25.4.0

Important

This is NOT a Pectra Mainnet-ready release. The next release likely will be.

This is an optional update. Please note the upcoming breaking changes.
This release is mostly stability improvements ahead of the hard fork.

Upcoming Breaking Changes

• MetricSystem::createLabelledGauge is deprecated and will be removed in a future release, replace it with MetricSystem::createLabelledSuppliedGauge
• --Xsnapsync-synchronizer-flat-db-healing-enabled is deprecated, use --Xbonsai-full-flat-db-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled is deprecated, use --bonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-trie-log-pruning-enabled is deprecated, use --bonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-trie-logs-pruning-window-size is deprecated, use --bonsai-trie-logs-pruning-window-size instead.
• --Xsnapsync-bft-enabled is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. SNAP sync is supported for BFT networks.
• --tx-pool-disable-locals has been deprecated, use --tx-pool-no-local-priority, instead.
• Sunsetting features - for more context on the reasoning behind the deprecation of these features, including alternative options, read this blog post
  • Tessera privacy
  • Smart-contract-based (onchain) permissioning
  • Proof of Work consensus
  • Fast Sync
• Transaction indexing will be disabled by default in a future release for snap sync and checkpoint sync modes. This will break RPCs that use transaction hash for historical queries.
• Support for block creation on networks running a pre-Byzantium fork is deprecated for removal in a future release, after that in order to update Besu on nodes that build blocks, your network needs to be upgraded at least to the Byzantium fork. The main reason is to simplify world state management during block creation, since before Byzantium for each selected transaction, the receipt must contain the root hash of the modified world state, and this does not play well with the new plugin features and future work on parallelism.
• --compatibility-eth64-forkid-enabled has been deprecated and will be removed in the next release. #8492

Additions and Improvements

• Add Hoodi discovery DNS #8446
• Decode deposit log data without Web3j #8394
• Tune layered txpool default configuration for upcoming gas limit and blob count increases #8487
• Removed support for Ethereum protocol versions eth/62, eth/63, eth/64, and eth/65. #8492
• Explicitly add depositContractAddress to mainnet.json #8410

Performance

• Consensys/tuweni 2.7.0 reduces boxing/unboxing overhead on some EVM opcodes, like PushX and Caller #8330, #8461
• Precompile Caching, enable with --cache-precompiles #8095

Dependencies

• Replace tuweni libs with https://github.com/Consensys/tuweni #8330, #8461

Bug fixes

• Fix QBFT and IBFT transitions that change the mining beneficiary #8387
• eth_getLogs - empty topic is a wildcard match #8420
• Upgrade spring-security-crypto to address CVE-2025-22228 #8448
• Fix restoring txpool from disk when blob transactions are present #8481
• Fix for bonsai db inconsistency on abnormal shutdown #8500
• Fix to add stateroot mismatches to bad block manager #8207

5d11ef3b55cca8b060051ab910e0a89a76eae4f6a2d3d2bfb718ee742307fcaf besu-25.4.0.zip
6abbc7472c9c2137e9e82b4d8fb569f25f9f85d4a330eea6b0dbb6f8a67340af besu-25.4.0.tar.gz

New Contributors

• @relu91 made their first contribution in #8365
• @jjohannes made their first contribution in #8443
• @mirgee made their first contribution in #8353

Full Changelog: 25.3.0...25.4.0

25.3.0

This is a strongly recommended update for all users, including Mainnet.
It contains bug fixes, dependency and security updates.

Highlights include:

• Add Hoodi as new named testnet using --network=hoodi #8428
• Increase mainnet and Sepolia gas limit to 36M #8249
• Parallel EVM: Improve conflict detection by considering slots to reduce false positives #7923
• Add era1 format to blocks import subcommand #7935
• Add IBFT1 to QBFT migration capability #8262

Changelog

Breaking Changes

NOTE: This release breaks native Windows compatibility for mainnet ethereum configurations. As the prague(pectra) hardfork require
BLS12-381 precompiles and besu does not currently have a pure java implementation of bls12-381, only platforms which
have support in besu-native can run mainnet ethereum configurations. Windows support via WSL should still continue to work.

