;

	case 0x0a: /* FORMAT_MPEG2TS */
		printf("(FORMAT_MPEG2TS)\n");
		len = buf[0] < 23 ? 7 : 23;
		if (buf[0] < len)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bFormatIndex                    %5u\n"
		       "        bDataOffset                     %5u\n"
		       "        bPacketLength                   %5u\n"
		       "        bStrideLength                   %5u\n",
		       buf[3], buf[4], buf[5], buf[6]);
		if (len > 7)
			printf("        guidStrideFormat                      %s\n",
			       get_guid(&buf[7]));
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", len);
		break;

	case 0x0d: /* COLORFORMAT */
		printf("(COLORFORMAT)\n");
		if (buf[0] < 6)
			printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		printf("        bColorPrimaries                 %5u (%s)\n",
		       buf[3], (buf[3] <= 5) ? colorPrims[buf[3]] : "Unknown");
		printf("        bTransferCharacteristics        %5u (%s)\n",
		       buf[4], (buf[4] <= 7) ? transferChars[buf[4]] : "Unknown");
		printf("        bMatrixCoefficients             %5u (%s)\n",
		       buf[5], (buf[5] <= 5) ? matrixCoeffs[buf[5]] : "Unknown");
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 6);
		break;

	case 0x12: /* FORMAT_STREAM_BASED */
		printf("(FORMAT_STREAM_BASED)\n");
		if (buf[0] != 24)
			printf("      Warning: Incorrect descriptor length\n");

		printf("        bFormatIndex                    %5u\n"
		       "        guidFormat                            %s\n"
		       "        dwPacketLength                %7u\n",
		       buf[3], get_guid(&buf[4]), buf[20]);
		dump_junk(buf, "        ", 24);
		break;

	default:
		printf("        Invalid desc subtype:");
		dump_bytes(buf+3, buf[0]-3);
		break;
	}
}

static void dump_dfu_interface(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	if (buf[1] != USB_DT_CS_DEVICE)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");
	else if (buf[0] < 7)
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
	printf("      Device Firmware Upgrade Interface Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength                         %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType                 %5u\n"
	       "        bmAttributes                    %5u\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2]);
	if (buf[2] & 0xf0)
		printf("          (unknown attributes!)\n");
	printf("          Will %sDetach\n", (buf[2] & 0x08) ? "" : "Not ");
	printf("          Manifestation %s\n", (buf[2] & 0x04) ? "Tolerant" : "Intolerant");
	printf("          Upload %s\n", (buf[2] & 0x02) ? "Supported" : "Unsupported");
	printf("          Download %s\n", (buf[2] & 0x01) ? "Supported" : "Unsupported");
	printf("        wDetachTimeout                  %5u milliseconds\n"
	       "        wTransferSize                   %5u bytes\n",
	       buf[3] | (buf[4] << 8), buf[5] | (buf[6] << 8));

	/* DFU 1.0 defines no version code, DFU 1.1 does */
	if (buf[0] < 9)
		return;
	printf("        bcdDFUVersion                   %x.%02x\n",
			buf[8], buf[7]);
}

static void dump_hub(const char *prefix, const unsigned char *p, int tt_type)
{
	unsigned int l, i, j;
	unsigned int offset;
	unsigned int wHubChar = (p[4] << 8) | p[3];

	printf("%sHub Descriptor:\n", prefix);
	printf("%s  bLength             %3u\n", prefix, p[0]);
	printf("%s  bDescriptorType     %3u\n", prefix, p[1]);
	printf("%s  nNbrPorts           %3u\n", prefix, p[2]);
	printf("%s  wHubCharacteristic 0x%04x\n", prefix, wHubChar);
	switch (wHubChar & 0x03) {
	case 0:
		printf("%s    Ganged power switching\n", prefix);
		break;
	case 1:
		printf("%s    Per-port power switching\n", prefix);
		break;
	default:
		printf("%s    No power switching (usb 1.0)\n", prefix);
		break;
	}
	if (wHubChar & 0x04)
		printf("%s    Compound device\n", prefix);
	switch ((wHubChar >> 3) & 0x03) {
	case 0:
		printf("%s    Ganged overcurrent protection\n", prefix);
		break;
	case 1:
		printf("%s    Per-port overcurrent protection\n", prefix);
		break;
	default:
		printf("%s    No overcurrent protection\n", prefix);
		break;
	}
	/* USB 3.0 hubs don't have TTs. */
	if (tt_type >= 1 && tt_type < 3) {
		l = (wHubChar >> 5) & 0x03;
		printf("%s    TT think time %d FS bits\n", prefix, (l + 1) * 8);
	}
	/* USB 3.0 hubs don't have port indicators.  Sad face. */
	if (tt_type != 3 && wHubChar & (1<<7))
		printf("%s    Port indicators\n", prefix);
	printf("%s  bPwrOn2PwrGood      %3u * 2 milli seconds\n", prefix, p[5]);

	/* USB 3.0 hubs report current in units of aCurrentUnit, or 4 mA */
	if (tt_type == 3)
		printf("%s  bHubContrCurrent   %4u milli Ampere\n",
				prefix, p[6]*4);
	else
		printf("%s  bHubContrCurrent    %3u milli Ampere\n",
				prefix, p[6]);

	if (tt_type == 3) {
		printf("%s  bHubDecLat          0.%1u micro seconds\n",
				prefix, p[7]);
		printf("%s  wHubDelay          %4u nano seconds\n",
				prefix, (p[8] << 4) +(p[7]));
		offset = 10;
	} else {
		offset = 7;
	}

	l = (p[2] >> 3) + 1; /* this determines the variable number of bytes following */
	if (l > HUB_STATUS_BYTELEN)
		l = HUB_STATUS_BYTELEN;
	printf("%s  DeviceRemovable   ", prefix);
	for (i = 0; i < l; i++)
		printf(" 0x%02x", p[offset+i]);

	if (tt_type != 3) {
		printf("\n%s  PortPwrCtrlMask   ", prefix);
		for (j = 0; j < l; j++)
			printf(" 0x%02x", p[offset+i+j]);
	}
	printf("\n");
}

static void dump_ccid_device(const unsigned char *buf)
{
	unsigned int us;

	if (buf[0] < 54) {
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
		return;
	}
	printf("      ChipCard Interface Descriptor:\n"
	       "        bLength             %5u\n"
	       "        bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "        bcdCCID             %2x.%02x",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[3], buf[2]);
	if (buf[3] != 1 || (buf[2] != 0 && buf[2] != 0x10))
		fputs("  (Warning: Only accurate for version 1.0/1.1)", stdout);
	putchar('\n');

	printf("        nMaxSlotIndex       %5u\n"
		"        bVoltageSupport     %5u  %s%s%s\n",
		buf[4],
		buf[5],
	       (buf[5] & 1) ? "5.0V " : "",
	       (buf[5] & 2) ? "3.0V " : "",
	       (buf[5] & 4) ? "1.8V " : "");

	us = convert_le_u32 (buf+6);
	printf("        dwProtocols         %5u ", us);
	if ((us & 1))
		fputs(" T=0", stdout);
	if ((us & 2))
		fputs(" T=1", stdout);
	if ((us & ~3))
		fputs(" (Invalid values detected)", stdout);
	putchar('\n');

	us = convert_le_u32(buf+10);
	printf("        dwDefaultClock      %5u\n", us);
	us = convert_le_u32(buf+14);
	printf("        dwMaxiumumClock     %5u\n", us);
	printf("        bNumClockSupported  %5u\n", buf[18]);
	us = convert_le_u32(buf+19);
	printf("        dwDataRate        %7u bps\n", us);
	us = convert_le_u32(buf+23);
	printf("        dwMaxDataRate     %7u bps\n", us);
	printf("        bNumDataRatesSupp.  %5u\n", buf[27]);

	us = convert_le_u32(buf+28);
	printf("        dwMaxIFSD           %5u\n", us);

	us = convert_le_u32(buf+32);
	printf("        dwSyncProtocols  %08X ", us);
	if ((us&1))
		fputs(" 2-wire", stdout);
	if ((us&2))
		fputs(" 3-wire", stdout);
	if ((us&4))
		fputs(" I2C", stdout);
	putchar('\n');

