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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="content-type">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>BCS 152 Tutorial</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.4/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="tutorial.css">
</head>
<body class="bckgrnd">
<nav id="nav" class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top"></nav>
<div class="jumbotron ex top">
<h1>Lists & Latin Square Design</h1>
<p>
Recall that we conduct experiments to test hypotheses we hold about
the world—or in our case, about the brain. The behavioral data
we collect from the participants in an experiment constitute a small
<em>sample</em> of the world. So, to be able to reliably generalize
from our results, we need to make sure that the sample is likely to
be <em>representative</em>—specifically, we want the participants
to be a representative example of the population we're interested in
and we want the sentence stimuli to be a representative example of the
<em>types</em> of sentences we're interested in.
</p>
<p>
This is one of the reasons why experiments contain many critical items, rather
than one. However, this also comes with a problem. We want each participant
to see all items. We also typically want each participant to see each
condition equally often. One possibility would be to have each participant
read all stimuli, including all conditions of all critical items.
However, we don't want participants to become aware of the purpose of the
experiment. Imagine reading all four conditions of the example item:
</p>
<ul>
<li>I saw the apple on the table.</li>
<li>I saw the kiwi on the table.</li>
<li>I ate the apple on the table.</li>
<li>I ate the kiwi on the table.</li>
</ul>
<p>
You'd probably figure that this experiment has something to do with the
words "saw" vs. "ate" and "apple" vs. "kiwi".
</p>
<p>
One way around this problem is a <em>Latin Square Design</em>, which
describes a way to distribute critical items across experimental lists.
An experimental list specifies the sentence stimuli that a participants
sees and in which order the participant sees the stimuli. Each participant
sees only one experimental list. Specifically, Latin Square design makes
sure that:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Each participant sees each critical item exactly once</li>
<li>Each participant sees all conditions equally often, across critical
items (for this, the number of
critical items needs to be a multiple of the number of conditions)</li>
<li>Across participants (and experimental lists) each critical item
is seen equally often in all its conditions</li>
</ul>
<p>
How should the items and conditions be distributed across lists?
Let's consider a by-2 design, with two the conditions A and B.
The minimum number of experimental lists we will need is two. Let's say
that we use 8-times more critical items than condition (=16 critical
items). In that case, a Latin Square Design would create two experimental
lists 1 and 2 that would look like this (prior to determining the <em>
order</em> of critical items and prior to the inclusion of fillers;
more on that later):
</p>
<div class="trialCenter">
<table>
<tr>
<td><span class="filler">Item #</span></td>
<td><span class="filler">List A</span></td>
<td><span class="filler">List B</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="item">Item 1</td>
<td class="condON">Cond A</td>
<td class="list3">Cond B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="item">Item 2</td>
<td class="list3">Cond B </td>
<td class="condON">Cond A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="item">Item 3</td>
<td class="condON">Cond A</td>
<td class="list3">Cond B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="item">Item 4</td>
<td class="list3">Cond B</td>
<td class="condON">Cond A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="item">Item 5</td>
<td class="condON">Cond A</td>
<td class="list3">Cond B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="item">Item 6</td>
<td class="list3">Cond B</td>
<td class="condON">Cond A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="item">Item ...</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="item">Item 16</td>
<td class="list3">Cond B</td>
<td class="condON">Cond A</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="jumbotron">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-12"><div><a class="btn btn-warning" href="SPRComprehension.html">←SPR Example: Comprehension Questions</a></div></td>
<td class="col-md-12"><div><a class="btn btn-warning" href="SPRLists.html">SPR Example: Lists→</a></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- <div class="jumbotron">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-block btn-lg btn-danger" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#demo">Test Your Understanding</button>
<div id="demo" class="collapse">
<p class="question">1. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q1" value="a" id="q1a"><label for="q1a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q1" value="b" id="q1b"><label for="q1b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q1" value="c" id="q1c"><label for="q1c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q1" value="d" id="q1d"><label for="q1d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<p class="question">2. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q2" value="a" id="q2a"><label for="q2a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q2" value="b" id="q2b"><label for="q2b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q2" value="c" id="q2c"><label for="q2c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q2" value="d" id="q2d"><label for="q2d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<p class="question">3. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q3" value="a" id="q3a"><label for="q3a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q3" value="b" id="q3b"><label for="q3b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q3" value="c" id="q3c"><label for="q3c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q3" value="d" id="q3d"><label for="q3d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<p class="question">4. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q4" value="a" id="q4a"><label for="q4a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q4" value="b" id="q4b"><label for="q4b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q4" value="c" id="q4c"><label for="q4c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q4" value="d" id="q4d"><label for="q4d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<p class="question">5. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q5" value="a" id="q5a"><label for="q5a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q5" value="b" id="q5b"><label for="q5b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q5" value="c" id="q5c"><label for="q5c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q5" value="d" id="q5d"><label for="q5d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<p class="question">6. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q6" value="a" id="q6a"><label for="q6a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q6" value="b" id="q6b"><label for="q6b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q6" value="c" id="q6c"><label for="q6c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q6" value="d" id="q6d"><label for="q6d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<p class="question">7. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q7" value="a" id="q7a"><label for="q7a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q7" value="b" id="q7b"><label for="q7b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q7" value="c" id="q7c"><label for="q7c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q7" value="d" id="q7d"><label for="q7d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<p class="question">8. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q8" value="a" id="q8a"><label for="q8a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q8" value="b" id="q8b"><label for="q8b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q8" value="c" id="q8c"><label for="q8c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q8" value="d" id="q8d"><label for="q8d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<p class="question">9. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q9" value="a" id="q9a"><label for="q9a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q9" value="b" id="q9b"><label for="q9b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q9" value="c" id="q9c"><label for="q9c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q9" value="d" id="q9d"><label for="q9d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<p class="question">10. What is the answer to this question?</p>
<ul class="answers">
<li><input type="radio" name="q10" value="a" id="q10a"><label for="q10a">Answer 1</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q10" value="b" id="q10b"><label for="q10b">Answer 2</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q10" value="c" id="q10c"><label for="q10c">Answer 3</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" name="q10" value="d" id="q10d"><label for="q10d">Answer 4</label></li>
</ul>
<div id="results">
Check
</div>
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</div>
</div> -->
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<!--<script type="text/javascript" src="quiz-1.js"></script>-->
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() {
$('li#createstim').addClass('active');
$('li#list').addClass('active');
});
</script>
</body>
</html>