• k8s (KUBERNETES) Nat method is removed. Use docker or none instead. #8289
• Change Invalid block, unable to parse RLP RPC error message to Invalid block param (block not found) #8328
• Mainnet ethereum now REQUIRES native crypto libraries, so only linux and macos(darwin) are supported mainnet configurations #8418

Upcoming Breaking Changes

• MetricSystem::createLabelledGauge is deprecated and will be removed in a future release, replace it with MetricSystem::createLabelledSuppliedGauge
• --Xsnapsync-synchronizer-flat-db-healing-enabled is deprecated, use --Xbonsai-full-flat-db-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled is deprecated, use --bonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-trie-log-pruning-enabled is deprecated, use --bonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-trie-logs-pruning-window-size is deprecated, use --bonsai-trie-logs-pruning-window-size instead.
• --Xsnapsync-bft-enabled is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. SNAP sync is supported for BFT networks.
• --tx-pool-disable-locals has been deprecated, use --tx-pool-no-local-priority, instead.
• Sunsetting features - for more context on the reasoning behind the deprecation of these features, including alternative options, read this blog post
  • Tessera privacy
  • Smart-contract-based (onchain) permissioning
  • Proof of Work consensus
  • Fast Sync
• Transaction indexing will be disabled by default in a future release for snap sync and checkpoint sync modes. This will break RPCs that use transaction hash for historical queries.
• Support for block creation on networks running a pre-Byzantium fork is deprecated for removal in a future release, after that in order to update Besu on nodes that build blocks, your network needs to be upgraded at least to the Byzantium fork. The main reason is to simplify world state management during block creation, since before Byzantium for each selected transaction, the receipt must contain the root hash of the modified world state, and this does not play well with the new plugin features and future work on parallelism.

Additions and Improvements

Prague

• Increase mainnet and Sepolia gas limit to 36M #8249
• Update Holesky and Sepolia deposit contract addresses #8346

Plugins

• Allow plugins to propose transactions during block creation #8268
• Add support for transaction permissioning rules in Plugin API #8365

Parallelization

• Improve conflict detection by considering slots to reduce false positives #7923

Dependencies

• Upgrade Netty to version 4.1.118 to fix CVE-2025-24970 #8275
• Update the jc-kzg-4844 dependency from 1.0.0 to 2.0.0, which is now available on Maven Central #7849
• Other dependency updates #8293 #8315 #8350
• Update to gradle 8.11 #8294 and update usage of some deprecated features #8295 #8340
• Update gradle plugins #8296 #8333 #8334

Other improvements

• Add TLS/mTLS options and configure the GraphQL HTTP service#7910
• Update eth_getLogs to return a Block not found error when the requested block is not found. #8290
• Change Invalid block, unable to parse RLP RPC error message to Invalid block param (block not found) #8328
• Add IBFT1 to QBFT migration capability #8262
• Support pending transaction score when saving and restoring txpool #8363
• Upgrade to execution-spec-tests v4.1.0 including better EIP-2537 coverage for BLS #8402
• Add era1 format to blocks import subcommand #7935
• Add Hoodi as new named testnet #8428

Bug fixes

• Add missing RPC method debug_accountRange to RpcMethod.java so this method can be used with --rpc-http-api-method-no-auth #8153
• Add a fallback pivot strategy when the safe block does not change for a long time, to make possible to complete the initial sync in case the chain is not finalizing #8395
• Fix issue with new QBFT/IBFT blocks being produced under certain circumstances. #8308

SHA 256

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3935093edeb54773a3cd10c32b03e4ac12a1af307f8377a6d2e24d7cbcf70af2 besu-25.3.0.tar.gz

25.2.2

25.2.2

This is a hotfix release for Pectra Sepolia testnets
You need to update IF (and ONLY IF) you are running Besu on Sepolia
Identical to 25.2.1 with one change:

• Pectra - Sepolia: Fix for deposit contract log decoding #8383

27bf8ae3d81bdd86590c9da86b3754c3df0a5e12a3c7eeb20628fc4fa1d1ebad besu-25.2.2.zip
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25.2.1

25.2.1

This is a hotfix release for Pectra testnets (Holesky and Sepolia).
You need to update IF (and ONLY IF) you are running Besu on Holesky or Sepolia
Identical to 25.2.0 with one change:

• Pectra - update Holesky and Sepolia deposit contract addresses #8346

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25.2.0

This is an optional update for Mainnet users. This is a required update for Holesky and Sepolia users for the upcoming Pectra hardfork.

Pectra scheduled for:

• Holesky: Mon, Feb 24 at 21:55:12 UTC
• Sepolia: Wed, Mar 5 at 07:29:36 UTC

Please note the breaking changes in this release and the upcoming breaking changes.