	us = convert_le_u32(buf+36);
	printf("        dwMechanical     %08X ", us);
	if ((us & 1))
		fputs(" accept", stdout);
	if ((us & 2))
		fputs(" eject", stdout);
	if ((us & 4))
		fputs(" capture", stdout);
	if ((us & 8))
		fputs(" lock", stdout);
	putchar('\n');

	us = convert_le_u32(buf+40);
	printf("        dwFeatures       %08X\n", us);
	if ((us & 0x0002))
		fputs("          Auto configuration based on ATR\n", stdout);
	if ((us & 0x0004))
		fputs("          Auto activation on insert\n", stdout);
	if ((us & 0x0008))
		fputs("          Auto voltage selection\n", stdout);
	if ((us & 0x0010))
		fputs("          Auto clock change\n", stdout);
	if ((us & 0x0020))
		fputs("          Auto baud rate change\n", stdout);
	if ((us & (0x0040 | 0x0080)) == 0x0040)
		fputs("          Auto parameter negotiation made by CCID\n", stdout);
	else if ((us & (0x0040 | 0x0080)) == 0x0080)
		fputs("          Auto PPS made by CCID\n", stdout);
	else if ((us & (0x0040 | 0x0080)))
		fputs("        WARNING: conflicting negotiation features\n", stdout);

	if ((us & 0x0100))
		fputs("          CCID can set ICC in clock stop mode\n", stdout);
	if ((us & 0x0200))
		fputs("          NAD value other than 0x00 accepted (T=1)\n", stdout);
	if ((us & 0x0400))
		fputs("          Auto IFSD exchange (T=1)\n", stdout);

	if ((us & 0x00070000) == 0)
		fputs("          Character level exchange\n", stdout);
	else if ((us & 0x00070000) == 0x00010000)
		fputs("          TPDU level exchange\n", stdout);
	else if ((us & 0x00070000) == 0x00020000)
		fputs("          Short APDU level exchange\n", stdout);
	else if ((us & 0x00070000) == 0x00040000)
		fputs("          Short and extended APDU level exchange\n", stdout);
	else if ((us & 0x00070000))
		fputs("        WARNING: conflicting exchange levels\n", stdout);

	if ((us & 0x00100000))
		fputs("          USB wakeup on ICC insertion and removal\n", stdout);

	us = convert_le_u32(buf+44);
	printf("        dwMaxCCIDMsgLen     %5u\n", us);

	printf("        bClassGetResponse    ");
	if (buf[48] == 0xff)
		fputs("echo\n", stdout);
	else
		printf("  %02X\n", buf[48]);

	printf("        bClassEnvelope       ");
	if (buf[49] == 0xff)
		fputs("echo\n", stdout);
	else
		printf("  %02X\n", buf[48]);

	printf("        wlcdLayout           ");
	if (!buf[50] && !buf[51])
		fputs("none\n", stdout);
	else
		printf("%u cols %u lines\n", buf[50], buf[51]);

	printf("        bPINSupport         %5u ", buf[52]);
	if ((buf[52] & 1))
		fputs(" verification", stdout);
	if ((buf[52] & 2))
		fputs(" modification", stdout);
	putchar('\n');

	printf("        bMaxCCIDBusySlots   %5u\n", buf[53]);

	if (buf[0] > 54) {
		fputs("        junk             ", stdout);
		dump_bytes(buf+54, buf[0]-54);
	}
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */

/*
 * HID descriptor
 */

static void dump_report_desc(unsigned char *b, int l)
{
	unsigned int j, bsize, btag, btype, data = 0xffff, hut = 0xffff;
	int i;
	static const char * const types[4] = { "Main", "Global", "Local", "reserved" };
	static const char indent[] = "                            ";

	printf("          Report Descriptor: (length is %d)\n", l);
	for (i = 0; i < l; ) {
		bsize = b[i] & 0x03;
		if (bsize == 3)
			bsize = 4;
		btype = b[i] & (0x03 << 2);
		btag = b[i] & ~0x03; /* 2 LSB bits encode length */
		printf("            Item(%-6s): %s, data=", types[btype>>2],
				names_reporttag(btag));
		if (bsize > 0) {
			printf(" [ ");
			data = 0;
			for (j = 0; j < bsize; j++) {
				printf("0x%02x ", b[i+1+j]);
				data += (b[i+1+j] << (8*j));
			}
			printf("] %d", data);
		} else
			printf("none");
		printf("\n");
		switch (btag) {
		case 0x04: /* Usage Page */
			printf("%s%s\n", indent, names_huts(data));
			hut = data;
			break;

		case 0x08: /* Usage */
		case 0x18: /* Usage Minimum */
		case 0x28: /* Usage Maximum */
			printf("%s%s\n", indent,
			       names_hutus((hut << 16) + data));
			break;

		case 0x54: /* Unit Exponent */
			printf("%sUnit Exponent: %i\n", indent,
			       (signed char)data);
			break;

		case 0x64: /* Unit */
			printf("%s", indent);
			dump_unit(data, bsize);
			break;

		case 0xa0: /* Collection */
			printf("%s", indent);
			switch (data) {
			case 0x00:
				printf("Physical\n");
				break;

			case 0x01:
				printf("Application\n");
				break;

			case 0x02:
				printf("Logical\n");
				break;

			case 0x03:
				printf("Report\n");
				break;

			case 0x04:
				printf("Named Array\n");
				break;

			case 0x05:
				printf("Usage Switch\n");
				break;

			case 0x06:
				printf("Usage Modifier\n");
				break;

			default:
				if (data & 0x80)
					printf("Vendor defined\n");
				else
					printf("Reserved for future use.\n");
			}
			break;
		case 0x80: /* Input */
		case 0x90: /* Output */
		case 0xb0: /* Feature */
			printf("%s%s %s %s %s %s\n%s%s %s %s %s\n",
			       indent,
			       data & 0x01 ? "Constant" : "Data",
			       data & 0x02 ? "Variable" : "Array",
			       data & 0x04 ? "Relative" : "Absolute",
			       data & 0x08 ? "Wrap" : "No_Wrap",
			       data & 0x10 ? "Non_Linear" : "Linear",
			       indent,
			       data & 0x20 ? "No_Preferred_State" : "Preferred_State",
			       data & 0x40 ? "Null_State" : "No_Null_Position",
			       data & 0x80 ? "Volatile" : "Non_Volatile",
			       data & 0x100 ? "Buffered Bytes" : "Bitfield");
			break;
		}
		i += 1 + bsize;
	}
}

static void dump_printer_device(libusb_device_handle *dev,
				const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *interface,
				const unsigned char *buf)
{
	unsigned int i;
	unsigned int n;

	if (interface->bInterfaceProtocol != 0x04)  /* IPP-over-USB */
		return;

	printf("        IPP Printer Descriptor:\n"
	       "          bLength             %5u\n"
	       "          bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "          bcdReleaseNumber    %5u\n"
	       "          bcdNumDescriptors   %5u\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3]);

	n = 4;
	for (i = 0 ; i < buf[3] ; i++) {
		switch (buf[n]) {
		case 0x00: {  /* Basic capabilities */
			uint16_t caps = le16_to_cpu(*((uint16_t*)&buf[n+2]));
			char *uuid = get_dev_string(dev, buf[n+5]);

			printf("            iIPPVersionsSupported %5u\n", buf[n+4]);
			printf("            iIPPPrinterUUID       %5u %s\n", buf[n+5], uuid);
			printf("            wBasicCapabilities   0x%04x ", caps);
			if (caps & 0x01)
				printf(" Print");
			if (caps & 0x02)
				printf(" Scan");
			if (caps & 0x04)
				printf(" Fax");
			if (caps & 0x08)
				printf(" Other");
			if (caps & 0x10)
				printf(" HTTP-over-USB");
			if ((caps & 0x60) == 0x00)
				printf(" No-Auth");
			else if ((caps & 0x60) == 0x20)
				printf(" Username-Auth");
			else if ((caps & 0x60) == 0x40)
				printf(" Reserved-Auth");
			else if ((caps & 0x60) == 0x60)
				printf(" Negotiable-Auth");
			printf("\n");
			free(uuid);
			break;
		}
		default:
			/* Vendor Specific, Ignore for now. */
			printf("            UnknownCapabilities   %5u %5u\n", buf[n], buf[n+1]);
			break;
		}
		n += 2 + buf[n+1];
	}
}

