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* Fix even more typos * Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' * Fix typos around numbers I mostly wanted to check the CI pipeline is back up, so going for obvious changes.
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book/wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough.tex

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@@ -31,14 +31,13 @@
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you can blindly follow. You will always have to adapt the recipe
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to your locally available tools and environment.
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But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know
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all the signs to look out for. You will be able to read your dough.
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You will turn into a confident hobby baker who can bake bread
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at home, at high altitudes, at low altitudes, in summer, in winter,
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at your friend's place, and even on vacation. Furthermore,
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you will know how to scale your production from 1 loaf to 100 loaves of bread.
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If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider this knowledge to
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be your foundation.
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But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know all the signs to
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look out for. You will be able to read your dough. You will turn into a
36+
confident hobby baker who can bake bread at home, at high altitudes, at low
37+
altitudes, in summer, in winter, at your friend's place, and even on vacation.
38+
Furthermore, you will know how to scale your production from one loaf to
39+
hundred loaves of bread. If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider
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this knowledge to be your foundation.
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Mastering this process will enable you to make amazing bread
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that tastes much better than any store-bought bread.
@@ -142,8 +141,8 @@ \section{Readying your starter}%
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1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
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always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
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yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter})
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my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter,
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5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live
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my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1~part old starter,
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5~parts flour, 2.5~parts water). If it is very warm where you live
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you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
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way you slow down the ripening of your starter. You can also use this
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trick to make starter feeding work with your schedule.
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ \section{Readying your starter}%
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as low as \qty{1}{\percent} starter. This way the microorganisms have
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more room to balance out while fermenting the dough. If my sourdough
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starter has not been fed in a day, I~might use \qty{5}{\percent} of sourdough
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to make a dough. If I~push this to 2 days without feedings,
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to make a dough. If I~push this to 2~days without feedings,
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I~lower the starter amount even further. I~would opt for the
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previously mentioned \qty{1}{\percent} starter. If the food is very scarce,
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your microorganisms will sporulate. They need to regrow again
@@ -174,8 +173,8 @@ \section{Readying your starter}%
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other pathogens contained in the flour. The less starter
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you use, the easier it is for them to reproduce. A strong
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starter will outcompete other germs. While the method of
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reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option 1 more.
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It will reliably create better bread. Option 2 is typically
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reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option~1 more.
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It will reliably create better bread. Option~2 is typically
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what I~use when I~fed my starter in the morning but didn't
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manage to make a dough in the evening. I~don't want to feed
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my starter again the next morning. I~would like to make a dough
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ \section{Ingredients}
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contains more gluten than all-purpose or cake flour. This is essential
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when trying to bake a freestanding loaf with sourdough.
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Find below an example recipe for 1 loaf including baker's math calculation:
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Find below an example recipe for one loaf including baker's math calculation:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \qty{400}{\gram} of bread flour
@@ -246,8 +245,8 @@ \section{Hydration}
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That's why when using whole-wheat (still containing these layers) you have to
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use a little bit more water.
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By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix. The higher the
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protein value, the more water can be used.
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By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix.
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The higher the protein value, the more water can be used.
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Some bakers like to use highly hydrated doughs to create fluffier
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bread\footnote{Sometimes it almost feels like a comparison of skill value
@@ -353,8 +352,8 @@ \section{Hydration}
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I~recommend conducting the following test. This will help you to
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identify the sweet spot of your flour's hydration capabilities.
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Make 5 bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly increasing
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water amounts to each of the bowls.
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Make five bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly
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increasing water amounts to each of the bowls.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \qty{100}{\gram} of flour, \qty{55}{\gram} of water
@@ -528,23 +527,25 @@ \section{Fermentolysis}%
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\end{table}
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Based on my experience and my sourdough, my ideal bread always takes around 8
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to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout
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the day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a completed
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fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent} sourdough starter. If
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I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}.
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Simply mix all the ingredients and your fermentation begins. The
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enzymes and microorganisms commence their work. On a very warm summer day, the
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mentioned quantities no longer work. With a \qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough
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would be ready in 5~hours up to a point of no return. Another additional hour
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would cause the dough to break down too much. In this case, I~would opt for 5
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percent sourdough starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12
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hour window again. If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent}
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sourdough starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as
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they depend on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that
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you have to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able
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to read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your own.
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Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and more precise approach
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by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered later in this chapter.
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to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout the
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day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a
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completed fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent}
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sourdough starter. If I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for
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less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}. Simply mix all the ingredients and
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your fermentation begins. The enzymes and microorganisms commence their work.
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On a very warm summer day, the mentioned quantities no longer work. With a
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\qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough would be ready in 5~hours up to a
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point of no return. Another additional hour would cause the dough to break
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down too much. In this case, I~would opt for \qty{5}{\percent} sourdough
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starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12~hour window again.
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If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent} sourdough
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starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as they depend
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on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that you have
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to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able to
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read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your
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own. Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and
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more precise approach by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered
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later in this chapter.