Breaking Changes

• rpc-gas-cap default value has changed from 0 (unlimited) to 50M. If you require rpc-gas-cap greater than 50M, you'll need to set that explicitly. #8251

Upcoming Breaking Changes

• MetricSystem::createLabelledGauge is deprecated and will be removed in a future release, replace it with MetricSystem::createLabelledSuppliedGauge
• k8s (KUBERNETES) Nat method is now deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Use docker or none instead.
• --Xsnapsync-synchronizer-flat-db-healing-enabled is deprecated, use --Xbonsai-full-flat-db-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled is deprecated, use --bonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-trie-log-pruning-enabled is deprecated, use --bonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-trie-logs-pruning-window-size is deprecated, use --bonsai-trie-logs-pruning-window-size instead.
• Sunsetting features - for more context on the reasoning behind the deprecation of these features, including alternative options, read this blog post
  • Tessera privacy
  • Smart-contract-based (onchain) permissioning
  • Proof of Work consensus
  • Fast Sync
• Support for block creation on networks running a pre-Byzantium fork is deprecated for removal in a future release, after that in order to update Besu on nodes that build blocks, your network needs to be upgraded at least to the Byzantium fork. The main reason is to simplify world state management during block creation, since before Byzantium for each selected transaction, the receipt must contain the root hash of the modified world state, and this does not play well with the new plugin features and future work on parallelism.

Additions and Improvements

• Add a tx selector to skip txs from the same sender after the first not selected #8216
• rpc-gas-cap default value has changed from 0 (unlimited) to 50M #8251

Prague

• Add timestamps to enable Prague hardfork on Sepolia and Holesky test networks #8163
• Update system call addresses to match devnet-6 values #8209

Plugins

• Extend simulate transaction on pending block plugin API #8174

Bug fixes

• Fix the simulation of txs with a future nonce #8215
• Bump to besu-native 1.1.2 for ubuntu 20.04 native support#8264

Full changelog:
25.1.0...25.2.0

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5bd58be7ba6131c7c7ff46e2578d1b6e8f57243e4c9e5cd8d31ef7bbcfc35e3a besu-25.2.0.tar.gz

25.1.0

This is an optional update.

🚨 Important Notice for Linux 20.04 Users

Issue

• Native library support for Linux 20.04 is missing in this version.
• This results in performance degradation as the system falls back to Java implementations instead.

Resolution

• Upgrade to Besu 25.2.0 to restore native support and avoid slowdowns.

This release resolves the RocksDB freezing issue seen by some users in the 24.12.x series.
More details here #8037
It is safe to upgrade directly from 24.10.0 to 25.1.0, but please note the breaking changes in the 24.12.x releases as well.

Please note the breaking changes in this release and upcoming breaking changes.

Breaking Changes

• --host-whitelist has been deprecated since 2020 and this option is removed. Use the equivalent --host-allowlist instead.
• Changed tracer API to include the mining beneficiary in BlockAwareOperationTracer::traceStartBlock #8096
• Change the input defaults on debug_trace* calls to not trace memory by default ("disableMemory": true, "disableStack": false, "disableStorage": false)
• Change the output format of debug_trace* and trace_* calls to match Geth behaviour

Upcoming Breaking Changes

• MetricSystem::createLabelledGauge is deprecated and will be removed in a future release, replace it with MetricSystem::createLabelledSuppliedGauge
• k8s (KUBERNETES) Nat method is now deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Use docker or none instead.
• --Xsnapsync-synchronizer-flat-db-healing-enabled is deprecated, use --Xbonsai-full-flat-db-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled is deprecated, use --bonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-trie-log-pruning-enabled is deprecated, use --bonsai-limit-trie-logs-enabled instead.
• --Xbonsai-trie-logs-pruning-window-size is deprecated, use --bonsai-trie-logs-pruning-window-size instead.
• Sunsetting features - for more context on the reasoning behind the deprecation of these features, including alternative options, read this blog post
  • Tessera privacy
  • Smart-contract-based (onchain) permissioning
  • Proof of Work consensus
  • Fast Sync

Additions and Improvements

• Add RPC HTTP options to specify custom truststore and its password #7978
• Retrieve all transaction receipts for a block in one request #6646
• Implement EIP-7840: Add blob schedule to config files #8042
• Allow gasPrice (legacy) and 1559 gasPrice params to be specified simultaneously for eth_call, eth_createAccessList, and eth_estimateGas #8059
• Improve debug_traceBlock calls performance and reduce output size #8076
• Add support for EIP-7702 transaction in the txpool #8018 #7984
• Add support for movePrecompileToAddress in StateOverrides (eth_call)8115
• Default target-gas-limit to 36M for holesky #8125
• Add EIP-7623 - Increase calldata cost #8093
• Add nonce to transaction call object #8139
• Add fallback for tx parallelization #8084

Bug fixes

• Fix serialization of state overrides when movePrecompileToAddress is present #8204
• Revise the approach for setting level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes RocksDB configuration option #8037
• Fix possible incomplete txpool restore from dump file #7991
• Fixed: marking block as invalid because of temporary world state root mismatch #7844 #8084

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24.12.2

24.12.2

This is a hotfix release based on 24.12.1. You only need to upgrade if you're already using the account state overrides parameter for eth_call - this functionality was introduced in 24.12.0.