static void dump_hid_device(libusb_device_handle *dev,
			    const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *interface,
			    const unsigned char *buf)
{
	int i, len;
	unsigned char dbuf[8192];

	if (buf[1] != LIBUSB_DT_HID)
		printf("      Warning: Invalid descriptor\n");
	else if (buf[0] < 6+3*buf[5])
		printf("      Warning: Descriptor too short\n");
	printf("        HID Device Descriptor:\n"
	       "          bLength             %5u\n"
	       "          bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "          bcdHID              %2x.%02x\n"
	       "          bCountryCode        %5u %s\n"
	       "          bNumDescriptors     %5u\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1], buf[3], buf[2], buf[4],
	       names_countrycode(buf[4]) ? : "Unknown", buf[5]);
	for (i = 0; i < buf[5]; i++)
		printf("          bDescriptorType     %5u %s\n"
		       "          wDescriptorLength   %5u\n",
		       buf[6+3*i], names_hid(buf[6+3*i]),
		       buf[7+3*i] | (buf[8+3*i] << 8));
	dump_junk(buf, "        ", 6+3*buf[5]);
	if (!do_report_desc)
		return;

	if (!dev) {
		printf("          Report Descriptors: \n"
		       "            ** UNAVAILABLE **\n");
		return;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < buf[5]; i++) {
		/* we are just interested in report descriptors*/
		if (buf[6+3*i] != LIBUSB_DT_REPORT)
			continue;
		len = buf[7+3*i] | (buf[8+3*i] << 8);
		if (len > (int)sizeof(dbuf)) {
			printf("report descriptor too long\n");
			continue;
		}
		if (libusb_claim_interface(dev, interface->bInterfaceNumber) == 0) {
			int retries = 4;
			int n = 0;
			while (n < len && retries--)
				n = usb_control_msg(dev,
					 LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_STANDARD
						| LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_INTERFACE,
					 LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_DESCRIPTOR,
					 (LIBUSB_DT_REPORT << 8),
					 interface->bInterfaceNumber,
					 dbuf, len,
					 CTRL_TIMEOUT);

			if (n > 0) {
				if (n < len)
					printf("          Warning: incomplete report descriptor\n");
				dump_report_desc(dbuf, n);
			} else {
				printf("          Warning: can't get report descriptor, %s\n",
						  libusb_error_name(n));
			}
			libusb_release_interface(dev, interface->bInterfaceNumber);
		} else {
			/* recent Linuxes require claim() for RECIP_INTERFACE,
			 * so "rmmod hid" will often make these available.
			 */
			printf("          Report Descriptors: \n"
			       "            ** UNAVAILABLE **\n");
		}
	}
}

static void
dump_comm_descriptor(libusb_device_handle *dev, const unsigned char *buf, const char *indent)
{
	int		tmp;
	char		*str = NULL;
	const char	*type;

