Add a guide on writing rainbow queries

Author: the-mikedavis

book/src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -17,3 +17,4 @@
   - [Adding Languages](./guides/adding_languages.md)
   - [Adding Textobject Queries](./guides/textobject.md)
   - [Adding Indent Queries](./guides/indent.md)
+  - [Adding Rainbow Bracket Queries](./guides/rainbow_bracket_queries.md)

book/src/guides/README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # Guides
 
 This section contains guides for adding new language server configurations,
-tree-sitter grammars, textobject queries, etc.
+tree-sitter grammars, textobject and rainbow bracket queries, etc.

book/src/guides/rainbow_bracket_queries.md

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# Adding Rainbow Bracket Queries
+
+Helix uses `rainbows.scm` tree-sitter query files to provide rainbow bracket
+functionality.
+
+Tree-sitter queries are documented in the tree-sitter online documentation.
+If you're writing queries for the first time, be sure to check out the section
+on [syntax highlighting queries] and on [query syntax].
+
+Rainbow queries have two captures: `@rainbow.scope` and `@rainbow.bracket`.
+`@rainbow.scope` should capture any node that increases the nesting level
+while `@rainbow.bracket` should capture any bracket nodes. Put another way:
+`@rainbow.scope` switches to the next rainbow color for all nodes in the tree
+under it while `@rainbow.bracket` paints captured nodes with the current
+rainbow color.
+
+For an example, let's add rainbow queries for the tree-sitter query (TSQ)
+language itself. These queries will go into a
+`runtime/queries/tsq/rainbows.scm` file in the repository root.
+
+First we'll add the `@rainbow.bracket` captures. As a scheme dialect, TSQ
+only has parentheses and square brackets:
+
+```tsq
+["(" ")" "[" "]"] @rainbow.bracket
+```
+
+The ordering of the nodes within the alternation (square brackets) is not
+taken into consideration.
+
+> Note: Why are these nodes quoted? Most syntax highlights capture text
+> surrounded by parentheses. These are _named nodes_ and correspond to the
+> names of rules in the grammar. Brackets are usually written in tree-sitter
+> grammars as literal strings, for example:
+>
+> ```js
+> {
+>   // ...
+>   arguments: seq("(", repeat($.argument), ")"),
+>   // ...
+> }
+> ```
+>
+> Nodes written as literal strings in tree-sitter grammars may be captured
+> in queries with those same literal strings.
+
+Then we need make `@rainbow.scope` captures. The easiest way to do this is to
+view the `grammar.js` file in the tree-sitter grammar's repository. For TSQ,
+that file is [here][tsq grammar.js]. As we scan down the `grammar.js`, we see
+that the `(alternation)`, (L36) `(group)` (L57), `(named_node)` (L59),
+`(predicate)` (L87) and  `(wildcard_node)` (L97) nodes all contain literal
+parentheses or square brackets in their definitions. These nodes are all
+direct parents of brackets and happen to also be the nodes we want to change
+to the next rainbow color, so we capture them as `@rainbow.scope`.
+
+```tsq
+[
+  (group)
+  (named_node)
+  (wildcard_node)
+  (predicate)
+  (alternation)
+] @rainbow.scope
+```
+
+This strategy works as a rule of thumb for most programming and configuration
+languages. Markup languages can be trickier and may take additional
+experimentation to find the correct nodes to use for scopes and brackets.
+
+The `:tree-sitter-subtree` command shows the syntax tree under the primary
+selection in S-expression format and can be a useful tool for determining how
+to write a query.
+
+### Properties
+
+The `rainbow.include-children` property may be applied to `@rainbow.scope`
+captures. By default, all `@rainbow.bracket` captures must be direct descendant
+of a node captured with `@rainbow.scope` in order to be highlighted. This
+property disables that check and allows `@rainbow.bracket` captures to be
+highlighted if they are direct or indirect descendants of some node captured
+with `@rainbow.scope`.
+
+For example, this property is used in the HTML rainbow queries.
+
+For a document like `<a>link</a>`, the syntax tree is:
+
+```tsq
+(element                   ; <a>link</a>
+  (start_tag               ; < >
+    (tag_name))            ; a
+  (text)                   ; link
+  (end_tag                 ; </ >
+    (tag_name)))           ; a
+```
+
+If we want to highlight the `<`, `>` and `</` nodes with rainbow colors, we
+capture them as `@rainbow.bracket`:
+
+```tsq
+["<" ">" "</"] @rainbow.bracket
+```
+
+And we capture `(element)` as `@rainbow.scope` because `(element)` nodes nest
+within each other.
+
+```tsq
+(element) @rainbow.scope
+```
+
+But this combination of `@rainbow.scope` and `@rainbow.bracket` will not
+highlight any nodes: `<`, `>` and `</` are children of the `(start_tag)` and
+`(end_tag)` nodes. We can't capture `(start_tag)` and `(end_tag)` as
+`@rainbow.scope` because they don't nest other elements. We can fix this case
+by removing the requirement that `<`, `>` and `</` are direct descendants of
+`element` using the `rainbow.include-children` property.
+
+```tsq
+((element) @rainbow.scope
+ (#set! rainbow.include-children))
+```
+
+[syntax highlighting queries]: https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/syntax-highlighting#highlights
+[query syntax]: https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/using-parsers#pattern-matching-with-queries
+[tsq grammar.js]: https://github.com/the-mikedavis/tree-sitter-tsq/blob/48b5e9f82ae0a4727201626f33a17f69f8e0ff86/grammar.js