spec.bs

<pre class='metadata'>
Title: Risk Extension for Unfair Terms
Shortname: risk
Level: none
Status: LD
Editor: Anonymous
Abstract: This specification has the goal to introduce concepts needed to model risk in contractual clauses from Terms of Services.
Markup Shorthands: markdown yes, css no
Canonical URL: _ORCHESTRATOR_CURRENT_BUILD_FULL_LINK_
</pre>

<pre class=biblio> 
{"odrl-formal-semantics": {
    "href": "https://w3c.github.io/odrl/formal-semantics/",
    "title": "ODRL Formal Semantics",
    "authors": [
        "Nicoletta Fornara",
        "Víctor Rodríguez-Doncel",
        "Beatriz Esteves",
        "Simon Steyskal",
        "Benedict Whittam Smith"
		]
    }
}
</pre>

Introd­uction {#introduction}
============================

This specification has the goal to introduce concepts needed to model risk in contractual clauses from Terms of Services.
As such, building on the [DPV](https://w3id.org/dpv#) specification and its [Risk](https://w3id.org/dpv/risk#) extension, we provide a set of terms to represent unfair terms as risk:RiskSource and legal mitigation mechanisms as dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure.

## Namespaces ## {#namespaces}

Commonly used namespace prefixes used in this specification:
```turtle
@prefix dcterms:        <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix rdf:            <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix tosl-risk:      <https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#> .
@prefix dpv:            <https://w3id.org/dpv#> .
@prefix risk:           <https://w3id.org/dpv/risk#> .
@prefix justifications: <https://w3id.org/dpv/justifications#> .
```