	switch (buf[2]) {
	case 0:
		type = "Header";
		if (buf[0] != 5)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC Header:\n"
		       "%s  bcdCDC               %x.%02x\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[4], buf[3]);
		break;
	case 0x01:		/* call management functional desc */
		type = "Call Management";
		if (buf[0] != 5)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC Call Management:\n"
		       "%s  bmCapabilities       0x%02x\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[3]);
		if (buf[3] & 0x01)
			printf("%s    call management\n", indent);
		if (buf[3] & 0x02)
			printf("%s    use DataInterface\n", indent);
		printf("%s  bDataInterface          %d\n", indent, buf[4]);
		break;
	case 0x02:		/* acm functional desc */
		type = "ACM";
		if (buf[0] != 4)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC ACM:\n"
		       "%s  bmCapabilities       0x%02x\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[3]);
		if (buf[3] & 0x08)
			printf("%s    connection notifications\n", indent);
		if (buf[3] & 0x04)
			printf("%s    sends break\n", indent);
		if (buf[3] & 0x02)
			printf("%s    line coding and serial state\n", indent);
		if (buf[3] & 0x01)
			printf("%s    get/set/clear comm features\n", indent);
		break;
#if 0
	case 0x03:		/* direct line management */
	case 0x04:		/* telephone ringer */
	case 0x05:		/* telephone call and line state reporting */
#endif
	case 0x06:		/* union desc */
		type = "Union";
		if (buf[0] < 5)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC Union:\n"
		       "%s  bMasterInterface        %d\n"
		       "%s  bSlaveInterface         ",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[3],
		       indent);
		for (tmp = 4; tmp < buf[0]; tmp++)
			printf("%d ", buf[tmp]);
		printf("\n");
		break;
	case 0x07:		/* country selection functional desc */
		type = "Country Selection";
		if (buf[0] < 6 || (buf[0] & 1) != 0)
			goto bad;
		str = get_dev_string(dev, buf[3]);
		printf("%sCountry Selection:\n"
		       "%s  iCountryCodeRelDate     %4d %s\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[3], (buf[3] && *str) ? str : "(?\?)");
		for (tmp = 4; tmp < buf[0]; tmp += 2) {
			printf("%s  wCountryCode          0x%02x%02x\n",
				indent, buf[tmp], buf[tmp + 1]);
		}
		break;
	case 0x08:		/* telephone operational modes */
		type = "Telephone Operations";
		if (buf[0] != 4)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC Telephone operations:\n"
		       "%s  bmCapabilities       0x%02x\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[3]);
		if (buf[3] & 0x04)
			printf("%s    computer centric mode\n", indent);
		if (buf[3] & 0x02)
			printf("%s    standalone mode\n", indent);
		if (buf[3] & 0x01)
			printf("%s    simple mode\n", indent);
		break;
#if 0
	case 0x09:		/* USB terminal */
#endif
	case 0x0a:		/* network channel terminal */
		type = "Network Channel Terminal";
		if (buf[0] != 7)
			goto bad;
		str = get_dev_string(dev, buf[4]);
		printf("%sNetwork Channel Terminal:\n"
		       "%s  bEntityId               %3d\n"
		       "%s  iName                   %3d %s\n"
		       "%s  bChannelIndex           %3d\n"
		       "%s  bPhysicalInterface      %3d\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[3],
		       indent, buf[4], str,
		       indent, buf[5],
		       indent, buf[6]);
		break;
#if 0
	case 0x0b:		/* protocol unit */
	case 0x0c:		/* extension unit */
	case 0x0d:		/* multi-channel management */
	case 0x0e:		/* CAPI control management*/
#endif
	case 0x0f:		/* ethernet functional desc */
		type = "Ethernet";
		if (buf[0] != 13)
			goto bad;
		str = get_dev_string(dev, buf[3]);
		tmp = buf[7] << 8;
		tmp |= buf[6]; tmp <<= 8;
		tmp |= buf[5]; tmp <<= 8;
		tmp |= buf[4];
		printf("%sCDC Ethernet:\n"
		       "%s  iMacAddress             %10d %s\n"
		       "%s  bmEthernetStatistics    0x%08x\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[3], (buf[3] && *str) ? str : "(?\?)",
		       indent, tmp);
		/* TODO
		 * Translate all 28 bits of bmEthernetStatistics into something "real"  Here's the bitfields if someone
		 * wants to do this in the future.  As specified in the USB CDC ECM Subclass document, version 1.2,
		 * table 4:
		 * D00	XMIT_OK			Frames transmitted without errors
		 * D01	RVC_OK			Frames received without errors
		 * D02	XMIT_ERROR		Frames not transmitted, or transmitted with errors
		 * D03	RCV_ERROR		Frames received with errors that are not delivered to the USB host.
		 * D04	RCV_NO_BUFFER		Frame missed, no buffers
		 * D05	DIRECTED_BYTES_XMIT	Directed bytes transmitted without errors
		 * D06	DIRECTED_FRAMES_XMIT	Directed frames transmitted without errors
		 * D07	MULTICAST_BYTES_XMIT	Multicast bytes transmitted without errors
		 * D08	MULTICAST_FRAMES_XMIT	Multicast frames transmitted without errors
		 * D09	BROADCAST_BYTES_XMIT	Broadcast bytes transmitted without errors
		 * D10	BROADCAST_FRAMES_XMIT	Broadcast frames transmitted without errors
		 * D11	DIRECTED_BYTES_RCV	Directed bytes received without errors
		 * D12	DIRECTED_FRAMES_RCV	Directed frames received without errors
		 * D13	MULTICAST_BYTES_RCV	Multicast bytes received without errors
		 * D14	MULTICAST_FRAMES_RCV	Multicast frames received without errors
		 * D15	BROADCAST_BYTES_RCV	Broadcast bytes received without errors
		 * D16	BROADCAST_FRAMES_RCV	Broadcast frames received without errors
		 * D17	RCV_CRC_ERROR		Frames received with circular redundancy check (CRC) or frame check sequence (FCS) error
		 * D18	TRANSMIT_QUEUE_LENGTH	Length of transmit queue
		 * D19	RCV_ERROR_ALIGNMENT	Frames received with alignment error
		 * D20	XMIT_ONE_COLLISION	Frames transmitted with one collision
		 * D21	XMIT_MORE_COLLISIONS	Frames transmitted with more than one collision
		 * D22	XMIT_DEFERRED		Frames transmitted after deferral
		 * D23	XMIT_MAX_COLLISIONS	Frames not transmitted due to collisions
		 * D24	RCV_OVERRUN		Frames not received due to overrun
		 * D25	XMIT_UNDERRUN		Frames not transmitted due to underrun
		 * D26	XMIT_HEARTBEAT_FAILURE	Frames transmitted with heartbeat failure
		 * D27	XMIT_TIMES_CRS_LOST	Times carrier sense signal lost during transmission
		 * D28	XMIT_LATE_COLLISIONS	Late collisions detected
		 * D29-D31 Reserved		Must be set to 0
		 */
		printf("%s  wMaxSegmentSize         %10d\n"
		       "%s  wNumberMCFilters            0x%04x\n"
		       "%s  bNumberPowerFilters     %10d\n",
		       indent, (buf[9]<<8)|buf[8],
		       indent, (buf[11]<<8)|buf[10],
		       indent, buf[12]);
		break;
#if 0
	case 0x10:		/* ATM networking */
#endif
	case 0x11:		/* WHCM functional desc */
		type = "WHCM version";
		if (buf[0] != 5)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC WHCM:\n"
		       "%s  bcdVersion           %x.%02x\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[4], buf[3]);
		break;
	case 0x12:		/* MDLM functional desc */
		type = "MDLM";
		if (buf[0] != 21)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC MDLM:\n"
		       "%s  bcdCDC               %x.%02x\n"
		       "%s  bGUID               %s\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[4], buf[3],
		       indent, get_guid(buf + 5));
		break;
	case 0x13:		/* MDLM detail desc */
		type = "MDLM detail";
		if (buf[0] < 5)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC MDLM detail:\n"
		       "%s  bGuidDescriptorType  %02x\n"
		       "%s  bDetailData         ",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[3],
		       indent);
		dump_bytes(buf + 4, buf[0] - 4);
		break;
	case 0x14:		/* device management functional desc */
		type = "Device Management";
		if (buf[0] != 7)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC Device Management:\n"
		       "%s  bcdVersion           %x.%02x\n"
		       "%s  wMaxCommand          %d\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[4], buf[3],
		       indent, (buf[6] << 8) | buf[5]);
		break;
	case 0x15:		/* OBEX functional desc */
		type = "OBEX";
		if (buf[0] != 5)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC OBEX:\n"
		       "%s  bcdVersion           %x.%02x\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[4], buf[3]);
		break;
	case 0x16:		/* command set functional desc */
		type = "Command Set";
		if (buf[0] != 22)
			goto bad;
		str = get_dev_string(dev, buf[5]);
		printf("%sCDC Command Set:\n"
		       "%s  bcdVersion           %x.%02x\n"
		       "%s  iCommandSet          %4d %s\n"
		       "%s  bGUID                %s\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[4], buf[3],
		       indent, buf[5], (buf[5] && *str) ? str : "(?\?)",
		       indent, get_guid(buf + 6));
		break;
#if 0
	case 0x17:		/* command set detail desc */
	case 0x18:		/* telephone control model functional desc */
#endif
	case 0x1a:		/* NCM functional desc */
		type = "NCM";
		if (buf[0] != 6)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC NCM:\n"
		       "%s  bcdNcmVersion        %x.%02x\n"
		       "%s  bmNetworkCapabilities 0x%02x\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[4], buf[3],
		       indent, buf[5]);
		if (buf[5] & 1<<5)
			printf("%s    8-byte ntb input size\n", indent);
		if (buf[5] & 1<<4)
			printf("%s    crc mode\n", indent);
		if (buf[5] & 1<<3)
			printf("%s    max datagram size\n", indent);
		if (buf[5] & 1<<2)
			printf("%s    encapsulated commands\n", indent);
		if (buf[5] & 1<<1)
			printf("%s    net address\n", indent);
		if (buf[5] & 1<<0)
			printf("%s    packet filter\n", indent);
		break;
	case 0x1b:		/* MBIM functional desc */
		type = "MBIM";
		if (buf[0] != 12)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC MBIM:\n"
		       "%s  bcdMBIMVersion       %x.%02x\n"
		       "%s  wMaxControlMessage   %d\n"
		       "%s  bNumberFilters       %d\n"
		       "%s  bMaxFilterSize       %d\n"
		       "%s  wMaxSegmentSize      %d\n"
		       "%s  bmNetworkCapabilities 0x%02x\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[4], buf[3],
		       indent, (buf[6] << 8) | buf[5],
		       indent, buf[7],
		       indent, buf[8],
		       indent, (buf[10] << 8) | buf[9],
		       indent, buf[11]);
		if (buf[11] & 0x20)
			printf("%s    8-byte ntb input size\n", indent);
		if (buf[11] & 0x08)
			printf("%s    max datagram size\n", indent);
		break;
	case 0x1c:		/* MBIM extended functional desc */
		type = "MBIM Extended";
		if (buf[0] != 8)
			goto bad;
		printf("%sCDC MBIM Extended:\n"
		       "%s  bcdMBIMExtendedVersion          %2x.%02x\n"
		       "%s  bMaxOutstandingCommandMessages    %3d\n"
		       "%s  wMTU                            %5d\n",
		       indent,
		       indent, buf[4], buf[3],
		       indent, buf[5],
		       indent, buf[6] | (buf[7] << 8));
		break;
	default:
		/*
		 * There are about a dozen more descriptor types, if anyone has
		 * a device with them in it, we'll add them here in the future
		 * if * really needed.
		 */
		printf("%sUNRECOGNIZED CDC: ", indent);
		dump_bytes(buf, buf[0]);
		return;
	}

	free(str);

	return;

bad:
	printf("%sINVALID CDC (%s): ", indent, type);
	dump_bytes(buf, buf[0]);
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */

static void do_hub(libusb_device_handle *fd, unsigned tt_type, unsigned speed,
		   bool has_ssp)
{
	unsigned char buf[7 /* base descriptor */
			+ 2 /* bitmasks */ * HUB_STATUS_BYTELEN];
	int i, ret, value;
	unsigned int link_state;
	static const char * const link_state_descriptions[] = {
		"U0",
		"U1",
		"U2",
		"suspend",
		"SS.disabled",
		"Rx.Detect",
		"SS.Inactive",
		"Polling",
		"Recovery",
		"Hot Reset",
		"Compliance",
		"Loopback",
	};
	bool is_ext_status = tt_type == 3 && speed >= 0x0310 && has_ssp;

	/* USB 3.x hubs have a slightly different descriptor */
	if (speed >= 0x0300)
		value = 0x2A;
	else
		value = 0x29;

	ret = usb_control_msg(fd,
			LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_CLASS | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
			LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_DESCRIPTOR,
			value << 8, 0,
			buf, sizeof buf, CTRL_TIMEOUT);
	if (ret < 0) {
		/* Linux returns EHOSTUNREACH for suspended devices */
		if (errno != EHOSTUNREACH)
			fprintf(stderr, "can't get hub descriptor, %s (%s)\n",
				libusb_error_name(ret), strerror(errno));
		return;
	}
	if (ret < 9 /* at least one port's bitmasks */) {
		fprintf(stderr,
			"incomplete hub descriptor, %d bytes\n",
			ret);
		return;
	}
	dump_hub("", buf, tt_type);

	printf(" Hub Port Status:\n");
	for (i = 0; i < buf[2]; i++) {
		unsigned char status[8];