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Even for yeasted doughs, I~no longer use autolysis. I~just reduce the amount
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of yeast that I~am using. Opting for the fermentolysis will
@@ -1076,16 +1077,15 @@ \section{Stretch and folds}
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Wet your hands one more time and then carefully lift one side of the dough with
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two hands placed in the center upwards. Make a fold in the center of the dough.
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The upper smooth side needs to be placed on the bottom of the container. By doing
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so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth side should
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not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should tend
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to stick to your hands. Rotate the container
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and repeat the same thing from the other side. Rotate the container 90°
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and then repeat the process once again. Rotate the container another 180° in
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the same direction
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and repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied 4 folds in total. Your
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dough should now stay in place and resist flowing outwards\footnote{Please
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also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a video showing you how to
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best perform the technique.}.
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so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth
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side should not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should
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tend to stick to your hands. Rotate the container and repeat the same thing
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from the other side. Rotate the container \ang{90} and then repeat the process
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once again. Rotate the container another \ang{180} in the same direction and
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repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied four folds in
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total. Your dough should now stay in place and resist flowing
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outwards\footnote{Please also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a
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video showing you how to best perform the technique.}.
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In theory, there is no limit to how often you can stretch and fold. You could
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apply one every 15~minutes. If your dough has enough dough strength already,
@@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ \section{Optional: Dividing and Preshaping}
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I~sometimes like to draw small lines with the dough scraper's edge
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on the large dough mass before cutting it into smaller pieces.
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This helps me to better plan where I~want to do my incisions. When
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I~plan to make 8 loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough
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I~plan to make 8~loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough
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into 8 equally sized portions before cutting. If this is not precise enough,
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you can use the aforementioned scale.
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@@ -1285,11 +1285,11 @@ \section{Shaping}
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\label{fig:shaping-flour-surface}
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\end{figure}
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If you are only making 1 loaf out of your dough, apply flour
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If you are only making one loaf out of your dough, apply flour
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generously to the top layer of your dough. Rub the flour onto your
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dough with your hands. Flip over your container. Wait a little bit
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to allow the dough to release itself from the container. Proceed
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with step 3.
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with step~3.
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If you divided and pre-shaped, apply flour generously to the dough's
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top layer as well. With gentle hands spread the flour evenly across
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surface will always be downwards facing. The dough is then flipped over
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once for baking.}.
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Proceed and lift the dough with 2 hands from the counter. Gently rotate it
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Proceed and lift the dough with both hands from the counter. Gently rotate it
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once and then place the dough in your banneton for proofing\footnote{The seam
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side should now be facing you. Some bakers like to seal the seam a little
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more. I~did not notice that this improves the dough's strength. As far as
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\label{fig:proofing-process}
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\end{flowchart}
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To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you
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to better manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping
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your dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another
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2~hours to proof the dough and then another 1 hour to bake it. In this case,
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you can move your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your
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dough will be proofing overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time
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the following day (there are a few exceptions; more on that later).
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This is especially handy for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing
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extensively. Some of the doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge.
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Early in the morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2
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hours they will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If
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throughout the day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out
1494-
of the fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded
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dough is big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later.
1482+
To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you to better
1483+
manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping your
1484+
dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another 2~hours to
1485+
proof the dough and then another hour to bake it. In this case, you can move
1486+
your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your dough will be proofing
1487+
overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time the following day
1488+
(there are a few exceptions; more on that later). This is especially handy
1489+
for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing extensively. Some of the
1490+
doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge. Early in the
1491+
morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2~hours they
1492+
will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If throughout the
1493+
day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out of the
1494+
fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded dough is
1495+
big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later.
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Assuming you made an overnight dough and your dough is ready in the morning,
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the situation might be different. You potentially want to bake the dough directly
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The time it takes to proof your dough can be anything between 30~minutes and
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3~hours. Rather than relying on timing, most bakers use the finger poke test.
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Flour your thumb and gently press around 0.5cm up to 1cm deep into the dough.
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Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent will
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recover quickly. It will be gone again after 1 minute.
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Flour your thumb and gently press around \qtyrange{0.5}{1}{cm} deep into the
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dough. Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent
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will recover quickly. It will be gone again after one minute.
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As you proceed with proofing, your dough will fill up with more gas. At the
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same time, the dough will become more extensible. Once it starts to reach the
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right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more slowly.
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Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still be visible after
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1 minute of waiting.
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right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more
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slowly. Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still
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be visible after one minute of waiting.
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I~recommend performing the finger poke test once every 15~minutes throughout
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the proofing stage. Realistically, based on my experience, proofing takes at least
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freezer. The freezer will dry out the dough's surface even further
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while also lowering its viscosity, making scoring easier.
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1697-
Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30 seconds without steam.
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Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30~seconds without steam.
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The hot air will dry out the dough's surface even further and simplify
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the scoring technique. Experiment with the timing to identify your personal
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sweet spot.

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