Vocabulary {#vocabulary}
========================

## Risk Sources ## {#risk-source}

<figure id="risk-source-figure">
<img src="https://www.plantuml.com/plantuml/svg/ZPBDhjem48NtynIMxg8hNg2wgcvXLu6GAdY0mHcI4Vw9x0aLQddtEab5AB7Xxi3ppJaZvVk8Wa4wQy3GKPHu5RXkH5KSI0jx1r_4j_txmOjuUpS0RJ16jMlOrUejiZbJ06XHdx0cLRLdzHkK6g6V74___TcmS8rzpeOmTe5kqntfnh56imqrEeu3X6R2ff2LTvfQWUjK6zBpNUz31hh4M7BIRnUWGh3uQ1OFwNjtH0u9be1QLWQxIEgjzgQw8T_3WIKCqTdvgl6iQNjSuw_yF8NtzvBrPpG5PEnVNlOnVOeiywDBfrUiYtUisR9WFqwtC1xOi5oovDwnGQ6GhcdGrVG2sb6mx71MV0KOpLaiXc-flge6u_3h6pntGBt_IKjvYuQ0qZHrsF6DngPto7FJJHp_JQbQNcxzS2V9T0t0Czr6BgVCmzei-wd4UJfhC-JAnwMPfcLshcoPpUfRnlCgb_cCrcKuh_ZBhRdkdrwOgG_mGQxghFaB">
<figcaption>Risk sources</figcaption>
</figure>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause)
Label: Unfair Contract Clause
Type: [dpv:RiskConcept](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskConcept), [dpv:PotentialRiskSource](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRiskSource), [dpv:PotentialRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRisk)
Definition: Clause creating a significant imbalance between the rights and obligations of the provider and the consumer
Parent: [risk:OrganisationalManagementRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv/risk#OrganisationalManagementRisk)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ArbitrationClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ArbitrationClause)
Label: Arbitration Clause
Type: [dpv:RiskConcept](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskConcept), [dpv:PotentialRiskSource](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRiskSource), [dpv:PotentialRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRisk)
Definition: Clause requiring the consumer to resolve disputes through arbitration before initiating legal proceedings
Parent: [tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause)
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(q)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ChoiceOfLawClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ChoiceOfLawClause)
Label: Choice of Law Clause
Type: [dpv:RiskConcept](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskConcept), [dpv:PotentialRiskSource](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRiskSource), [dpv:PotentialRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRisk)
Definition: Clause establishing that disputes are governed by the law of a jurisdiction different from the consumer's place of residence
Parent: [tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause)
Source: Article 3(1) UCTD and Article 6 (2) UCTD
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ContentRemovalClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ContentRemovalClause)
Label: Content Removal Clause
Type: [dpv:RiskConcept](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskConcept), [dpv:PotentialRiskSource](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRiskSource), [dpv:PotentialRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRisk)
Definition: Clause allowing the provider to unilaterally remove consumer's content
Parent: [tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause)
Source: GDPR and CJEU
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ContractByUsingClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ContractByUsingClause)
Label: Contract by Using Clause
Type: [dpv:RiskConcept](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskConcept), [dpv:PotentialRiskSource](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRiskSource), [dpv:PotentialRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRisk)
Definition: Clause stating that the contractual terms are accepted through the consumer's use of the service
Parent: [tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause)
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(i)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#JurisdictionClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#JurisdictionClause)
Label: Jurisdiction Clause
Type: [dpv:RiskConcept](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskConcept), [dpv:PotentialRiskSource](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRiskSource), [dpv:PotentialRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRisk)
Definition: Clause requiring disputes to be resolved outside the consumer's country of residence
Parent: [tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause)
Source: Article 3(1) UCTD
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#LimitationOfLiabilityClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#LimitationOfLiabilityClause)
Label: Limitation of Liability Clause
Type: [dpv:RiskConcept](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskConcept), [dpv:PotentialRiskSource](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRiskSource), [dpv:PotentialRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRisk)
Definition: Clause limiting the provider's responsibility for damages or losses incurred by the consumer while using the service
Parent: [tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause)
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(b)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnilateralChangeClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnilateralChangeClause)
Label: Unilateral Change Clause
Type: [dpv:RiskConcept](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskConcept), [dpv:PotentialRiskSource](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRiskSource), [dpv:PotentialRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRisk)
Definition: Clause allowing the provider to unilaterally modify the contract or the service
Parent: [tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause)
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(j and k)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnilateralTerminationClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnilateralTerminationClause)
Label: Unilateral Termination Clause
Type: [dpv:RiskConcept](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskConcept), [dpv:PotentialRiskSource](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRiskSource), [dpv:PotentialRisk](https://w3id.org/dpv#PotentialRisk)
Definition: Clause allowing the provider to unilaterally terminate the contract or access to the service
Parent: [tosl-risk:UnfairContractClause](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#UnfairContractClause)
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(f and g)
</pre>