		/* Request EXT_PORT_STATUS for USB 3.1 SuperSpeedPlus hubs,
		   PORT_STATUS otherwise */
		ret = usb_control_msg(fd,
				LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_CLASS
					| LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_OTHER,
				LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_STATUS,
				is_ext_status ? 2 : 0, i + 1,
				status, is_ext_status ? 8 : 4,
				CTRL_TIMEOUT);
		if (ret < 0) {
			fprintf(stderr,
				"cannot read port %d status, %s (%d)\n",
				i + 1, strerror(errno), errno);
			break;
		}

		printf("   Port %d: %02x%02x.%02x%02x", i + 1,
			status[3], status[2],
			status[1], status[0]);
		/* CAPS are used to highlight "transient" states */
		if (speed < 0x0300) {
			printf("%s%s%s%s%s",
					(status[2] & 0x10) ? " C_RESET" : "",
					(status[2] & 0x08) ? " C_OC" : "",
					(status[2] & 0x04) ? " C_SUSPEND" : "",
					(status[2] & 0x02) ? " C_ENABLE" : "",
					(status[2] & 0x01) ? " C_CONNECT" : "");
			printf("%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s\n",
					(status[1] & 0x10) ? " indicator" : "",
					(status[1] & 0x08) ? " test" : "",
					(status[1] & 0x04) ? " highspeed" : "",
					(status[1] & 0x02) ? " lowspeed" : "",
					(status[1] & 0x01) ? " power" : "",
					(status[0] & 0x20) ? " L1" : "",
					(status[0] & 0x10) ? " RESET" : "",
					(status[0] & 0x08) ? " oc" : "",
					(status[0] & 0x04) ? " suspend" : "",
					(status[0] & 0x02) ? " enable" : "",
					(status[0] & 0x01) ? " connect" : "");
		} else {
			link_state = ((status[0] & 0xe0) >> 5) +
				((status[1] & 0x1) << 3);
			printf("%s%s%s%s%s%s",
					(status[2] & 0x80) ? " C_CONFIG_ERROR" : "",
					(status[2] & 0x40) ? " C_LINK_STATE" : "",
					(status[2] & 0x20) ? " C_BH_RESET" : "",
					(status[2] & 0x10) ? " C_RESET" : "",
					(status[2] & 0x08) ? " C_OC" : "",
					(status[2] & 0x01) ? " C_CONNECT" : "");
			printf("%s%s",
					((status[1] & 0x1C) == 0) ? " 5Gbps" : " Unknown Speed",
					(status[1] & 0x02) ? " power" : "");
			/* Link state is bits 8:5 */
			if (link_state < (sizeof(link_state_descriptions) /
						sizeof(*link_state_descriptions)))
				printf(" %s", link_state_descriptions[link_state]);
			printf("%s%s%s%s\n",
					(status[0] & 0x10) ? " RESET" : "",
					(status[0] & 0x08) ? " oc" : "",
					(status[0] & 0x02) ? " enable" : "",
					(status[0] & 0x01) ? " connect" : "");
		}

		if (is_ext_status && (status[0] & 0x01)) {
			printf("     Ext Status: %02x%02x.%02x%02x\n",
				status[7], status[6],
				status[5], status[4]);
			printf("       RX Speed Attribute ID: %d Lanes: %d\n",
				status[4] & 0x0f, (status[5] & 0x0f)+1);
			printf("       TX Speed Attribute ID: %d Lanes: %d\n",
				(status[4] >> 4) & 0x0f, ((status[5] >> 4) & 0x0f)+1);
		}
	}
}

static void do_dualspeed(libusb_device_handle *fd)
{
	unsigned char buf[10];
	char cls[128], subcls[128], proto[128];
	int ret;

	ret = usb_control_msg(fd,
			LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_STANDARD | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
			LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_DESCRIPTOR,
			USB_DT_DEVICE_QUALIFIER << 8, 0,
			buf, sizeof buf, CTRL_TIMEOUT);

	/* We don't need to complain to the user if the device is claimed
	 * and we aren't allowed to access the device qualifier.
	 */
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EPIPE) {
		if (verblevel > 1 || errno != EAGAIN)
			perror("can't get device qualifier");
	}

	/* all dual-speed devices have a qualifier */
	if (ret != sizeof buf
			|| buf[0] != ret
			|| buf[1] != USB_DT_DEVICE_QUALIFIER)
		return;

	get_class_string(cls, sizeof(cls),
			buf[4]);
	get_subclass_string(subcls, sizeof(subcls),
			buf[4], buf[5]);
	get_protocol_string(proto, sizeof(proto),
			buf[4], buf[5], buf[6]);
	printf("Device Qualifier (for other device speed):\n"
	       "  bLength             %5u\n"
	       "  bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "  bcdUSB              %2x.%02x\n"
	       "  bDeviceClass        %5u %s\n"
	       "  bDeviceSubClass     %5u %s\n"
	       "  bDeviceProtocol     %5u %s\n"
	       "  bMaxPacketSize0     %5u\n"
	       "  bNumConfigurations  %5u\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1],
	       buf[3], buf[2],
	       buf[4], cls,
	       buf[5], subcls,
	       buf[6], proto,
	       buf[7], buf[8]);

	/* TODO also show the OTHER_SPEED_CONFIG descriptors */
}

static void do_debug(libusb_device_handle *fd)
{
	unsigned char buf[4];
	int ret;

	ret = usb_control_msg(fd,
			LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_STANDARD | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
			LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_DESCRIPTOR,
			USB_DT_DEBUG << 8, 0,
			buf, sizeof buf, CTRL_TIMEOUT);

	/* We don't need to complain to the user if the device is claimed
	 * and we aren't allowed to access the debug descriptor.
	 */
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EPIPE) {
		if (verblevel > 1 || errno != EAGAIN)
			perror("can't get debug descriptor");
	}

	/* some high speed devices are also "USB2 debug devices", meaning
	 * you can use them with some EHCI implementations as another kind
	 * of system debug channel:  like JTAG, RS232, or a console.
	 */
	if (ret != sizeof buf
			|| buf[0] != ret
			|| buf[1] != USB_DT_DEBUG)
		return;

	printf("Debug descriptor:\n"
	       "  bLength              %4u\n"
	       "  bDescriptorType      %4u\n"
	       "  bDebugInEndpoint     0x%02x\n"
	       "  bDebugOutEndpoint    0x%02x\n",
	       buf[0], buf[1],
	       buf[2], buf[3]);
}

static const unsigned char *find_otg(const unsigned char *buf, int buflen)
{
	if (!buf)
		return 0;
	while (buflen >= 3) {
		if (buf[0] == 3 && buf[1] == USB_DT_OTG)
			return buf;
		if (buf[0] > buflen)
			return 0;
		buflen -= buf[0];
		buf += buf[0];
	}
	return 0;
}

static int do_otg(struct libusb_config_descriptor *config)
{
	unsigned	i, k;
	int		j;
	const unsigned char	*desc;