The only difference compared with 24.12.1 is a hotfix for the serialization of account state overrides for eth_call when movePrecompileToAddress is present.

Operational Change / Risk in 24.12.x Series Releases

• We've noticed when upgrading besu to 24.12.0 that some nodes can freeze up to 2 hours when opening RocksDB database. It is related to a change in one default configuration on RocksDB (besu database layer), as we moved from version 8.3.2 in 24.10.0 to version 9.7.3 in 24.12.0. This change triggers some compaction work depending on the size of the database to apply the new configuration (recommended). All the upgraded nodes don't face the freeze, as the compaction can still happen in the background, but some users reported up to 2 hours freeze. You can find the details in this issue : facebook/rocksdb#13208

Bug fixes

• Fix serialization of state overrides when movePrecompileToAddress is present #8204 - only relevant for eth_call account state overrides. This functionality was introduced in 24.12.0.

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24.12.1

24.12.1 Hotfix

This is a hotfix to address publishing besu maven artifacts. There are no issues with 24.12.0 other than incomplete artifact publishing, and there is no functional difference between 24.12.0 and 24.12.1 release binaries.

in 24.12.x series releases Besu has switched to a platform bill-of-materials style publishing. If your project uses besu deployment artifacts, note that you will need to alter your dependencies to use platform dependencies instead.

Operational Change / Risk in 24.12.x Series Releases

• We've noticed when upgrading besu to 24.12.0 that some nodes can freeze up to 2 hours when opening RocksDB database. It is related to a change in one default configuration on RocksDB (besu database layer), as we moved from version 8.3.2 in 24.10.0 to version 9.7.3 in 24.12.0. This change triggers some compaction work depending on the size of the database to apply the new configuration (recommended). All the upgraded nodes don't face the freeze, as the compaction can still happen in the background, but some users reported up to 2 hours freeze. You can find the details in this issue : facebook/rocksdb#13208

Bug fixes

• Fix BOM pom publication to Artifactory #8201

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24.12.0

24.12.0

This is an optional update.

This release includes some breaking changes. If you are monitoring Besu with Grafana, you will need to update to the latest Dashboard from https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/16455-besu-full/. Also please carefully read the following notes before you update your node.

Operational Change / Risk in 24.12.x Series Releases

• We've noticed when upgrading besu to 24.12.0 that some nodes can freeze up to 2 hours when opening RocksDB database. It is related to a change in one default configuration on RocksDB (besu database layer), as we moved from version 8.3.2 in 24.10.0 to version 9.7.3 in 24.12.0. This change triggers some compaction work depending on the size of the database to apply the new configuration (recommended). All the upgraded nodes don't face the freeze, as the compaction can still happen in the background, but some users reported up to 2 hours freeze. You can find the details in this issue : facebook/rocksdb#13208

Breaking Changes

• Removed Retesteth rpc service and commands #7833
• TLS for P2P (early access feature) has been removed #7942
• In the plugin API, BesuContext has been renamed to ServiceManager to better reflect its function, plugins must be updated to work with this version
• With the upgrade of the Prometheus Java Metrics library, there are the following changes:

  • Gauge names are not allowed to end with total, therefore the metric besu_blockchain_difficulty_total is losing the _total suffix

  • The _created timestamps are not returned by default, you can set the env var BESU_OPTS="-Dio.prometheus.exporter.includeCreatedTimestamps=true" to enable them

  • Some JVM metrics have changed name to adhere to the OTEL standard (see the table below), Besu Full Grafana dashboard is updated to support both names

    Old Name	New Name
    jvm_memory_bytes_committed	jvm_memory_committed_bytes
    jvm_memory_bytes_init	jvm_memory_init_bytes
    jvm_memory_bytes_max	jvm_memory_max_bytes
    jvm_memory_bytes_used	jvm_memory_used_bytes
    jvm_memory_pool_bytes_committed	jvm_memory_pool_committed_bytes
    jvm_memory_pool_bytes_init	jvm_memory_pool_init_bytes
    jvm_memory_pool_bytes_max	jvm_memory_pool_max_bytes
    jvm_memory_pool_bytes_used	jvm_memory_pool_used_bytes