## Risk Mitigation Measures & Justifications ## {#risk-mitigation}

<figure id="risk-mitigation-figure">
<img src="https://www.plantuml.com/plantuml/svg/ZPHHRjGm48RVVGfBVU1fBu0gr58G4g8WHNi1uqoIeOuTsPE55N1td6Ir6uV9g4zj_7__U3oQVnyIcKXZxvI3XZG57R7jIDSOmH86hzvG6ARpxu4ez2j1MMTIqiSEVQll4heJHAK6OrzC2xeUJlgtqdg1AamlnSSp4hPcglCC9eqHhkeHREVH6lSjjiPZcY7ZjjZNG6XldpByUKo43TfPLdzlNVvO2sdLyCTV42qcs7LIIEuGyqjMfaTh8QLZU0fZfAJlsk3gg_YKBnXxY1KahC7RN3hRQvo7kSFcGfxY-LF8e_Neso_cvuRy00wc0iiuTiJY4Ll6aAc08i9fcfljfZ7s9PIdCJYqI5DVuAS_58FRGDMqEDFZ-m5yCjopSl4MbbPPIMgq0jCq6FjB3_pbHuWzUaFms134fUY6l23yq4gTQoUlmBBnXyEyoFgjxaoQ_tjtKqhdZ9Hd6PONNT__oNNugCotxQdvjduvWwMjUyLogmTWkgXGlpzVxrUyRsvii-e2AU-zO9H28DdAH8Wak_gIWy-1v6128U15GWHk6mO1bP8XsFwFYLBiRs8vz4AI34pU1Nmtb4enC5j7gVaPx98Kqj8P8p0J4PAx8AyAEIifzG2-7dlt3m00">
<figcaption>Risk mitigation measures & justifications</figcaption>
</figure>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#DeletionJustification](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#DeletionJustification)
Label: Deletion Justification
Type: [dpv:Justification](https://w3id.org/dpv#Justification)
Definition: Control that requires providing justified reasons when user data is deleted
Parent: [justifications:ExerciseJustification](https://w3id.org/dpv/justifications#ExerciseJustification)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ChangeJustification](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ChangeJustification)
Label: Deletion Justification
Type: [dpv:Justification](https://w3id.org/dpv#Justification)
Definition: Control that requires providing justified reasons when contractual terms are modified
Parent: [justifications:ExerciseJustification](https://w3id.org/dpv/justifications#ExerciseJustification)
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(j), 1(k)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#TerminationJustification](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#TerminationJustification)
Label: Termination Justification
Type: [dpv:Justification](https://w3id.org/dpv#Justification)
Definition: Control that requires providing justified reasons when a service is terminated
Parent: [justifications:ExerciseJustification](https://w3id.org/dpv/justifications#ExerciseJustification)
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(g)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#AccessToCourts](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#AccessToCourts)
Label: Access to Courts
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that ensures consumers retain the right to take legal action without being required arbitration
Parent: [dpv:OrganisationalMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#OrganisationalMeasure)
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(q)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ConsumerResidenceJurisdiction](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ConsumerResidenceJurisdiction)
Label: Consumer Residence Jurisdiction
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that ensures disputes can be brought before the courts of the consumer's place of residence
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ConsumerCountryGoverningLaw](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ConsumerCountryGoverningLaw)
Label: Consumer Country Governing Law
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that ensures the applicable law corresponds to the consumer's country of residence
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#DeletionNotice](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#DeletionNotice)
Label: Deletion Notice
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that requires notifying the consumer in advance before deleting user data
Parent: [dpv:Notice](https://w3id.org/dpv#Notice)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#DataRetrievalMechanism](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#DataRetrievalMechanism)
Label: Data Retrieval Mechanism
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that ensures consumers can retrieve their stored data when user data is deleted
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ExplicitConsentControl](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ExplicitConsentControl)
Label: Explicit Consent Control
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that requires the consumer's explicit consent before accepting the contractual terms
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(i)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#RightToCompensation](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#RightToCompensation)
Label: Right to Compensation
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that ensures consumers can receive compensation when damages occur due to the provider’s actions or contractual obligations
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(b)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ChangeNotice](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ChangeNotice)
Label: Change Notice
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that requires notifying consumers within a defined notice period before changes to contractual terms or service functionality
Parent: [dpv:Notice](https://w3id.org/dpv#Notice)
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ReaffirmConsent](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#ReaffirmConsent)
Label: Reaffirm Consent
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that requires consumers to reaffirm their consent when contractual terms or services are modified
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#RightToTerminateAfterChange](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#RightToTerminateAfterChange)
Label: Right to Terminate After Change
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: Control that ensures consumers can terminate the contract when they do not accept new contractual terms
</pre>

<pre class=simpledef>
IRI: [https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#TerminationNotice](https://w3id.org/tosl-risk#TerminationNotice)
Label: Termination Notice
Type: [dpv:RiskMitigationMeasure](https://w3id.org/dpv#RiskMitigationMeasure)
Definition: CControl that requires notifying consumers within a defined notice period before terminating the service
Parent: [dpv:Notice](https://w3id.org/dpv#Notice)
Source: Annex UCTD. 1(g)
</pre>