	/* each config of an otg device has an OTG descriptor */
	desc = find_otg(config->extra, config->extra_length);
	for (i = 0; !desc && i < config->bNumInterfaces; i++) {
		const struct libusb_interface *intf;

		intf = &config->interface[i];
		for (j = 0; !desc && j < intf->num_altsetting; j++) {
			const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *alt;

			alt = &intf->altsetting[j];
			desc = find_otg(alt->extra, alt->extra_length);
			for (k = 0; !desc && k < alt->bNumEndpoints; k++) {
				const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *ep;

				ep = &alt->endpoint[k];
				desc = find_otg(ep->extra, ep->extra_length);
			}
		}
	}
	if (!desc)
		return 0;

	printf("OTG Descriptor:\n"
		"  bLength               %3u\n"
		"  bDescriptorType       %3u\n"
		"  bmAttributes         0x%02x\n"
		"%s%s",
		desc[0], desc[1], desc[2],
		(desc[2] & 0x01)
			? "    SRP (Session Request Protocol)\n" : "",
		(desc[2] & 0x02)
			? "    HNP (Host Negotiation Protocol)\n" : "");
	return 1;
}

static void
dump_device_status(libusb_device_handle *fd, int otg, int super_speed)
{
	unsigned char status[8];
	int ret;

	ret = usb_control_msg(fd, LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_STANDARD
				| LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
			LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_STATUS,
			0, 0,
			status, 2,
			CTRL_TIMEOUT);
	if (ret < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr,
			"cannot read device status, %s (%d)\n",
			strerror(errno), errno);
		return;
	}

	printf("Device Status:     0x%02x%02x\n",
			status[1], status[0]);
	if (status[0] & (1 << 0))
		printf("  Self Powered\n");
	else
		printf("  (Bus Powered)\n");
	if (status[0] & (1 << 1))
		printf("  Remote Wakeup Enabled\n");
	if (super_speed) {
		if (status[0] & (1 << 2))
			printf("  U1 Enabled\n");
		if (status[0] & (1 << 3))
			printf("  U2 Enabled\n");
		if (status[0] & (1 << 4))
			printf("  Latency Tolerance Messaging (LTM) Enabled\n");
	}
	/* if both HOST and DEVICE support OTG */
	if (otg) {
		if (status[0] & (1 << 3))
			printf("  HNP Enabled\n");
		if (status[0] & (1 << 4))
			printf("  HNP Capable\n");
		if (status[0] & (1 << 5))
			printf("  ALT port is HNP Capable\n");
	}
	/* for high speed devices with debug descriptors */
	if (status[0] & (1 << 6))
		printf("  Debug Mode\n");
}

static void dump_usb2_device_capability_desc(unsigned char *buf, bool lpm_required)
{
	static const uint16_t besl_us[16] = { 125,  150,  200,	300,  400,  500,  1000, 2000,
					      3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000 };
	unsigned int wide;
	unsigned int besl;

	wide = buf[3] + (buf[4] << 8) +
		(buf[5] << 16) + (buf[6] << 24);
	printf("  USB 2.0 Extension Device Capability:\n"
			"    bLength             %5u\n"
			"    bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
			"    bDevCapabilityType  %5u\n"
			"    bmAttributes   0x%08x\n",
			buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], wide);
	if ((lpm_required || (wide & 0x04)) && !(wide & 0x02))
		printf("      (Missing must-be-set LPM bit!)\n");
	else if (!lpm_required && !(wide & 0x02))
		printf("      Link Power Management (LPM) not supported\n");
	else if (!(wide & 0x04))
		printf("      HIRD Link Power Management (LPM) Supported\n");
	else {
		printf("      BESL Link Power Management (LPM) Supported\n");
		if (wide & 0x08) {
			besl = (wide & 0xf00) >> 8;
			printf("      Baseline BESL value  %5hu us \n", besl_us[besl]);
		}
		if (wide & 0x10) {
			besl = (wide & 0xf000) >> 12;
			printf("      Deep BESL value      %5hu us \n", besl_us[besl]);
		}
	}
}

static void dump_ss_device_capability_desc(unsigned char *buf)
{
	if (buf[0] < 10) {
		fprintf(stderr, "  Bad SuperSpeed USB Device Capability descriptor.\n");
		return;
	}
	printf("  SuperSpeed USB Device Capability:\n"
			"    bLength             %5u\n"
			"    bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
			"    bDevCapabilityType  %5u\n"
			"    bmAttributes         0x%02x\n",
			buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3]);
	if (buf[3] & 0x02)
		printf("      Latency Tolerance Messages (LTM)"
				" Supported\n");
	printf("    wSpeedsSupported   0x%02x%02x\n", buf[5], buf[4]);
	if (buf[4] & (1 << 0))
		printf("      Device can operate at Low Speed (1Mbps)\n");
	if (buf[4] & (1 << 1))
		printf("      Device can operate at Full Speed (12Mbps)\n");
	if (buf[4] & (1 << 2))
		printf("      Device can operate at High Speed (480Mbps)\n");
	if (buf[4] & (1 << 3))
		printf("      Device can operate at SuperSpeed (5Gbps)\n");

	printf("    bFunctionalitySupport %3u\n", buf[6]);
	switch(buf[6]) {
	case 0:
		printf("      Lowest fully-functional device speed is "
				"Low Speed (1Mbps)\n");
		break;
	case 1:
		printf("      Lowest fully-functional device speed is "
				"Full Speed (12Mbps)\n");
		break;
	case 2:
		printf("      Lowest fully-functional device speed is "
				"High Speed (480Mbps)\n");
		break;
	case 3:
		printf("      Lowest fully-functional device speed is "
				"SuperSpeed (5Gbps)\n");
		break;
	default:
		printf("      Lowest fully-functional device speed is "
				"at an unknown speed!\n");
		break;
	}
	printf("    bU1DevExitLat        %4u micro seconds\n", buf[7]);
	printf("    bU2DevExitLat    %8u micro seconds\n", buf[8] + (buf[9] << 8));
}

static void dump_ssp_device_capability_desc(unsigned char *buf)
{
	int i;
	unsigned int bm_attr, ss_attr;
	static const char bitrate_prefix[] = " KMG";

	if (buf[0] < 12) {
		fprintf(stderr, "  Bad SuperSpeedPlus USB Device Capability descriptor.\n");
		return;
	}

	bm_attr = convert_le_u32(buf + 4);
	printf("  SuperSpeedPlus USB Device Capability:\n"
			"    bLength             %5u\n"
			"    bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
			"    bDevCapabilityType  %5u\n"
			"    bmAttributes         0x%08x\n",
			buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], bm_attr);

	printf("      Sublink Speed Attribute count %u\n", (buf[4] & 0x1f)+1);
	printf("      Sublink Speed ID count %u\n", ((bm_attr >> 5) & 0xf)+1);
	printf("    wFunctionalitySupport   0x%02x%02x\n", buf[9], buf[8]);
	printf("      Min functional Speed Attribute ID: %u\n", buf[8] & 0x0f);
	printf("      Min functional RX lanes: %u\n", buf[9] & 0x0f);
	printf("      Min functional TX lanes: %u\n", (buf[9] >> 4) & 0x0f);

	for (i = 0; i <= (buf[4] & 0x1f); i++) {
		ss_attr = convert_le_u32(buf + 12 + (i * 4));
		printf("    bmSublinkSpeedAttr[%u]   0x%08x\n", i, ss_attr);
		printf("      Speed Attribute ID: %u %u%cb/s %s %s SuperSpeed%s\n",
		       ss_attr & 0x0f,
		       ss_attr >> 16,
		       (bitrate_prefix[((ss_attr >> 4) & 0x3)]),
		       (ss_attr & 0x40)? "Asymmetric" : "Symmetric",
		       (ss_attr & 0x80)? "TX" : "RX",
		       (ss_attr & 0x4000)? "Plus": "" );
	}
}

static void dump_container_id_device_capability_desc(unsigned char *buf)
{
	if (buf[0] < 20) {
		fprintf(stderr, "  Bad Container ID Device Capability descriptor.\n");
		return;
	}
	printf("  Container ID Device Capability:\n"
			"    bLength             %5u\n"
			"    bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
			"    bDevCapabilityType  %5u\n"
			"    bReserved           %5u\n",
			buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3]);
	printf("    ContainerID             %s\n",
			get_guid(&buf[4]));
}

static char *get_webusb_url(libusb_device_handle *fd, uint8_t vendor_req, uint8_t id)
{
	unsigned char url_buf[255];
	const char *scheme;
	char *url, *chr;
	unsigned char i;
	int ret;

	ret = usb_control_msg(fd,
			LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR,
			vendor_req, id, WEBUSB_GET_URL,
			url_buf, sizeof(url_buf), CTRL_TIMEOUT);
	if (ret <= 0)
		return strdup("");
	else if (url_buf[0] <= 3 || url_buf[1] != USB_DT_WEBUSB_URL || ret != url_buf[0])
		return strdup("");