Upcoming Breaking Changes

• Plugin API will be deprecating the BesuContext interface to be replaced with the ServiceManager interface.
• MetricSystem::createLabelledGauge is deprecated and will be removed in a future release, replace it with MetricSystem::createLabelledSuppliedGauge
• k8s (KUBERNETES) Nat method is now deprecated and will be removed in a future release
• --host-whitelist has been deprecated in favor of --host-allowlist since 2020 and will be removed in a future release
• Sunsetting features - for more context on the reasoning behind the deprecation of these features, including alternative options, read this blog post
  • Tessera privacy
  • Smart-contract-based (onchain) permissioning
  • Proof of Work consensus
  • Fast Sync

Additions and Improvements

• Fine tune already seen txs tracker when a tx is removed from the pool #7755
• Support for enabling and configuring TLS/mTLS in WebSocket service. #7854
• Create and publish Besu BOM (Bill of Materials) #7615
• Update Java dependencies #7786
• Add a method to get all the transaction in the pool, to the TransactionPoolService, to easily access the transaction pool content from plugins #7813
• Upgrade RocksDB JNI library from version 8.3.2 to 9.7.3 #7817
• Add a method to check if a metric category is enabled to the plugin API #7832
• Add a new metric collector for counters which get their value from suppliers #7894
• Add account and state overrides to eth_call #7801 and eth_estimateGas #7890
• Add RPC WS options to specify password file for keystore and truststore #7970
• Prometheus Java Metrics library upgraded to version 1.3.3 #7880
• Add histogram to Prometheus metrics system #7944
• Improve newPayload and FCU logs #7961
• Proper support for pending block tag when calling eth_estimateGas and eth_createAccessList #7951

Bug fixes

• Fix registering new metric categories from plugins #7825
• Fix CVE-2024-47535 7878
• Fix QBFT prepared block based proposal validation #7875
• Correct default parameters for frontier transactions in eth_call and eth_estimateGas #7965
• Correctly parse nonce as hex in eth_call account overrides #7999

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24.10.0

24.10.0

This is a recommended update for mainnet users.
This release includes some breaking changes. Please carefully read the following notes before you update your node.

Key Highlights

• For engine_getBlobsV1 - Keep track of blobs that are part of multiple transactions
• Fix RocksDBException during snap sync
• Add --ephemery network support for Ephemery Testnet - thanks @gconnect!

For Private Networks

• Early access support for empty block period in QBFT with xemptyblockperiodseconds - thanks @amsmota!

Breaking Changes

• Besu will now fail to start if any plugins encounter errors during initialization. To allow Besu to continue running despite plugin errors, use the --plugin-continue-on-error option. #7662

Upcoming Breaking Changes

• k8s (KUBERNETES) Nat method is now deprecated and will be removed in a future release
• --host-whitelist has been deprecated in favor of --host-allowlist since 2020 and will be removed in a future release

Additions and Improvements

• Remove privacy test classes support #7569
• Add Blob Transaction Metrics #7622
• Early access support for xemptyblockperiodseconds in QBFT #6965
• LUKSO Cancun Hardfork #7686
• Add configuration of Consolidation Request Contract Address via genesis configuration #7647
• Interrupt pending transaction processing on block creation timeout #7673
• Align gas cap calculation for transaction simulation to Geth approach #7703
• Expose chainId in the BlockchainService 7702
• Add support for chainId in CallParameters #7720
• Add --ephemery network support for Ephemery Testnet #7563 thanks to @gconnect
• Add configuration of Consolidation Request Contract Address via genesis configuration #7647

Bug fixes

• Fix mounted data path directory permissions for besu user #7575
• Fix for debug_traceCall to handle transactions without specified gas price. #7510
• Corrects a regression where custom plugin services are not initialized correctly. #7625
• Fix for IBFT2 chains using the BONSAI DB format #7631
• Fix reading tx-pool-min-score option from configuration file #7623
• Fix an unhandled PeerTable exception #7733
• Fix RocksDBException: Busy leading to MerkleTrieException: Unable to load trie node value #7745
• If a BFT validator node is syncing, pause block production until sync has completed #7657
• Fix eth_feeHistory rewards when bounded by configuration #7750
• For engine_getBlobsV1 - Keep track of blobs that are part of multiple transactions #7723

---

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