	switch (url_buf[2]) {
	case 0:
		scheme = "http://";
		break;
	case 1:
		scheme = "https://";
		break;
	case 255:
		scheme = "";
		break;
	default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Bad URL scheme.\n");
		return strdup("");
	}
	url = malloc(strlen(scheme) + (url_buf[0] - 3)  + 1);
	if (!url)
		return strdup("");
	strcpy(url, scheme);
	chr = url + strlen(scheme);
	for (i = 3; i < url_buf[0]; i++)
		/* crude UTF-8 to ASCII conversion */
		if (url_buf[i] < 0x80)
			*chr++ = url_buf[i];
	*chr = '\0';

	return url;
}

static void dump_platform_device_capability_desc(libusb_device_handle *fd, unsigned char *buf)
{
	unsigned char desc_len = buf[0];
	unsigned char cap_data_len = desc_len - 20;
	unsigned char i;
	const char *guid;
	if (desc_len < 20) {
		fprintf(stderr, "  Bad Platform Device Capability descriptor.\n");
		return;
	}
	printf("  Platform Device Capability:\n"
			"    bLength             %5u\n"
			"    bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
			"    bDevCapabilityType  %5u\n"
			"    bReserved           %5u\n",
			buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3]);
	guid = get_guid(&buf[4]);
	printf("    PlatformCapabilityUUID    %s\n", guid);

	if (!strcmp(WEBUSB_GUID , guid) && desc_len == 24) {
		/* WebUSB platform descriptor */
		char *url = get_webusb_url(fd, buf[22], buf[23]);
		printf("      WebUSB:\n"
				"        bcdVersion   %2x.%02x\n"
				"        bVendorCode  %5u\n"
				"        iLandingPage %5u %s\n",
				buf[21], buf[20], buf[22], buf[23], url);
		free(url);
		return;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < cap_data_len; i++) {
		printf("    CapabilityData[%u]    0x%02x\n", i, buf[20 + i]);
	}
}

static void dump_billboard_device_capability_desc(libusb_device_handle *dev, unsigned char *buf)
{
	char *url, *alt_mode_str;
	int w_vconn_power, alt_mode, i, svid, state;
	const char *vconn;
	unsigned char *bmConfigured;

	if (buf[0] < 48) {
		fprintf(stderr, "  Bad Billboard Capability descriptor.\n");
		return;
	}

	if (buf[4] > BILLBOARD_MAX_NUM_ALT_MODE) {
		fprintf(stderr, "  Invalid value for bNumberOfAlternateModes.\n");
		return;
	}

	if (buf[0] < (44 + buf[4] * 4)) {
		fprintf(stderr, "  bLength does not match with bNumberOfAlternateModes.\n");
		return;
	}

	url = get_dev_string(dev, buf[3]);
	w_vconn_power = convert_le_u16(buf+6);
	if (w_vconn_power & (1 << 15)) {
		vconn = "VCONN power not required";
	} else if (w_vconn_power < 7) {
		vconn = vconn_power[w_vconn_power & 0x7];
	} else {
		vconn = "reserved";
	}
	printf("  Billboard Capability:\n"
			"    bLength                 %5u\n"
			"    bDescriptorType         %5u\n"
			"    bDevCapabilityType      %5u\n"
			"    iAdditionalInfoURL      %5u %s\n"
			"    bNumberOfAlternateModes %5u\n"
			"    bPreferredAlternateMode %5u\n"
			"    VCONN Power             %5u %s\n",
			buf[0], buf[1], buf[2],
			buf[3], url,
			buf[4], buf[5],
			w_vconn_power, vconn);

	bmConfigured = &buf[8];

	printf("    bmConfigured               ");
	dump_bytes(bmConfigured, 32);

	printf(
			"    bcdVersion              %2x.%02x\n"
			"    bAdditionalFailureInfo  %5u\n"
			"    bReserved               %5u\n",
			(buf[41] == 0) ? 1 : buf[41], buf[40],
			buf[42], buf[43]);

	printf("    Alternate Modes supported by Device Container:\n");
	i = 44; /* Alternate mode 0 starts at index 44 */
	for (alt_mode = 0; alt_mode < buf[4]; alt_mode++) {
		svid = convert_le_u16(buf+i);
		alt_mode_str = get_dev_string(dev, buf[i+3]);
		state = ((bmConfigured[alt_mode >> 2]) >> ((alt_mode & 0x3) << 1)) & 0x3;
		printf(
			"    Alternate Mode %d : %s\n"
			"      wSVID[%d]                    0x%04X\n"
			"      bAlternateMode[%d]       %5u\n"
			"      iAlternateModeString[%d] %5u %s\n",
			alt_mode, alt_mode_state[state],
			alt_mode, svid,
			alt_mode, buf[i+2],
			alt_mode, buf[i+3], alt_mode_str);
		free(alt_mode_str);
		i += 4;
	}

	free (url);
}

static void dump_billboard_alt_mode_capability_desc(unsigned char *buf)
{
	if (buf[0] != 8) {
		fprintf(stderr, "  Bad Billboard Alternate Mode Capability descriptor.\n");
		return;
	}

	printf("  Billboard Alternate Mode Capability:\n"
			"    bLength                 %5u\n"
			"    bDescriptorType         %5u\n"
			"    bDevCapabilityType      %5u\n"
			"    bIndex                  %5u\n"
			"    dwAlternateModeVdo          0x%08X\n",
			buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3],
			convert_le_u32(&buf[4]));
}

static void dump_bos_descriptor(libusb_device_handle *fd, bool* has_ssp, bool lpm_required)
{
	/* Total length of BOS descriptors varies.
	 * Read first static 5 bytes which include the total length before
	 * allocating and reading the full BOS
	 */

	unsigned char bos_desc_static[5];
	unsigned char *bos_desc;
	unsigned int bos_desc_size;
	int size, ret;
	unsigned char *buf;

	/* Get the first 5 bytes to get the wTotalLength field */
	ret = usb_control_msg(fd,
			LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
			LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_DESCRIPTOR,
			USB_DT_BOS << 8, 0,
			bos_desc_static, 5, CTRL_TIMEOUT);
	if (ret <= 0)
		return;
	else if (bos_desc_static[0] != 5 || bos_desc_static[1] != USB_DT_BOS)
		return;

	bos_desc_size = bos_desc_static[2] + (bos_desc_static[3] << 8);
	printf("Binary Object Store Descriptor:\n"
	       "  bLength             %5u\n"
	       "  bDescriptorType     %5u\n"
	       "  wTotalLength       0x%04x\n"
	       "  bNumDeviceCaps      %5u\n",
	       bos_desc_static[0], bos_desc_static[1],
	       bos_desc_size, bos_desc_static[4]);

	if (bos_desc_size <= 5) {
		if (bos_desc_static[4] > 0)
			fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't get "
					"device capability descriptors\n");
		return;
	}
	bos_desc = malloc(bos_desc_size);
	if (!bos_desc)
		return;
	memset(bos_desc, 0, bos_desc_size);

	ret = usb_control_msg(fd,
			LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
			LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_DESCRIPTOR,
			USB_DT_BOS << 8, 0,
			bos_desc, bos_desc_size, CTRL_TIMEOUT);
	if (ret < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't get device capability descriptors\n");
		goto out;
	}

	size = bos_desc_size - 5;
	buf = &bos_desc[5];

	while (size >= 3) {
		if (buf[0] < 3) {
			printf("buf[0] = %u\n", buf[0]);
			goto out;
		}
		switch (buf[2]) {
		case USB_DC_WIRELESS_USB:
			/* It's dead!  Luckily no one has these devices so we can ignore it. */
			break;
		case USB_DC_20_EXTENSION:
			dump_usb2_device_capability_desc(buf, lpm_required);
			break;
		case USB_DC_SUPERSPEED:
			dump_ss_device_capability_desc(buf);
			break;
		case USB_DC_SUPERSPEEDPLUS:
			dump_ssp_device_capability_desc(buf);
			*has_ssp = true;
			break;
		case USB_DC_CONTAINER_ID:
			dump_container_id_device_capability_desc(buf);
			break;
		case USB_DC_PLATFORM:
			dump_platform_device_capability_desc(fd, buf);
			break;
		case USB_DC_BILLBOARD:
			dump_billboard_device_capability_desc(fd, buf);
			break;
		case USB_DC_BILLBOARD_ALT_MODE:
			dump_billboard_alt_mode_capability_desc(buf);
			break;
		case USB_DC_CONFIGURATION_SUMMARY:
			printf("  Configuration Summary Device Capability:\n");
			desc_dump(fd, desc_usb3_dc_configuration_summary,
					buf, DESC_BUF_LEN_FROM_BUF, 2);
			break;
		default:
			printf("  ** UNRECOGNIZED: ");
			dump_bytes(buf, buf[0]);
			break;
		}
		size -= buf[0];
		buf += buf[0];
	}
out:
	free(bos_desc);
}

static void dumpdev(libusb_device *dev)
{
	libusb_device_handle *udev;
	struct libusb_device_descriptor desc;
	int i, ret;
	int otg;
	bool has_ssp = false;

	otg = 0;
	ret = libusb_open(dev, &udev);
	if (ret) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open device, some information "
			"will be missing\n");
		udev = NULL;
	}

	libusb_get_device_descriptor(dev, &desc);
	dump_device(dev, &desc);
	if (desc.bNumConfigurations) {
		struct libusb_config_descriptor *config;

		ret = libusb_get_config_descriptor(dev, 0, &config);
		if (ret) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't get configuration descriptor 0, "
					"some information will be missing\n");
		} else {
			otg = do_otg(config) || otg;
			libusb_free_config_descriptor(config);
		}

		for (i = 0; i < desc.bNumConfigurations; ++i) {
			ret = libusb_get_config_descriptor(dev, i, &config);
			if (ret) {
				fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't get configuration "
						"descriptor %d, some information will "
						"be missing\n", i);
			} else {
				dump_config(udev, config, desc.bcdUSB);
				libusb_free_config_descriptor(config);
			}
		}
	}
	if (!udev)
		return;

	if (desc.bcdUSB >= 0x0201)
		dump_bos_descriptor(udev, &has_ssp, desc.bcdUSB >= 0x0210);
	if (desc.bDeviceClass == LIBUSB_CLASS_HUB)
		do_hub(udev, desc.bDeviceProtocol, desc.bcdUSB, has_ssp);
	if (desc.bcdUSB == 0x0200) {
		do_dualspeed(udev);
	}
	do_debug(udev);
	dump_device_status(udev, otg, desc.bcdUSB >= 0x0300);
	libusb_close(udev);
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */

static int dump_one_device(libusb_context *ctx, const char *path)
{
	libusb_device *dev;
	struct libusb_device_descriptor desc;
	char vendor[128], product[128];

	dev = get_usb_device(ctx, path);
	if (!dev) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open %s\n", path);
		return 1;
	}
	libusb_get_device_descriptor(dev, &desc);
	get_vendor_product_with_fallback(vendor, sizeof(vendor),
			product, sizeof(product), dev);
	printf("Device: ID %04x:%04x %s %s\n", desc.idVendor,
					       desc.idProduct,
					       vendor,
					       product);
	dumpdev(dev);
	return 0;
}

static void sort_device_list(libusb_device **list, ssize_t num_devs)
{
	struct libusb_device *dev, *dev_next;
	int bnum, bnum_next, dnum, dnum_next;
	ssize_t i;
	int sorted;
	sorted = 0;
	do {
		sorted = 1;
		for (i = 0; i < num_devs - 1; ++i) {
			dev = list[i];
			dev_next = list[i + 1];
			bnum = libusb_get_bus_number(dev);
			dnum = libusb_get_device_address(dev);
			bnum_next = libusb_get_bus_number(dev_next);
			dnum_next = libusb_get_device_address(dev_next);
			if ((bnum == bnum_next && dnum > dnum_next) || bnum > bnum_next) {
				list[i] = dev_next;
				list[i + 1] = dev;
				sorted = 0;
			}
		}
	} while(!sorted);
}

static int list_devices(libusb_context *ctx, int busnum, int devnum, int vendorid, int productid)
{
	libusb_device **list;
	struct libusb_device_descriptor desc;
	char vendor[128], product[128];
	int status;
	ssize_t num_devs, i;

	status = 1; /* 1 device not found, 0 device found */

	num_devs = libusb_get_device_list(ctx, &list);
	if (num_devs < 0)
		goto error;

	sort_device_list(list, num_devs);
	for (i = 0; i < num_devs; ++i) {
		libusb_device *dev = list[i];
		uint8_t bnum = libusb_get_bus_number(dev);
		uint8_t dnum = libusb_get_device_address(dev);

		if ((busnum != -1 && busnum != bnum) ||
		    (devnum != -1 && devnum != dnum))
			continue;
		libusb_get_device_descriptor(dev, &desc);
		if ((vendorid != -1 && vendorid != desc.idVendor) ||
		    (productid != -1 && productid != desc.idProduct))
			continue;
		status = 0;

		get_vendor_product_with_fallback(vendor, sizeof(vendor),
				product, sizeof(product), dev);

		if (verblevel > 0)
			printf("\n");
		printf("Bus %03u Device %03u: ID %04x:%04x %s %s\n",
				bnum, dnum,
				desc.idVendor,
				desc.idProduct,
				vendor, product);
		if (verblevel > 0)
			dumpdev(dev);
	}

	libusb_free_device_list(list, 1);
error:
	return status;
}


/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	static const struct option long_options[] = {
		{ "version", 0, 0, 'V' },
		{ "verbose", 0, 0, 'v' },
		{ "help", 0, 0, 'h' },
		{ "tree", 0, 0, 't' },
		{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }
	};
	libusb_context *ctx;
	int c, err = 0;
	unsigned int treemode = 0;
	int bus = -1, devnum = -1, vendor = -1, product = -1;
	const char *devdump = NULL;
	int help = 0;
	char *cp;
	int status;

	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");

	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "D:vtP:p:s:d:Vh",
			long_options, NULL)) != EOF) {
		switch (c) {
		case 'V':
			printf("lsusb (" PACKAGE_NAME ") " VERSION "\n");
			return EXIT_SUCCESS;
		case 'v':
			verblevel++;
			break;

		case 'h':
			help=1;
			break;

		case 't':
			treemode = 1;
			break;

		case 's':
			cp = strchr(optarg, ':');
			if (cp) {
				*cp++ = 0;
				if (*optarg)
					bus = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
				if (*cp)
					devnum = strtoul(cp, NULL, 10);
			} else {
				if (*optarg)
					devnum = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
			}
			break;

		case 'd':
			cp = strchr(optarg, ':');
			if (!cp) {
				err++;
				break;
			}
			*cp++ = 0;
			if (*optarg)
				vendor = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 16);
			if (*cp)
				product = strtoul(cp, NULL, 16);
			break;

		case 'D':
			devdump = optarg;
			break;

		case '?':
		default:
			err++;
			break;
		}
	}
	if (err || argc > optind || help) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Usage: lsusb [options]...\n"
			"List USB devices\n"
			"  -v, --verbose\n"
			"      Increase verbosity (show descriptors)\n"
			"  -s [[bus]:][devnum]\n"
			"      Show only devices with specified device and/or\n"
			"      bus numbers (in decimal)\n"
			"  -d vendor:[product]\n"
			"      Show only devices with the specified vendor and\n"
			"      product ID numbers (in hexadecimal)\n"
			"  -D device\n"
			"      Selects which device lsusb will examine\n"
			"  -t, --tree\n"
			"      Dump the physical USB device hierarchy as a tree\n"
			"  -V, --version\n"
			"      Show version of program\n"
			"  -h, --help\n"
			"      Show usage and help\n"
			);
		if (help && !err)
			return 0;
		else
			return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}


	/* by default, print names as well as numbers */
	if (names_init() < 0)
		fprintf(stderr, "unable to initialize usb spec");

	status = 0;

	if (treemode) {
		status = lsusb_t();
		names_exit();
		return status;
	}

	err = libusb_init(&ctx);
	if (err) {
		fprintf(stderr, "unable to initialize libusb: %i\n", err);
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	if (devdump)
		status = dump_one_device(ctx, devdump);
	else
		status = list_devices(ctx, bus, devnum, vendor, product);

	names_exit();
	libusb_exit(ctx);
	return status;
}